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Menzies Research Institute M UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA Institute Tasmania M CPAP in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema patients in the pre-hospital setting Michael A Austin Senior Emergency Medicine Trainee, Royal College of Physician and Surgeons of Canada ACEM Nov. 2012, Hobart, TAS ACEM Nov. 2012, Hobart, TAS

ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

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Page 1: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Menzies Research InstituteM

UNIVERSITY

OF TASMANIA

Institute Tasmania

M

CPAP in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema patients in the pre-hospital setting

Michael A AustinSenior Emergency Medicine Trainee, g y ,Royal College of Physician and Surgeons of Canada

ACEM Nov. 2012, Hobart, TASACEM Nov. 2012, Hobart, TAS

Page 2: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Menzies Research InstituteM

UNIVERSITY

OF TASMANIA

A  d i d  t ll d t i l  f  ti   iti  

Institute Tasmania

M

A randomised controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPO) patients in the cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPO) patients in the pre‐hospital setting

Michael A Austin1,2,3, KE Wills3, D Kilpatrick4, M Gibson5, EH Walters3,4

1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa  Ontario  Canada2. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

3. Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, Australia

4. School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia

5. Ambulance Tasmania, Australia

Page 3: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Thank you

P f  H d  W ltProfessor Haydn Walters

Dr Karen Wills

Professor David Kilpatrick

Michael Gibson

Royal Hobart Hospital Emergency Department 

Professor Ian Stiell & Ottawa Hospital Research Professor Ian Stiell & Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI)

Page 4: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Sponsors – Thank you!

NHMRC Centre of Research ExcellenceNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) for Chronic Respiratory Disease

Fisher and Paykal (suppliers of the Whisperflow® CPAP device)

Ambulance Tasmania (Training and IT support)support)

Ambulance Tasmania

Page 5: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

DisclosureDisclosureDisclosure Disclosure 

No conflicts of interests to discloseNo conflicts of interests to disclose

Page 6: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is commonCongestive heart failure (CHF) is common

I   8  CHF  d i     illi  A i   d i  In 2008, CHF occurred in 5.7 million Americans, and in 10 million Europeans

Page 7: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground

Substantial burden 1‐2% total health costs with 70% Substantial burden 1 2% total health costs with 70% related to hospitalisation

Course characterized by episodes of acute breathlessness and hypoxiabreathlessness and hypoxia

The disease is associated with poor prognosis and reduced quality of life

Page 8: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

PhysiologyPhysiologyPhysiologyPhysiology

Increased back pressure of pulmonary venous Increased back pressure of pulmonary venous circulation – precipitates extravasations of fluid into the lungs

Fluid causes intrapulmonary shunting and V‐Q Fluid causes intrapulmonary shunting and V Q mismatch (redistribution of blood flow)

Page 9: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Clinical PresentationClinical PresentationClinical PresentationClinical Presentation

Tachypnoea

Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing

Hypoxaemia

i tanxiety

Page 10: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

OutOut‐‐ofof‐‐hospital Managementhospital ManagementOutOut‐‐ofof‐‐hospital Managementhospital Management

Standard pre‐hospital management includes:

High flow oxygen 

Nitroglycering y

severe cases assisted ventilation

(Frusemide  Morphine)(Frusemide, Morphine)

Page 11: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

The pre‐hospital use of CPAP ventilation is a relatively new management for acute cardiogenic 

l   d  (ACPO)  li l   id  pulmonary oedema (ACPO), little evidence 

Page 12: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Cochrane Review 2008

21 St di  1071  ti t  21 Studies, 1071 patients 

NPPV significantly reduced 

hospital mortality (RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.84) 

endotracheal intubation (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.83) ( 53, 95 34 3)

with numbers needed to treat of 13 and 8, respectively

Page 13: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Annals of Emergency Medicine 2008Annals of Emergency Medicine 2008

71 patients (2002‐2006)

I t b ti   /  ( %)  l      /  ( %) Intubation 17/34 (50%) usual care versus 7/35 (20%) CPAP group

li / ( ) l / ( )Mortality 12/34 (35%) usual care versus 5/35 (14%) CPAP

Page 14: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

ObjectivesObjectivesjjGoal: To determine whether patients in severe respiratory distress from ACPO treated with CPAP in p ythe pre‐hospital setting have a lower mortality than those treated with usual care.

ACPO patient

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 

Inspired Positive Pressure Ventilation y

(CPAP)  (IPPV)

Page 15: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

MethodsMethods

Randomised, controlled, parallel group trialRandomised number generator (excel)opaque envelope

Page 16: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

MethodsMethods

Inclusion Criteria:Inclusion Criteria:Patients >18 yrs of age, severe respiratory distress, hypoxia, impeding respiratory failurehypoxia, impeding respiratory failurePresumed from history and exam to be Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary oedema (ACPO)g y ( )

Exclusion Criteria:Exclusion Criteria:Primary presentation for another condition e.g. AECOPD or AsthmaAECOPD or Asthma

Page 17: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Hobart, Tasmania (June 2009Hobart, Tasmania (June 2009‐‐July 2010)July 2010), (, ( y )y )Population 300, 000 (Urban and Rural distribution)

Paramedics and Intensive Care Paramedics all trained in IPPV and CPAPin IPPV and CPAP

Page 18: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

OutcomesOutcomes

P i  O tPrimary Outcome:In hospital mortality from cardiovascular cause

Secondary Outcomes:Length of hospital stayBlood gas resultsgRequirement for intubationVital signs (BP, HR, Respiratory rate, g ( , , p y ,oxygen saturation, GCS)

Page 19: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

RandomisationRandomisationRandomisation Randomisation Intervention

active arm received CPAP delivered by Whisperflow®

Page 20: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Whisperflow®Whisperflow®Whisperflow®Whisperflow®

14 16 L/min Oxygen14‐16 L/min Oxygen

Flow 120 L/min

Oxygen delivered 28‐33%

PEEP – 10 cm of H20

WHY?

1 Controlled o gen deli er1. Controlled oxygen delivery

2. Consumption of oxygen 

Page 21: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

RandomisationRandomisationRandomisation Randomisation Intervention

control armreceived inspired positive pressure ventilation (b i ) d i i d b b l k i h(bagging), administered by bag valve mask with oxygen attached at rate of 8‐15 l/min 

Page 22: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Ambulance Tasmania Guidelines Ambulance Tasmania Guidelines 

basic support (Oxygen)

nitroglycerine sublingual

incremental doses starting at 400 mcg to 1600 mcg Q 5 min (BP > 100 mmHg)

Page 23: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Ambulance Tasmania Guidelines Ambulance Tasmania Guidelines 

Supportive IPPV for severe respiratory distresspp p y

Frusemide 40 mg IV (severe respiratory distress)Frusemide 40 mg IV (severe respiratory distress)

Morphine 1 – 2 mg IV (treat anxiety) 

Endotracheal intubation was performed if patient’s condition worsened and patients became unresponsivep p

Page 24: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

ACPO CasesN=377N=377

randomised

327 excluded not ventilated

Control(Usual care)

n=26

Active(CPAP)n=24

N=50

4

analysisA l d A l dAnalyzed

n=26Analyzed

n=24

All cause mortality                         9 All cause mortality    3outcomes

Cardiovascular cause mortality  9 Cardiovascular cause mortality  1

Page 25: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Bagging CPAPPrePre‐‐Treatment Baseline CharacteristicsTreatment Baseline Characteristics

gg gN=26 N=24Mean (SD) Mean (SD)

Male % 61% 29%

Age (years) 78.3 (11.8) 81.5 (11.9)Age (years) 78.3 (11.8) 81.5 (11.9)

Pre‐Hospital Treatment Time  35.3 (19.9) 42.3 (21.5)

(Minutes)(Minutes)

Initial Oxygen Saturation (%) 75.5 (21.7) 77.1 (14.2)

Initial Respiratory Rate 31.1 (11.6) 34.2 (10.8)

(breaths/min)

Initial Systolic BP (mmHg) 160.2 (61.7) 168.8 (24.6)

Initial GCS  13.7 (3.2) 14.1 (2.2)

Page 26: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

PostPost‐‐Treatment Baseline CharacteristicsTreatment Baseline Characteristics

Bagging CPAPN=26 N=24Mean (SD) Mean (SD)

Oxygen Saturation (%) 95 1 (4 8) 87 5 (7 1)Oxygen Saturation (%) 95.1 (4.8) 87.5 (7.1)

Respiratory Rate (breaths/Min) 27.5 (9.0) 32.3 (9.7)

Systolic Blood pressure (mmHg) 143.3 (32.0) 136.4 (22.9)

GCS 13.6 (3.1) 14.1 (1.1)

Page 27: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

ResultsResults

Results Bagging n=26 

CPAP n = 24  P value Results  n=26  n = 24  P‐value 

Mortality        

ll ( ) ( )All cause  9 (35%)  3 (14%)  0.09 

Cardiovascular C  

9 (35%)  1 (4%)  0.04 Cause 

        

Hospital stay  

Days (SD)  

5.4 (5.2)   3.1(2.3) 

 

0.05 

y ( )

     

       

Page 28: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Mortality (Cardiovascular cause)Mortality (Cardiovascular cause)y ( )y ( )

35.0%

8NNH=6

Dea

ths

10.0

NNH=6

p=0.04

D 0 09.04

1 0

4.0%

CPAP(N=24)

Bagging(N=26)

All Patients(N=50)

1.00

Page 29: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Time to death in hoursTime to death in hours

<24 h<24 hours < 72 hours

1 0

7 0

2.01.0

7.0

< 48 hours

Page 30: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

ResultsResults

Results Bagging n=26 

CPAP n = 24  P value Results  n=26  n = 24  P‐value 

Mortality        

ll ( ) ( )All cause  9 (35%)  3 (14%)  0.09 

Cardiovascular C  

9 (35%)  1 (4%)  0.04 Cause 

        

Hospital stay  

Days (SD)  

5.4 (5.2)   3.1(2.3) 

 

0.05 

y ( )

     

       

Page 31: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Blood Gas results taken Blood Gas results taken within 30 min of arrivalwithin 30 min of arrival

Results Bagging n=21 

CPAP n = 23  P‐value 

BG (<30 mins)        

pH mmHg (SD)  7.22 (0.12)  7.32 (0.08)  0.002 

pCO2  mmHg (SD)  56.2 (14.5)  46.2 (12.1)  0.02 

 Bicarb  mmHg (SD)  22.0 (4.2)  23.0  (3.4)  0.41  Bicarb  mmHg (SD) 

 pO2 mmHg (SD) 

22.0 (4.2) 

n=14 

107 2 (92 6) 

23.0  (3.4) 

n=9 

95 7 (48 6) 

0.41 

 

0 73  pO2 mmHg (SD)  107.2 (92.6)  95.7 (48.6) 

 

0.73 

Page 32: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

LimitationsLimitationsLimitations Limitations small sample size

No validated severity of respiratory distress score was used to determine eligibility (may limited comparability with other studies)comparability with other studies)

Low rate of arterial blood gas sampling 

24/50 (48%)

Could not determine the effect of in‐hospital management on outcome (standard is BiPAP)

Page 33: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

DiscussionDiscussion

This pilot RCT found that CPAP for ACPO reduced the i k f d th b 88% (RR 0 12 95% CI (0 02 0 88) 0 04)risk of death  by 88% (RR 0.12 95% CI (0.02, 0.88) p=0.04)with NNH of 6 

This is consistent with the Cochrane review results and trends from Thompson et al.

There was a reduction in length of hospital stay

Patients were less acidotic and hypercarbic whenPatients were less acidotic  and hypercarbic when treated with CPAP 

Page 34: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

DiscussionDiscussion ‐‐ HyperoxiaHyperoxiaDiscussion Discussion ‐‐ HyperoxiaHyperoxia

Bagging CPAPN 26 N 24N=26 N=24Mean (SD) Mean (SD)

Oxygen Saturation (%) 95.1 (4.8) 87.5 (7.1)

Page 35: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

DiscussionDiscussion ‐‐ hyperoxiahyperoxiaDiscussion Discussion ‐‐ hyperoxiahyperoxia

hyperoxaemia can cause coronary artery vasoconstriction and reduced coronary artery blood flow

Troponin rise 25% in patient with COPD (Becker 1996)opo se 5% pat e t t CO ( ec e 996)

Increased infarct size and trend toward mortality in ACS (Rawlings 1967)in ACS (Rawlings 1967)

Page 36: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

DiscussionDiscussion ‐‐ hyperoxiahyperoxiaDiscussion Discussion ‐‐ hyperoxiahyperoxia

causes partial collapse of some lung units, a condition known as ‘‘absorption atelectasis’’

worsening ventilation perfusion mismatchworsening ventilation perfusion mismatch worsening hypercarbia and acidosis

Page 37: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

ConclusionsConclusionsConclusions Conclusions 

This pilot trial was consistent with the current literature on CPAP in the treatment of ACPO

Reduction in risk of mortality

Reduction in length of hospital stay andReduction in length of hospital stay and respiratory acidosis

Therefore supporting the use of CPAP for patientsTherefore supporting the use of CPAP for patients with severe respiratory distress secondary to ACPO

Page 38: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

ConclusionsConclusionsConclusions Conclusions 

Results from this study also support the caution in the use of hyperoxia for this patient population

Page 39: ACEM Hobart Nov 2012 Austin ECI Award PWP2

Next Step..

Publish these results 

A large RCT is needed to validate CPAPs effectiveness in the management of ACPO in gthe pre‐hospital setting