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Absolutism in England
Absolutism in England
Restoration to Glorious Revolution
Section 3 (cont.)
Life in the 17th Century: ClothingLife in the 17th Century: Clothing
• At the beginning of the 1600s there was only one word to describe the clothing of the upper classes.– STIFF!
Early 17th Century Clothing: MenEarly 17th Century Clothing: Men
No such thing as underwear. – You wore a short chemise that went down to the mid-thigh.
Served as your nightshirt too.
Rarely changed your “linens.”
Men’s Clothing in the early 17th CenturyMen’s Clothing in the early 17th Century• Over the undershirt men
would put padding to make it look like they had a belly and padding for the roll.– Often so stuffed – they
couldn’t sit down!• Held their stockings up with
colored garters.• Shoes had no heels and there
were no left or right foot shapes.
• Ruffs were wired to hold their shape.
• Doublets and jerkins finished the “look.”
Women’s Clothing: At the beginning of the 17th century:Women’s Clothing: At the beginning of the 17th century:
• Chemises were often full length.
• Wore lots of wire and whale bone to make their clothes stiff.
History of the CorsetHistory of the Corset
• Tended to deform women’s rib cages and shift organ alignment.– Probably played a
big part in the number of miscarriages and deaths in childbirth.
Transformation (for awhile) in the 17th CenturyTransformation (for awhile) in the 17th Century
• Clothing became softer and easier to wear.
• Wearing lace and color a sign of your power and wealth.
Women’s ClothingWomen’s Clothing
• Empire waists.• Corsets were a bit looser.• Lace was detachable on the
dress to make it look different.– Pearl jewelry was the rage.– HORROR!
Women were cutting bangs and frizzing their hair!
• It was the age of the décolletage.– Low, LOW necklines that lace
was worn over.
Men’s Clothing: The CavalierMen’s Clothing: The Cavalier
• Boots were usually favored by men.
• The waistcoat was long and coats were “cutaway” so you could see the richness of the waistcoat and lace.
• Hats were very big and worn inside as well as out.
• Stockings were held up by colorful garters under their breeches.
Shoes / Boots / GlovesShoes / Boots / Gloves
• Red heeled shoes were allowed ONLY for royalty.
• Still no left nor right foot.• Bucket topped boots for
men.• Gloves were also important
for the nobles to wear.– Handmade for the
individual.– Often given as
engagement gifts – you would exchange one glove.
The other “style” of the time:The other “style” of the time:
• WIGS!
Men wore wigsMen wore wigs
• Personal hygiene was not very good.
• Elaborate long hair was the rage to wear.
• It was easier to shave your head and keep wigs.– Hairspray? Mousse?
Gel? – they used butter and lard.
• Size of the wig showed your social status.– King’s had to be the tallest!– Louis XIV had over 300 wigs.
The poor?The poor?
• Covered their hair to keep lice and other vermin from the oily hair.
• Often wore the same thing until it rotted away.
England 1660: The Return of a KingEngland 1660: The Return of a King
• THE RESTORATION• King Charles II is
brought back to rule England.
Charles II: An absolute monarch – that knew limits.Charles II: An absolute monarch – that knew limits.
• Charles believed in his Divine Right to rule.
• But he seemed to know that there needed to be limits.– Self-imposed limits.
Charles II: ChildhoodCharles II: Childhood
• Unusual for his time, his parents were loving to their children.
• But as the first born son, Charles had special attention.– As a boy unusually tall
and strong.– Unusually physically
active for a prince.• Took after his
Grandfather Henry IV of France.
Charles IICharles II
• Privilege ended abruptly when his father was beheaded.
• 19 years old – a prince without a country or money.– Treated as a poor
relation in France.
What happened to his mother?What happened to his mother?
• Henrietta Maria did not handle exile and losing her husband very well.– Petitioned Cromwell
to give her her “widow’s right” of the money from tin mines in England.• Traditionally what
widowed queens lived off of.
What do you think Cromwell said?What do you think Cromwell said?
• He said it was true – he would give a widowed queen her rightful legacy IF ….– She was a QUEEN of
England.• Remember?
– Henrietta Maria had refused to be crowned in a Protestant ceremony.
Henrietta MariaHenrietta Maria
• Spent most of the rest of her life crying over her lost husband.– Tried to have him
made into a saint.– Her tears and
refusing to be in any house she had been in with her husband made her a less than welcome guest.
Charles IICharles II
• Didn’t get much supervision.
• Had to take over as the head of the family.
• An unemployed prince had to learn a lot of humility and doing without things.– Also freed him up to
see how other people lived.
Charles IICharles II
• Kept lines of communication open with England.
• 1659 was offered the chance to come back to England IF:– Signed the Petition
of Right that his father had thrown away.
Charles II: Charles II:
• Charles agreed IF:– Parliament wouldn’t
interfere with his Divine Right.
– He could take revenge on the men who had signed his father’s death warrant.
The RegicidesThe Regicides
• Of the 59 men who had signed Charles I death warrant in 1649, 35 were still alive in 1660.
• Most chose to immigrate to Europe or the Americas.
• Some were hanged.• Some were hanged, drawn
and quartered.• Others imprisoned for life.• One was pardoned.
– He had helped Charles II in exile.
King Charles did not treat his return as a time to “get even” with people.King Charles did not treat his return as a time to “get even” with people.
• For an absolute monarch he was pretty fair.
• Spent part of the tax money on improving the life of his people.
• Had some religious tolerance.
Religion under King Charles II (1660 – 1685)Religion under King Charles II (1660 – 1685)• Return to the Anglican Faith
as the religion of the country.
• Some tolerance for Catholics.
• Puritans could practice their religion BUT:– Ministers couldn’t live closer
than 7 miles to their parishioners.
– You couldn’t be married or buried in your church.
• Had to use the Anglican Church
• Continued until 1888!
The Restoration: 1660 - 1685The Restoration: 1660 - 1685
• PARTY TIME!• After all the restrictions
under the Puritans, people were ready to have a good time.
• Charles definitely knew how to do that!
The Restoration: 1660 - 1685The Restoration: 1660 - 1685
• Clothing and morals were “looser.”
• Dancing, Theatre, Music were encouraged.
And HORROR to the Puritans!And HORROR to the Puritans!
• 1661 WOMEN were allowed to act on the stage!– Nell Gwynn – one of
the first actresses and one of King Charles’ many, many, many mistresses!
King Charles wasn’t all about having a good time!King Charles wasn’t all about having a good time!• Interested in science.
– Founded The Royal Society.
• England’s first scientific “club.”
• Interested in scientific equipment.
• Did go out among the people to see how his rules were being accepted by the people.– Some brothels too!
Trivia: King Charles outlawed something we use quite regularly today. Trivia: King Charles outlawed something we use quite regularly today.
• Felt Coffee Houses were a place where politics was discussed more than it should be!
Charles II: The Merry MonarchCharles II: The Merry Monarch
• We get the phrase: “Eat, drink, and be merry.”
• “Restless he rolls from whore to whoreA merry monarch, scandalous and more.”– Song from the
Restoration.
Charles IICharles II
• Married Catherine of Braganza after seeing her portrait.– Didn’t marry for love,
it was politics.– But said it was a
face he could trust.
Catherine of BraganzaCatherine of Braganza
• Catholic, but didn’t flaunt her religion about England.
• Was a good wife to her husband, except in one way:– She never had a
child.– Always miscarried.
The Merry MonarchThe Merry Monarch
• Had LOTS of flings – but did have FIVE OFFICIAL mistresses.– 12 children.– Made mistresses and
children “royal” with titles and wealth.
• Didn’t make Parliament happy to have to bankroll all these kids!
Mistress #1: Barbara VilliersMistress #1: Barbara Villiers
• Made her the Countess of Castlemaine.– Dukes of Cleveland.– 5 children
Mistress #2: Catherine PeggeMistress #2: Catherine Pegge
• No pictures are known of her:– 2 children
• Charles FitzCharles.
• A daughter
Mistress #3: Louise de KerouailleMistress #3: Louise de Kerouaille
• Duchess of Portsmouth– One son: Charles,
Duke of Richmond
Mistress #4: Lucy WalterMistress #4: Lucy Walter
• A Welsh middle gentry woman that became a courtesan:– Son Charles, Duke
of Monmouth.– One daughter– Died before the
Restoration.
Mistress #5: Nell GwynnMistress #5: Nell Gwynn
• The actress!• Made their sons the
Duke of St. Albans and the Earl of Beauclerc.(Beauclerk)
• But died before he could give her a title.– “Don’t let poor Nell
starve.” – Charles II’s last words.
Descendents of King Charles IIDescendents of King Charles II
Charles II diesCharles II dies
• Stroke at 54• May have been brought
on by a kidney malfunction?
• Four days to die:– “I apologize for being
so long a dying.”
Historical RUMOR:Historical RUMOR:
• Did Charles II turn CATHOLIC before he died?– Still a great deal of
anti-Catholic sentiment in England.
– Rumors of being poisoned in a Catholic plot to take the throne.
Because next in line was his brother JAMESBecause next in line was his brother JAMES
• James II• A CATHOLIC king???
James II King 1685 - 1689James II King 1685 - 1689
• James in exile was even more “forgotten.”– He was a younger
son, an unemployed prince without much parental guidance in European exile.
Prince JamesPrince James
• Became a Catholic as a teenager.
• Married a member of the lower nobility, Anne Hyde.– Had eight children
before she died in 1671.• She never “fit in”
with the Restoration.
King CharlesKing Charles
• Sympathized with his brother – but had to look to the future of the Stuart line.
• Two daughters of James and Anne lived.
• Ordered that they be raised as Protestants.– Princess Mary– Princess Anne
King James II and VII (England and Scotland)King James II and VII (England and Scotland)
• The last Catholic king of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.
James IIJames II
• Tried to tell the English people he would be Catholic, but his successor daughters would be Protestants.
• That seemed to assure a nervous England – UNTIL …
King James remarried!King James remarried!
• A Catholic.• Mary of Modena• Was NOT popular with
the Protestant English.• There had been
pregnancies, but had all ended with stillbirths and miscarriages.
Then came the Warming Pan Plot!Then came the Warming Pan Plot!
• Mary of Modena became pregnant again in 1688.
• She went into premature labor.
• When her son James, was born, only Catholics were present as witnesses to the birth.
King James makes BIG mistakes!King James makes BIG mistakes!
• Announces his son is the next ruler of England.– He would be raised as a
Catholic.– He began appointing
Catholics to high offices.– Had a statement of
religious tolerance read from all Anglican pulpits.
One person in particular didn’t like what was happening!One person in particular didn’t like what was happening!
• James’ eldest daughter – Mary.
• Had expected to become queen after her father.
• She had been preparing for the moment all of her life.
Mary StuartMary Stuart
• She had been raised Protestant.
• Married to her first cousin, William of Orange, when she was 15. – Cried all through the
wedding.– She didn’t particularly
like her husband.– He didn’t particularly like
her either.
William and MaryWilliam and Mary
• For 15 years they had been putting up with each other for one reason.– They would
someday become the King and Queen of England.
But now a baby boy stood in their way.But now a baby boy stood in their way.
• What is a dysfunctional couple supposed to do?
A rumor was put out about Mary of Modena …A rumor was put out about Mary of Modena …• She had only
PRETENDED to be pregnant.
• During her delivery – a bed warming pan had been called for.
It gets even better!It gets even better!
• There had been a baby boy hidden in the pan.
• The boy wasn’t royal at all.
• James II and the Catholics were plotting the complete take over of England.
William and Mary ride to the rescue!William and Mary ride to the rescue!
• The GLORIOUS REVOLUTION.
• William and Mary gathered a Protestant army.
• Anti-Catholic riots broke out in the streets.
King James ran away - King James ran away -
• By leaving, his daughter said he lost the right to rule.
• Became Queen Mary II and King William III.
• She was coming to England to “save the Protestant religion.”
William and Mary instituted Anti-Catholic laws:William and Mary instituted Anti-Catholic laws:
– No Catholic could sit in Parliament.
– Catholics could not vote.– No Catholic could be in
the army or navy.– No royal was allowed to
marry a Catholic.• The only law that still
applies in 2008!
To get Parliament to agree to what they did they gave up some rights.To get Parliament to agree to what they did they gave up some rights.• Agreed to the Petition
of Right.• Agreed that Parliament
had the right to make laws that the monarchy had to follow.– The Declaration of
Right.• Established
Constitutional Monarchy
The Rise of the JacobitesThe Rise of the Jacobites
• The baby James III and his son, Charles III got a “raw deal.”
• Some people in Ireland, Scotland and England agreed.
• For 80 years those that tried to “restore the TRUE Stuarts” to the throne were fighting against William, Mary, later Queen Anne and two king Georges.
Queen Anne: The last Stuart monarchQueen Anne: The last Stuart monarchRuled 1707 –1714
More power for Parliament.
Silly woman who is remembered for her attempts to have a child.
17 pregnancies or births.
No child lived beyond one who made it to seven years of age.
Anne decided who comes after her:Anne decided who comes after her:
• Instead of choosing her half-brother (Catholic), she chose her distant cousin George who didn’t even speak English, but was Protestant.– He gave Parliament
even more power.
Changes that happened at this timeChanges that happened at this time
• Limited Monarchy– Kings and Queens
had to obey laws.
Changes that happened in EnglandChanges that happened in England
• Political Parties Emerge:– Tories
• Tended to be aristocrats and wanted to keep noble privileges
– Whigs• More the policies of
the Glorious Revolution.
• Favored Parliament over the Crown.
• Merchants and townspeople.
Changes that happened in EnglandChanges that happened in England
• The Cabinet System:– Parliament advisors
that set the policy of the country.
– The Prime Minister leads the Cabinet and is the real leader of the country.
BUT! BUT!
• This was hardly a democratic system of government.
• Oligarchy – a government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people.
• Landowning aristocrats believed they were the “natural” ruling class.
Oligarchy in 18th Century EnglandOligarchy in 18th Century England
• Right to vote was for wealthy landowning Protestant men.
• But change was on the way!
