14
A4. This question is about standing waves in a string. The diagram below shows a string S which is stretched between two supports A and B. A S B [1] (a) Sketch on the diagram the shape of the standing wave pattern produced when the string is set to vibrate at its fundamental frequency. [3] (b) State three independent parameters that effect the fundamental frequency of vibration of the string. ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... [3] (c) By what factor can each parameter be altered independently in order that the fundamental frequency of vibration be doubled? ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... [1] (d) When the distance between the supports A and B is 100 cm the tension in the string is 50.0 N. If the mass per unit length of the string is calculate the frequency 3 5.0 10 ! " 1 kg m ! of the fundamental vibration of the string. ......................................................................... ......................................................................... – 7 – M00/430/H(2) 220-227 Turn over

A4. This question is about standing waves in a string.vle.nlcsjeju.kr/pluginfile.php/6858/mod_resource/content/1/ all... · This question is about standing waves in a string. The

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A4. This question is about standing waves in a string.

The diagram below shows a string S which is stretched between two supports A and B.

A

S

B

[1]

(a) Sketch on the diagram the shape of the standing wave pattern produced when the string is set

to vibrate at its fundamental frequency.

[3]

(b) State three independent parameters that effect the fundamental frequency of vibration of the

string.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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[3]

(c) By what factor can each parameter be altered independently in order that the fundamental

frequency of vibration be doubled?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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[1]

(d) When the distance between the supports A and B is 100 cm the tension in the string is

50.0 N. If the mass per unit length of the string is calculate the frequency35.0 10!"

1kg m!

of the fundamental vibration of the string.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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– 7 – M00/430/H(2)

220-227 Turn over

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2206-6514

– 16 – M06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

B2. This question is about waves and wave properties.

Travelling and standing (stationary) waves

(a) State two differences between a travelling wave and a standing (stationary) wave.

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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[2]

(b) In the scale diagram below, plane wavefronts travel from medium 1 to medium 2 across

the boundary AB.

direction of travel

medium 1

A B

medium 2

State and explain in which medium the wavefronts have the greater speed.

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[3]

(c) By taking measurements from the diagram, determine the ratio

speed of wave in medium 1

speed of wave in medium 2.

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[3]

(This question continues on the following page)

1633

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M06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

(Question B2 continued)

(d) To demonstrate the production of a standing wave, Samantha attaches the end B of a

length AB of rubber tubing to a rigid support. She holds the other end A of the tubing,

pulls on it slightly and then shakes the end A in a direction at right angles to AB. At a

certain frequency of shaking, the tubing is seen to form the standing wave pattern shown

below.

A B

Explain how this pattern is formed.

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[5]

(This question continues on the following page)

1733

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– 18 – M06/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

(Question B2 continued)

(e) The speed v with which energy is propagated in the tubing by a travelling wave depends

on the tension T in the tubing. The relationship between these quantities is

v k T

where k is a constant.

In an experiment to verify this relationship, the fundamental (first harmonic) frequency f

was measured for different values of tension T.

(i) Explain how the results of this experiment, represented graphically, can be used to

verify the relationship v k T .

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[4]

(ii) In the experiment, the length of the tubing was kept constant at 2.4 m. The

fundamental frequency for a tension of 9.0 N in the tubing was 1.8 Hz. Calculate

the numerical value of the constant k.

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[3]

(This question continues on the following page)

1833

2207-6508

– 20 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

B2. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about waves on a string and interference. Part 2 is

about electromagnetic induction.

Part 1 Waves on a string

A travelling wave is created on a string. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the

displacement y of a particular point on the string.

Graph 1 y / mm 2.0

1.0

0.0

–1.0

–2.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 t / ms

The variation with distance x of the displacement y of the string at t 0 is shown below.

Graph 2 y / mm 2.0

1.0

0.0

–1.0

–2.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 x / cm

(a) Use information from the graphs to calculate, for this wave,

(i) the wavelength.

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[1]

(ii) the frequency.

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[2]

(iii) the speed of the wave.

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[1]

(This question continues on the following page)

2037

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M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(b) The wave is moving from left to right and has period T.

(i) On graph 1, draw a labelled line to indicate the amplitude of the wave. [1]

(ii) On graph 2, draw the displacement of the string at tT

4. [2]

(c) One end of the string is attached to a wall. A student creates a single pulse in the string

that travels to the right as shown in the diagram below.

string pulse wall

(i) In the space below, draw a diagram to show the shape and size of the pulse after it

has been reflected from the wall. [2]

(ii) By reference to Newton’s third law, explain the nature of the reflected pulse that

you have drawn in (c)(i) above.

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[2]

(This question continues on the following page)

2137

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– 22 – M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+

(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(d) The free end of the string in (c) is now made to oscillate with frequency f such

that a standing wave is established on the string. The diagram below illustrates the

standing wave.

free end

wall

(i) Explain, by reference to the principle of superposition, the formation of a

standing wave.

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[3]

(ii) The length of the string is 3.0 m. Using your answer for the speed of the wave

in (a)(iii) calculate the frequency f.

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[2]

(This question continues on the following page)

2237

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M07/4/PHYSI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

B2. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about some properties of waves associated with the

principle of superposition. Part 2 is about the gravitational field associated with a neutron star.

Part 1 Waves

Stationary (standing) waves and resonance

(a) State two ways in which a standing wave differs from a continuous wave.

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(b) State the principle of superposition as applied to waves.

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(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(c) A stretched string is fixed at one end. The other end is vibrated continuously to produce

a wave along the string. The wave is reflected at the fixed end and as a result a standing

wave is set up in the string.

The diagram below shows the displacement of the string at time t = 0. The dotted line

shows the equilibrium position of the string.

free end

fixed end

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(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(i) The period of oscillation of the string is T. On the diagrams below, draw sketches

of the displacement of the string at time tT

4 and at time t

T

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tT

4

tT

2

(ii) Use your sketches in (i) to explain why the wave in the string appears to be

stationary.

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(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(d) Stationary waves are often associated with the phenomenon of resonance.

(i) Describe what is meant by resonance.

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(ii) On 19 September 1985 an earthquake occurred in Mexico City. Many buildings

that were about 80 m tall collapsed whereas buildings that were taller or shorter than

this remained undamaged. Use the data below to suggest a reason for this.

period of oscillation of an 80 m tall building = 2.0 s

speed of earthquake waves = 6.0 % 103 m s–1

average wavelength of the waves = 1.2 % 104 m

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