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A. The North 1. Economic Problems a. 800,000 soldiers needed jobs b. War industry was slumping off: Layoffs occurred c. Became better within 3 years

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A. The North

1. Economic Problems

a. 800,000 soldiers needed jobs

b. War industry was slumping off: Layoffs occurred

c. Became better within 3 years as they switched back

2. Northern lands and cities were mostly intact

3. Lost more men in the war than the South

B. The South1. Economic Problems

a. Loss of infrastructure

b. Plantations, fields, cities, railroad, Bridges, and Telegraph destroyed

2. Collapse of the financial system

a. Money became worthless, Banks closed, and savings lost

b. Debts went unpaid

3. Social Changes

a. Freed slaves had to fit in

b. No land, jobs, education, or rights

A. President Lincoln’s PlanA. President Lincoln’s Plan

1. 10% Plan

a. Goal: Fast and painless reconstruction

b. Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

c. States had to end slavery.

d. Pardoned all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

e. When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

B. Wade-Davis Bill (1864)B. Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

1. Felt Lincoln was too generous.

2. Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance.

3. Required new state constitutionals.

4. No former Rebel Volunteers in power.

5. Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

C. 13th AmendmentC. 13th Amendment

1. Ratified in December, 1865.

2. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

D. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)D. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

1. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and job training for former slaves.

2. Established schools for freed slaves

3. Many former northern abolitionists and volunteers risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

A. President Andrew JohnsonA. President Andrew Johnson

1. Jacksonian Democrat.

2. Anti-Aristocrat.

3. White Supremacist.

4. Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

B. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)B. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

1. amnesty with a simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers

2. new constitutions, they must end slavery, secession, and ratify the 13th amendment.

3. Named provisional governors to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Certain leading Confederates lost power.

2. Pardoned planters and they came back to political power.

C. Growing Northern Alarm!C. Growing Northern Alarm!

1. Many Southern state constitutions did not meet requirements.

2. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

3. Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

a. Black Codesa. Black Codes

c. Allowed Whites to retain their power

i. Purpose:

a. Create a stable labor supply.

b. Restore pre-war race relations.

ii. Restrictions/Advances:

a. Could not vote or serve on a jury

b. Could not own a gun

c. Limited jobs

d. Sharecropper system

e. Allowed to Legally marry

f. Could own some property

D. Congress Breaks with the PresidentD. Congress Breaks with the President

1. Congress keeps Southernersout

2. Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

3. February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

4. March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

5. Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

A. Led by Thaddeus Stevens of PA and Charles Sumner of MA

B. Main goals

1. Break the power of the southern planters

2. Ensure the right of freedmen to vote and gain more rightsa. Civil Rights Act made Freed slaves citizens: Vetoed

3. Enforce strict treatment of the South

c. 14th Amendmentc. 14th Amendment

1. Ratified in July, 1868.

a. Provide citizenship to all people born in the USA.

b. Equal protection under the law.

c. No state can take away rights or property without Due Process.

2. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

d. Radical Reconstruction Pland. Radical Reconstruction Plan 1. First Reconstruction Act, March 1867

a. Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. (TN)

b. Divide them into 5 military districts.

E. Reconstruction Acts of 1867E. Reconstruction Acts of 1867

1. Tenure of Office Act

a. President can’t remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent.

1. Designed to protect radical appointees of Lincoln.

2. Constitutionality of this law?

Edwin Stanton

F. President Johnson’s ImpeachmentF. President Johnson’s Impeachment

1. Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

2. Johnson replaced generals in the field who were

more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

3. The House impeached him on February 24

4. The Senate Trial4. The Senate Trial

a. 11 week trial.

b. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 vote).

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Republican Ticket

President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant

A. Scalawags: Southern Republicans

1. Businessmen who opposed secession 2. Wanted to forget the war and rebuild the south

3. Viewed as traitors by most of the white southerners

B. Carpetbaggers1. Northerners who moved to the south to gain wealth at the expense of the southerners

2. former union soldiers who fell in love with the area during the war

3. Teachers, ministers, and reformers wanting to help the south to improve and rebuild

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

A. 15th AmendmentA. 15th Amendment

1. Ratified in 1870.

2. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged…on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

3. All African American males over age 21 could now vote.

4. Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

B. Blacks in Southern PoliticsB. Blacks in Southern Politics

1. Core voters were black veterans.

2. Blacks were politically unprepared and had no real power.

3. The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

Black & White Political ParticipationBlack & White Political Participation

Black Senate & House DelegatesBlack Senate & House Delegates

“Colored Rule

in the South?”

“Colored Rule

in the South?”

A. Only wanted limited change: Blacks could vote and hold some political offices

B. Some planters tried to force slave back onto plantations

C. Small farmers complained about the competition from Freedmen

D. The Ku Klux Klan (Means “circle clan”)

1. Worked to keep slaves and Northerners from gaining power

2. Try to regain the old southern power and way of life

3. Their actions were condemned by Congress

Founder:NathanBedford Forrest

The “Invisible Empire of the South”The “Invisible Empire of the South”

A. Public schools for all children

B. Women could own property in some states

C. Rebuilt railroads, roads, telegraph lines, bridges

D. Taxes were increased to pay for the cost of rebuilding

E. Some corruption in the new governments

c. Farmers got to keep a small share of the crop yield, but most could not survive on it

F. Wide spread poverty in the south

1. Planters had lost their slaves and their plantations collapsed

2. Freedmen had nothing but their freedom

3. Sharecropping developed as a result

a. Planters needed workers: hired their slaves back and other poor whites

b. Farmers used seed, tools and other supplies given to them by the planter

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemTenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner Loan tools and

seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

G. The Civil Rights Act of 1875G. The Civil Rights Act of 1875

1. Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

2. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

3. Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

4. No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

A. Northern Support WanesA. Northern Support Wanes

1. “Grantism” & corruption.

2. Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].

3. Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

4. Key money issues:

a. should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

b. should war bonds be paid back in specie or greenbacks.

a. Led to a return of Democrats to the government

2. Rutherford B Hayes elected in 1876 decides to end reconstruction and fight corruption in the system

5. Corruption and weariness of reconstruction in the north got led to the removal of many of the radicals

B. The End

1. Amnesty Act 1872: restored voting rights to most southerners

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The

“Compromise” of 1877

b. New Machines and techniques to increase production

a. Coal, Oil, and other mineral mining Yellow Pine lumber

C. The New South1. Agricultural Industries

a. Begin the process of industrialization by processing the agricultural products first

2. New Industries

c. Grandfather Clauses: If a person’s father or grandfather could vote on Jan. 1, 1867 then they did not have to take the literacy test

D. Restrictions on African Americans1. Voting rights

a. Poll Taxes: pay a fee each time they voted

b. Literacy Tests: read and interpret a section of the Constitution in order to vote

ii. Other forms: Burnings, beatings, shootings, and torture

2. Racial Segregationa. Jim Crow Laws

i. Separate schools, theaters, trains, streetcars, restaurants, Parks, hospitals, and cemeteries

b. Plessy V. Ferguson 1896i. Segregation was legal as long as the facilities were equal

c. Violence Continued

i. Lynching: 200 per year (1870 to 1900)a. Some were accused of crimes, but most were victims because of race

d. Racial Policies

E. Evaluation of Reconstruction

1. Some progress was made

a. Balanced economy

b. More chances for a better life

c. More infrastructure and improvements

d. More rights for African Americans (not perfect)

2. Some Problems remained

a. Hard times and poverty

b. High taxes

c. Exploitation and corruption