Accelerator Status, O perations & PIP

Accelerator Status, Operations & PIPJanuary 22, 2014

Sergei Nagaitsev

Fermilab Accelerator ComplexBNB: MicroBooNENuMI: MINOS+, MINERvA, NOvAFixed Target: SeaQuest, Test Beam FacilityMuon: g-2, Mu2e (future)

Sergei Nagaitsev, Fermilab PAC, Jan. 22-24, 20142

Fermilab Accelerator Division

~410 FTE (40 scientists, 90 engineers, 120 technicians) Operate 4 proton accelerators (24/7):

Linac, Booster, Main Injector, Recycler Deliver beam to:

NuMI, FTBF, SeaQuest (120 GeV) BNB, Muon Campus (8 GeV) MTA (400 MeV)

Construct accelerator facilities for Muon Campus, g-2, and Mu2e.

Provide effort, support to projects and programs (e.g. PIP, PIP-II, LBNE, g-2, Mu2e, MAP, SRF, IARC, LCLS-2, …)

Operate test facilities (SRF, ILC, PXIE, HBESL)


2012-2013

Apr 2012 – Sep 2013, ~18 months have been spent in shutdown and commissioning, adapting the accelerator complex after the end of the Tevatron era details in Back-up slides

Driven by the Intensity Frontier program High intensity proton beams for experiments

• to explore the Neutrino Sector• to explore rare decays and rare

processes in muons


Booster and Main Injector Projected Performance

Booster and Main Injector are supporting 3 programs: Booster Neutrino Beam: MiniBoone and MicroBoone NuMI: MINOS+, MINERvA, NOvA SY120: SeaQuest, Test Beam

Guidance: NuMI first priority SY120 is supported at 10% of timeline (~1 event per minute) BNB not affect NuMI until MicroBoone is operating

• commissioning begins in May at low repetition rate, then up to 1 Hz in August


Accelerator Performance for NuMI Started delivering protons to NuMI in 2005

~1.55e21 in 7 years: NOvA goal is 3.6e21 Most intense high energy neutrino beam in the world


320 kW on target Previous operation:

H- linac at ~35 mA Charge exchange injection into Booster 10-11 turns: 4.3e12 9 pulses (at 15 Hz) into Main Injector with RF slip stacking Ramp to 120 GeV at 204 GeV/s and extract to NuMI target 3.7e13 / 2.2 sec cycle 323 kW


Increasing Beam Power to 700 kW

Move slip-stacking to recycler

11 batch -> 12 batch Increase Main Injector

ramp rate (204 GeV/s -> 240 GeV/s)

330 (380) -> 700kW with only ~10% increase in per-pulse intensity

Peak intensity 10% just more frequent

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The Plan Booster at 4.3e12 ppp, 7.5 Hz ✔ Begin NuMI operation with MI only ✔

2.5e13 0.6 Hz (1.67 s cycle) ~290 kW peak

Commission Recycler as proton machine Injection, extraction, instrumentation, slip stacking ✔ Full intensity in May 2014 4.9e13 0.58 Hz (1.73 s cycle) – limited by Booster ~550 kW peak

• ~500 kW with SY120 cycles included Begin SY120 operation at 2e11 ✔

Raise intensity to 2e12 in January 8e12 per spill in March


PIP - Linac

Linac high-lights Adjusting to new injector

• Round beam• Bunched beam• Twiss parameters• Lower current

Upgraded diagnostics/software• BPMs• Toroids

10

RFQ

Linac

Modulator &7835 Tube Socket

Low Energy Linac

Triode RF systems


Linac Beam Operations


Linac efficiency is higher with new source but we are/will be running at lower currents (RFQ design)

Booster RF Cavity Refurbishment Continues

Operating with lower RF voltage• need 17 cavities for acceleration of 4.5e12• 19 cavities total, so 2 are out being refurbished

Solid State – Some small changes after initial install Accelerator Physics (PIP/Operations)

Alignment Beam Optics Beam Notcher System Cogging

Upgrades to RF Low Level

12

Booster


Booster Flux

Proton/event (Scale – E12)Green -> Booster Study PulsesYellow -> Beam to MI/NOvACyan -> Beam to MiniBoon

Red -> Beam to MI/NOvAYellow ->Proton/HourPurple -> Booster RF Sum


PIP- Proton Improvement Planenable Linac/Booster operation to - deliver 2.2E17 protons per hour (at 15 Hz) in 2016 while maintaining- Linac/Booster availability > 85%, and - residual activation at acceptable levels and also ensuring a useful operating life of the proton source through 2025.

Injector/Linac Booster


Modulator upgrade• FNAL AD – IGBT Design• SLAC – MARX Generator

Laser Notcher Solid State Amp Upgrade for LL

Driver Rack Klystron upgrade for 7835 triode

• Contract Awarded LCW upgrades Beam Physics

Notch Absorber System Short Kickers Pulse Power System

Booster Cavity Refurbishment New Tuners Spare Cavity (20) Harmonic Cavity

(Perpendicular Bias) Beam Physics

Beta Beating Coupling

Cogging – magnetic

Highlights since last PAC


Proton Improvement Plan Projection

NOvA Shutdown

g-2Mu2e

8 GeV

120 GeV

Linac PIP - Modulator and Laser NotcherModulator Design: tested 3 cell LGBT – building up a nine cell unit


3D model of vacuum chamber and cavity (left), a cut-away of the inside showing the mirrors and laser path (middle), and the 3D printed prototype being tested with green alignment laser (right).

Laser Notcher:• Figure showing the placement of the

750KeV laser notcher attached to the end of the RFQ flange

• Simulation of the laser light reflection• Optics testing

Three cell test successfully – proceeding to 9 cell buildup/tests

Booster PIP – Notcher & Absorber


The new absorber system is working well. Building of new PS and short kickers underway.

The above plot shows current notch simulation with 3 long kickers. Shorter kickers will have faster rise times, cleaner notch and reduced kick on circulating beam.Testing of first two short kickers underway. New pulser

NOvA style Booster Short Kickers – drop in replacements

Absorber


The two plots show the difference between two rad surveys after running similar flux for a week. The new system has greatly reduced residual activation in several areas of Booster.The new absorber system directs the beam to an absorber – old system was not designed for high flux and the kicked beam ‘notch’ into collimators was uncontrolled

PIP – Booster Notcher & Absorber Continued

Rad Survey DataDec 2013

New Absorber

Collimators

Booster PIP - Refurbishment of 40 year old cavities (facelift)


Milling Machine

The repair of the flange interface is a critical step in the rebuild process. This connection has been shown to be one of the limiting factors in reaching 15 Hz operation.

Recent addition of a milling machine has helped.

Cavity Removal

Cool-downRemove Tuners

Rebuild - Cones & TunersRebuild Stems/Flanges

Re-AssembleTesting

Weeks

Scorched Ferrite RingChipped/Cracked

LCW Leak

0 10


Presently we are at a 9-10 week per cavity rate:The refurbishment rate has been consistent with allotted labor.

Booster PIP - Cavity Refurbishment Timeline

PACPresent

Booster PIP - New Cavities and Harmonic Cavity Harmonic cavity work is underway to

help with beam capture, transition and possibly extraction. Based upon work at TRIUMP and

LANL Simulations look promising University interest – Illinois Institute

of Technology


Specifications for Design of New Accelerating Cavities for the Fermilab Booster underway with testing of current cavities to confirm modeling.

55 KV,15Hz

Thermal Profile (F)

Split Image of Booster Cavity

Magnetic loss density (100 kV)

Booster Neutrino Beamline


Re-started beamline October 22.

On-target running Nov 1 – 8, 5.4E18 protons.

Off target running since then, 4.9E19 protons.

(protons delivered from Booster.)

MI Status

We are providing about 290 KW (250 KW with SY120) to the NuMI target with no slip stacking utilizing a faster ramp (1.67 sec). By not using slip stacking we are able to keep our

tunnel loss free during Recycler commissioning. We are providing slow extracted beam to

SY120. We are working on improving the slow spill beam quality for Seaquest. Reduce the 360 Hz beam structure Improve the 53 MHz duty factor by blowing up the

beam longitudinally.


Recycler Status Have slipped stacked 2 Booster batches and

transferred to MI. Verified that we have the momentum aperture for slip

stacking. Commissioned High Level and low level RF.

Injected a total of 1E13 protons captured in 53 MHz and cleanly transferred in MI. We have seen evidence of beam scrubbing. Recycler vacuum recovered.

Next we plan to increase the beam intensity in the Recycler and slip stack 12 Booster batches.


Recycler performance


High Intensity proton beam in Recycler Recycler slip stacking

Integrating RR into Operations

We can integrate RR into Operations as soon as we can reliably slip stack 2E13 p in the Recycler and run MI at 1.33sec.

The following steps are needed before we reach the point above: Reconfigure and commission the MI BLMs to look at both

RR and MI losses. Commission the Recycler longitudinal and transverse

dampers. Finish the RR alignment and optimize the Injection and

Extraction Lambertson flanges. Verify that we can inject (vacuum) and slip stack 2E13 in

the Recycler. Commission the MI collimators


Performance Goals for FY14/15

To BNB target (in support of MicroBoone) FY14: 1.2e19 FY15: 8.4e19

To NuMI target FY14: 3.2e20 FY15: 3.6e20

To Switchyard (most to SeaQuest) FY14: 4.5e17 FY15: 1.0e18

Details of calculations in talk by Paul Derwent


Operational Statistics – FY14

NuMI POT Integrated – 7.67x1019 NuMI POT Hours – 1695 hours

BNB Test POT Integrated - 4.90x1019

BNB Test POT Hours – 1439 hours

SY120 Hours – 1196 hours


Operational Statistics - NuMI


Beam to SeaQuest Experiment


Delivering beam to SeaQuest’s Target since Nov 8th Continuing to work on Duty Factor for experiment currently

~30%, requesting > 60%

Beam to Fermilab’s Test Beam Facility


FY13-14 scheduled to deliver beam to 20 experiments ranging in intensities and modes.

Meson Center Test Beam Capable of delivering 5 – 85 GeV/c secondaries of

either sign. Using the same secondary configuration as the

MIPP experiment – proven design. Initial user will be LArIAT (liquid argon detector test). May be ready to commission in late March. Shielding Assessment Approved


NuMI, NOvA,BNB Horn & Target Spares NuMI Horns – average lifetime so far 3 ½ years Horn 1 – running PH1-04 (new 700 kw beam horn started Sept. 2013)

PH1-03 (400 kw beam) horn ready spare PH1-05 (700 kw beam) horn on test stand, estimate complete April/May 2014 PH1-06 have parts to start welding, estimate complete late FY15

Horn 2 – running PH2-02 (installed Dec. 2008) PH2-03 horn ready spare PH2-04 in progress, inner conductor welded, estimate complete late FY15

NuMI/NOvA Target – average lifetime previously 1 year, plan for 2/year at 700 kW Target MET-01 new Sept. 2013

MET-03 ready spare MET-02 nearing completion, estimate March/April 2014(3 Be fins, 47 graphite fins) Beginning construction of MET-04 & MET-05 Old style 400 kw targets NT-07 and NT-08 available as emergency sparesBNB Horn &Target Present Horn and Target have 1/3 Billion pulses and some water line issues One Complete Horn and Target spare Plan on finishing another Horn and Target in FY15



NOvA target

• NuMI target (top) must fit inside horn 1

• Geometry constrains design. NOvA target (right) upstream

of horn 1 (neutrino energy from off-axis angle)

• Physics requirements allowed for changes in the design

• mechanically more robust

New Target Facilities of the Next Decade g-2 (previously P-bar Source Target Station):

Commissioning in 2016-17 High-Z rotating target (inconel 718 alloy) Lithium lens at ~12 Hz (average) Pulsed Magnet (Momentum selection)

Mu2e Commissioning in 2019-20 High-Z, radiatively cooled target (tungsten) Mounted in large SC solenoid Only 8 kW beam power, but radiation protection

issues are a challenge due to solenoid LBNE

Commissioning in 2023-24 1.2 MW beam power Low-Z target (graphite/beryllium?) Difficult target, horn, beam window, radiation

protection, remote handling challenges.


p-bar lithium lens

Mu2e target concept

High Power Targetry (HPT) R&D Program RaDIATE Collaboration (radiation damage studies)

Radiation Damage In Accelerator Target Environments• FNAL, STFC, BNL, Oxford, PNNL currently on MOU

Graphite studies (benefits NuMI-NOvA, LBNE)• Samples irradiated and under analysis at BLIP

Beryllium studies (benefits NuMI-NOvA, LBNE, ISIS)• RaDIATE post-doc beginning 3 year study at Oxford

Tungsten studies (benefits Mu2e, ISIS, ESS, others)• RAL leading effort with Oxford

Titanium alloy studies under consideration Thermal Shock Studies

Experiment on Beryllium proposed using HiRadMat beam (CERN) (3) Beryllium fins in NuMI-NOvA Medium Energy Target (MET-02)

Other Efforts to build up HPT infrastructure Expanding simulation expertise (MARS, ANSYS, LS-DYNA) Autopsy of spent target components Remote Handling and Radioactive Component Storage 5th HPT Workshop @ Fermilab in May, 2014


irradiated graphite at BLIP (BNL)

Radioactive Component Storage

Recommendations Upgrade existing Target Service Building to allow efficient & safe storage of

small to medium sized components (0.42 M$) Expand C-0 Remote Handling Facility (C0-RHF) to add storage capacity for

large sized components (2.1 M$)


Problem identifiedHigh intensity operations generate spent radioactive components beyond the current capacity to store/dispose

Task Force formed Chaired by Stuart Henderson Created modeling tool to predict

impacts of various scenarios

Above actions provide capacity needed for next decade of operations Consider purpose-built facility

(26.9 M$) as component lifetimes and future operational plans are better understood

Shutdown Work – Fall 2014

Present plan is to keep shutdown to 6 weeks with 2 week Accelerator complex restart. Work list in Back-up slides

Shutdown timing driven by Commonwealth Edison mandatory distribution system work. (345KV lines off site and some on site work.) 2 weeks for Kautz Rd. Substation work 2 weeks for Master Substation work + 1 week for Fermi

work. Master Substation Bypass project completion will

happen at A0 during this outage period. Annual switchgear and feeder maintenance.

Will attempt to do as much as possible before shutdown


Muon Campus Program Provides infrastructure and improvements needed to support both

Mu2e and g-2 using former Antiproton-Source infrastructure Made up of 4 Accelerator Improvement Projects (AIPs) and 3 General

Plant Projects (GPPs) Recycler RF AIP provides rebunching of proton beam for both expts

• Cooling tests for new 2.5MHz RF cavities based on former MI coalescing cavities

Beam Transport AIP provides extraction from Recycler to Muon Campus beamlines and beamline improvements for 8-GeV beam

• Install Recycler extraction insert in FY14 shutdown

Delivery Ring AIP provides infrastructure improvements, new injection and abort components to former antiproton Debuncher ring

• Removing collider equipment to make way for new infrastructure, rerouting controls

Cryo AIP provides cryogenics for Mu2e solenoids and g-2 storage ring• Lots of progress, ~25% complete, will be ready to cool g-2 storage ring in FY15

MC-1 Building GPP provides building to house experiment, cryo refrigerators, beamline power supplies – cryo beneficial occupancy, full B.O. this spring

Beamline Enclosure GPP provides tunnel enclosure for new beamlines MC Infrastructure GPP provides cooling for cryo compressors and extension

of MI-52 building needed for new Recycler extraction


Cryo heat exchangers at MC-1 bldg

MC-1 building

new beamline to storage ring

Delivery Ring(former AntiprotonDebuncher)

g-2 Accelerator Design Reusing former Antiproton-Source target station

Upgrading lithium-lens and momentum-selection magnet power supplies to pulse at g-2 repetition rate

Adapting instrumentation to measure low-intensity secondary beam characteristics Beam tests in progress

Re-designing secondary beamlines to capture as many 3.1-GeV muons from pion decay as possible

Designing new beamline to transport muons to g-2 storage ring


Proton Improvement Plan-II

Goals Strategy


Proton Improvement Plan-II supports longer term physics research goals by providing increased beam power to LBNE while providing a platform for the future Design Criteria

Deliver 1.2 MW of proton beam power from the Main Injector to the LBNE target at 120 GeV, with power approaching 1 MW at energies down to 60 GeV, at the start of LBNE operations

Continue support for the current 8 GeV program, including Mu2e, Muon g-2, and the suite of short-baseline neutrino experiments

Provide a platform for eventual extension of beam power to LBNE to >2 MW

Provide a platform for extension of capability to high duty factor/higher beam power operations

Increase Booster/Recycler/Main Injector per pulse intensity by ~50%.

Requires increasing the Booster injection energy Select 800 MeV as preferred Booster injection energy

30% reduction in space-charge tune shift w/ 50% increase in beam intensity

Provides margin for lower beam loss at higher intensities Modest modifications to Booster/Recycler/Main Injector

To accommodate higher intensities and higher Booster injection energy

Þ Cost effective solution:800 MeV superconducting pulsed linac, extendible to support >2 MW operations to LBNE and upgradable to continuous wave (CW) operations

Builds on significant existing infrastructure Capitalizes on major investment in

superconducting rf technologies Eliminates significant operational risks inherent

in existing linac Siting consistent with eventual replacement of

the Booster as the source of protons for injection into Main Injector

Proton Improvement Plan-IISite Layout (provisional)


Future Extension


Summary Fermilab came out of major shutdown in position to re-

establish the most intense high energy neutrino beam: Rapidly up to good performance from MI: >250 kW now, >500 kW

within the next year (by integrating Reycler) Upgrades to the Linac, Booster, Recycler, Main Injector, NuMI

target hall Booster neutrino program

• MicroBooNE Running beam in support of

High intensity for SeaQuest , TBF, MTA FY14 long shut down planning started Focusing on PIP, Muon Campus AIPs, g-2, Mu2e, LBNE

and PIP-II (in the future) Defined performance metrics for support of the

experiments, programs, and projectsSergei Nagaitsev, Fermilab PAC, Jan. 22-24, 2014

44

Back-up slides


Startup and Operation

Shutdown for ANU installation began Monday, April 30, 2012

November 2012 RFQ startup and commissioning

January 2013 Booster startup and commissioning

Flood at Lab occurred April 17th & 18th of 2013 Surge arrestor at Kautz Road SubStation

(KRS) fails. Inspection revealed another bad arrestor


Startup and Operation - Continued

First Main Injector beam injected & circulated to dump on July 30, 2013

Recycler Lambertson overheated during testing on July 31st, 2013

First beam to NuMI target on August 5th, 2013 MI vacuum problem allowed startup but not

high intensity running. Shut down to repair it on August 6th , 2013

MI vacuum problem resolved August 28th , 2013



Smooth running to NuMI target on September 4th, 2013

First beam in Recycler on September 13th, 2013

First beam to Fermilab Test Beamline Facility (FTBF) on September 15th, 2013



Accelerator Readiness Review (ARR) to allow 700kW Beam operation from October 01st through October 3rd, 2013 Fermilab Site Office (FSO) reviewed and approved

Accelerator Safety Envelope (ASE) for 700kW operation on November 20th, 2013

First beam to BNB for Engineering Run on October 22nd, 2013

November 5th, 2013 an “alphasorb” wipe was removed from beam line at 308 location in Recycler



First beam to SeaQuest on November 8th, 2013

Slip stacking in Recycler, transfer, and recapture in Main Injector on December 12th, 2013 (2 batch)

First beam to Muon Campus for studies on January 15th, 2013


The H- injector



Effort to reduce high extractor spark rates:• Improved materials (molybdenum inner

anode cover plates, tungsten extractor cone tips, titanium outer anode cover plate)

• New magnets and Yoke• Better understanding of Cs flow rates

• Monitoring of source body and Cs tube temperatures

Operations:• We have swapped sources 3 times

• with practice could be <20min• Tried several combinations of tuning parameters• Source A LEBT vacuum problems• Keeping gas pressure constant is a problem

• Piezo valve is effected by ambient temperature.• Inserted trim magnet DS of RFQ.

RFQ Injector Line Ongoing projects:• Gas valve replacement• 2 stage extraction• DTI extractor pulsers• Fiber optic links to HV rack• Spectrometer looking at Cs to H ratio• Cs handling (change boiler to accept Cs

without ampule)• Better heaters (right now the heaters are

too interactive)• Current regulated arc modulator• Optical spectrometer installed for Cs

monitoring in the plasma. Will be operational soon.

Increased arc current to `20A

• Onset of sparking caused by gas pressure

• Able to recover

• Source B running well for 40 days with very little sparking < 2 sparks a day.

• Higher arc current, cathode and body temps

• Lower gas pressure

• Operations since last May• Shows that we have used both sources• Lots of extractor sparking initially

Note: HRM resets represent extractor sparks

Yellow = Source B Green = Source A

Beam currents

RFQ Injector Line


BEAM TO MTA HALL (more tuning necessary)


Shutdown FY14: Recycler Work

Recycler

Install P1 line – approximately 6 weeks but very tight Install 53Mhz RF cavity (#3) Install 9 new trim quads for phase trombone Increase machine aperture: flanges at MI-30

Lambertson, MI-30 2” -> elliptical pipe, MI-20 microwave detectors.

Install Recycler MI-30 Ion Profile Monitor Install larger pipe at MI-30 to increase aperture.


Main Injector Work cont.

Install MI-30 Main Injector Ion Profile Monitor Install new DC Current Transformer at MI-62 Install MI-30 automatic vacuum valves to

protect the Main Injector Lamberson.

Note: MI-30 is one of the traditionally hot areas so all work must be covered by a very through ALARA radiation plan (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)


Current Recycler RF cavity installation


Maintenance work

Linac Work list being developed

Booster Install 24 turbo pumps and associated cabling. Replace 5 vacuum valves Repair vacuum leak in 802 area, IP3-1, and IP4-IP5

area. Clean and dust tunnels prior to restart. Additional work includes normal vacuum, water,

electrical and controls maintenance.


Important Safety Task

An electrical shock incident caused the Accelerator Division to inspect all area’s under our control for cables that may fall against the magnet buss. The clean up of these cables is an on-going task but will be a major component of the shutdown work. Cables will be removed or properly restrained in all tunnel areas to preclude future incidents.


Documents

Accelerator Status, O perations & PIP