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AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
The Beta-beamhttp://beta-beam.web.cern.ch/beta-beam/
Mats Lindroos on behalf of the
The BENE beta-beam network
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Collaborators• BENE beta-beam network:
– GSI: • Helmuth Weick, Markus Steck, Peter Spiller, Oliver Boine-Frankenheim, R. Hollinger, B. Franzke
– CEA:• Olivier NAPOLY, Jacques Payet, Jacques Bouchez
– IN2P3:• Cristina Volpe, Alex Muelle, Pascal Sortais, Laune Bernard, Antonio Villar
– INFN:• Vittorio Palladino, Mauro Mezzetto, Alberto Facco, Andrea Pisent
– UK:• Chris Prior, Marielle Chartier
– CERN:• Mats Lindroos, Steven Hancock, Matteo Magistris, Simone Gilardoni, Fredrik Wenander, Roland
Garoby, Michael Benedikt, Ulli Koester
– Geneva University:• Alain Blondel
– Louvain-la-neuve:• Guido Ryckewaert, Thierry Delbar
– Uppsala:• Dag Reistad
– Associate:• Andreas Jansson, Rick Baartman
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Acknowledgements
• For kindly having assisted with this specific presentation:– M.Benedikt, A.Blondel, J.Bouchez,
K.Elsener, S.Gilardoni, R.Garoby, S.Hancock, A.Jansson, U.Koester M.Magistris, S.Russenschuck, P.Sortais, C.Volpe, F.Wenander
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Outline
• Neutrino oscillations• The beta-beam
– Overview– The CERN base line scenario
– The Moriond workshop
• The super beam• Conclusions
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Neutrinos• A mass less particle predicted by Pauli to explain the
shape of the beta spectrum• Exists in at least three flavors (e, , )• Could have a small mass which could significantly
contribute to the mass of the universe• The mass could be made up of a combination of mass
states– If so, the neutrino could “oscillate” between different
flavors as it travel along in space
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Neutrino oscillations• Three neutrino mass states (1,2,3) and three
neutrino flavors (e,,)
23(atmospheric) = 450 , 12(solar) = 300 , 13(Chooz) < 130
Unknown or poorly known even after approved program:13 , phase , sign of m13 2
OR?
m223= 3 10-3eV2
m212= 3 10-5 - 1.5 10-4 eV2
m212= 3 10-5 - 1.5 10-4 eV2
m223= 3 10-3eV2
A. Blondel
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Objectives
• The beta-beam could be one component in the future European Neutrino Physics programme
• Present a coherent and “realistic” scenario for a beta-beam facility:– Use known technology (or reasonable
extrapolations of known technology)– Use innovations to increase the performance– Re-use a maximum of the existing
accelerators
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
CERN: -beam baseline scenario
PS
Decay
RingISOL target & Ion source
SPL
Cyclotrons, linac or FFAG
Decay ring
Brho = 1500 Tm
B = 5 T
Lss = 2500 m
SPS
ECR
Rapid cycling synchrotron
MeV 86.1 Average
MeV 937.1 Average
189
1810
63
62
cms
cms
E
eFeNe
E
eLiHe
Nuclear Physics
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Desired beam parameters in the decay ring
18Neon10+
– Intensity: 4.5x1012 ions – Energy: 55 GeV/u– Rel. gamma: 60– Rigidity: 335 Tm
• The neutrino beam at the experiment will have the “time stamp” of the circulating beam in the decay ring.
• We need to concentrate the beam in as few and as short bunches as possible to maximize the number of ions/nanosecond. (background suppression)
• Clearly 6He is the more demanding ion and considered further on .
6Helium2+
– Intensity: 1.0x1014 ions – Energy: 139
GeV/u– Rel. gamma: 150– Rigidity: 1500 Tm
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
SPL, ISOL and ECR
Objective:• Production, ionization and pre-bunching of ionsChallenges:• Production of ions with realistic driver beam
current– Target deterioration
• Accumulation, ionization and bunching of high currents at very low energies
SPLISOL Target + ECR
Linac, cyclotron or FFAG
Rapidcycling
synchrotronPS SPS
Decay ring
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Layout very similar to planned EURISOL converter target aiming for 1015 fissions per s.
66He production by He production by 99Be(n,a)Be(n,a)
Converter technology: (J. Nolen, NPA 701 (2002) 312c)
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Mercury jet converter
H.Ravn, U.Koester, J.Lettry, S.Gardoni, A.Fabich
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Scenario 1Scenario 1
• Spallation of close-by target nuclides:18,19Ne from MgO and 34,35Ar in CaO
– Production rate for 18Ne is 1x1012 s-1 (with 2.2 GeV 100 A proton
beam, cross-sections of some mb and a 1 m long oxide target of 10%
theoretical density)
– 19Ne can be produced with one order of magnitude higher intensity
but the half life is 17 seconds!
Scenario 2Scenario 2
• alternatively use (,n) and (3He,n) reactions:
12C(3,4He,n)14,15O, 16O(3,4He,n)18,19Ne, 32S(3,4He,n)34,35Ar
– Intense 3,4He beams of 10-100 mA 50 MeV are required
Production of Production of ++ emitters emitters
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
extraction
target
ECR volume
~250 mm
ISOECRIS• based on a ISOLDE unit • coils• consumable unit• in production
target side
extraction side
~250 mm
MINIMONO ISOLDE• GANIL design [1,2]• ‘standard’ ISOLDE unit• permanent magnets• consumable unit• on-line test 2003
MONOECR (at ISOLDE)MONOECR (at ISOLDE)
F. Wenander, J.Lettry
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
60-90 GHz « ECR Duoplasmatron » for gaseous RIB
Very high densitymagnetized plasma
ne ~ 1014 cm-3
2.0 – 3.0 T pulsed coils or SC coils
60-90 GHz / 10-100 KW10 –200 µs / = 6-3 mm
optical axial coupling
optical radial coupling(if gas only)
1-3 mm100 KV
extractionUHF windowor « glass » chamber (?)
Target
Rapid pulsed valve
20 – 100 µs20 – 200 mA
1012 to 1013 ions per bunchwith high efficiency
Very small plasmachamber ~ 20 mm / L ~ 5 cm
Arbitrary distanceif gas
Moriond meeting:
Pascal Sortais et al.
ISN-Grenoble
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Low-energy stage
Objective:• Fast acceleration of ions and
injection• Acceleration of 16 batches to 20
MeV/u
SPLISOL Target + ECR
Linac, cyclotron or FFAG
Rapidcycling
synchrotronPS SPS
Decay ring
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Rapid Cycling Synchrotron
Objective:• Accumulation, bunching (h=1), acceleration
and injection into PS Challenges:• High radioactive activation of ring• Efficiency and maximum acceptable time for
injection process– Charge exchange injection– Multiturn injection
• Electron cooling or transverse feedback system to counteract beam blow-up?
SPLISOL Target + ECR
Linac, cyclotron or FFAG
Rapidcycling
synchrotronPS SPS
Decay ring
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Overview: Accumulation
• Sequential filling of 16 buckets in the PS from the storage ring
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
PS
• Accumulation of 16 bunches at 300 MeV/u
• Acceleration to =9.2, merging to 8 bunches and injection into the SPS
• Question marks:– High radioactive activation of ring– Space charge bottleneck at SPS injection will
require a transverse emittance blow-up
SPLISOL Target + ECR
Linac, cyclotron or FFAG
Fast cycling
synchrotronPS SPS
Decay ring
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
SPS
Overview:PS to SPS
• Merging in PS to 8 buckets• Blow-up before transfer to manage
space charge limit in SPS
PSPSPSPS
SPS
PS
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
SPS
Objective:• Acceleration of 8 bunches of 6He(2+) to =150
– Acceleration to near transition with a new 40 MHz RF system
– Transfer of particles to the existing 200 MHz RF system– Acceleration to top energy with the 200 MHz RF system
• Ejection in batches of four to the decay ringChallenges:• Transverse acceptance
SPLISOL Target + ECR
Linac, cyclotron or FFAG
Fast cycling
synchrotronPS SPS
Decay ring
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Decay ring
Objective:• Injection of 4 off-momentum bunches on a
matched dispersion trajectory • Rotation with a quarter turn in
longitudinal phase space• Asymmetric bunch merging of fresh
bunches with particles already in the ring
SPLISOL Target + ECR
Linac, cyclotron or FFAG
Fast cycling
synchrotronPS SPS
Decay ring
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Injection into the decay ring
• Bunch merging requires fresh bunch to be injected at ~10 ns from stack!
– Conventional injection with fast elements is excluded.
• Off-momentum injection on a matched dispersion trajectory.
• Rotate the fresh bunch in longitudinal phase space by ¼ turn into starting configuration for bunch merging.
– Relaxed time requirements on injection elements: fast bump brings the orbit close to injection septum, after injection the bump has to collapse within 1 turn in the decay ring (~20 s).
– Maximum flexibility for adjusting the relative distance bunch to stack on ns time scale.
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
SPS
Overview: Decay ring
• Ejection to matched dispersion trajectory
• Asymmetric bunch merging
SPSSPS
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Horizontal aperture layout• Assumed machine and beam parameters:
– Dispersion: Dhor = 10 m
– Beta-function: hor = 20 √m– Moment. spread stack: p/p = ±1.0x10-3 (full)– Moment. spread bunch: p/p = ± 2.0x10-4 (full)– Emit. (stack, bunch): geom = 0.6 m
Septum & alignment 10 mm
Stack: ± 10mm momentum
± 4 mm emittance
Beam: ± 2 mm momentum
± 4 mm emittanceRequired separation:30 mm, corresponds to 3x10-3 off-momentum.
Required bump:22 mm
22 mm
Central orbit undisplacedM. Benedikt
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Injection to decay ring
M. Benedikt
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Asymmetric bunch merging
S. Hancock
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Full scale simulation with SPS as model
• Simulation conditions:
– Single bunch after injection and ¼ turn rotation.
– Stacking again and again until steady state is reached.
– Each repetition, a part of the stack (corresponding to -decay) is removed.
• Results:
– Steady state intensity was ~85 % of theoretical value (for 100% effective merging).
– Final stack intensity is ~10 times the bunch intensity (~15 effective mergings).
– Moderate voltage of 10 MV is sufficient for 40 and 80 MHz systems for an incoming bunch of < 1 eVs.
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Decay losses
• Acceleration losses:
6He(T1/2=0.8 s)
18Ne(T1/2=1.67 s)
Accumulation
<47 mW/m
<2.9 mW/m
PS 1.2 W/m 90 mW/m
SPS 0.41 W/m 32 mW/m
Decay ring 8.9 W/m 0.6 W/m
A. Jansson
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
How bad is 9 W/m?
• For comparison, a 50 GeV muon storage ring proposed for FNAL would dissipate 48 W/m in the 6T superconducting magnets. Using a tungsten liner to – reduce peak heat load for magnet to 9 W/m.– reduce peak power density in
superconductor (to below 1mW/g)– Reduce activation to acceptable levels
• Heat load may be OK for superconductor.
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
SC magnets• Dipoles can be
built with no coils in the path of the decay (one ion type) particles to minimise peak power density in superconductor (quench stability).
S. Russenschuck, CERN
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Tunnels and Magnets• Civil engineering costs: Estimate of 400 MCHF for 1.3%
incline (13.9 mrad)– Ringlenth: 6850 m, Radius=300 m, Straight sections=2500 m
• Magnet cost: First estimate at 100 MCHF
ShieldingTunnel
Arc cross-section
CERN CERN Cricket Cricket ClubClub
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Intensities: 6He
• From ECR source: 2.0x1013 ions per second• Storage ring: 1.0x1012 ions per bunch• Fast cycling synch: 1.0x1012 ion per bunch• PS after acceleration: 1.0x1013 ions per batch• SPS after acceleration:0.9x1013 ions per batch• Decay ring: 2.0x1014 ions in four 10
ns long bunch– Only -decay losses accounted for, efficiency <50%
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Intensities: 18Ne
• From ECR source: 0.8x1011 ions per second• Storage ring: 4.1x1010 ions per bunch• Fast cycling synch: 4.1x1010 ion per bunch• PS after acceleration: 5.2x1011 ions per batch• SPS after acceleration:4.9x1011 ions per batch• Decay ring: 9.1x1012 ions in four 10
ns long bunch– Only -decay losses accounted for, efficiency <50%
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Moriond meeting• Annual electro week meeting in Les Arcs• Workshop on Radioactive beams for
Nuclear and Neutrino Physics– Organizer: Jacques Bouchez, CEA, Saclay
• Many new ideas, among them:– Multiple targets for Ne production– ECR bunching (P. Sortais)– Ne and He in the decay ring simultaneously– Low energy beta facility (C. Volpe)
• GSI, GANIL and CERN (in close detector)
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Ne and He in decay ring simultaneously
• Enormous “gain” in counting time– Years!
• Requiring =150 for He will at equal rigidity result in a =250 for Ne– Physics?– Detector simulation should give “best”
compromise
• Requiring equal revolution time will result in a R of 20 mm (R0=1090 m)– Manageable?
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Accumulation Ne + He
200 400 600 800 1000
5
10
15
20
25
30
6He8 s SPS cycling
6He16 s SPS cycling
Accumulation (multiplication)
factor
Time (s)
Requires larger long. Acceptance!
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
CERN to FREJUSGeneve
Italy
130km
40kt400kt
CERN
SPL @ CERN2.2GeV, 50Hz, 2.3x1014p/pulse 4MWNow under R&D phase
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
The Super Beam
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
HERE : 250 MeV NEUTRINOS
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Water CherenkowSuper Kamiokande
MultiUSER detector: Astrophysics, Beta-beam, Super Beam, Proton Decay
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Combination of beta beam with low energy
super beamUnique to CERN:
combines CP and T violation tests
e (+) e (+)
e (-) e (-)
A. Blondel
CPCP
T
T
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
SPL (8 MW) for many users
15 ms accelerated to 2.2 GeVfor other Users
3ms2.2 GeV
for NuFact and Super Beam
20 ms
15 mA
3 mA
total power at 2.2 GeV 4 MW X 2 = 8 MW
beam
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Physics reach
M. Mezzetto
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Superbeam & Beta Beam cost estimates
(NUFACT02)Educated guess on possible costs USD/CHF 1.60UNO 960 MCHFSUPERBEAM LINE 100 MCHFSPL 300 MCHFPS UPGR. 100 MCHFSOURCE (EURISOL), STORAGE RING 100 MCHFSPS 5 MCHFDECAY RING CIVIL ENG. 400 MCHFDECAY RING OPTICS 100 MCHF
TOTAL (MCHF) 2065 MCHFTOTAL (MUSD) 1291 MUSD
INCREMENTAL COST (MCHF) 705 MCHFINCREMENTAL COST (MUSD) 441 MUSD
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Conclusions• Physics:
– Strong interest from community– Super beam, beta-beam and FREJUS: WORLD unique– Low energy beta-beam: other sites
• A baseline scenario for the beta-beam exists– While, possible solutions have been proposed for all
identified bottlenecks we still have problems to overcome but…
• …you are invited to make proposals for improvements!– Higher intensity in the decay ring– First results are so encouraging that the beta-beam
option should be fully explored
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Open questions…
…among them• Target (area) design
– EURISOL study (Design study in 6th EU FP)• Efficiency of ECR chargebreeding and bunching• Low energy acceleration
– LINAC/ECR/FFAG?• Combined storage ring and Rapid Cycling Synchrotron• Injection into Rapid Cycling Synchrotron• PS – do we need a new (Rapid cycling) machine?• Space charge bottle neck from PS to SPS• Lattice for decay ring
– Many constraints if Ne and He should be stored simultaneously• Stability of short high intensity ion bunches in decay ring• Magnet design for decay ring• Civil engineering of decay ring
– Shielding issues to avoid groundwater activation
AB seminar BENE beta-beam network
Comment• We are all working hard to complete the
LHC and to keep CERN running…• In your already overloaded week try to
find 2 hours…– Spend one of these hours on our future
• CLIC• Nufact• Beta-beam• And many more ideas
– Spend the other hour on LHC• The succesfull completion of LHC is conditional for
any long term future of CERN
• Thank you for your attention!