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2 W
eath
er D
ata
The
achi
evem
ent o
f sus
tain
able
des
ign
goal
s re
ly o
n an
alys
es th
at a
re
heav
ily
depe
nden
t up
on
the
wea
ther
. H
ence
, an
ac
cura
te
and
com
preh
ensi
ve w
eath
er d
ata
set m
ust b
e us
ed fo
r all
eval
uatio
ns.
Mor
e th
an o
ne w
eath
er d
ata
set
is a
vaila
ble
for
Abu
Dha
bi:
the
IWE
C
wea
ther
dat
a, a
rtific
ially
gen
erat
ed M
eteo
norm
Dat
a, m
easu
red
data
fro
m a
n In
stitu
te a
nd m
easu
red
data
from
Tra
nsso
lar.
Due
to
the
impo
rtanc
e of
sol
ar r
adia
tion
in t
his
clim
ate,
the
dire
ct a
nd
diffu
se p
ortio
ns o
f the
sol
ar ra
diat
ion
wer
e ev
alua
ted
and
com
pare
d. A
s on
e ca
n se
e, t
he I
WEC
dat
a is
the
�“w
orst
-cas
e�” s
cena
rio f
or t
wo
reas
ons.
Firs
t, th
e in
tegr
al o
f ann
ual r
adia
tion
is th
e hi
ghes
t com
pare
d to
the
oth
er d
ata
sets
and
sec
ond,
the
dire
ct r
adia
tion
perc
enta
ge
repr
esen
ts th
e �“w
orst
-cas
e�” s
cena
rio a
s w
ell.
Ta
ble
1: C
ompa
rison
of d
iffer
ent w
eath
er d
ata
sets
inte
rmed
iate
inte
rmed
iate
gl
obal
radi
atio
n lo
wgl
obal
radi
atio
n hi
gh
sim
ilar d
ata
char
acte
ristic
sAL
Ain
tota
l rad
iatio
n an
d be
am ra
tio is
hig
her i
n co
mpa
rison
to A
bu D
habi
cau
sed
by lo
wer
Dew
Poi
nt
Tem
pera
ture
due
to u
pcou
ntry
and
des
ert l
ocat
ion
radi
atio
n ra
tion
depe
nds
sign
ifica
nt o
n de
w p
oint
te
mpe
ratu
re
radi
atio
n ra
tion
depe
nds
sign
ifica
nt o
n de
w p
oint
te
mpe
ratu
re
radi
atio
n ra
tio d
epen
ds
min
or o
n de
w p
oint
te
mpe
ratu
re
radi
atio
n ra
tio d
epen
ds
min
or o
n de
w p
oint
te
mpe
ratu
re
prop
er fo
r pro
ject
s w
ith
sim
ilar g
eogr
aphi
c lo
catio
n as
Al A
in in
M
iddl
e Ea
st(u
pcou
ntry
)
prop
er fo
r pro
ject
s w
ith
sim
ilar g
eogr
aphi
c lo
catio
n as
Abu
Dha
bi in
M
iddl
e Ea
st(n
ear b
y th
e se
a)
prop
er fo
r ?pr
oper
for a
ll pr
ojec
ts w
ith
requ
irem
ents
on
air a
nd
hum
idity
sign
ifica
nt s
easo
nal
char
acte
ristic
ssi
gnifi
cant
sea
sona
l ch
arac
teris
tics
min
or s
easo
nal
char
acte
ristic
sno
sea
sona
l ch
arac
teris
tics
inte
rmed
iate
inte
rmed
iate
diffu
se ra
tio to
hig
hdi
ffuse
ratio
to lo
w
TSE
Al A
inIN
STIT
UTE
Abu
Dha
biM
NAb
u D
habi
IWE
CAb
u D
habi
inte
rmed
iate
inte
rmed
iate
gl
obal
radi
atio
n lo
wgl
obal
radi
atio
n hi
gh
sim
ilar d
ata
char
acte
ristic
sAL
Ain
tota
l rad
iatio
n an
d be
am ra
tio is
hig
her i
n co
mpa
rison
to A
bu D
habi
cau
sed
by lo
wer
Dew
Poi
nt
Tem
pera
ture
due
to u
pcou
ntry
and
des
ert l
ocat
ion
radi
atio
n ra
tion
depe
nds
sign
ifica
nt o
n de
w p
oint
te
mpe
ratu
re
radi
atio
n ra
tion
depe
nds
sign
ifica
nt o
n de
w p
oint
te
mpe
ratu
re
radi
atio
n ra
tio d
epen
ds
min
or o
n de
w p
oint
te
mpe
ratu
re
radi
atio
n ra
tio d
epen
ds
min
or o
n de
w p
oint
te
mpe
ratu
re
prop
er fo
r pro
ject
s w
ith
sim
ilar g
eogr
aphi
c lo
catio
n as
Al A
in in
M
iddl
e Ea
st(u
pcou
ntry
)
prop
er fo
r pro
ject
s w
ith
sim
ilar g
eogr
aphi
c lo
catio
n as
Abu
Dha
bi in
M
iddl
e Ea
st(n
ear b
y th
e se
a)
prop
er fo
r ?pr
oper
for a
ll pr
ojec
ts w
ith
requ
irem
ents
on
air a
nd
hum
idity
sign
ifica
nt s
easo
nal
char
acte
ristic
ssi
gnifi
cant
sea
sona
l ch
arac
teris
tics
min
or s
easo
nal
char
acte
ristic
sno
sea
sona
l ch
arac
teris
tics
inte
rmed
iate
inte
rmed
iate
diffu
se ra
tio to
hig
hdi
ffuse
ratio
to lo
w
TSE
Al A
inIN
STIT
UTE
Abu
Dha
biM
NAb
u D
habi
IWE
CAb
u D
habi
An
nual
Bea
m; D
iffus
e R
adia
tion
816
863
607
889
1'36
01'
198
1'59
81'
060
0.00
500.
00
1000
.00
1500
.00
2000
.00
2500
.00
AA_T
SEA
D_D
LRAD
_IW
ECAD
_MN
Annual Radiation [kWh/m²]
Bea
mD
iffus
e
63%
58%
72%
54%
37%
42%
28%
46%
+33%
+14%
-12%
TSE
Inst
itute
IWEC
MN
Fi
gure
1: S
olar
radi
atio
n co
mpa
rison
A
vera
ge T
Am
bien
t
0.00
5.00
10.0
0
15.0
0
20.0
0
25.0
0
30.0
0
35.0
0
40.0
0
Jan
Feb
Mrz
Apr
Mai
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Okt
Nov
Dez
Year
T_amb [°C]
AA_
TSE
AD
_DLR
AD
_IW
ECA
D_M
N
INST
Fi
gure
2: A
mbi
ent t
empe
ratu
re c
ompa
rison
A
vera
ge T
Dew
poin
t
0.00
5.00
10.0
0
15.0
0
20.0
0
25.0
0
30.0
0
Jan
Feb
Mrz
Apr
Mai
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Okt
Nov
Dez
Year
T_dew [°C]
AA_
TSE
AD
_DLR
AD
_IW
ECA
D_M
N
INST
Fi
gure
3: A
mbi
ent d
ewpo
int c
ompa
rison
3 O
utdo
or C
omfo
rt R
atin
g Th
e Pe
rcei
ved
Tem
pera
ture
(PT
) is
an
appr
opria
te m
easu
re t
o ra
te
outd
oor
com
fort
sinc
e al
l do
min
atin
g en
viro
nmen
tal
para
met
ers
are
cons
ider
ed.
The
fou
r m
ajor
clim
atic
par
amet
ers
that
affe
ct t
herm
al
com
fort
are:
- a
ir te
mpe
ratu
re
- air
hum
idity
- w
ind
spee
d
- mea
n ra
dian
t tem
pera
ture
Ad
ditio
nal
para
met
ers
incl
udin
g th
e in
sula
tion
prop
ertie
s of
clo
thin
g w
orn
and
the
activ
ity ra
te (s
ittin
g or
runn
ing)
are
par
t of t
he P
T eq
uatio
n as
wel
l. B
ased
on
thes
e pa
ram
eter
s th
e ou
tdoo
r co
mfo
rt m
odel
was
de
velo
ped.
Fi
gure
4: S
ketc
h - o
utdo
or c
omfo
rt p
aram
eter
s
In h
ot a
nd h
umid
clim
ates
, pe
rcei
ved
tem
pera
ture
s of
32°
C o
r lo
wer
are
ra
ted
as e
xcel
lent
for
out
door
com
fort,
not
ed i
n th
is r
epor
t in
gre
en.
Perc
eive
d te
mpe
ratu
res
betw
een
32°C
and
38°
C, n
oted
in y
ello
w, a
re ra
ted
hot
and
perc
eive
d te
mpe
ratu
res
abov
e 38
°C
indi
cate
s ve
ry
hot
tem
pera
ture
s, n
oted
in re
d.
The
annu
al P
T ev
alua
tion
is b
ased
on
the
data
der
ived
fro
m t
he I
WE
C
wea
ther
dat
a se
t for
Abu
Dha
bi (s
ee c
hapt
er o
n cl
imat
e an
alys
is).
Ta
ble
2: O
utdo
or c
omfo
rt c
ateg
ory
grou
ps
The
Perc
eive
d Te
mpe
ratu
re m
odel
ass
umes
tha
t pe
ople
will
adju
st t
heir
clot
hing
fact
or fo
r co
ld te
mpe
ratu
res.
The
follo
win
g di
agra
m d
emon
stra
tes
the
corr
elat
ion
betw
een
PT
and
clot
h fa
ctor
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, p
eopl
e ch
oose
a
clot
hing
fact
or o
f 1 (f
ull b
usin
ess
suit)
for p
erce
ived
tem
pera
ture
s of
12°
C.
Fi
gure
5: P
erce
ived
tem
pera
ture
and
clo
thin
g co
rrel
atio
n
Win
d Th
e Ab
u D
habi
wea
ther
dat
a se
t sho
ws
the
prev
ailin
g w
ind
from
nor
th-
wes
t (o
ff-se
a w
inds
). Th
is i
s co
nclu
ded
from
the
com
paris
on o
f tw
o w
eath
er d
ata
sets
(IW
EC a
nd m
easu
red
data
from
an
Inst
itute
), bo
th o
f w
hich
ind
icat
e th
e sa
me
north
-wes
t pr
evai
ling
win
d. S
ince
the
IW
EC
da
ta s
et is
the
mos
t ba
lanc
ed,
it w
as s
elec
ted
for
the
eval
uatio
ns t
hat
follo
w.
Abu
Dha
bi w
ind
data
set
sho
ws
high
ly fr
eque
nt a
nd s
trong
win
ds fr
om
the
sea
mai
nly
durin
g af
tern
oon
and
even
ing.
Suc
h of
f-sea
win
ds a
re
usua
lly h
umid
, whe
reas
at n
ight
and
in m
orni
ng h
ours
, dec
reas
ed w
ind
spee
ds a
nd fr
eque
ncie
s ar
e ch
arac
teris
tic fo
r Abu
Dha
bi.
Fi
gure
6: E
valu
ated
tim
e pe
riod:
24/
7 - I
WEC
dat
a
Fi
gure
7: E
valu
ated
tim
e pe
riod:
24/
7 - m
easu
red
data
from
Inst
itute
win
d ro
se: i
wec
_abu
_dha
bi
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0°
20°
40°
60°
80°
100°
120°
140°
160°
180°
200°
220°
240°
260°
280°
300°
320°
340°
v_W
ind
>0.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>3.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>6.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>9.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>12.
5 m
/s
wes
tea
st
sout
h
nort
h
Fi
gure
8: E
valu
ated
tim
e pe
riod:
1pm
to 9
pm (A
FTER
NO
ON
/EVE
NIN
G)
– IW
EC d
ata
win
d ro
se: i
wec
_abu
_dha
bi
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0°
20°
40°
60°
80°
100°
120°
140°
160°
180°
200°
220°
240°
260°
280°
300°
320°
340°
v_W
ind
>0.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>3.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>6.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>9.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>12.
5 m
/s
wes
tea
st
sout
h
nort
h
Fi
gure
9: E
valu
ated
tim
e pe
riod:
9pm
to 5
am (N
IGH
T) –
IWEC
dat
a w
ind
rose
: iw
ec_a
bu_d
habi
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0°
20°
40°
60°
80°
100°
120°
140°
160°
180°
200°
220°
240°
260°
280°
300°
320°
340°
v_W
ind
>0.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>3.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>6.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>9.5
m/s
v_W
ind
>12.
5 m
/s
wes
tea
st
sout
h
nort
h
Fi
gure
10:
Eva
luat
ed ti
me
perio
d: 5
am to
1pm
(MO
RN
ING
) – IW
EC
data
Perc
eive
d Te
mpe
ratu
re P
sych
rom
etric
Cha
rts
Eval
uatio
n Th
e di
agra
ms
belo
w s
how
out
door
com
fort
(per
ceiv
ed t
empe
ratu
res)
ba
sed
on a
mon
thly
eva
luat
ion
of v
ario
us o
utdo
or c
omfo
rt st
rate
gies
. Th
e am
bien
t air
tem
pera
ture
is r
epre
sent
ed w
ith d
ots.
Th
e bl
ue, g
reen
an
d pi
nk d
ots
diffe
rent
iate
the
tem
pera
ture
s sp
ecifi
c to
the
mon
th
(bet
wee
n 6a
m a
nd 1
0pm
) fro
m th
e pe
ach
dots
, whi
ch r
epre
sent
the
air
tem
pera
ture
s in
the
rem
aind
er o
f the
yea
r. T
he c
olou
red
cont
our
lines
re
pres
ent p
erce
ived
tem
pera
ture
s sp
ecifi
c to
the
com
fort
stra
tegy
. Th
e ke
y is
alo
ng t
he r
ight
sid
e of
the
dia
gram
. W
hile
the
red
line
alw
ays
repr
esen
ts a
PT
of 3
8°C
, th
e ye
llow
32°
C,
etc,
not
e th
at t
he s
hape
of
each
line
cha
nges
as
com
fort
stra
tegi
es a
re a
pplie
d.
It is
hel
pful
to
first
und
erst
and
the
diag
ram
s fo
r th
e ba
se c
ase.
Fo
r ex
ampl
e, 6
4.7%
of t
he a
mbi
ent t
empe
ratu
res
in J
anua
ry w
ill yi
eld
a PT
belo
w 3
2°C
; th
is i
s gr
aphi
cally
sho
wn
by t
he b
lue
dots
fal
ling
belo
w t
he
yello
w c
onto
ur l
ine.
35
.3%
of
the
ambi
ent
tem
pera
ture
s in
Jan
uary
will
yi
eld
a P
T be
twee
n 32
°C a
nd 3
8°C
; thi
s is
gra
phic
ally
sho
wn
by th
e gr
een
dots
fal
ling
betw
een
the
yello
w a
nd r
ed li
nes.
Fi
nally
, 0%
of
the
ambi
ent
tem
pera
ture
s in
Jan
uary
will
yiel
d a
PT
abov
e 38
°C (
no p
ink
dots
). A
s th
e ye
ar p
rogr
esse
s, th
e nu
mbe
r of
am
bien
t tem
pera
ture
s yi
eldi
ng a
PT
abov
e 38
°C in
crea
ses
and
is s
how
n in
pin
k (s
ee J
uly
Base
Cas
e w
here
97.
3% o
f th
e m
onth
lies
abo
ve th
e re
d lin
e).
To
und
erst
and
the
impr
ovem
ent
caus
ed b
y co
mfo
rt st
rate
gies
suc
h as
sh
adin
g an
d ai
r mov
emen
t, co
mpa
re th
e sh
ape
of th
e co
ntou
r lin
es fo
r eac
h m
onth
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e PT
line
s m
ove
to th
e rig
ht w
hen
shad
ing
is a
dded
, so
tha
t fo
r an
am
bien
t co
nditi
on o
f 30
°C a
nd h
umid
ity r
atio
of
10 g
/kg
in
Janu
ary,
whi
ch y
ield
ed a
PT
abov
e 32
°C f
or t
he b
ase
case
, no
w y
ield
s a
PT b
elow
32°
C w
hen
shad
ing
is i
mpl
emen
ted.
Fu
rther
, co
nsid
er t
he
num
ber
of p
oint
s w
here
the
PT is
gre
ater
than
38°
C in
Jul
y (9
7.3%
). W
ith
the
addi
tion
of s
hadi
ng a
nd a
ir m
ovem
ent,
the
perc
ent
of t
he y
ear
whe
re
PT is
gre
ater
than
38°
C is
redu
ced
to 5
0.7%
, a d
ram
atic
effe
ct.
Figu
re 1
1: M
onth
ly p
sych
omet
ric c
hart
s
4 O
utdo
or C
omfo
rt E
valu
atio
n As
des
crib
ed in
the
prev
ious
cha
pter
, the
out
door
com
fort
eval
uatio
n is
ba
sed
on p
erce
ived
tem
pera
ture
s: th
e in
crea
se o
f the
num
ber
of h
ours
m
ade
mor
e liv
able
ar
e pr
esen
ted
in
the
redu
ctio
n of
pe
rcei
ved
tem
pera
ture
s ab
ove
38°C
. In
thi
s ch
apte
r va
rious
met
hods
for
impr
ovin
g ou
tdoo
r th
erm
al c
omfo
rt ar
e de
scrib
ed
in
deta
il.
The
inte
ntio
n he
re
is
to
prov
ide
deta
iled
info
rmat
ion
and
eval
uatio
n fo
r ea
ch a
ppro
ach.
The
prin
cipl
es f
or e
ach
appr
oach
are
des
crib
ed b
y a
sket
ch a
nd e
xam
ples
. B
ase
Cas
e Sc
enar
io
The
base
sce
nario
for
the
per
ceiv
ed t
empe
ratu
re e
valu
atio
ns i
n th
is
repo
rt in
clud
es a
per
son
stan
ding
fro
m m
orni
ng t
o ev
enin
g (6
am t
o 10
pm)
on a
stre
et r
ecei
ving
ful
l so
lar
radi
atio
n an
d al
mos
t no
win
d (a
ssum
ed
aver
age
win
d sp
eed
of
0.1
m/s
). S
uch
a pe
rson
w
ill
expe
rienc
e ve
ry
hot
tem
pera
ture
s fo
r 31
.6
%
of
the
year
, ho
t te
mpe
ratu
res
for 2
4.8
% o
f the
yea
r and
com
forta
ble
outd
oor c
ondi
tions
on
ly 4
3.7
% o
f the
yea
r.
43.7
%
24.8
%
31.6
%
0%10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bas
e C
ase
Perceived Temperature Level
PT >
= 38
32 <
= PT
<38
PT <
32
Eval
uatio
n pe
iod:
mor
ning
and
afte
rnoo
n (6
am to
10p
m)
Fi
gure
12:
Bas
elin
e ou
tdoo
r com
fort
Sh
adin
g st
rate
gies
Th
e be
st s
trate
gy t
o in
crea
se o
utdo
or t
herm
al c
omfo
rt is
a g
roup
of
trees
, fol
low
ed b
y a
shad
ing
devi
ce w
ith lo
w s
olar
tran
smitt
ance
. If t
he
shad
ing
syst
em c
an b
e re
mov
ed d
urin
g ni
ght t
imes
(op
erab
le s
hadi
ng)
the
bene
fit i
ncre
ases
, be
caus
e su
ch a
sys
tem
wou
ld a
llow
for
nig
ht
purg
e of
the
sol
ar e
nerg
y st
ored
in
mas
sive
stru
ctur
es l
ike
stre
ets,
fa
cade
s, e
tc.
Sha
ding
stra
tegi
es h
ave
the
pote
ntia
l to
be
depl
oyed
in
vario
us l
ocat
ions
. A
ll sh
adin
g op
tions
are
pas
sive
too
ls,
beca
use
no
addi
tiona
l po
wer
is
need
ed t
o ac
hiev
e th
e im
prov
emen
t in
out
door
co
mfo
rt. E
ven
retra
ctab
le s
yste
ms
coul
d w
ork
man
ually
. A
ir m
ovem
ent
The
air
mov
emen
t ap
proa
ch is
wor
th e
valu
atio
n as
wel
l, w
heth
er it
be
mec
hani
cally
gen
erat
ed o
r cr
eate
d by
the
win
d. A
ir m
ovem
ent h
as th
e po
tent
ial
to i
mpr
ove
com
fort
durin
g m
ost
seas
ons,
but
als
o de
crea
se
outd
oor
com
fort
durin
g th
e ho
ttest
and
mos
t hum
id m
onth
. The
refo
re a
wel
l th
ough
t ou
t sy
stem
nee
ds t
o be
dev
elop
ed.
The
phys
ical
prin
cipl
e be
hind
all
the
appr
oach
es is
to c
reat
e tu
rbul
ence
and
air
velo
city
, whi
ch w
ill
resu
lt in
hig
her h
eat t
rans
fer r
ate
of th
e bo
dy a
nd e
vapo
rativ
e co
olin
g at
the
skin
. H
ot a
nd h
umid
win
ds c
an c
reat
e th
e op
posi
te a
nd,
henc
e, n
egat
ive
effe
ct,
not
allo
win
g th
e bo
dy
to
evap
orat
e fo
r co
olin
g pu
rpos
es.
Figu
re 1
3: O
utdo
or c
omfo
rt to
ols
Out
door
com
fort
mat
rix
The
outd
oor
com
fort
mat
rix s
how
s at
a g
lanc
e al
l ou
tdoo
r co
mfo
rt st
rate
gies
eva
luat
ed fo
r the
Lul
u Is
land
pro
ject
. Th
e ou
tdoo
r co
mfo
rt st
rate
gies
are
sub
divi
ded
into
the
mai
n pr
inci
ples
ho
w to
impr
ove
ther
mal
com
fort.
The
se a
ppro
ache
s ar
e:
- Sh
adin
g pr
inci
ples
-
Air m
ovem
ent
- C
ombi
natio
n of
sha
ding
and
air
mov
emen
t
Figu
re 1
4: O
utdo
or c
omfo
rt to
ol m
atrix
Shad
ing
from
M
ultip
le T
rees
Shad
ing
from
a
Sing
le T
ree
30%
Fix
ed
Shad
e
15%
Fix
ed
Shad
e
2% F
ixed
Sh
ade
Incr
ease
d A
ir M
ovem
ent a
nd
2% F
ixed
Sha
de
Incr
ease
d A
ir M
ovem
ent
Air
Mov
emen
t D
efin
ition
/ D
escr
iptio
n Ai
r m
ovem
ent
is a
n im
porta
nt f
acto
r in
im
prov
ing
outd
oor
com
fort.
H
owev
er,
this
app
roac
h ne
eds
to b
e co
nsid
ered
tho
ught
fully
, si
nce
hum
id a
nd h
ot w
inds
will
actu
ally
dec
reas
e ou
tdoo
r com
fort.
Hen
ce, t
he
seas
onal
dep
ende
ncy
of t
his
appr
oach
nee
ds t
o be
con
side
red
and
inte
grat
ed in
to th
e de
sign
. G
ener
atin
g or
cat
chin
g w
ind
can
be a
chie
ved
with
var
ious
tech
nolo
gies
an
d tra
ditio
nal
met
hods
, lik
e fla
ps,
fans
, w
indt
ower
s,
defle
ctin
g w
inds
ails
, et
c. T
he p
hysi
cal
prin
cipa
l is
alw
ays
the
sam
e, w
hich
is
crea
ting
turb
ulen
ce a
nd p
rovi
ding
the
hum
an b
ody
the
chan
ce t
o lo
se
heat
mor
e ef
ficie
ntly
. B
est P
ract
ice
Exam
ples
Fi
gure
15:
The
win
d ca
tche
r ha
s a
long
tra
ditio
n in
thi
s re
gion
. A
lthou
gh t
he d
esig
n m
ay v
ary
in c
ount
ries,
the
maj
or p
rinci
ples
st
ayed
the
sam
e. T
his
tech
nolo
gy w
as u
sed
to c
ondi
tion
and
optim
ize
the
inte
rior
spac
es
whe
n am
bien
t co
nditi
ons
wer
e un
plea
sant
.
Fi
gure
16:
Ske
tch
– re
dire
ctio
n of
air
flow
due
to
build
ing
heig
ht
diffe
renc
e
Figu
re 1
7: A
ir m
ovem
ent
43.7
%51
.9%
24.8
%
20.7
%
31.6
%27
.4%
0.0%
10.0
%
20.0
%
30.0
%
40.0
%
50.0
%
60.0
%
70.0
%
80.0
%
90.0
%
100.
0%
Bas
e C
ase
Air M
ovem
ent
PT >
= 38
32 <
= PT
<38
PT <
32
13.3
% R
educ
tion
Eval
uatio
n pe
iod:
mor
ning
and
afte
rnoo
n (6
am to
10p
m)
Fi
xed
shad
ing
syst
em (t
rans
mitt
ance
2%
, 15%
, 30%
) D
efin
ition
/ D
escr
iptio
n O
utdo
or s
hadi
ng i
s an
effe
ctiv
e ap
proa
ch t
o im
prov
e ou
tdoo
r co
mfo
rt es
peci
ally
in a
clim
ate
such
as
Abu
Dha
bi. A
n ef
fect
ive
shad
ing
syst
em
has
the
pote
ntia
l to
red
uce
very
hot
per
ceiv
ed t
empe
ratu
res
by m
ore
than
60
%.
How
ever
, a
low
tra
nsm
ittan
ce m
ater
ial n
eeds
to
be u
sed.
Su
ch lo
w t
rans
mitt
ance
can
be
achi
eved
by
laye
ring
diffe
rent
sha
ding
st
ruct
ures
or
usin
g op
aque
mat
eria
ls w
ith i
ncor
pora
ted
stru
ctur
e. A
sh
adin
g de
vice
with
hig
her s
olar
tran
smitt
ance
will
dec
reas
e th
e am
ount
of
com
forta
ble
situ
atio
ns.
Bes
t Pra
ctic
e Ex
ampl
es
Fi
gure
18:
A s
hopp
ing
mal
l in
Lisb
on fe
atur
es a
n ET
FE ro
of w
ith a
so
lar t
rans
mitt
ance
of a
bout
2%
for t
he e
xter
ior o
paqu
e la
yer.
This
is
ach
ieve
d by
2 w
hite
ETF
E fo
ils a
nd a
dditi
onal
coa
ting
betw
een
the
laye
rs.
Fi
gure
19:
The
his
toric
city
of D
amas
cus
is s
hade
d by
fixe
d sh
adin
g w
ith a
dditi
onal
pla
ntin
gs to
incr
ease
ther
mal
com
fort
.
Figu
re 2
0: S
hadi
ng
43.7
%
64.2
%60
.8%
52.5
%
24.8
%
23.9
%24
.9%
27.1
%
31.6
%
11.9
%14
.3%
20.4
%
0.0%
10.0
%
20.0
%
30.0
%
40.0
%
50.0
%
60.0
%
70.0
%
80.0
%
90.0
%
100.
0%
Bas
e C
ase
Shad
ing
2%Sh
adin
g 15
%Sh
adin
g 30
%
PT >
= 38
32 <
= PT
<38
PT <
32
Eval
uatio
n pe
iod:
mor
ning
and
afte
rnoo
n (6
am to
10p
m)
62.3
%
Red
uctio
n54
.7%
R
educ
tion
35.4
%
Red
uctio
n
Tr
ee
G
roup
of t
rees
D
efin
ition
/ D
escr
iptio
n A
tree
has
a hi
gh p
oten
tial
to r
educ
e th
e pe
rcei
ved
tem
pera
ture
. H
owev
er,
one
sing
le
tree
has
limite
d sh
adin
g po
tent
ial.
For
the
perc
eive
d te
mpe
ratu
re e
valu
atio
n w
e as
sum
ed a
per
son
stan
ding
in th
e sh
ade
of a
tre
e be
twee
n 9.
00 a
nd 1
2.00
, w
here
as f
or t
he o
ther
hou
rs
the
pers
on i
s st
andi
ng i
n di
rect
sun
. Th
e tre
e sh
adin
g ap
proa
ch h
as
mul
tiple
ben
efits
. Th
e tre
e tri
es t
o ke
ep t
he c
ore
tem
pera
ture
on
a co
nsta
nt l
evel
to
surv
ive.
The
abs
orbe
d so
lar
ener
gy i
s us
ed f
or t
he
phot
osyn
thes
is p
roce
ss, w
hich
turn
s th
e ab
sorb
ed e
nerg
y in
to n
utrit
ion
and
oxyg
en.
As
the
tree
evap
orat
es w
ater
to
cool
the
lea
ves,
a s
elf-
cool
ing
prin
cipl
e, t
he r
adia
nt t
empe
ratu
re b
elow
the
tre
e is
red
uced
. Th
is e
ffect
is w
hat p
eopl
e pe
rcei
ve w
hile
sitt
ing
belo
w a
tree
. In
par
alle
l, a
grou
p of
tree
s w
ill s
hade
a p
erso
n al
l day
, sin
ce th
ey w
ill
be s
urro
unde
d by
man
y tre
es.
This
res
ults
in a
sig
nific
ant
incr
ease
in
ther
mal
com
fort:
Dur
ing
the
dayt
ime,
the
unb
eara
ble
cond
ition
s ar
e re
duce
d fro
m m
ore
than
80%
to o
nly
6.3%
per
yea
r. B
est P
ract
ice
Exam
ples
Fi
gure
21:
The
imag
e sh
ows
a lo
cal s
hadi
ng s
trat
egy
with
a tr
ee in
O
man
.
Fi
gure
22:
Thi
s pa
rk is
loca
ted
in R
onda
a c
ity in
the
sout
h of
Spa
in
with
a s
peci
al c
limat
e si
tuat
ion.
Alth
ough
Ron
da is
loca
ted
alm
ost
750
m a
bove
sea
lev
el,
the
clim
ate
show
s ve
ry w
arm
and
hum
id
clim
ate
situ
atio
ns.
Ther
efor
e th
e sh
adin
g pr
inci
ple
can
be f
ound
at
vario
us lo
catio
ns th
roug
hout
the
city
.
Fi
gure
23:
Tre
es
43.7
%
57.9
%
71.4
%
24.8
%
25.2
%
22.2
%31
.6%
16.9
%6.
3%
0.0%
10.0
%
20.0
%
30.0
%
40.0
%
50.0
%
60.0
%
70.0
%
80.0
%
90.0
%
100.
0%
Bas
e C
ase
Tree
Gro
up o
f tre
es
PT >
= 38
32 <
= PT
<38
PT <
32
Eval
uatio
n pe
iod:
mor
ning
and
afte
rnoo
n (6
am to
10p
m)
46.5
%
Red
uctio
n80
.1%
R
educ
tion
Sh
adin
g an
d A
ir M
ovem
ent
Def
initi
on /
Des
crip
tion
A co
mbi
natio
n of
bot
h sh
adin
g an
d ai
r m
ovem
ent
syst
ems
is f
easi
ble
and
wou
ld re
duce
ver
y ho
t per
ceiv
ed te
mpe
ratu
res
by a
bout
50
%. T
he
resu
lts
show
ve
ry
clea
rly
that
du
ring
hot
and
hum
id
perio
ds
air
mov
emen
t is
not b
enef
icia
l (se
e Fi
gure
24)
. Th
is is
due
to th
e fa
ct th
at
the
shad
ing
optio
ns a
lone
red
uce
very
hot
tem
pera
ture
s by
mor
e th
an
60 %
, w
hile
the
com
bina
tion
of s
hadi
ng a
nd a
ir m
ovem
ent
achi
eves
a
redu
ctio
n of
onl
y 50
%.
Hen
ce,
a us
er
cont
rolle
d an
d se
ason
al
air
mov
emen
t de
sign
is
ne
cess
ary,
so
that
the
out
door
com
fort
stra
tegi
es d
o no
t co
unte
ract
ea
ch o
ther
.
Fi
gure
24:
Win
d ca
lend
ar
Bes
t Pra
ctic
e Ex
ampl
es
Fi
gure
25:
Ske
tch
of s
hadi
ng a
nd a
ir m
ovem
ent p
rinci
ple
Figu
re 2
6: S
hadi
ng a
nd a
ir m
ovem
ent
43.7
%
63.5
%
24.8
%
21.3
%
31.6
%
15.3
%
0.0%
10.0
%
20.0
%
30.0
%
40.0
%
50.0
%
60.0
%
70.0
%
80.0
%
90.0
%
100.
0%
Bas
e C
ase
Shad
ing
+ Ai
r Mov
emen
t
PT >
= 38
32 <
= PT
<38
PT <
32
Eval
uatio
n pe
iod:
mor
ning
and
afte
rnoo
n (6
am to
10p
m)
51.6
% R
educ
tion
