A Moss Flora of Iraq

Feddes Repertorium I Band 86 I Heft 6-8 I Seite 341-4SQ I Berlin, 20. 10. 1976 I

University of Wales, Aberystwyth and Plzen, Czechoslovakia

A Moss Flora of Iraq

SHIRLEY AGNEW & MILOSLAV VONDR~EEK

With 20 Plates by M. VONDRAEEE and 2 Maps

S u m m a r y

The bryophyte collections made in Iraq from 1958 to 1963 by S. AGNEW and E. HA~AE, and studied by AQNEW and VONDRACEK, form the basis for this Flora, although old recorde have been checked and incorporated where possible. The introduction describes the history of bryophyte collecting in the Middle East up to 1960, and gives notes on climate, topography and soils of Iraq, especially insofar as these affect the distribution of bryophytes. A synopsis of classification is followed by keys to and descriptions of 64 genera and 146 ape- cies of mosses, fewer than 35 of which had been previously recorded from Iraq although others were known from neighbouring countries. Two new species, Syntrichia hudacii and Steppontitra hadacii and three new varieties from Iraq were described in an earlier paper by VONDRAEEE, and some new combinations and synonyms are made in Barbula, Syn- trichia and Grimmia in the present work. The descriptions and the illustrations of 154 taxa were, with few exceptions, made from the AQNEW & HADAE collections. Habitat notes, a list of locality records from Iraq and synonymy and literature citations are given in detail for each species. Critical discussions of difficult taxa are included.

Z u s a m m e n f a% s u ng

Die Bryophyten-Sammlungen, die von S. AQNEW und E. H A D A ~ in Irak in den Jahren 1958 bis 1963 gemacht und von AGNEW und VONDRAEEK studiert wurden, bilden die Grund- lage fur diese Flora, obwohl auch altere Aufzeichnungen uberpriift und, wo moglich, ver- arbeitet wurden. Die Einleitung beschreibt die Geschichte der Bryophyten, die im Nahen Osten bis 1960 gesammelt wurden, und gibt Daten uber Klima, Topographie und Boden in Irak, besonders soweit diese die Verbreitung der Bryophyten beeinflussen. Einer tfber- sicht der Einteilung folgen Schlussel fi ir und Beschreibungen von 54 Gattungen und 145 Ar- ten von Moosen, weniger als 35 davon waren schon friiher in Irak nachgewiesen worden, andere waren aus Nachbarlandern bekannt. Zwei neue Arten, Syntrichia hadacii und Steppomitra hadacii, und drei neue Varietaten aus Irak wurden in einer fruheren Arbeit von VONDR~EEK beschrieben, und einige neue Kombinationen und Synonyme wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit fur Barbula, Syntrichia und- Grimmia aufgestellt. Die Beschrei- bungen und Xbbildungen von 154 Taxa stammen, mit einigen Ausnahmen, von den von AGNEW & HADAE gemachten Sammlungen. Anmerkwgen uber Fundort, eine Liste von Ortsangaben und Literaturzitaten sind fiir jede Art ausfuhrlich zusarnmengestellt. Kri- tische Besprechungen sind eingeschlossen.

Introduction During the years 1958 to 1963 whilst my husband and I taught Botany at the Col-

lege of Science, Baghdad, we were fortunately able to travel widely throughout the country of Iraq. On these journeys I collected bryophytes, some of which could be identified using, for example, DIXON’S ‘Handbook’ (1924). However, there were ob- 25 Feddes Rcpertorium, Band 86, Heft 6 - 8

342 S. AGNEW & M. VONDRL~EK, Moss Flora of Iraq

viously many more which were of Mediterranean rather than North European affinity or were Middle East endemics. There was at that time no flora of this area (BILEWSKY’S ‘Moss Flora of Israel’ was published in 1966) and although several lists of species and localities had been published in the past, these included no keys or species descriptions, except for some new species, not always illustrated. Such information as was available was scattered in various journals not at all accessible to workers in Iraq, and was generally not specifically about Iraqi bryophytes as most collecting had been done incidentally on angiosperm collecting expeditions or other journeys.

The most important papers published before the Second World War relating to Middle East bryophytes were :

JURATZKA & MILDE (1870) SCHIFFNER (1896) (Turkey)

(1897) (1908) (Persia) (1913) (Syria, Turkey, Iraq)

(Turkey, Persia, a few N. Iraq)

(Turkey, Persia, 1 reference to N. Iraq)

BORNMUELLER (1931) (Turkey) THI~RIOT (1931) (N. Africa)

Of these, SCHIFFNER’B (1913) account of HANDEL-MAZZETTI’S collection from Meso- potamia, Kurdistan and Syria is the most helpful for Iraq and contains descriptions of several new species.

After a gap of about 26 years, the next decade saw many publications on Middle East bryophytes. Of four papers by FROEHLICH (1949-60, 1966, 1969, 1964) one (1969) deals solely with RECEINUER’S collection from Iraq, while the others list species from Persia and Afghanistan. P. DE LA VARDE (1966) and BILEWSKY (1966, 1970) have written about Israeli bryophytes, while BIZOT (1966) and HENDERSON & MUIR- HEAD (1966) give lists from Lebanon %nd Palestine. RUNUBY (1969) published a list from Syria, Palestine and Iraq but gave no detailed collecting data. A series of papers by HENDERSON (1967, 1968, 1961a and 1961b) is useful, particularly the last which comprises a discussion of the distribution of the various elements of the Turkish bryophyte flora in relation to climate, topography and soils and also gives a good list of references. BILEWSKY (1966) also contains a comprehensive list of works on the area. TOWNSEND gives short lists and comments on bryophytes from Iran and Af- ghanistan (1966a) and from Jordan (1966b).

In 1960 my work of identifying Iraqi bryophytes was given fresh impetus by the arrival in Baghdad of Dr. E m HADAE from Prague. During his two year stay in Iraq Dr. HADAE made many plant collections, including about 660 bryophytes for his colleague -SLAV VONDR~EEK in Plzen, Czechoslovakia. Out of much correspondence and discussion and exchange of specimens with Mr. VONDR~EEK came the idea that we should write, as a basic reference book, a moss flora of Iraq, based on the AUNEW and HADAE collections but incorporating all the records from the literature that we could find, substantiated where possible by examination of the specimens. The present work is the result of this aollaboration; the text was wholly written by me, on lines jointly agreed upon with Mr. VONDR~~EK who identified all the HADAE gatherings and prepared all the illustrations. It should be emphasised that much consultation took place throughout, especitdly with regard to material of doubtful affinity or to problematic groups.

S. AQNEW &.M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 343

The classification broadly follows BROTHERUS’ treatment of the mosses in ENGLER & PRANTL’S ‘Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien’ , a system which was used by NYHOLM (1954 et seq.) in ‘MOSS Flora of Fennoscandia’; these works, together with PODPERA’S ‘Conspectus Muscorum Europaeorum’ (1954) were the only major ones available to me in Kenya where the bulk of the flora was written.

A few classificatory changes have been made where they seemed more appropriate or convenient for our plants. Thus we have followed ‘An Annotated list of British Mosses’ (RICHARDS & WALLACE 1950) in treating Amblystegiae and Brachytheciae as sub-families of Hypnaceae which is a very small family in Iraq, and have constituted Eurhynchium of three species (E. speciosum, E . riparioides and E . cohfertum) which by most modern European authors are put in separate genera.

Conversely it has seemed better to separate the genus Syntrichia (13 species) from Tortula (5 species) as Iraqi plants fall clearly into these two groups. Desmatodon convolutus is given its old name of Tortula atrovirens as we consider it to be more closely related to the thick-nerved Iraqi plants Tortula fim-i and T . brevissima. Similarly, to separate Entosthodon at generic level from Funaria, and Schistidium from Grimmia seems more meaningful with our plants.

The citations following species names are unusually detailed. Not only are basionyms and synonyms given with t b i r authorities, but all references from the most important papers on Middle East bryophytes are given (e.g. JURATZKA & MILDE, SCHIFFNER, BORNMUELLER, FROEHLICH, HENDERSON). This helps in unravelling the synonymy used by the older authors, and also gives a rough idea of the number of past records of a species in the area and its distribution. Thus Crossidium squamigerum, a common xerophyte, has five references from different countries ; Anacolia webbii has none and is a rarity. I

A key to families is not included, but dichotomous keys to genera and species are given using vegetative characters where possible. Descriptions of families, genera and species are brief in the case of well-known European species, and extended in the case of Middle East endemics or uncommon plants whose descriptions are scattered in various journals. Problematic groups are discussed in some detail as are species showing some variation from the usual Buropean type (e.g. Trichostmopsis, Syn- trichia hande2iilS. desertorum complex , Anoectangium) ; differences from closely related or superficially similar species are noted.

Habitat notes are followed by a list of records from Iraq, divided geographically into liwas (administrative areas) - see map 1 - and the world distribution of the species, compiled from PODPERA (1954) or from original papers. There is no glossary as excellent ones can be found in DIXON (1924) or NYHOLM (1954).

The vast majority of specimens cited were collected by Dr. HADAE (HCB numbers) and myself (BUH numbers mean ‘AGNEW in Baghdad University Herbarium bryophyte collection’ unless otherwise stated e.g. Z. CHALABI in BUH 000). The first set of all HADAE and AGNEW numbers are with their respective collectors, a set of dupli- cates being deposited in BUH and several BUH numbers in the British Museum (BM). HANDEL-MAZZETTI’S and RECHINGER’S collections are at Naturhistorisches Mu- seum in Vienna which has kindly loaned some specimens for examination, and I have also been able to examine collections in the Cryptogamic Herbarium, BM.

Many people have shown an interest in the preparation of this Flora but I should especially like to thank Mr. A. H. NORKETT of the British Museum Cryptogamio 25.

344 S. AGNEW & M. VONDR~EEK. Moss Flora of Iraq

I

Map 1. The liwaa of Iraq

Herbarium who introduced me to the literature of 'the area and who kindly helped me to identify much of my first year's collection and gave particular assistance with Fissidens. Similarly I am particularly grateful to Mr. C. C. TOWNSEND of the Kew Herbarium, for much stimulating discussion and encouragement in sorting out many problems, and also for the loan or gift of specimens.

Thanks are also due to Miss U. K. DUNCAN, Arbroath; Dr. E. NYHOLM, Stockholm; Dr. E. W. JONES, Oxford; Dr. F. BILEWSKY, Israel; and Dr. H. ROBINSON, Smith- sonian Institute for advice on specific problems and for lending material. It gives me much pleasure to thank Dr. EMIL HADAE for his unfailingly good-humoured services as intermediary and interpreter during the many years of correspondence between Mr. V O N D R ~ ~ E K and myself. Although no financial help was received for work on this project, it would not have been possible if I had not been able to use the facilities of the Botany departments of the College of Science, Baghdad, the University of East Africa (now the University of Nairobi) and finally the University College of

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 345

Wales, Aberystwyth. To the heads of the departments concerned I am deeply grateful, as I am to Mrs. S. SACHDEVA and Miss PHYLLIS WAEABA who typed most of the manuscript in Nairobi and to Miss H. BIGWOOD who prepared the maps. Finally I would like to thank my husband Dr. A. D. Q. AGNEW for his help and interest over the years, and for writing the next sections on the physical environment of t,he country.

Topography and soils

Iraq is a large country of over 444,500 kme (172,000 sq. miles) occupying broadly the alluvial plains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers as far as their entry into the Persian Gulf. Most of this plain is below 300 m (1000 f t ) altitude, but the land rises in the west and south-west to a plateau of more than 500 m (1600 ft); these waterless areas, the Northern and Southern deserts, together with the ‘Island Desert’ or Jezira between the rivers in the north-west comprise nearly 50% of the total area of t he

346 S. AGNEW & M. VONDBLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

country (see maps 1 and 2). The land also rises in the north (Kurdistan) to the centre of the Zagros range of mountains. These reach 4OOO m at their highest points and in- clude the topographically most diverse part of the range which, in Iran, becomes a high plateau interrupted by isolated peaks.

From these mountains a series of perennial rivers descends to the Tigris - the Greater Zab, Lesser Zab and Diyala - and there is a number of ephemeral desert watercourses (wadis), which join the Euphrates or flow into internal drainage basins. In Iraq the Zagros and their foothills consist of a series of anticlines descending in altitude in a south-west direction. Thus a zone of metamorphosed rocks (mostly cretaceous limestone in origin) occurs all along the high altitude border with Iran, and iB succeeded in turn by a belt of cretaceous limestone and then a zone of Bakhtiari conglomerates and sandy gravels or sandstone. South of Kirkuk are the alluvial clays and silts with the harder limestones and marls reappearing on the western plateau and forming the stony 'haswa' desert.

Soils are not generally described in a bryophyte flora but may be briefly mentioned. The.major part of the alluvial plain has saline soils (mainly sodium and calcium chlorides) while most of the surrounding steppe and desert areas have sierozem soils with gypsum (calcium sulphate) or lime in the upper layers. Soils of the foothills and mountains are brown or chestnut, invariably with a basic reaction. A soil map of the country follows the geological map in the banding of zones in a north-westlsouth-east direction and similarly the vegetation can be divided broadly into a sub-desert zone (mostly below 200 m but including the western and southern desert plateaux) ; dry and moist steppe zones (200-600 m); end forest and mountain zones. ZOHARY (1973) gives several relevant maps.

Climate and the distribution of bryophytes There is no doubt that the Iraqi bryophyte flora is poor (about 20 species of liver-

worts and 146 species of mosses) and that this is due to the arid climate. Iraq lies wholly within the zone of winter rainfall and hot rainless summers which extends from the Mediterranean eastwards to Iran. Rainfall varies with altitude (although some high districts are in rain shadow and do not follow this general rule), but no matter how much rain falls there is a very arid summer during which all bryophyte growth must cease, except along perennial watercourses and mountain flushes. Clear accounts of the climate are given by GUEST (1966, pp. 12-21) and ZOHARY (1973, pp. 34-36), while WALTER & LIETH (1960) give clear climatic diagrams for the whole region. The latter authors propose an equivalence between temperature and rainfall such that:

'mean monthly temperature in "C 3 mean monthly rainfall in mm/2'. Thus 80 mm rainfall 30 "C and 20 mm rainfall 3 10 "C. Where the half rainfall is greater than the mean temperature, the period is said to be humid.

On this basis the higher altitude parts of Mosul, Erbil, Suleirnaniya, Kirkuk and Khanaqin liwas experience over six months humidity, and land above 1OOOm (3000 f t ) may have considerably more, as well as a period of winter frost and snow. But, even with the high rainfall, no part of the country escapes the hot dry summer months. At 2200 m (6600 f t ) on Helgurd mountain in Erbil liwa daytime temperatures in June exceeded 30 "C near ground level on most days and the humidity, while never dropping to the low levels (10%) experienced in the plains, fell to below 40% at mid-

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLEEK. Moss Flora of Iraq 347

day (A. D.Q. AGNEW, unpublished data). The moss flora, even in the mountains, is thus more than ordinarily dependent upon microhabitat for 'its diversity ; springs, streamsides, hillside flushes and joints in the almost ubiquitous limestone are the f avoured habitats, for here local conditions override the general aridity. Here are found all the pleurocarps, the small number of which is one of the most striking features of the Iraqi moss flora compared with that of less arid climates. There me only 22 species of Hypnobryales, and the Bartramiaceae (6 spp.) and Orthotrichaceae (6 spp. including 4 epiphytic on trees) are similarly restricted to the mountain and forest zones.

In the plains, however, (where climatic parameters are best known) fewer than three months a year are humid by WALTER'S terminology, and the summer temperatures peak at 35 "C mean with annual maxima well above 40 "C for the four summer months. Under these conditions the bryophyte flora contains several opportunist species which colonise the sides of irrigation ditches, shaded garden soil or other man-made habitats (e.g. Bryum funckii, Physcomitrella patens) but there are others which are adapted to a true desert habitat (e.g. Qymnostomum mosis, Triohostomopeis aaronis, Qrimmia mesopotamica, Crossidium and Aloina spp. and some Tortula spp.) ; these apparently use surface water from the short winter rains for their growth phase. Most of them show xeromorphic features such as thickened nerve, bistratose laniine, incrassate leaf cells, or hair points and exhibit strong incurling or twisting of leaves to protect the growing point. They are all small, low-growing or cushion-forming acrocarps.

However, although a few of the acrocarpous mosses, which form the bulk of the flora, are more common at the lower altitudes of the sub-desert zone, most extend northwards to the steppe and foothills, and also to the forests and mountains of Kur- distan where they can occupy more exposed habitats, such as soil and rocks, than can the pleurocarps. Most bryophyte records are from the northern liwas as would be expected. Large parts of Basra, Amare, Kut, and Muntafiq liwas are covered by lakes and marshes from which habitats no bryophytes have so far been recorded.

In conclusion it is interesting to summarise the representation of orders of mosses in Iraq. Some are entirely absent, such as Sphagnales Andreales, Polytricheles; Fissidentales has only 6 species ; and Dicranales is very poorly represented with three monotypic genera. Pottiales is the largest order with 63 species in 24 genera; there am 14 species of Urimmia but Rhmomitrium is entirely absent. The next biggest order is Eubryales with 24 species in 6 genera, but Isobryales has only 2 genera (7 ~pp.) and Hypnobryales 12 genera (22 spp.). More collecting, particularly in the South of the country and along the border with Iran should yield some new records and extension of range and probably some species new to science. It is hoped that the present work will prove to be a useful guide and stimulus to future students of bryology in Iraq.

Key to abbreviations of liwa names used in distribution lists A : Amara H: Rille, BA: Baare, KA: Kerbale, BD: Baghdad KK: Kirkuk D A : Diwaniya KT: Kut DLA: Diyala M: Mosul DM: Dulaim S : Suleimaniya E: Erbil SD: Southern desert

ND: Northern desert (i.e. western)

348 S. ACANEW & M. VONDEAEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Synopsis of alsssification

Order 1. Fiss identales

Family Fissidentaceae 1. Fissidens arnoldi

crassipes and var. submarginatu8 persicus mnevidia bryoides viridulus

Order 2. Dicranales

Family Ditrichaceae 2. Distichium mpillaceum and var. compacturn 3. Cheilothela chloropus

Family Dicranaceae 4. Anisothecium varium

Order 3. Pott ia les

Family Encalyptaceae 5. Encalypta vulgar&

intermedia rhbdocarpa

Family Pottiaceae

Subfamily 1. Trichostomeae 6. Barbula unguiculatu

hornschuchiana and var. peudwevoluta revokta vinealis and var. cylindrica fallax topiacea trifaria var. desertorurn icmadophih aCUh

7. Hydrogonium ehrenbergii 8. Streblotrichum convolutzum 9. H ymenost ylium recur vira trum

10. Anoectangium handelii aestivum

11. Eucludium verticillatzum and var. an.guetifoliurn 12. Hymenostomum lortile

PWe

352

352 353 353 354 354 355 355

355

355 356 356

357 357

358

358 358 359 360

360

360 362 363 363 364 365 365 3GG 368 368 369 369 370 37 1 372 373 374

S. ACINEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 349

13. Weissia fallas

14. Gymnostmum mosis controversa var. amblyodon

aeruginosum calcareum

15. Qyroweissiu Benuis 16. Timmiella barbuloides 17. Trichostomum crispulum var. elatum 18. Tortella tortuosa 19. Pleurochaete squarrosa

Subfamily 2. Pottieae 20. Acaulon triquetrurn 21. Pterygoneurum ovatum 22. Pottia recta

davalliana mutica commutata star keana lanceolata

ambigua 23. Aloina ry ida and var. pilifera

24. Crossidium squamigerum and var. pottioideum

25. Trichostmopsis aaronis

26. Tortula atrovirens fiorii brevissima ma rginata muralis and var. aestiva

chlorimotos

haussknechtii

and var. aestiva f. brevifolia 27. Syntrichia inermis

desertorum handelii pseudohandelii pseudodeeertorum hadacii ruralis papillosissima montana and var. calva princeps alpinu laevipila aff. pulvinata aff.

P S g C

374 375 376 376 377 378 379 380 380 38 1

38 1

382 383 384 384 385 385 380 386 387 388 389 390 39 1 393 394 395 396 39G 397 398 399 400 401 40 1 402 403 403 404 404 405 406 407 407

360 S. Aomw & M. VONDR~CER, Moss Flora of Iraq

Subfamily 3. Cinclidoteae 28. Cinclidotus fontinalddes

nigricans

Order 4. Grimmiales

Family Grimmiaceae 29. Schistidium apocarpum var. atrofuscum 30. Crimrnia anodon

crinita gibbosa mesopotarnica laevigata tergestina and f . epilosa cmmutata ovalis var. simplex subcaespiticia aff. apiculata trichophylh pulwinata orbicularis and var. persicd

Order 5. Funar ia les

Family Funariaceae 31. Physcmitrelh patens and var. marginala 32. Entosthodon templetmi

handelii angustif olius

33. Steppomitra hadacii I 34. Funaria mediterranea

hygrmetrica

Order 6. Eubrys les

Faniily Bryaceae 35. Mniobryum delicutulum

albicans latif olium

36. Pohliu eruda 37. Bryum pallens

schleicheri

capallare and var. torquescens donianum pallescens

syriacum

page

408 408 408

409

409 409 412 413 414 415 416 416

418 418 419 419 420 420

417.

42 1

42 1 422 423 423 424 426 426 426

427

427 428 428 429 430 432 432 433 434 436 435

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLCER, Moss Flora of Iraq 351

cirrat um pseudotriquetrum alpinum caespiticium badiurn funckii argenturn

Faiiiily Mniaceae 38. Mnium longirostrum

Family Bartramiaceae 39. Anacolia webbii 40. Philonotis fontana

calcareu seriata caespitoea tomentella

Order 7. Isobryales

Family Orthotrichaceae 41. Orthotrichurn rupestre

cupulaturn and var. papillosurn lyellii speciosurn affine schirnperi

Fainily Leucodontaceae 42. Antitrichia breidleriana

Order 8. Hypnobryales

Family Fabroniaceae 43. Fabronia pusilla

Faniily Hypnaceae Subfamily Amblystegieae

44. Cratoneuron filicinum decipiens commutatum and var. falcatum

46. Am blystegium serpens juratzkanum varium

46. Amblystegiella jungermannioides

Pam

436 436 436 437 437 438 438

439

439

440

440 441 442 443 443 443

444

444

445 445 446 447 447 447

448

448

449

449

449

460

460

45 1 462 452 464 454 455 456

352 S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

47. Leptodietyum riparium 48. Drepanocladus aduncw 49. Acrocladium cuspidaturn

Subfamily Brachythecieae 50. Homalothecium eericeum

61. Camptotheciuna lutescens 52. Brachythecium ealebrosum

philippeanuna

rivulare velutinum collinum

53. Eurh ynchium speciosum riparioides confertum

54. Rhynchostqiella curviseta

Order 1. FISSIDENTALES

PaRe

456 457 457

458

459 459 460 461 462 462 463 464 464 465 466

Fam. FISSIDENTACEAE

Autoicous, dioicous or polyoicous, when dioicous often with dwarf male plants. Leaves distichous in a single plane, f oblong-lanceolate, clasping the stem at the base which is double or boat-shaped on the upper side of the nerve. This sheathing lamina is thought to be the original leaf; the remaining parts consist of two lamellae, the apical (superior) lamina and the dorsal (inferior) lamina. Nerve (when present) strong, ending below the apex, or percurrent or shortly excurrent ; margins plane, with or without a border of narrow elongated cells in one or more layers; upper cells f hexagonal, towards base somewhat enlarged or elongated but not much different from the upper cells. Capsule exserted, lateral or terminal, erect or curved, smooth; peristome single, dicranoid, with papillose teeth divided to the middle. Lid conical to rostrate; calyptra variable.

1. Fissidens HEDW. Sp. Musc. 152, 1801

Apical lamina shorter or slightly longer than the sheathing lamina. Other characters those of the family.

1 Leaves entirely without border . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. F. arnoldi - Leaves, at least on the Sheathing lamina, with a border of narrow cells . . 2 2 Border strong, reddish, 2-3 cells thick, lamina cells more than 12 pm wide

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. F.crassipes Border colourless or pale yellow, 1 cell thick, lamina cells less than 12 pm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

-

S. AQNEW t M. V O N D R ~ ~ E I C , Moss Flora of Iraq 353

3 Sporophyte terminal on small basal branches or arising from axils of lower leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. F . persicus

- Sporophyte terminal on the main stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 Dorsal lamina rarely reaching the stem; border f confined to the sheathing

lamina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. F . mPzevidis - Dorsal lamina reaching the stem; border present on all laminae . . . . . 5 5 Border and nerve reaching the apex; autoicous . . . . . . . 6. P. bryoides - Border and nerve usually vanishing below the f denticulate apex; dioicous

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. F . viridulus

1. F. arnold i RUTHE in Hedwigia 9: 178, 1870; FROEHLICII in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 31, 1959. (Plate 1 : 1)

Stems 2-3 mm long, usually branched, each branch bearing 4-8 pairs of leaves. Leaves ovate-oblong. c. 0.6mm long, obtuse and apiculate or sometimes more acuminate, the apical cell often conspicuous; nerve thick, yellowish, ceasing below apex ; margin plane, not bordered, entire or somewhat crenulate ; halves of sheathing lamina of unequal width, reaching to 213 the length of the leaf; dorsal lamina not or just reaching the leaf base ; cells irregularly quadrate-hexagonal, thin-walled, 7 - 10 pm broad, only slightly elongated towards the leaf base.

Plants minute, gregarious, associated with other mosses on damp or wet bare soil.

KK: Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, on damp soil inside rock crevices, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 599); Derbendikhan, wet earth by spring, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 652)

M: near Sharanish, Turkish border, in Quercerum above Basingera, c . 1200m, 4-9. 7.57 (RECHINQER 15747) (Europe).

2. F . c r a s s i p e s WILS., Msc. in Br. Eur. Fasc. 42, tab. suppl. 1, 1849. (Plate 1:2)

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate or somewhat obtuse and apiculate ; border and nerve thick, reddish, vanishing below apex; apical lamina slightly longer or (in ours) shorter than the sheathing lamina, dorsal lamina not reaching the leaf base; upper cells 12-18 pm, lax, thin-walled, opaque. (Capsule terminal, erect, syninietrical on a reddish sets; spores 14-21 pm; notyet found in Iraq).

Plants dark green, f lime encrusted, 1-3 cm high, sometimes forming a dense mat covering wet rocks or stones in streams.

Distinguished from all other Iraqi Fissidens by the coloured border 2-3 cells thick and the larger and more opaque leaf cells.

M : On limestone rocks by waterfall in chaikhana, Sulaf near Amadia 31. 7 . 61 (BUH

(Europe, Kashmir, Madeira, Algeria, Morocco, ? N. America). 439, 443)

var. submarginatus FLEISCH. et WARNST. in Bryoth. Eur. merid. No. 13, 1896; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 474, 1913 as var. subemarginatus err. ort hog. . I

364 S. AUNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

SCHIFFNER suggests that the poorly developed border and smaller cells of this variety are connected with the etiolated habit of many of the plants in the original specimen. The single collection from the Jebel Sinjar is (according to SCHIFFNER) even more etiolated and delicate, and the weak border is often developed only on the sheathing laminaor not at all. The variety is thus of doubtful validity, the distinguishing characters being probably habitat modifications.

One record only, not seen by the present authors.

M: Jebel Sinjar, Ras spring in el Magharad gorge, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1411) (Europe, Lebanon, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, Madeira, Azores).

3. P. p e r s i c u s RUTHE in JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 691, 1870 Gregarious, the same size as P. bryoides. Stems ascending. Leaves fairly distant,

oblong-lingulate, somewhat broadly and shortly acuminate, border pellucid, narrow, disappearing before the apex. Nerve strong, brownish, vanishing below the apex. Cells very small, rounded, convex on both sides, obscure, at the apex larger and clearer. Female inflorescence terminating small slender basal branches or arising from the axils of lower leaves. Leaves of these branches somewhat slender, scale-like, lamina worn a t the extremities, narrowly lanceolate. Cells oblong, empty. Seta thin, capsule erect, slightly inclined, peristome teeth granulose when old. Distinct from P. bryoides in the leaf cells much smaller and irregularly rounded, and the fruits on special basal branches, thus demonstrating a transition from the acrocarpous to the pleurocarpous form.

Not found by the present authors; the above is a translation of the original description.

.

M:

4. P. rnnevidis AWN in Revue bryol. 49: 61, 1922.

F . bumbergeri SCHP. var. aegyptiUCU8 REN. et CARD. in Bull. Soc. r. Bot. Belg. 41(1): 47,

Jebel Sinjar, 1866- 1868 (HAUSSRNECHT. s.n.) Holotype.

1906.

(Plate 1:3) Leaves small, the upper c. 1 . 0 ~ 0 . 6 mm, about 10-12 pairs on short stems, curled

over when dry, ovate-lanceolate to lingulate, tapering to the acute and apiculate or subacute apex; nerve strong, reaching almost to the apex, more nearly so in fertilc stems; dorsal lamina not or rarely reaching the leaf base, sheathing lamina about twice the length of the apical lamina; border of 2-3 rows of elongate f sinuose thick- walled cells, almost confined to the sheathing lamina, indistinct or absent elsewhere ; cells irregular-hexagonal, 8-10 pm broad. Seta c. 6 mm long, capsule upright, symmetrical, ovate and contracted below mouth, terminal on the fertile stem ; lid with long & oblique rostrum. Synoicous.

E: Herir village, Rowanduz-Haji Omran reed, 18. 3. 68, under rocks (BUH 23) and on wet earth (BUH 24): Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawa road, by waterfall, 16.3.68 (BUH 26 and 180) (Israel, Egypt, Lebanon).

S. AQNEW BE M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq 356

5. F . b r y o i d e s HEDW., Sp. Musc. 153, 1801. (Plate 1:4)

Plants larger than F.mnevidis, with few or many pairs of leaves. Leaves about 1.5 nini long, lingulate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate or f obtuse and apiculate with the percurrent or shortly excurrent nerve; dorsal lamina reaching the base of the leaf; sheathing lamina rather more than half the length of the leaf; border strong, colourless, reaching to the apex ; cells 7-10 pm, rounded-hexagonal. Autoicous ; androecia bud-like in the axils of leaves below the gynoecium.

In loose light green patches on wet soil; only one sterile specimen recorded.

KK: Yerbcndikhan, wet earth cliff by spring, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 623) (Europe, USSR, Israel, Caucasus, Siberia, India, Canaries, Madeira, Cameroons, N. America).

6. F. v i r i d u l u s (WEB. et Mom) WAHL., F1. Lapp. 334, 1812.

Dicranum viriduluin WEB. et Mom, Bot. Taschenb. 161, 1807.

(Plate 1:5)

Very similar to F. bryoides but the plants and leaves somewhat smaller. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate or obtuse and apiculate; nerve just reaching the apex ; border narrow, vanishing below the apex which is often slightly denticulate; cells 8-11 pm broad, irregular-hexagonal. Capsule erect or inclined on a short pale terminal seta, symmetrical or slightly curved, lid conic-rostellate. Dioicous; male plants minute, in the radicles of the female plants.

Forming dense or loose low patches on damp soil in rock crevices or shaded banks.

E: KK: M:

Sefin Dag, Shaqlawa, rock crevices, 22. 3. 58 (BUH 26) Derbendikhan, wet bank in deep gully, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 636) Between Dohuk and Zakho, soil under boulders, 22. 3 . 6 1 (BUH 516); gorge between Dohuk and Zakho, 21. 3. 61 (HCB 190): Kizil Khan, E. of Balad Sinjar, river bank, 19. 3. 61 (HCB 189) Kopi Qaradagh, deep cleft under rocks, 17. 6. 69 (BUH 314); Doken road, damp soil on bank in woodland, cfr. 31. I . 61 (BUH 629); Dokan dam, 20. 6. 68 (BUH 183) (Europo, Siberia, China, N. Africa, N. America).

S:

Order 2. DICRANALES

Fam. DITR.ICHACEAE

Leaves lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate from a broader base, smooth or sometimes papillose, without distinct angular cells. Cells above small, .quadrate to rectangular, below enlarged or elongate. Capsule variable ; peristome single, teeth 16, usually papillose, deeply divided or perforated ; calyptra (in ours) cucullate.

1 Leaves in two ranks . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Distichium - Leaves in many ranks, spirally-arranged . . . . . . . . . . 3. Cheilothela

356 8. AGNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq

2. Dis t ichium B. S. G . Bryol. Eur. fasc. 29/30, 1846

Leaves distichous, narrowed to a long subula from a sheathing base; upper lamina cells & quadrate, basal cells linear, smooth. Capsule erect (or inclined), ovate or cylindric, smooth ; lid conical ; peristome not papillose, of 16 linear-lanceolate, irregularly divided or perforated teeth.

1. D. capi l laceum (HEDw.) B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. Fasc. 29/30, 4, 1846; SCHIE'FN. in &it. bot. Z. SS: 231, 1908; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 263, 1961.

Cynodontium capillaceum HEDW., Sp. Musc. 67, 1801 Swartzia montana LINDB., Musc. Scand. 26, 1879.

(Plate 2: 1)

Leaves from a whitish oval sheathing base, rapidly narrowed into a long, fine, reflexed, rough subula, densely papillose on the nerve and rough on the margin and at the apex; nerve broad, shortly excurrent, somewhat denticulate; cells above irregularly rounded-quadrate or triangular, basal cells elongate. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

Plants soft, glossy green, in low dense tufts in crevices of mountain rocks. Immediately recognisable by the setaceous reflexed distichous leaves.

E: Waterfall in Hassar-i-Sakran valley, W. of Rowanduz, 2600 m, 7.6. 61 (HCB 168) (Cosmopolitan. Persia, Turkey, Caucasus, Afghanistan).

var. compactum (HUBEN.) PODP., Consp. Musc. Eur., 101, 1954; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 31, 1969

More compact, with shorter, straighter, less flexuose leaves.

E: Helgurd, c. 3000-3800 m, 10-14. 8. 67 (RECHINQER 16760) (Arctic-alpine).

3. Cheilothela LINDB. Utkast 34, 1878

Dioicous. Thickly tufted, dull brownish-green mosses on soil. Leaves stiff, ovate- lanceolate with long points; margin flat, entire ; nerve thick, broadened above by the lamina becoming bistratose, rough with mamillae on both sides; cells above small, quadrate, rough, below longer, smooth. Perichaetial leaves enlarged, the sheathing base reaching to half the length, then suddenly contracted to a subula. Capsule somewhat inclined, ovate to cylindrical, little curved, smooth or with irregular, darker striae; peristome teeth long, f papillose, divided into two prongs almost to the base; lid rostrate from a narrow conical base.

1. C . chloropus (BRID.) LINDB., Utkast 34, 1878.

Dicranum Ch,?OrOpu8 BRID., Mantissa 70, 1819.

(Plate 2: 2)

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLEER, Moss Flora of Iraq 357

Leaves 1.5-1.8 mm long, stiff, rigid, appressed when dry, the uppermost much longer and crowded, the points giving a bristly appearance a t the stem apex, markedly non-hygroscopicbut when moist erect or very slightly secund ; lanceolate from a short, broadly ovate or cordate base or f triangular, acuminate to an almost subulate apex, nerve excurrent, strongly niamillose. Nerve very broad, about 130 pm a t base, hardly distinct except a t the base, in cross section mid-leaf showing a median row of large clear guide cells separating two bands of stereids, with a single row of green conically mamillose cells on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Lamina unistratose a t base a.nd upwards along the margins in a narrow band 2-3 cells wide for about 213 the length of the leaf, elsewhere the lamina bistratose. Cells shortly rectangular, very obscure, each with two prominent mamillae c. 6 pm high, one a t each end of the cell on both surfaces, except for the basal and marginal cells which are clearer and mamillose only on the dorsal surface or smooth; a t the extreme base, the cells are larger and wider, quadrate rather than rectangular and the cells overlying the ventral surface of the nerve are smooth and elongate, rounded in cross-section, not mamillose. Fruit not known in Iraq.

Tufts dull green, 1-2 cni high, on soil. An unmistakable nioss, probably the first record for Asia, but recently recorded

from Israel (BILEWSKY 1970).

E: Rowanduz gorge, dry soil on roadside bank, 19. 3. 58 (BUH 76) (Medit . Europe, Algeria, Canaries, Azores).

Fam. DICRANACEAE

Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate with a sheathing base, erect or secund, smooth or rarely papillose, with or without distinct angular cells. Cells above shortly rectangular or quadrate, below elongated, often porose. Capsule inclined or erect, peristome teeth usually deeply divided, papillose ; lid rostrate ; calyptra cucullate.

4. An is ot h ec i u m MITT. in J. Linn. 8oc. 12: 39, 1869

Plants small, scarcely branched, dull not shining, dioicous. Leaves smooth, lanceolate-subulate, without special angular cells. Capsule short, erect or inclined, smooth or striate; peristome teeth divided to the middle.

1. A . var ium (HEDw.) MITT. in J. Linn. SOC. 12: 40, 1869.

Dicmnum vuriurn HEDW., Sp. Musc. 133, 1801 Dicrnnellu vario SCHIMP., Br. Eur. Coroll. 13, 1856; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien go: 591, 1870; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 3: 611, 1958.

(Plate 2: 3)

Leaves rigid, c. 1 mm long, erecto-patent or somewhat secund, more erect when dry but otherwise scarcely altered, narrowly triangular-lanceolate, subulate with the excurrent nerve which is about 115 the width of the leaf base; margin entire, narrowly recurved below ; cells narrow, linear-rectangular. Fruit rare. Seta bright orange-red, capsule smooth, inclined and curved, lid shortly beaked. 26 Feddes Repertorium, Band 86, Heft 6 - 8

358 S. A ~ N E W & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

In loose bright- or yellow-green tufts 0.6-1 cm high in dry situations, 2-3 cm in damp shady places by streams, springs etc, usually on soil. Fairly common in the North.

Distinct from Distichium capillaceurn in the spirally arranged, not distichous leaves and from Cheilothelu chloropus in the narrow thinner nerve and narrower leaves.

E: Erbil-Shaqlawa road, Bastura Chai bridge 16. 3. 68, by stream (BUH 166), by waterfall (BUH 171); Rowanduz gorge, near Bebakiyan 19. 3. 68, under cliff by river (BUH 70), on cliff face with TimmieZZa barbuloidee (BUH 104) : Sak i Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, 6 . 6 . 6 1 (HCB 390) Derbendikhan, 28. 3. 63, by spring (BUH 622), in deep gully (BUH 637) Between Mom1 and Erbil, R. Khazir bridge, cfr., 20. 3. 61 (HCB 19); between Mosul and Erbil, 1 km before Aski Kalak bridge, 17. 3. 68 (BUH 140b); Sulaf, near Amadia, wet bank by waterfall, 31. 7. 61 (BUH 446) Dokan dam, wet earth on rock ledge by stream, 20.6.68 (BUH 187); off Dokan- Suleimaniya road, on soil in woodland, 30. 1. 61 (BUH 626) (Europe, Russia, Kashmir, Israel, ' Lebanon, ?Syria, ?Persia, Turkey, China, N. Africa, Azores, Madeira, Canaries, N. America).

KK: M:

8:

Order 3. POTTIALES

Fam. ENCALYPTACEAE

Autoicous, perigonium axillary below the perichaetium. Leaves lingulate-spathulate, f flat when moist, twisted when dry; margin plane; nerve stout, percurrent or shortly excurrent, in cross-section the median cells largest ; upper lamina cells fairly large, f quadrate, obscure, densely papillose ; lower cells enlarged, hyaline or brownish, fragile, the marginal cells f linear forming a border. Capsule erect, cylindric, smooth or striate, on a long seta; peristome absent, rudimentary, single (or double); lid rostrate, falling off with the large conspicuous cylindrical-campanulate calyptra.

6. Encalypta HEDW. Sp. Musc. 60, 1801

Characters those of the family.

1 Peristome well-developed, red or yellow; capsule deeply striate . . . . . . - Peristome absent, or white and rudimentary; capsule smooth or faintly

striate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Seta red; capsule smooth with a narrow neck; leaf cells 16 pm 1. E. vulgaris - Seta yellow ; capsule striate with a ribbed swollen neck ; leaf cells 18 pm . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. E. intermedia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. E. rhabdocarpa

1. E. vulgaris HEDW., Sp. Musc. 60, 1801; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 694, 1870; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 10, 1931; HENDEESON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 264, 1961.

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRA~EK, Moss Flora of Iraq 369

Leaves large, 3-4 nim long, erect, folded along the nerve and incurved or twisted when dry, erect and flat or somewhat carinate when moist, lingulate-spathulate, obtuse or shortly acute and apiculate; nerve stout, ceasing below apex or shortly excurrent ; margin plane, verruculose; upper cells f regularly quadrate, c. 15 pni, thin-walled, strongly papillose with C-shaped papillae, obscure, the marginal row twice as broad as long forming a border; basal cells rectangular, hyaline or yellowish, smooth, the three marginal rows longer and narrower with thicker walls, the lowermost cells with brown thickened cross walls. Fruit common and the most conspicuous feature of the plant. Seta red, 4-5 mm; capsule erect, c. 2 mm long, pale brown or orange, sniooth when moist, slightly furrowed when dry and empty but never distinctly striate., cylindrical with a short, hardly swollen neck and red mouth, gymnostomous or very rarely with rudimentary fragile fugacious peristome. Lid long-beaked ; calyptra pale green, campanulate, erose at base, pale except for the apex which is blackish and papillose.

Robust plants in loose dull or light green tufts 0.5-3 cm high, sometimes the stems not tufted but scattered and mixed with other species, growing on banks, stony ground or rocks, walls etc, usually in soil pockets associated with the latter. Fiirly common in calcareous habitats in the mountains.

E: Erbil-Shaqlawa road, Bastura Chai bridge, dry stony earth, cfr., 16. 3. 68 (BUH 69); Rowanduz gorge, damp ledges, cfr., 18. 3. 68 (POLUNIN and NA’IB in BUH 67); Barsarin gorge, rocks, efr., 18. 3. 68 (BUH 66); near Babakiyan, dry wall, cfr., 19. 3. 68 (BUH 64) Ain Dibbis, near Kirkuk, damp bank, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 676) Gorge between Dohuk and Zakho, 21. 3. 61 (HCB 164) and 22. 3. 61 BUH 476a); Dohuk gorge, 22. 3. 61 (HCB 166); Zakho, 21. 3. 61 (HCB 166); Bashiqa, W. of Mosul, N.-facing calcareous soil, 12. 4. 60 (HCB 168) Zawiya below Pira Magrun, 1710 m, 22. 10. 60 (HCB 167) (Eurdpe, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Persia, Kashmir, N. Africa, Canaries, Madeira, New Zealand).

KK: M:

S :

2. I#. intermedia JUR. ap. JUR. e t MnDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 696, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 486-487,1913; F’ROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 38, 1949-50 and 63: 31, 1959.

(Plate 2: 5)

Leaves erect, 2-3 mm long, patulous, contorted and folded when dry, oblong to ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, obtuse or acute ; margin plane, verruculose ; nerve red, thick, vanishing in the apex, very slightly rough on the dorsal surface; cells as in E. vulgaris but slightly larger, to 18pni. Capsule pale, oblong sub-cylindric, 1-1.5 mm long, on a yellow twisted thickened seta 3 mrn long, gymnostomous, or with a fragile fugacious peristome, with an annulus, sometimes narrowed at the mouth, & striate and with a short ribbed swollen neck; operculum and calyptra as in E. vulgaris. Autoicous, the 3-5-leaved male inflorescences axillary, perigonial leaves ovate- obtuse with a slender nerve. Spores large, dark, papillose.

In low dark green tufts or scattered on calcareous rocks and soil. Common in the mountains.

JURATZRA (loc. cit.) states “From the allied E. rhabdocarpa it is distinguished by the wider more obtuse leaves with large papillae, slightly larger cells, thicker nerve, 26.

360 S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

gymnostomous capsule with only a slight struma or none”. As SCHIFFNER (loc. cit.) points out, this species is also closely related to E.vulgaris and as the present authors have not found E. rhubdocarpa in Iraq, the distinction between E . intermedia and E. vulgaris seems to be the most important.

E. intermedia usually has the leaves shorter and broader, ovate-oblong rather than spathulate, a thicker reddish nerve and cells to 18 pm, but these characters are variable and the capsule forms the most reliable means of separating the species. In E. intermedia the seta is yellow not red, both capsule and seta are shorter than in E. vulgaris and the capsule has usually 8(-16) red striae and a distinct swollen and ribbed neck; sometimes a short white rudimentary peristome is present, which forms a closer link with E. rhabdocarpa var. leptodon. The possibility that the latter is identical with E . intermedia is discussed by SCHIFFNER but until more material can be examined it seems best to follow him in using the name E . intermedia for the Abian plants, leaving E. rhabdocarpa var. leptodon for the Alpine specimens.

E: Rowanduz gorge, ledges, with E . vulgaris, cfr., 18. 3. 58 (POLUNIN and NA’IB in BUH 68); near Babakiyan, damp soil, cfr., 19. 3. 58 (BUH 63); Rayat, Rowanduz road, 18. 3. 68 (BUH 66); Rowanduz gorge, 14. 6. 60 (HCB 163) and 18. 6. 61 (HCB 160); Potine mt., by Shinvan Mazin, 20. 6. 61 (HCB 162) Hrnoidat by Mosul, calcareous rocks, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1340); Dohuk gorge, rocks, cfr., 22. 7. 61 (BUH 426); Dohoki, near Sersang, rocks, cfr., 15. 8. 61 (BUH 457) Pira Magrun, 22. 10. 60 (HCB 161); Avrornan mts. on Persian border, Sosakhan below Tawilla, 1200 ni, 15. 5. 57 (RECHINOER 15738 ex p.) (Syria, Turkey, Afghanistan, Persia).

M:

S:

3. E . rhabdocarpa SCHWAECR. in Suppl. I. 56, t. 16, 1811: JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 595, 1870.

(Plate 2: 6)

This species has not been found in Iraq by the present authors. It is distinguished from E . intermedia by the red seta, the short but well-developed peristome with red or yellow teeth, and the strongly striate .capsule.

M: Jebel Sinjar 1865-68 (HAUSSKNECHT s. n.) (Europe, Arctic Siberia, Tibet, Himalaya, Kashmir, Persia, Afghanistan, Syria, Caucasus, N. America).

Fam. POTTIACEAE

Subiam. 1. Trichostomese

Mostly dioicous, rarely autoicous ; inflorescences terminal except in Anoectangium and Pleurochaete where they are lateral. Leaves usually narrow-lanceolate, acute ; margin recurved, plane or incurved; nerve usually vanishing below or in the apex, rarely shortely excurrent, but never forming a long hyaline hair-point a8 in the Pottioideae, nerve in cross-section mostly with two stereid bands; upper cells small, rounded-quadrate, papillose and opaque or smooth and more pellucid, lower cells as the upper or enlarged and hyaline. Sporophyte with stomata; capsule gynmosto- nious or peristomate, rarely cleistocarpous, the 16 entire or divided teeth from a short basal membrane. Calyptra cucullate.

S. AQNEW t M. VONDRLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 361

Margins & recurved or plane, never incurved . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Margins incurved or plane, never recurved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Peristome well-developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Barbula s. 1.

(including 7. Hydrogonium, 8. Streblotrichum) Peristome absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Sporophyte terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Hymenostylium Sporophyte axillary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Anoectarqium Leaves dentate just above the sheathing base . . . . . . . . 11. Eucladium Leaves not dentate near the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Peristome teeth short and entire, or capsule gymnostomous; small plants 6 Peristome teeth long, usually divided into 2 prongs; robust plants . . . . 9 Capsule mouth temporarily closed by a membrane after the fall of the lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Hpenostomum

7 13. WeGsia

Capsule mouth closed only by the lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Leaves & obtuse, nerve ending below apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Nerve in cross-section of f homogeneous cells; annulus of large cells . . .

Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, nerve usually shortly excurrent

Nerve in cross-section with a t least one band of stereids; annulus of small cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Gymnostomum

15. Gyroweissia Lamina bistratose above the sheathing base . . . . . . . . . 16. Timmiella Lamina unistratose throughout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The basal hyaline cells passing gradually into green papillose cells, leaves below not bordered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. Trichostomum The basal hyaline cells passing abruptly in a v-shaped line into green papillose cells, leaves below bordered for some distance with smooth elongate cells 11 Leaves erect or somewhat recurved when moist, margins entire; sporophyte terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. Tortella Leaves strongly squarrose when moist, margins toothed in upper part; sporophyte lateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. Pleurochaete

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Barbula HEDW. Sp. Musc. 115, 1801 8.1.

Dioicous. Mostly slender' plants of a dull green or brown colour. Leaves small, usually lanceolate from a broader base, rarely lingulate, the apex mostly acute with the nerve ending below or in the apex or rarely excurrent ; margin plane or recurved, never incurved ; cells with characters of the sub-family Trichostomeae. Seta elongate ; capsule rather small, mostly erect and symmetrical ; peristome well-developed, f papillose, from a short basal membrane, teeth usually divided into 2-3 long, twisted, filiform prongs, or less divided, short and straight ; lid conical-rostrate.

Although Hydrogonium ehrenbergii and Streblotrichum convolutum are described separately under their respective genera, they are by many authors included in Bar- bula and are keyed out here.

1 Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lingulate ; margin slightly recurved or plane. . . 2 - Leaves tapering from a broader base; margin recurved or revolute. . . . . 4

362 8. A o ~ s w & M. V O N D B ~ ~ E I Z , Moss Flora of Iraq

Upper cells strongly papillose with c-shaped papillae ; small terrestrial plants 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrogonium ehrenbergii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Streblotrichum convolutum Perichaetial leaves not much diffrent from the cauline leaves ; tufts scarcely Comentose; seta purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Barbula unguiculata Upper cells indistinct, closely papillose with c-shaped papillae. . . . . . . 5

Leaf margin broadly revolute; nerve stout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Leaves triangular to ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate ; cells quadrate or irregularly angular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. B. hwnschuchiana

3.R.revoluta All leaves of f equal length; margin recurved nearly to apex . . . 4. B. vinealis Uppermost leaves larger, longer, more twisted ; margin usually recurved only in lower half of leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. winealis var. cylindrica Cells overlying the nerve in mid-leaf elongate . . . . . . . . . 5. B. fallax Cells overlying the nerve f quadratelike the lamina cells . . . . . . . . 9 Leaf gradually narrowed above; nerve ceasing in or below apex, apex never veryacute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Leaf abruptly narrowed above; nerve excurrent or forming the greater part of the acute point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.B.tophacea Leaves shorter and broader, ovate-lanceolate, acute or sub-acute ; cells smooth, 6-8 pm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. B. trifaria var. desertorum Nerve longly excurrent ; cells f regularly quadrate, 9- 10 pm wide, slightly incrassate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. B. icmadophila Nerve shortly excurrent, at least in upper leaves; cells rounded or irregularly angular, 6-8 pni wide, strongly incrassate . . . . . . . . . . . 9. B. acuta

Upper cells almost smooth ; larger hygrophilous plants.

Perichaetial leaves large, sheathing; tufts tomentose; seta yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Upper cells distinct, smooth or with conical papillae. . . . . . . . . . . 8

Leaf margin narrowly recurved; nerve more slender. . . . . . . . . . . 7

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate; cells rounded-quadrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Leaves lanceolate, obtuse; cells slightly papillose, c. 10 pm wide. . . . . .

1. B. unguiculata HEDW., Sp. Musc. 120, 1801; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien, 20: 593, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Ost. bot. Z., 68: 127, 1897; HENDERSON and MUIRHEAII in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 32, 1955; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wen, 63: 31, 1959. (Plate 6:2)

Leaves imbricate and contorted when dry, oblong-lanceolate to lingulate, obtuse, mucronate with the shortly excurrent nerve; margin recurved in lower half, plane above; cells as in Rtreblotrichum convolutum. Fruit not yet found in Iraq but set,a purple, not yellow as in 8. convolutum. (For other differences see under that species.)

In dull green, or yellow-green loose or dense tufts 0.5 cm high on bare soil in gardens, ditches etc.

BD: E:

Alwiyah, Baghdad, garden Boil, 7.1. 61 (BUH 266) Bastura Chai bridge on Erbil-Shaqlawa road, earth cliff by waterfall, 16. 3. 68 (aUH 172)

S. AGNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ ~ E E , Moss Flora of Iraq 363

K : $1:

S:

Debendikhaxi, 28. 2. 63, garden soil (BUH 607) and in deep gully (BUH 660) Mosul-Erbil road, 1.6 km before Aski Kalak bridge, sandy ditch, 17. 3. 68 (BUR 140 a) Avroman nits. on Persian border, Sosahkan below Tawilla, 1200 xn, 16. 6. 67 (RE- CHINQER 15741) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Persia, Turkey, Caucasus, Asia to Siberia and China, Japan, Algeria, Azores, N. America).

2. B. hornschuchiana SCHULTZ, Rec. in Nov. Acta Acad. Leop. 11: 217, 1823; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien, 27: 476, 1913.

(Plate 5 : 5 )

Leaves small, ovate-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate ; margin strongly revolute from near base to apex; nerve stout, excurrent in a short yellowish cuspidate point; cells quadrate, somewhat irregular, closely papillose with C-shaped papillae, larger, smooth and more distinct towards base. Perichaetial leaves larger, sheathing, longly acuminate, yellowish-pellucid ; margins plane ; nerve narrower but still excurrent ; cells in the innermost leaves lax-rectanguiar, smooth. Seta slender, short, orange at base, pale above ; capsule dark brown, slightly asymmetric and curved, narrow-elliptic; lid long-rostrate.

In loose and deep or shorter and compact dull green tufts on calcarous sandstone or limestone and on garden soil in N. Iraq. Uncommon.

Somewhat resembling B. ungwiculata in the dry state when the leaves are spirally contorted, but easily distinguished by the margin widely revolute up to the cuspidate, not mucronate, apex and the narrowly triangular, not oblong leaves. B. revoluta differs in leaf shape, apex and cell shape but is closely resembled by the var. pseudorevoluta of the present species.

E:

M:

Erbil, railway rest house, garden soil, 16. 3. 68 (BUH 143b); Rowanduz gorge, dry sand on rocks by river, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 134a) Dohuk gorge, limestone, 22. 3. 61 (HCB 24); Mosul-Erbil road, 1.6 km before Aski Kalak bridge, open limestone grassland, 17. 3. 68 (BUH 139) (Europe, Syria, Israel, Azores, Algeria, Morocco, Ethiopia).

var. pseudorevoluta REIM. in Hedwigia, 79: 269, 1940

Leaves less acute and tapering than in the type, nerve thicker above and more shortly excur rent. One record only from Iraq.

This variety more nearly resembles B. revoluta than does the type of B. hornschuchiana but the leaves are triangular rather than oblong, the margin is not as broadly revolute near the apex as in B. revoluta and the cells are as in the type.

DLA: Jebel Hamrin, soft sandstone rocks, 6. 12. 68 (BUH 246b) (Sweden, Germany).

3. B. revoluta BRID. in SCIIRADER in J. Bot. 3: P. 11. 299, 1801; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 476, 1913

Leaves incurved and contorted when dry, longer than in B. hornschuchiana, less tapering, oblong-lanceolate from a broader base ; margin widely revolute from above base to apex; apex obtuse or (in ours) mucronate with the shortly excurrent nerve;

364 S. AQNEW t M. V O N D R ~ ~ ~ B K . Moss Flora of Iraq

slightly broader above than below ; cells rounded-quadrate, incrassate, very obscure and densely papillose, rectangular and pellucid a t base.

In dense brownish-green tufts 1-2 cm high on calcareous rocks in N. Iraq. Rare.

E: S :

Rowanduz gorge, rocks, 18. 3. 68 (BUH 74b) Kopi Qaradagh, rocks c. 1300 m, 17. G . 69 (BUH 303) (Europe, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Perisa, N. Africa, Canaries, Madeira).

4. B. v ineal i s BRID. Bryol. univ. I. 830, 1826; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 593, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 476, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 8, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 266, 1961. (Plate 6 : 6)

Leaves incurved and twisted when dry or sometimes the lower appressed, spreading or somewhat recurved when moist (but not as much as in B. fallax), short, straight, all the same length, lanceolate from an ovate base, acute; margin narrowly recurved nearly to the subulate apex ; upper cells rounded-quadrate, obscure, densely papillose with 2 -4 C-shaped papillae per cell, basal cells larger, shortly rectangular, smooth, more distinct. Fruit rarely formed, seta and capsule dark brown, capsule cylindric, slightly curved.

In loose or dense, dull or brownish-green tufts often with a reddish tinge, 0.5-2 cm high on calcareous or sandy soil, rocks, walls, not usually in very dry exposed places. Common in northern Iraq.

B. vinealis is very variable in habit and hardly to be identified without microscopic examination ; then the lanceolate acuminate leaves with narrowly recurved margins should distinguish it from other Iraqi Barbulas with C-shaped papillae. The var. cylindricu needs careful distinction from the type.

,E:

KA: KK :

M:

S:

DLA: Diyala weir, by Jebel Hamrin, N.-facing sandstone, 7. 12. 62 (BUH 666); between Ba’quba and Jebel Hamrin, sandy soil, 7. 2. 68 (R. WEEKS in BUH 262) Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, 22. 3. 68 (BUH 167); Shaqlawa, 11. 4. 60 (HCB 60) and wall-top, cfr., 22. 3. 68 (D. ERICSSON in BUH 162); Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil- Shaqlawa road, dry stony soil, 16. 3. 68 (BUH 168); Potine mt., towards Turkish border, cave, 22. 8. 61 (BUH 487); between Kani Mam Shirin and Zeyta, Potine mt., 23. 6 . 61 (HCB 30); Potine mt. 20. 6 . 61 (HCB 42, 67); Rowanduz gorge,dry walls, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 76, 133) and 18.6. 61 (HCB 66) Ukhaidhir, 26. 6. 61 (HCB 619) Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, damp bank by river, 26. 12. 62 (BUR 580b); Derben- dikhan, damp earth in deep gully, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 636, 649, 626 cfr.) Dohuk gorge, dry calc. rocks, 22. 7. 61 (BUH 432); between Dohuk and Zakho, Turkizha, 22. 3. 61 (HCB 29 and BUH 616); Zakho, 21. 3. 61 (HCB 28); Sersang, rocks by stream, -7.61, (BUH 467 towards var. cylindrica, and BUH 468 with B. trifuria); Bamarni, near Sersang, rock clefts, 18. 7. 61 (BUH 421); Sharqat, steppe, 24. 2. 61 (HCB 612, 68); Hatra, steppe, 23. 2. 61 (HCB 462); Jebel Sinjar above the town, gypsum, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1427); Seiramun near Mosul, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 12125.- Dokan dam site, dry earth, 20. 6 . 68 (BUH 201); Dokan, rock crevices, 30. 1. 61 (BUH 627); Kopi Qaradagh, rocks, 17. 6. 69 (BUH 311); Pira Magrun, 22. 10. 60 (HCB 69); Khormal, near Halabja, Persian border, basalt rocks, 27. 6. 61 (HCB 427, 440, 609) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Persia, Turkey, Nepal, China, N. Africa, N. America, Hawaii).

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 365

var. c y l i n d r i c a BOUL., Musc. d.1. France 430, 1884

Zygotriehia cylindrica TAYL. in Mackay, F1. hibern. I1 26, 1836 Barbula cylindrica SCHlMP. in Hedwigia 12: 46, 1873; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 476, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 8, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 613, 1958.

(Plate 5: 7)

Similar to the type and distinguished best by the leaves a t the apex of the stem being lafger, longer, flexuose-curved when moist, much twisted when dry, lower leaves smaller, straight and erect. The upper leaves have long subulate points occupied almost entirely by the nerve, and the margin is usually plane above the middle of the leaf. Cells as in B. vinealis but sometimes less papillose and thus more distinct.

In usually loose tufts 1-2 cm high in similar situations to, but less common than, the type. Widespread in the mountains.

Although good specimens of B. cylindrica are quite distinct from B. vinealis, we have found plants which appear to be intermediate between the two and so have reduced B. cylindrica to the rank of variety.

E: Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawa road, by waterfall, 16. 3. 58 (BUH 177); Rowanduz gorge, near Babakiyan, wall, 19. 3. 58 (BUH 269); Barsarin gorge, damp rocks, 18. 3. 58 (BUH 87); Naprdan, on road to Sakri Sakran, W. of Rowan- duz, 5. 6. 61 (HCB 508); between Kani Mam Shirin and Zeyta, Potine mt., 23. 6. 61 (HCB 25) Mosul-Erbil road, Khazir river bridge, 20. 3. 61 (HCB 36); Sersang, dry limestone cliffs, 25. 7. 61 (HCB 407) and side of stream bed, 2. 8. 61 (BUH 408) Kopi Qaradagh, rocks, 17. 6.59 (BUH 302) and 29. 5. 61 (HCB 37) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Caucasus, N. Africa, Canaries, N. America).

M:

S:

6. B. fa l lax HEDW., Sp. Musc. 120, 1801; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 31, 1959. (Plate 5: 8)

A variable plant, green or brownish with lanceolate-acuminate leaves, spreading or somewhat recurved when moist ; margin revolute to above the middle ; nerve vanishing in apex ; upper cells irregularly rounded or transversely oval, 8 - 10 pm wide, incrassate, distinct, with single conical papillae, a t base besides nerve larger, shortly rectangular.

Rocks and soil, recorded only from mountainous areas. The best distinction from allied species lies in the shape of the cells on the upper

surface of the nerve in the middle of the leaf; these are elongate in B. fallux and small, rounded or quadrate in B. trifaria, B. acuta etc.

S: Avroman mts., Persian border above Tawilla, 1600-2000 m, 13-17. 6. 57 (RE- CHINQER 1573.5) and below Tawilla, 1200 m, 15. 6. 57 (RECHINOER 15740); Dokan dam, wet earth on rock ledges, 20. 6. 58 (BUH 190); Dokan road, rocks in woodland, 31. 1. 61 (BUH 525) (var. brevifolia (Sm.) Schultz) (Europe, Israel, Syria, Afghanistan, Caucasus, Siberia, China, Madeira, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, N. America).

6. B. tophacea (BRID.) MITT. in J. Linn. SOC. : Suppl. 35, 1895


Trichostomum tophaceum BRID., Mant. Musc. 84, 1819; Jna. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 692, 1870 Didymodon tophaceus JuR., Laubmfl. 0e.U. 100, 1882; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. SO: 8, 1931; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. MUS. Wien 63: 31, 1969.

(Plate 5: 3)

Leaves lanceolate to lingulate ; nerve disappearing below the (usually) broadly obtuse apex ; upper lamina cells slightly papillose, rounded, incrassate, pellucid and very distinct ; basal cells laxer, smooth and rectangular. Seta yellow-reddish ; capsule pale brgwn, erect-oblong ; peristome short, whitish from a short basal membrane, not twisted.

Tufts 0.5-4 cm high, leaves erect and loosely incurved when dry, dull olive- green to brown and frequently encrusted with calcareous matter giving the large tufts a soft and untidy appearance. Occurs in damp places, by springs, waterfalls, streamsides, but also in gardens, usually on calcareous soil or rocks. Common in suitable habitats . BD: DLA: Between Baghdad and Ba'quba, dong road, 20.6.61 (HCB 47) E:

Baghdad, Botany Dept. garden, Adhamiya, 11. 3. 68 (BUH 210)

Rowanduz-Haji Omran road, rocks near Harir village, 18. 3. 68 (BUH 86); Rowan- duz road, Hopkins Bridge, 14. 6. 60 (HCB 43, 44, 46); Helgurd mt., 10-14. 8. 67 (RECHINOER 16762)

KK: Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirk&, 26.12.62, garden soil (BUH 671) and damp bank near Little Zab river (BUH 679); Derbendikhan, 28. 2. 63, by spring, cfr. (BUH 648) and in deep gully by water (BUH 644) Sulaf, nr. Amadia, by waterfall, 31. 7. 61 (BUH 448) Kopi Qaradagh, wet flushes and streanisides, 1300 m, 15-20. 6. 69 (BUH 228, 322, 324); Kopi Qaradagh, Waziara, N.slope, 1300 m, 29.4. 61 (HCB 436); between Derbendikhan and Shubeitcha (HCB 482) ;- between Kirkuk and Suleimaniya, 13.6.67 (RECHINOER 16731)

M : S:

f . Zingulata MOENKM., Laubm. Eur. 296, 1927

DLA: Between Baghdad and Ba'quba, in irrigated cultivation beneath Eucalyptus, 20. 1. 61 (HCB 46)

E : Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawa road, by waterfall with Eucladium werticilla- tum and Bymnoetomuna aeruginosum, 16. 3. 68 (BUH 179) (Europe, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Persia, Turkey, Afghanistan, Asia t Q Tibet and China, Tunisia, Morocco, Sahara, Sinai, N., S. and C. America).

7. B. t r i far ia (HEDw.) MITT. in J. Linn. SOC. I: Suppl. 36, 1859; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 613, 1958 Cynodontium trifarium HEDW., Sp. Musc. 67, 1801 Didymodon luridus HORNSCH. in L. Syst. Veget. ed. 16. IV. P. 1. 173, 1826: JWR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien go: 692, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 476, 1913 Barbula lurida LINDB., Musci Scand. 22, 1879; HENDERSON and MVIRHEAD in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 2E: 32, 1965

Stems about 1.6 om high, thick, brown. Leaves lingulate at apex, rounded.

var. desertorurn (FROEHLICH) 5. Aamw comb. nov. Barbula rigidula (HEDw.) MITT. var. desertorum FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 31, 1969.

(Plate 5 :4)


Differs from the type in the thicker nerve and'thickened leaf apex, and in growing on sandy soils rather than rock - not a significant difference in semi-arid conditions.

Similar to B. tophacea but with a quite different habit and habitat. Distinguished by the shorter, broader leaves with the apex usually more acute; nerve ending in the thickened apex; margin unistratose except at apex; cells smaller, 6-8 pm wide, more incrassate, smooth, rounded, pellucid, not in regular rows, homogeneous except for a few larger cells by the nerve at the base. Fruit rare in Iraq. Capsule and seta dark red ; peristome pale orange, short, slightly twisted.

Tufts up to 1 cm, usually shorter, yellow-green or bright green or in dry sandy places dark brown and only 1-2 mm high. A common moss of central and northern Iraq occurring most frequently on dry gravelly or sandy soils or rocks in exposed places, rarely in the high mountains.

The smallest plants from very dry habitats have very broad and short leaves; in damper places the leaves are longer. The leaves when dry are hardly twisted, but are often more regularly imbricate and incurved than in B. tophacea giving the longest stems a catennlate appearance. Confusion with B. acutu can occur, but this has the nerve f excurrent in at least the upper leaves. The basal cells do not form a good distinguishing character in the Iraqi material examined; both B. acuta and B. trifaria can have these larger, clearer and more rectangular than the upper cells.

The BUH and HCB collections listed below have been found to agree closely with four specimens gathered by RECHINGEE in Iraq and described by FROEHLICH (1969) as a new variety var. desertwum of Barbula rigidula. All the gatherings have broad leaves with smooth, rounded, incrassate f homogeneous cells and a thickened acute leaf-tip. I cannot however refer any of these plants to B. rigidula which has more rounded-hexagonal cells, a bistratose margin and usually abundant gemmae. The present gatherings show no sign of gemmae, and the leaf is bistratose only at the thick apex. (The latter may be a feature developed under extremely dry conditions as I have seen thick-tipped leaves in Barbula vinealis gathered by TOWNSEND in Jordan. B. vinealis differs however in the regular rows of cells which are quadrate, obscure, not incrassate and & densely papillose with C-shaped papillae.)

FROEHLICH distinguished var. desertmum as having short, shortly acuminate leaves with bistratose apex and originally identified two of the specimens as Didymodon Zuridus HORNSCH. Thus this variety is here formally transferred to BurbuZa trifaria.

A: On sandy-clay conglomerate hills, near Shatt at-Tib, c. 70 kni N. of Amara, 50 to 200 111, 27-28. 3. 57 (RECHINQER 15720)!

BD: Samarra, soil amongst ruins, 28. 2. 58 (BUH 235) DLA: Jebel Harnrin between Shahraban and Jalaula, 23. 10. 56 (RECHINOER 15718)!;

Jebel Harnrin, N. slopes, sandy gravel soil, 5. 12. 58 (BUH 244, 245a) ; Jebel Ham- rin, between Shahraban and Khanaqin, rocks by roadside, with Tortula f iori i , 20. 1 . 61 (HCB 50, 51, 52); Khanaqin, K.O.C. golf course, soft sandstone, 5. 12. 58 (BUH 238, 239); Diyala weir, sandstone rocks by canal, 7. 12. 62 (BUH 569); Anaiza, near Tursac, Persian border, on soil 28. 5. 62 (BUH 543a) and 2. 12. 62

Ana, 10. 3. 62, limestone soil (BUH 546 ex p.), and rock ledges (BUH 539) Sertzar, by Helgurd nit., 4. 6. 60 (HCB 39) Tuz Khurniatu, 240 m, on Bakhtiari conglomerates and clayey Sandstones wetted by seepages, partly frozen in Jan., 21. 1 . 34 (W. A. MACFADYEN s. 11. in BM!, det. H. N. DIXON as Qyroweissia aaronis (LOR.) PAR.); hills near Khanaqin, towards

,

(BUH 658) DM: E: KK :

368

KT :

M:

S:

SD :

S. ACJNEW & M. VONDRL~~ER, Moss Flora of Iraq

Khosrowabad, Persian border, with Aloina rigida, Tortula fiorii, 4-5. 4. 57 (RE-

Sandy hills near Badra, by Persian border, 12-13. 4. 57 (RECHINQER 15725)!; Hashima near Badra, N.-facing slopes of foothills, 2. 12. 62 (BUH 556) Sharqat, steppe, 24. 2. 61 (HCB 48); between Sharqat and Hatra, steppe, 24. 2. 61 (HCB 49, 53); Hatra, soil and rock slopes amongst ruins, 9. 3. 62 (BUH 538b); Mosul-Erbil road, 1.6 km before Aski Kalak bridge, calc. grassland, 17. 3. 68 (BUH 141); Sersang, rocks by stream, -. 7. 61 (BUH 468b); Dohuk gorge, 22. 3. 61 (HCB 55); Bashiqa, W. of Mosul, calc. soil, 12. 4. 60 (HCB 496) Dokan dam site, dry earth and rocks, 20. 6. 68 (BUH 197); Tasluja, near Sulei- maniya on Kirkuk road, 28.6. 60 (HCB 38) Shubaicha, 10. 3. 61 (HCB 492)

CHINGER 15724) !

8. B. icmadophi la SCHIMP. in Bryol Eur. fasc. 43, tab. Suppl. 2, 1850; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 39, 1949/60. (Plate 6: 1)

Leaves small, appressed when dry, from a broad ovate base suddenly tapered to a narrow subulate apex; nerve stout, longly excurrent ; cells quadrate, almost regular, 9- 10 pm wide, slightly incrassate, very distinct, homogeneous except for a few larger rectangular cells by the nerve at base.

Similar to B. acutu but more slender, in dense compact yellow-green tufts to 10 nim. One record only from N. Iraq.

E: Little Zab valley, hills above Rania, 19. 3. 59 (K. POPE in BUH 281) (N. and C. Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, Kashmir, N. America).

9. B. acu ta (BRID.) BRID., Mant. Musc. 96, 1819; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 475, 1913

Tortula acuta BRID., Spec. Musc. I, 266, 1806 B. gracilicl (SCHLEICH.) SCHWAEQR., Suppl. I.P.I. 126, 1811; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 8. 1931; HENDERSON and MUIRHEAD in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 123, 1956.

(Plate 6: 2)

Similar in appearance to large forms of B., trifaria, but in the present plant the leaves are longer, invariably acute and more abruptly tapering. The cells are small, smooth, rounded, irregularly quadrate or angular, strongly incrassate, 7 -9 pm wide, homogeneous throughout the leaf except for a few larger rectangular cells a t base beside the nerve, which forms the greater part of the apex and may be somewhat excurrent (but not as much as in B. icmadophila). Capsule ovate-oblong, pale brown; peristonie short , orange, once twisted. Perichaetial leaves longer, subsheathing, with flexuose points formed by the more longly excurrent nerve. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

In low green or brownish compact tufts, 5-2 cm high, leaves loosely appressed when dry, on dry stony or sandy soils. Uncommon.

DLA: Jebel Harnrin, sandy hills, -. 2. 63 (A. JOHNSTONE in BUH 659); Diyala weir, by Jebel Hanirin, N.-facing sandstone, 7. 12. 62 (BUH 564)

E: Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawa road, dry stony earth, 16. 3. 58 (BUH 167) K: Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, N.-facing low hills, soil on rocks, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 682) M: Dohuk gorge, 22. 3. 61 (BUH 18); Baahiqa, W. of Mosul, calc. soil, 12. 4. 60 (HCB

35) (Europe, Lebanon, Turkey, Caucasus, N. Africa, Madeira, Azores, N. America).

S. AQNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq 369

7. H y d r o g o n i u m JAGER et SAUERB. Adunibr. Ber. St. Gall. naturw. Ges. 1877-78: 405, 1879; FLEISCII., Musc. Fl.

Buitenz. I. 352, 1902 as Sect. of Barbula

Leaves often soft and flaccid, broad-lanceolate to lingulate, mostly flat-margined ; upper cells quadrate to rounded-polygonal, enlarged, thin-walled, smooth or almost smooth, basal cells rectangular. Mostly plants of damp or inundated rocks or calcareous streams.

1. H . ehrenberg i i (LORENTZ) JAGER et SAUERB., Adumbr. Ber. St. Gall. naturw. Ges. 1877-78: 405. 1870

Z’ricliostomum elirenbergii LORENTZ in Phy. Abh. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin No. 1 . 25, t. 4, 1867 Didymodon eltreizbergii KINDB., Eur. a. N. Ameri. Rryin. 11. 281, 1897; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 475, 1913 H?yoplrila ehreribergii MOENK., Laumbf. 263, 1927; HENDERSON and MUIRHEAD in Notes R. hot. Gdn. Edinb. 28: 122, 1956.

(Plate 4: 6)

Leaves to 3 nun, erecto-patent when moist, the upper incurled and soniewhat twjst- ed when dry, the lower usually rigid with encrusted calcareous salts, lingulate- spathu- late, apex suddenly acute or more usually obtuse; margin plane above, sometimes narrowly recurved below, entire; nerve narrow, green, reaching to apex or ceasing just below it ; upper cells smooth, distinct, hexagonal-quadrate to shortly rectangular, 9-12 pm broad, the basal 3-4 times as long as broad.

In soft loose bright green tufts by calcareous springs and waterfalls. Uncommon. Resembling Barbuln tophacea in habitat and habit but stouter and more robust and

distinct in the mainly flat, not recurved leaf msrgin and the smooth, thin-walled, angular cells; also the leaves are longer and spathulate, tapering only in the uppermost third.

E: M:

ltowanduz gorge, waterfall, 14. 6. GO (HCR 247; 248) Sulaf, near Amadia, by calc. spring, in shade, 31. 7. 61 (BUH 444) (S. Europe, Mediterranean, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Persia, Chine, Sinai, Algeria, Morocco, N . America).

8. S t reb lo t r i churn P. BEAUV.

Prodr. 27, 1805; LIMPRICHT, Laubm. 1. 6226, 1888 as Sect. of Barbula

Dioicous. Perichaetial leaves long, convolute and sheathing, much larger than the cauline leaves. Peristome teeth long, spirally twisted.

1 . S. convolutzcm (HEDw.) P. BEAUV., Aetheog. 89, 1805

Rarbuln convolutn HEDW., Sp. Musc. 120, 1801 Trirlio&ornuna convdutum BRID; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 692, 1870.

(Plate 5: 1)

370 8. AQNEW & M. V O N D B ~ ~ ~ E I C , Moss Flora of Iraq

Stem with wide central strand. Leaves erecto-patent or slightly recurved when moist, incurved and twisted when dry, oblong-lanceolate ; nerve ending in or just below apex; margin erect or slightly recurved at base; cells small, quadrate, 6-8 pm wide, strongly papillose in upper part of leaf, towards base elongate-rectangular, smooth, pellucid. Often found fruiting abundantsly and then known by the long, f twisted pale yellow setae and large, convolute, sheathing perichaetial leaves.

In short, dense, tomentose, yellow-green tufts, 0.6-1 om high on firm, dry calcareous soil. Rare, but easily overlooked especially in the sterile state.

Barbula unguiculata has similarly shaped leaves, but in that species the nerve is shortly excurrent, the tufts not or scarcely tomentose and the perichaetial leaves not sheathing.

M: Sersang, dry hillside, cfr., 23. 7. 61 (BUH 411); Sersang, by old stream bed, cfr., 2. 8. 61 fBUH 406) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Caucasus, Siberia, China, Japan, N. Africa, Azores, Canaries, N. America).

9. Hymenostyl ium BRID. Bryol. Univ. 11, 1827 emend. LINDB. Trichost. 230, 1964

Dioicous. Stem triangular, without central strand. Leaves lanceolate, acute, erecto- patent or rarely recurved when moist, appressed or incurved not curled when dry; nerve ending below the apex; cells incrassate, smooth or papillose. Seta elongate, erect ; capsule obovate, thick -walled, glossy, somewhat truncate and wide mouthed or pyriform when empty; peristome absent; lid rostrate, attached to the columella which lengthens after ripening, and falling with it.

1. H . recurvirostrum (HEDw.) DIX. in Revue bryol. lichen. 6: 96, 1933

Gymnostomum recurvirostrum HEDW., Sp. MUEO. 33, 1801 H. curviroetre MITT. in J. Linn. SOC. 1869; SCHIFFN. in Ost. bot. Z. 58: 230, 1908 Weieeia curviroetris C. MULL., Syn. I. 668, 1849..

(Plate 3: 10) Leaves lanceolate from a f ovate base, carinate, about the same size as those of

Gymnostomum calcareum but more longly acuminate and almost always acute ; erect or somewhat twisted when dry; one or both margins slightly recurved but not abruptly so ; nerve slender ; upper cells incrassate, quadrate or shortly rectangular, f papillose but very pellucid and distinct, about 12-16 pm x 11 pm, basal cells elongate, smooth. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

Slender pale green plants in deep dense tomentose tufts 1.6 cm high in rock crevices. One locality in the mountains.

Easily distinguished in the sterile state from Gymnostmum by the large clear areolation and the recurved leaf margins which are best seen in cross section ; Gymno- stomum spp. have f concave leaves with erect or slightly incurved margins. The only Iraqi specimen of Anoectangium aestivum has the leaf cells scarcely papillose and as clear and distinct as in the present species. However the cells are only 6-7 pm wide in A. aestivum compared with 11 pm in El. recurvirostrum and the basal cells are not as

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 37 1

long and narrow ; the position of the fruit when present is of course conclusive and there is also a difference in colour.

E: Sakri Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, 1950 m, 6. 6. 61 (HCR 262); Hassar-i-Sakran valley, waterfall, 2500 111, 7. 6. 61 (HCB 261, 263) (Europe, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Afghanistan, Persia, Caucasus, Siberia, Hima- laya, Tibet, China, Japan, C. African mts., Algeria, N. America, Greenland, Mexico).

10. A no e c t a ng i u m SCHWAEGR. Suppl. I. 1 . 33, 1811, emend. B.S.G. Bryol.

Eur. fasc. 29/30, 1846

Dioicous. Inflorescences axillary. Slender plants in thick dense yellow-green or bright-green tufts, often tonientose below. Stems with or without central strong, f angular in section. Leaves ovate to linear-lanceolate, strongly carinate, erect- spreading when moist, appressed when dry; nerve usually ending at or below apex; cells f papillose above, irregularly quadrate-angular, obscure or (in ours) pellucid, below smooth and enlarged. Capsule ovate on an elongate seta; lid obliquely rostrate; peristome absent ; calyptra cucullate, long-beaked.

1 Leaves very short, ovate-lanceolate; gemniae usually present in leaf axils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.A.handeZii

- Leaves longer, linear-lanceolate; gemmae absent, . . . . . . 2. A . aestivum

1. A . handel i i SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 490, 1913. (Plate 3: 1 )

Stems fragile, in cross section angular but not distinctly triangular, central strand indistinct, cells not thick-walled. Leaves very small, 0.3-0.6 mm long and 0.2 mm broad, ovate-lanceolate, carinate above, concave at base, tapering to an acute, apiculate or often eroded apex, dense, erect and appressed when dry, erecto-patent when moist, margin plane, minutely crenulate with the low marginal papillae ; nerve strong, 40 pm broad in lower part of leaf, narrowing above and disappearing below or in the apex, in cross section consisting of 2-3 ventral guide cells, a central group of stereids and one row of green dorsal cells; cells 7.6-10 pm pellucid, only slightly papillose with low rounded papillae, incrassate, irregular, quadrate,, rectangular or triangular, a few basal cells enlarged and more regularly quadrate. Gemmae are usually present in the leaf axils and help to distinguish the plant from allied species. They are multicellular, pyriform, about 20pm across, green becoming brown with age, on much- branched stalks. Female branches lateral, perichaetial leaves suddenly acuminate from an ovate base, apex very acute, cells as in the cauline leaves but pellucid not chlorophyllose, scarcely papillose. Nerve narrow, disappearing half-way to the apex. (Inflorescence not found by the present authors; description from SCHIFFNER.)

Minute, in dense compact tufts a few mm high, on calcareous ground, yellow-green or olivaceous above, brown below or white-encrusted, tomentose with pale brown radicles.

Gymnostmum calcareum differs in the longer, more papillose, concave or flat leaves and in the nerve section. G. mosis resembles the present species in size and in the slen-

372 S. AONEW BE M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

der stenis with imbricate leaves but these are carinate and apiculate in A. handelii and concave, obtuse in a. mosis.

M: S:

Zakho, 21. 3. 61 (HCB 411, 413) Pira Magrun, 21. 10. GO (HCB 236, 238); Zawiya below Pira Magrun, 1710 ni, 22. 10. GO (HCB 493); Penjwin road, 26. 6. 61 (HCB 21) (Turkey).

2. A . aest ivum (HEDw.) B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 29/30, Mont. 37, 1846

Gyrnnoetomurn aestiwum HEDW., Sp. Musc. 32, t. 11, 1801 A.compnctuni SCHWAEOR. Suppl. I.P.I. 36, t. 11, 1811.

(Plate 3: 2)

Stem slender, hardly branched, & teretp, with a central strand and with little or no tomentum. Leaves small, 0.6-0.8 mm, linear-lanceolate, strongly carinate, acute, incurved and somewhat twisted when dry; erect-spreading when moist ; nerve broad, green, vanishing at or below apex; margin slightly recurved as in Hymenostylium, crenulate with projecting papillae ; cells above rounded-quadrate, c. 7-8 pm wide, slightly papillose but quite distinct throughout, not obscure and opaque, at base shortly rectangular or irregularly triangular. Inflorescences axillary. Perichaetial bracts sub-sheathing, pale and shining, not papillose; seta 0.5 mm long; capsule shorter and wider than a. calcareum, erect, broadly ovate with a short neck, pale brown with a wide reddish mouth, rather glossy and thin-walled; lid with a long obliquely rostrate beak.

Tufts 5- 10 nim high, dense, bright light green above, reddish-brown below, in crevices in calcareous conglomerate.

Distinguished at once from related genera by the sporophytes being borne laterally on the stem. This single collection BUH 647 in some respects seems intermediate between European material of A. aestivum and A . handelii. The tomentum is poorly developed, the stem is not distinctly triangular and the leaf cells are pellucid. How- ever, these characters are probably outweighed by the linear-lanceolate leaved, the small cells (7-8 pm), and absence of gemmae, all of which are characteristic of A. aestivum.

KK : Derbendikhan, crevices in calcareous ronglomerate on exposed sides of sink hole, 28. 2 . 6 3 (BUH 647) (Europe, Caucasus, Himalaya, Japan, Philippines, Canaries, Madeira, Cameroons, Greenland, N., C. and 8. America, New Zealand).

11. Eucladium B.S.G. in Bryol. Eur. fasc. 33/36, 1846

Dioicous. Leaves f erect when moist, appressed with incurved tips when dry. narrow-lanceolate from a whitish shining base ; margin plane, toothed just above the base; nerve stout, ending in apex or shortly excrukent ; upper cells papillose, quadrate, pellucid, incrassate; lower cells smooth, elongate-rectangular, hyaline, thin-walled, narrower towards the basal margins. Seta elongate, erect; capsule -f cylindrical or oval-oblong, thickwalled, peristomate ; annulus of small persistent cells; lid obliquely rostrate.

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 373

1. E . verticiZZatum (BRID.) B.S.G., Br. Eur, Monogr., 3, 1846; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. MUB. Wien 27: 475, 1913; JUR. e t MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wein 20: 592, 1870; FROEHLICII in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wein 57: 38, 1949-50 and 63: 31, 1959; HENDERSON in Notes K. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 813, 1958

Br?yunc verticillatuin BRID., Musc. Eec., 1803.

(Plate 3: 11)

Leaves soft, fragile, rather distant, erecto-patent or spreading when moist, linear- lanceolate, 2 mm, long, acute. Best distinguished by the margin bluntly toothed just above the base for a short distance, crenulate in upper part of leaf. Capsule not common, dark orange on a brown seta; peristome teeth orange, short, irregularly perforated.

Slender, much-branched plants in dense tufts 0.5 cm high, bluish or bright green above, whitish below, often encrusted with calcareous salts so that the whole tuft apart from the young apices is hard and stony. Almost always associated with calcareous substrata, usually on rocks but often by springs and on dripping earth cliff faces. Common in suitable habitats in N. Iraq.

E: Erbil-Shaqlawa road, Bastura Chai bridge, by waterfall, 16. 3. 58 (BUH 28, 176, 174 cfr.); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, 22. 3. 68 (BUH 29); Rowanduz gorge, 18. 3. 68 (POLUNIN et al. in BUH 122), and 14. 6. 60 (HCB 184); Rowanduz-Haji Omran road, Hopkin’s bridge, 14. 6. 60 (HCB 182); Hassar-i-Sakran valley, W. of Rowan- duz, by waterfall 2600 In, 7. 6. 61 (HCB 229); Sertzar below Helgurd rut., 4. 6. 60 (HCB 183, 233); Potine mt., by Shirwan Mazin, 20. 6 . 61 (HCB 228); between Keni Mam Shirin and Zeyta, near Turkish border, 23. 6. 61 (HCB 180); spring near Eowanduz c. 700 rn, 8. 8. 57 (RECHINOER 16766 and 16767); Helgurd mt., 10-14.

Between Jalaula and Derbendikhan, waterfall, 13. 6. 59 (BUH 282) Jebel Maqlub, wet cave, 17. 3. 68 (R. W. HAINES in BUH 144); Sulaf, near Amadie, waterfall, cfr. 31. 7. 61 (BUH 441); Ser Amadie, pass, wet rock crevices (small form) -. 7. 61 (BUH 438)

S: Derbendikhan - Halabja road, 450 m, 23. 10. 60 (HCB 178, 179, 181); Kopi Qaradagh, Waziara, 1300 m, 29. 6. 61 (HCB 424); Avroman mts. above Tawilla, Persian border, 1 7 . 6. 67 (RECHINOER 16734) (Europe, Caucasus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Kashmir, China, N. Africa, C. African mts., N. America).

8. 57 ( R E C H I N O E R 15761) KK: M:

var . anqust i fol ium JuR., Laubm. Oe. U. 17, 1882. (Plate 4: 1)

Distinguished from the type by the nerve scarcely narrowing above and more nearly occupying the whole of the narrower, more subulate acumen and by the margin being *

more acutely and more regularly serrate just above the base.

E: Rowanduz road, Hopkin’s bridge, 14. 6. 60 (HCB 185) (Adriatic and Aegean coasts).

12. Hymenostomum a. s t r . LIMPR. Laubm. I, 225 (1888)

Autoicous. Plants small, leaves curled when dry, linear-lanceolate, the upper larger than the lower; margins erect to (in ours) incurved; nerve stout, shortly excurrent; 27 Fcddes Repcrtorium, Band 86, Hott 6 - 8

374 S. AGNEW L M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq

upper cells very small, rounded- quadrate, thickly papillose on both sides; lower cells elongnte-rectangular, hyaline. Capsule persistent, f exserted, erect or somewhat inclined, ovate to cylindric, with a narrow mouth incompletely closed a t first by a membrane .which soon becomes inconspicuous ; peristome absent ; annulus not differentiated ; lid deciduous, conical-rostrate.

1. H. t o r t i l e (SCHWAEGR.) B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 33/36, 6, 1846; SCHIFFN. inAnnln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 476, 1913

Gylnnostomum tortile SCHWAEQR. in Schrad., N. Bot. Journ. 4: 17, t. 1, 1870 wei88ia tOrtili8 c. M., Syn. 1 : 661, 1849.

(Plate 3: 3)

Stems short, densely crowded or more scattered. Leaves 1-1.6 nim long, broadly lanceolate from an ovate base, concave, apex obtuse or shortly acute; nerve 60 to 80 ym wide a t base,excurrent in a short apiculus; margins widely incurved. A distinct species recognized by the stout solid leaves which when dry are incurled revealing the pale and shining or reddish underside of the broad nerve. Often fruiting and then distinguished by the numerous small, oval, pale brown, gymnostomous capsules, which are dull, not glossy.

In small compact dull or yellowish green cushions up to 6 mm high, on shaded calcareous rocks and rock ledges in the mountains. Widely distributed in the North, uncommon but probably overlooked.

E: Sefh Dagh, Shaqlawe, rock ledges, cfr., 22. 3. 68 (BUH 6; 160); Haji Omran, rocks, cfr., 19. 3. 68 (BUH 89)

KK: Derbendikhan, dry bank, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 632) M: Baahiqa, W. of Mosul, N.-facing calc.,soil, 12. 4. 60 (HCB 249, 260); Jebel Sinjar,

above the town, rocks 180-1000 m, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1430); Jebel Maqlub, dry rocks, 17. 3. 68 (BUH 147); Kizil Khan, E. of Sinjar, river bank, 19. 3. 61 (HCB

Dokan dam, 20. 6.68 (BUH 198; 200) (Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Caucasus, Persia, N. Africa, N. America, New Zealand).

4974 8 :

13. W e i s s i a HEDW. Sp. Musc. 64, 1801

Characters similar t o those of Hymenostmum, but the leaves usually narrower and more finely acuminate. Capsule usually longly exserted, with a narrow mouth not closed by a membrane; peristome absent or short and rudimentary: annulus of small persistent cells.

1 Nerve c. 70p.m broad a t base; peristome short. . . . . . . . 1. W . fallax - Nerve c. 60 pm broad a t base; peristome absent or very fugacious. . . . ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 2. W. controversa var. amblyodon

1. w . fal lax S E H m . in Flora 2: 639, 1818

S. AGNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E E , Moss Flora of Iraq 375

Hyinenostoimni crispaturn NEES and HORNSCH., Br. Germ I. 204, 1823 W. crisputu JuR., Laubmfl. Oe. U. 11, 1882; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb.

83: 288, 1961.

(Plate 3 : 4)

Resembling Hyrnenostmum tortib but more slender, leaves to 2 mm, narrower, niar- gins less involute, nerve about 70 pm broad, pale or yellowish, not reddish. When dry the leaves of the present species are curled while those of H. tortile, being shorter and broader, are mostly only incurved. The best distinction lies in the capsule which in W. fallax has a rudimentary peristonie of short pale truncate teeth.

In dense bright green tufts 0.6-1 cm high on damp calcareous rocks or soil.

E: KK: M:

Itowanduz gorge, rocks by river, 18. 3. 58 (BUH 74a) Derbendikhan, damp earth cliff, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUH 628) Between Dohuk and Zakho, 22. 3. 61 (BUH 474) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, ?Turkey, Caucasus, Morocco, Madeira, Canaries, N. Ainerica).

2. W . controversa HEDW., Sp. Musc. 64, 1801; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 614, 1968

W . viridula HEDW., Sp. Musc., as a synonym.

var. a m b l y o d o n (BRID.) C. JENS., Scand. Bladmfl. 226, 1939

/

W . amblyodon BRID., Bryol. Univ. 1. 805, 1826.

(P la t e 3: 6) Leaves 1-1.6 inn1 long, the perichaetial to 2 mm, linear-lanceolate, subulate,

spreading when moist from an erect whitish base, much curled and twisted when dry; margins incurved above; nerve narrow. Capsule oval- cylindrical on a long pale seta, narrowed at mouth but not strongly contracted; lid with a long oblique rostruni; peristonie absent, or very rudimentary and fugacious.

Small slender plants in yellow-green patches on soil. Closely resembling W. fallax but more slender and distinct in the nerve which in the

present species is hardly more than 50 pm broad at the base.

E: Helgurd, 2200 m, 6. 6. 60 (HCB 380) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Persia, Japan, N. America).

’ 14. G y m n o s t o m u m HEDW. Sp. Musc. 30, 1801 (p. p.); SMITH., F1. Brit., 111. 113, 1804

Dioicous. Leaves small, incurved, appressed or imbricate when dry, concave or slightly carinate ; margin plane, orenulate ; ncrve strong, vanishing below apex ; upper cells f quadrate, papillose, lower cells rectangular. Capsule on a long seta, erect, ovate-ob’long, gymnostomous ; annulus of srnall cells, persistent or deciduous; lid rostrat c. 27’

376 S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

1

2

Leaves ovate, about 0.6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cells in upper part of leaf about 9 pm; moderately robust, tonientose plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. G. aeruginosum Cells in upper part of leaf about 6 [mi; slender, sparsely tomentose IJlantS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. G. calcareum

1. G. mosis - Leaves lanceolate, usually more than 0.8 mm long. . . . . . . . . . . . 2

-

1. G. mosis (LOR.) JUR. et MILDE in Verli. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 590, 1870; SCHIFFN. in 8st. bot,. Z. 47: 126, 1897

Trichostoinum inosie LORENTZ, M. Ehrenb., 28, t . 3 et 4., 1868.

(Plate 3: 6)

Leaves short, c. 0.5 mm long and 0.3 nim broad, oval to oval-oblong, concave, imbricate when dry,, the lower somewhat distant giving a catenulate appearance, the upper crowded into an apical ‘bud’, apex rounded-obtuse ; nerve broad ; margin plane ; upper cells chlorophyllose, hexagonal-quadrate, pellucid, 5 -7 p i broad, basal cells larger, shortly rectangular, all minutely verrucose. Fertile stems with leaves distant below, oblong above, appressed when moist. Perichaetial leaves lanceolate, aereolation lax, short-nerved ; seta straw-coloured ; capsule oval-oblong, red-mouthed, pale ; annulus narrow, deciduous; lid reddish, conic-rostellate from the base. (Fruit not found by the present authors; the above description is taken from the original description of JURATSKA and MILDIC ; LORENTZ’SpeCimen was presumably sterile.)

Very small, in compact tufts to 1 cm high, frequently less, bright yellowish- or brownish-green, not white or ferrugineous below. On calcareous sandstone or limestone rocks, most common in the low hill areas of the Jezira, rare in the mountains in the North.

G. calcareum has longer, narrower, more tapering leaves, and Anoectalzgium handelii differs in the leaves being carinate, not concave, in the apex which is apiculate not obtuse and in the presence of gemmae.

DLA: Jebel Hamrin, N.-facing sandy slopes, 17. 1. 68 (BUH 222); niyala weir, by Jebel Hamrin, under sandstone overhang, 7. 12. 62 (BUH 569); Jebel Hamrin, rocks by road between Shahraban and Khanaqin, 2 0 . 1 . 6 1 (HCB 240) Shirzawa below Helgurd, with a. cdcareurn, -. 6. 60 (HCB 239) Ain Dibbis, near Kirkuk, rocks, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 686); Derbendikhan, dry rocks, 28.2.63 (BUH 608) Hashimi, near Badra, Persian border, N.-facing sandstone, 2. 12. 62 (BUH 648) Hatra-Sharqat, steppe, 24. 3. 61 (HCR 241); Bashiqa, W. of Mosul, N.-facing calc. soil, 12. 4. 60 (HCB 20); gorge between Doh& and Zakho, 21. 3. 61 (HCB 412); Dohuk gorge, 22. 3. 61 (HCB 410) Shub’cha, 10.3. 61 (HCB 491) (Greece, Persia, Afghanistan).

E: KK:

KT: M:

SD:

2. G. aeruginosum SMITH, F1. Brit. 111. 1163, 1804; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 613, 1958

B. rupestre SCHLEICH., Catal., 29, 1907; SCHIIBN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 476, 191 3 ; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. MUE. Wien 67 : 38, 1949 - 60.

(Plate 3: 71

S. AQNEW 6L M. V O N D R ~ ~ E I Z , Moss Flora of Iraq 377

Leaves 1.0 to 1.3 inni long, erect and loosely incurved when dry or sometimes slightly secund, erecto-patent and recurved a t the tips when moist, narrow-lanceolate, flat or somewhat carinate ; apex acute or sub-acute ; margin plane, crenulate ; nerve strong, often brown in the older leaves ; upper cells quadrate-rounded, densely papillose and obscure, about 8-9 pm broad, the basal rectangular, 2-3 times as long as broad, smooth and more distinct, with thinner walls than the upper. Nerve in cross section consisting of large median cells with both dorsal and ventral steroid bands. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

More robust than G. calcareum in larger, softer tufts, dense not compact, bright or dull green above, orange brown or white-encrusted below, usually tornentose with dark brown radicles. On damp calcareous rocks and cliffs, usually in moister situations than G . calcareum.

E: Kowanduz gorge, damp rocks and ledges, 18. 3. 58 (POLUNIN et al. in RUH 126); Sakri Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, 2000 rn, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 231); Hassar-i-Sakran valley, waterfall, 2500 rn, 7. 6. 61 (HCR 230); Helgurd nit., N.W. slopes, rocks by streamside, 2800 rn, 10. 6. 60 (BUH 361); Helgurd, 2900 m, 5. 6 . 60 (HCB 232); Sertzar below Helgurd, 4. 6. 60 (HCB 234); Potine nit., damp calc. rocks, 22. 6 . 61 (BUH 483) Hatra, with Tortulu fiorii, 23. 2. 61 (HCR 455) Yokan darn, damp cliffs, 20. 6. 58 (RUH 186) (Europe, Syria, Israel, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Siberia, China, Japan, Canaries N. America).

M : S :

3. G. calcareum NEES & HORNSCH., Bryol. germ. I. 153, 1823; SCHIFFN. in &t. hot. %. 58: 230, 1908; HENDERSON in Notes li . hot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 613, 1958. (Plate 3: 8)

Leaves suinll, 0.8 -1.0 nini long, crowded and longer a t the apex of the stem, appressed and incurved when dry, erecto-patent or slightly recurved when moist, concave, narrow-lanceolate, apex acute or obtuse ; margin crenulate ; upper cells 4-G pin broad, strongly papillose, distinct or obscure, quadrate, towards base gradually becoming elongate, 2-3 times as long as broad, smooth, more distinct. Nerve in cross section consisting of large median and ventral cells and a dorsal group of thick-walled stereids. Capsule thin-walled, dull yellowish-brown, oval-oblong with a reddish mouth : annulus of small persistent cells; seta 3-4 inni long.

Siiiall slender plants in tufts about 0.5 cm high, usually dense and compact but sometimes looser, usually bright green hut sometimes glaucous or olive green above. reddish brown below or white with encrusted calcareous matter; hardly tonientose. Common on bare calcareous soil or rocks. by streams, springs or damp cliffs hut sonie- times in drier habitats.

Small low-growing forins can be confused with Gyrozueis.sia tenuis but the present plant almost always has the upper leaves longer then the lower and the leaf apex acutc or sub-acute. Better distinctions lie in the nerve section and in the basal cells which arc fewer, shorter and less clearly differentiated from the upper cells in the present plant.

E : Ixowanduz road, near Babakiyan, rock by river, 19. 3. 58 (BUH 15); Rowantluz gorge, 19. 3. 58, under cliff (BUH 7 1 ) and on ledges (RUH 82); 3 kni from Harir village towards Haji Omran, wet rocks, 18. 3.’58 (BUH 137); Potine mt. ncar

378

KK :

M :

8:

S. AGNEW & M. V O N D R ~ E R , Moss Flora of Iraq

Shirwan Mazin, 22. 6. 61 damp calc. soil (BUH 490) and flush by spring (BUR 493), 20. 6. 61 (HCB 237); Sertzar below Helgurd mt., 4. 6. 60 (HCB 235) Ain Dibbis, near Kirkuk, rock crevices, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 682 cfr., 584, 683); Derben- dikhan, cracks in calc. conglomerate, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 646) Between Dohuk and Zakho, 22. 3. 61 (BUH 514);’Sersang, rock crevices on ralc. cliffs, cfr., 26. 7. 61 (BUH 412) Kopi Qaradagh, rock ledges, 18. 6. 59 (BUH 310) (Europe, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Himalaya, Kashmir, China, N. Africa, N. & S. America, Australia, New Zealand).

15. Qyroweissia SCHIMP. in Syn. ed. 2. 38, 1876

Dioicous. Leaves small, slightly recurved when moist, appressed, not curled when dry, f linear, mostly obtuse ; margin erect ; nerve narrow, in cross section of homogeneous cells; upper cells small, f papillose or smooth, lower cells elongate, smooth. Seta thin, elongate; capsule ovate-oblong; ennul4s of large f persistent cells; peristome well-developed or (in ours) absent ; lid conical, with long or short point.

1. U. tenuis (HEDw.) So-. in Syn. ed. 2. 38, 1876; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh Mus. Wien 27: 476, 1913 as Q. tenuis (SCHRAD.) SCBIMP.

Gymnostornurn tenue HEDW., sp. Musc. 37, 1801.

(Plate 3: 9) Leaves 0.5- 1.0 mm long, erecto-patent or slightly recurved when moist, more

erect but hardly altered when dry, narrowly ligulate, flat or somewhat carinate; margin plane, distinctly crenulate with projecting papillae ; nerve strong, ending below apex; upper cells distinct, papillose with C- or 0-shaped papillae, quadrate or irregularly reotangular, large, about 8- 10 pm across, thick-walled, basal cells enlarged, rectangular about 4-5 times as long as broad, smooth and hyaline. Fruit unknown in Iraq.

Plants very small and short, bright or olive green, forming wide mats 2-3 nim high on sandstone or limestone rocks, walls or soil.

Distinguished from Qymnostmum spp., which it resembles, by the ligulate, hardly tapering leaves with obtuse apex, in the nerve-section which consists of homogeneous cells and in the gemmae which are usually present on the radicles.

DLA: Between Ba’quba and Diltawa (Khalis), stones of bridge over canal, 1.3.68 (BUH 253); Diyala weir, by Jebel Hamrin, sandstone bank of canal, 7. 12. 62 (BUH 665)

BA: Basra, on wall by stream in garden, 1. 2. 69 (BUH 273) DM: Wadi S. E. of Rawa, 11. 2. 60 (HCB 446) K: Debendikhan, by spring, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 631) M: By Mar Jakub above Simel, N. of Mosul, calcareous rocks, 600m, csp. 1910

(HAND.-MzT. 3096) (Europe, Syria, Israel, Sinai, Tunis, Madeira, N. America).

16. Timmiel la L1116p~. in Laubm. I, 690,1888

Dioicous, autoicous or (in ours) paroicous. Leaves larger towards stem apex, when dry strongly incurled with incurved margins, linear- lanceolate to lingulate, usually


with a narrow sheathing base; margins mostly toothed towards the shortly pointed or rounded apex; nerve very broad, ending below the apex; lamina bistratose except for the leaf base and a narrow margin; cells in upper part of leaf small, rounded- quadrate, chlorophyllose, the ventral layer mamillose, continuous over the nerve, the dorsal layer smooth ; basal cells elongate-rectangular, smooth, hyaline, the marginal not differentiated. Seta elongate, erect or flexuose. Capsule cylindric, straight and erect or slightly curved and inclined; annulus large, small or absent ; peristome from a very narrow basal membrane of 32 long, filiform, strongly papillose and f twisted branches; lid rostrate.

1. T . barbuloides (BRID.) MOENK., Laubm. Eur. in RABENH. Krypt.-F1. 1927; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 267, 1961 Trichstomuin barbuloides RRID., Spec. musc. I. 223, 1806 Timmiella barbula (SCHWAEQR.) LIMPR., Laubm. I. 594, 1888; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 476, 1913 Triclwstomuna barbula SCHWAEQR., Supp. 1.P.I. 144, t. 36, 1811; JUR. et MILDE in Verh.

-2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 593, 1870.

(Plate 4: 3) Leaves large, to 4 nim long, lanceolate-lingulate from a narrower hyaline sheathing

base, rather suddenly acuminate, spreading when moist, strongly incurled and twisted when dry revealing (especially in the older leaves) the shining, yellowish stout nerve ; upper lamina bistratose, abruptly passing into the unistratose leaf-base. Fruit not uncommon. Seta dark red below, orange above ; capsule pale brown, elongate-cylindric, slightly narrowed towards mouth ; peristome teeth orange, long, once twisted. Annulus absent. A large and robust species growing in loose bright or dull green tufts 0.5-1 cm high on damp calcareous soil in shaded habitats.

Resembling Hymenostomum tortile in the broad nerve and Tortella tortuosa in size and appearance when dry and crisped, but distinct from both these species in the bistratose lamina. The white sheathing leaf bases and shining nerves are conspicuous in the dry state. E:

KK

M:

Rowanduz gorge, litter on cliff, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 81); Harir village, Rowanduz road, damp soil among stones, 18. 3. 58 (BUH 138); Helgurd mt., lower slopes 7. 6. 60 (HCB 378) and 2800 111, 4. 6. GO (HCB 379) Ain Dibbis, near Kirkuk, rock ledges cfr., 26. 12. 62 (BUH 594); Derbendikhan, among rocks, cfr. (immature), 28. 2. 63 (BUH 618) Between Dohuk and Zakho, 21. 3 . 6 1 (BUH 470 and HCB 451); Jebel Maqlub, dry limestome hillside, cfr., 17. 3. 68 (BUH 148); Hmoidat above Mosul, 250 m, calc. rocks by Tigris, csp. 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1341); in Magharad gorge, Jebel Sinjar, 700- 1000 m, 1910, (HAND.-MzT. 568); Kizil Khan, E. of Sinjar, river bank, 19. 3. 61 (HCB 376); Bashiqa, W. of Mosul, N.-facing calc. soil, 12. 4. 60 (HCB 377) and 12.6. 61 (HCB 489) Dokan darn, wet earth on shaded rock ledges, 20. 6. 58 (BUH 184) (Medit. Europe, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Persia, C. Asia, Ethiopia, Canaries, Madeira, N. Africa, N. America).

:

S:

17. Trichostomum HEDW. Sp. Musc. 107, 1801

Dioicous. Stem with distinct central strand. Leaves usually narrow and elongate, concave, often curled and crisped when dry; margin plane or slightly incurved,

380 S. AQNEW & M. V O N D R ~ E E R , Moss Flora of Iraq

never recurved nor strongly involute ; nerve strong, percurrent or excurrent, in cross- section with median guide cells and two stereid bands; upper cells opaque, papillose, very small; basal cells enlarged, f hyaline, smooth, not reaching higher a t the margins than by the nerve. Sets elongate; capsule oblong or cylindrical, erect, peristome erect, not twisted, teeth slender, nearly entire, deeply cleft or (in ours) irregularly perforated, papillose or smooth ; lid rostrate.

1. T . cr i spulum BRUCH in Flora 12: P. 11. 395, t. 1, f. 4, 1829; var. elatum SCHIMP., Syn. ed. 2. 172, 1876. (Plate 4: 2)

Leaves 2 nini long, oblong-lanceolate from an inconspicuously sheathing base, hardly tapering above to the cucullate apex, apiculate with the percurrent nerve, erecto- patent or spreading when moist, strongly curled and twisted when dry; upper cells rounded-quadrate, very obscure and densely papillose, towards base smooth, shortly rectangular, scarcely hyaline. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

A small but robust plant, in dull green tufts on damp calcareous soil, often mixed- with other species.

All our material seems to belong to this variety which is distinguished from the type by its large size, broader, less acuminate leaves and more cucullate leaf apex. It is half the size of Timmiellu barbuloides and lacks the shining nerve and leaf base of that species.

E: K: M: S:

Rowanduz gorge, with Timmiella barbuloidee, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 72) Derbendikhan, wet earth cliff by spring, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 627) Between Dojuk and Zakho, turf, mixed with other mosses 22. 3. 61 (BUH 471) Dokan darn, wet earth and rock ledges, 20. 6. 68 (BUH 189) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Caucasus, N. Africa).

18. Tortel la LIMPR. Laubm. I, 559, 1888

Dioicous. Stem without central strand. Similar to Trichostomum in habit and leaf shape, leaf margin and nerve, but leaves bordered below by a row of smooth elongate cells, and the upper rounded chlorophyllose cells passing abruptly in a V-shaped line into the hyaline, broadly rectangular, smooth basal cells. Capsule straight, or slightly curved ; peristonie froin a short basal membrane, teeth deeply divided, filiform, papillose, spirally twisted.

1. T . tortuosa (HEDw.) LIMPR., Laubm. I 604, 1888; SCl€IFFN.'in Ost. bot. Z . 47: 127, 1897; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 7, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 266, 1961

Tortula tortuosa HEDW., Sp. Muso. 124, 1801 Barbula tortuoaa WEB. et M o m , Bot. Taschenbl. 206, 1807; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.- bot. Ges. Wien 20: 693, 1870.

(Plate 4: 4)

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRACEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 38 1

Leaves to 5 mm long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, undulate, crowded a t apex of stem, erect, twisted and flexuose when moist, strongly curled and spirally twisted when dry; margin plane; nerve strong, excurrent in a short acute point; upper cells rounded-quadrate, 8- 10 pm wide, obscure with dense papillae. Fruit not yet known in Iraq.

A large and conspicuous moss growing in loose, yellow-green, somewhat tonientose tufts 0.5-4 cni high, usually on calcareous rocks. Widespread in the mountains of N. Iraq.

E: Sefin Uagh, Shaqlawa, 23. 3. 58 ( R U H 96); Naprdan, on road to Sakri Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, 5. 6. 61 (HCB 366); Helgrird int., rocks c. 2200 m, 5. 6. 60 (HCB 365); Potine mt., towards Turkish horder, dry calc. rocks, -. 6. 61 ( B U H 498) Sersang, 10. 7. 61 (BUH 393) Kopi Qaradagh, c. 1300 r n , 17 . 6. 59 (BUH 297) (Europe, Cyprus, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Kashrnir, Siheria, China, Algeria, Morocco, Canaries, Greenland, N. America),

M : S:

19. P l e u r oc h ae t e LINDB. in Ofv. K. V. A. Forh., 253, 1804

Dioicous ; inflorescence axillary. Stem with a narrow central strand. Siniilar to Tortella in habit, but the leaves squarrose froni a sheathing base, the leaf margins serrate towards the apex, and the basal cells lax and hyaline a t the margins only, the medium cells by the nerve smaller and coloured. Sporophyte as in Tortella but the peristome only slightly twisted.

1. P. squarrosn (BRID.) LINDB. in Of,. K.V.A. FBrh. 253, 1804; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wieri 27: 475, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. hot. Lap. 30: 7, 1931

Barbula squurrosa BRID., Br. Univ. I, 833, 1828; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-hot. Ges. Wien 20: 693, 1870, as €3. squurrosa H. PC S.

(Plate 4: 5)

Leaves to 3 nim, lanceolate acuininate from a wide sheathing base, serrate a t apex, squarrose when moist, flexuose and crisped when dry; upper cells small, quadrate, strongly papillose, opaque, towards base elongate, incrassate by the nerve, a t margins larger, thin-walled, hyaline. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

In low loose straggling twight green tufts, often mixed with other species e.g. Trichostomum crispulum, on dry sandy or calcareous soil.

Similar in habit'to Tortella tortuosa but more slender and distinguished by the serrate leaf apex and the hasal hyaline cells not reaching the nerve.

K: . Derbentlikhan, turf amongst rocks, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 619) M : S:

Between Uohuk and Zakho, mixed with grass and other mosses, 22. 3. 61 ( B U H 472) Dokan dani, dry soil amongst rocks, 20. 6. 58 (I3UH 209) (Europe, Syria, Turkey, Persia, Caucasiis, Kiinalaya, China, Ethiopia, Kenya, Algeria, Morocco, Azores, Canaries, N. America).

Subfam. Pottioao Leaves mostly broad, ovate, lingulate or spathulate, rarely lanceolate ; nerve strong,

often excurrent in an apiculus, awn, or long hyaline hair-point, in cross-section with


only one (dorsa1)stereid band; upper cells small and obscure or larger and more pellucid, papillose or smooth, lower cells elongate, widened, usually smooth and hyaline. Sporophyte with stomata, acrocarpous ; capsule cleistocarpous, gymnostomous or peristomate, the peristome of 16 entire or variously divided teeth from a long or short basal membrane. Calyptra usually cuculhte.

Capsule cleistocarpous, spherical, without apiculus . . . . . . . 20. Acaulon Capsule stegocarpous (except Pottia recta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Leaves bearing assimilatory outgrowths from the ventral surface of the nerve..................................... 3

Nerve above bearing 2-4 short green lamellae. . . . . 21. Pterygoneurunz 4

Nerve very broad above; leaves oblong-lanceolate . . . . . . . 23. Aloina Nerve prominent on ventral surface but not broadened above; leaves f ovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. Crossidium Leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, with short points ; peristome when present of 16 erect or slightly twisted entire or divided teeth. . . . . . . . . 6 Leaves often lingulate-spathulate, often with long hairpoints ; peristome well-developed, of 32 filiform usually strongly twisted teeth. . . . . . . 7 Leaf lamina and margin unistratose throughout ; peristome absent, rudimentary, or short and irregularly cleft; fruit common. . . . . . . . 22. Pottiu Leaf margin and parts of upper lamina bistratose ; peristome well-developed, teeth long, f divided into 2 prongs; fruit rare. . . . . . 26. Trichostomqsis Plants usually small and short; peristome from a narrow basal membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.Tortula Plants more robust, often tall; peristome strongly twisted from a long basal t,ube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27. Syntrichia (incl. Zygotrichiu)

Nerve sometimes thickened above but without special outgrowths. . . . 5

Nerve above the sheathing base bearing many branched green filaments

20. Acaulon C. MULL. in Bot. Zeit. 5: 99, 1847

Plants minute, bulbifsrm. Upper (perichaetial) leaves convolute, ovate, concave (or, in ours, carinate), apiculate; nerve thin, ending below or in the apex or excurrent; margin coarsely denticulate near apex ; upper cells quadrate-rectangular, lower elarg- ed, thin-walled, all smooth. Capsule on a very short seta, spherical, without apiculus, cleiatocarpous ; calyptra small, conical.

1 . A . triquetrum (SPRUCE) C . MULL. in Bot. Zeit. 6: 100, 1847.

PlLw,qcuna triquetrum SPRUCE in J. Bot. 189, 1846.

(Plate 6: 3)

The spherical, immersed, cleistocarpous capsule on a short arcuate seta, surrounded by usually three large, inflated, acutely carinate perichaetial leaves, each leaf with the nerve excurrent in a recurved apiculus, readily distinguish this species.

S. AQNEW & M. VONDR~CER, Moss Flora of Iraq 383

A minute bulbiform plant, inconspicuous even in fruit, growing in small patches on bare soil often mixed with other mosses e.g. Crossidium spp. One record only from lowland Iraq, but probably overlooked.

DLA: Damp hollow of low sandy hills between Ba’quba and Jebel Hanirin, cfr., 17. 1. 68 (BUH 226) (Europe, USSR, Israel, Algeria, Morocco, N. America).

21. Pterygoneurum JUR. Laubmfl. 95, 1882

Autoicoua. Stems short. Leaves ovate, concave, piliferous; margin plane or slightly recurved; nerve broadened in upper part of leaf, bearing ventrally, near the apex 1-2 sacs containing chlorophyllous granules, the sacs splitting longitudinally to form 2-4 short, vertical lamellae ; upper cells rounded-quadrate, f papillose, lower cells rectangular, smooth. Seta long or short; capsule f erect, oval to cylindric; peristome absent or rudimentary ; lid rostrate ; calyptra cucullate, or rarely, mitriform (not in ours).

1. P . ovatum (HEDw.) DIX. in Revue bryol. lichen. 6: 96, 1933.

Gymnostomum ocatum HEDW., sp. Musc., 1801 Pottia cavifolia EHRH.; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 692, 1870 Pterygoneurum cavifoliuin JuR., Laubmfl. Oe. U. 96, 1882; SCHIRBN. in 6st . bot. Z. 45: 127, 1798; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 9, 1931 Tortula pusilla (LINDB.) MITT. in J. Linn. SOC. 12: 166, 1869.

(Plate 6: 4)

The only Iraqi species of this genus, recognized by the broad concave leaves with fairly long hyaline hair-point (sometimes the lower leaves cuspidate only) and lamel- late nerve. When fruiting, the shortly exserted, oval, gymnostomous capsules and the obliquely rostrate lid with cells in straight rows afford a specific distinction.

Low-growing, bulbiform plants resembling species of Pottiu and related through Aloina and Crossidium to Tortula spp., forming light green to greyish patches on bare calcareous, muddy or sandy soil in damp hollows, ditch sides, fallow fields. Wide- spread in lower Iraq, and probably common elsewhere in suitable habitats. f. incanu (NEES et HORNSCH.) PODP., with very long hair points to the leaves and a shorter seta than the type, is recorded from the Azraq area-of Jordan (TOWNSEND, 1966b); some of our plants are near to this form.

RL): Diyala river bank, S. of Baghdad, wet field, 22. 1. 60 (BUH 328); Diyala-Tigris confluence, shaded mound in ahrash (Poplar) forest on bank, cfr., 16. I . 60 (BUH 327)

1)LA: Ba’quba, sides of ditch in Eucalyptus plantation, cfr., 13. 1. 61 (BUH 623); between Ba’quba and Shahraban, fallow field, 20. 1. 61 (HCB 308)

D M : Habbaniya, plateau E. of Lake, with Kicciu ciliifera and Aloina rigida var. pilifera, 4. 1 .60 (BUH 647)

13: Hillah, with Tortula brevissima, 8. 2. 61 (HCB 468); N.W. of Iskanderiya, stoppe, 16. 2. 61 (HCB 428)

K K : Derbendikhan, garden soil, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUH 606) (Europe, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Algeria, Morocco, N. America).


22. P o t t i a m . in Flora 12: P. I. 122, 1810

Stegocarpous or cleistocarpous. Plants short, hardly branched, leaves soft, spreading when moist, often crowded into an apical rosette, broadly ovate-lanceolate, upper leaves often larger than lower; niargin plane or recurved, not bordered; nerve ending in apex or excurrent, in cross section with only one (dorsal) stereid band, 2-4 median guide cells and one row of large ventral cells; upper lamina cells usually fairly lnrgc, quadrate-hexagonal, f papillose, below enlarged, lax, hyaline. Capsule exserted on a straight or flexuose seta, oval to cylindrical, erect or slightly inclined ; peristome ah- sent, rudimentary or developed; lid conical (-rostrate).

1 Cleistocarpous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. P . recta - Stegocarpous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Peristome absent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . P. dnvalliana - Peristome present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Lid rostrate-oblique; peristome long . . : . . . . . . . . 6. P. lanceolata - 4 4 Spores tuberculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. P . starkeann - Spores papillose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 Peristome developed, the teeth truncate and rather short. . 4. P . commutatn - Peristome rudimentary, of only 1 or 2 articulations . . . . . . 3. P . muticn

Lid short, conical or with a short point ; peristome short or rudimentary. . .

1. P. recta (SM.) MITT. in Ann. Mag. of Nat. Hist. 3 ser. 7 : 311, 1851

Phascum rectum SMITH, F1. Brit. 111. 1153, 1804.

(Plate G : 5) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave, slight,ly recurved, the perichaetial longer

and more concave; nerve strong, reddish, excurrent in a short point ; margin recurved almost to apex. Upper cells rectangular-hexagonal, 12 -14 pm wide, papillose, below elongated. Seta to 2 Rim, slightly curved, capsule just exserted, orange-brown, cleistocarpous, sub-globose with a short obtuse conical or oblique apiculus formed by the persistent lid; peristome absent.

Plants very small, gregarious, 2-3 min high, mixed with other small Pottin and Tortula spp. on calcareous soil. One record only but probably overlooked especially when sterile.

BD: Baghdad, Botany dept. garden, Adhamiye, with Pott'ia coininutata etc., cfr., 1 1 . 3. 58 (BUH 236 ex p.) (Europe, Canaries, Algeria, Caucasus).

2. P . dnval l iana (SMITH) BROTH., Fennosk. 141, 1923

Gymnostomum davnllianum SMITH in Kon. Sims. Ann. Bot., 1805 P . minutula FURN.

(Plate G : 6)

S. AGNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq 385

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate ; margin strongly or only slightly recurved ; cells f papillose, 14-17 pm wide. Easily recognised in the fruit,ing state by the light- brown, thin-walled, wide mouthed, gymnostomous capsules. The capsule is sometimes shortly oval, but sometimes longer and cylindrical in which case it somewhat resembles that of P. mutica; the latter however, always has some trace of peristome, and the capsule is thick-walled, darker, and narrowed a t the mouth. The spores typically have dense hair-like papillae but sometimes these are as short as in P. mutica and P . commutata; also the leaf margin may be strongly or only slightly recurved.

Minute plants, often growing with other spp. of Pottia on open muddy or calcareous ground, river banks, sides of ditches etc. Widespread in lower Iraq, probably overlooked.

.

BD: Baghdad, University Garden, Adharniya, cfr., 28. 1 . 58 (BUH 256); Baghdad, Karratlat Mariarri, damp soil in palm grove, cfr., -. 2. 60 (BUH 329a) and -. 3. 60 (BUH 329b)

llL.4: Ba’quba, ditch sides in Eucalyptus plantation, cfr., 13. 1 . 61 (BUH 524); Ba’quba, river bank, cfr., 25. 1 . 63 (BUH 605 ex p.)

KK: Derbendikhan, banks of old road cutting, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUH 633 ex p.) M : Gharqat, steppe, 24. 2. 61 (HCB 303)

(Europe, Algeria, Madeira, Persia, Palestine, N. America).

3. P . mutica VENT. in Erbar. critt. ital. Ser. 11, No. 160, 1869; SCHIFFN. in Annln. natnrh. Mus. Wien 27: 478, 1913. (Plate 6: 7)

Leaves as in P. davalliana but somewhat smaller, cells c. 10 pm wide. Resembling P . cmmutata in capsule form and in having densely papillose spores, P . mutica can be recognised by the rudimentary peristome consisting of a short b a d membrane and short truncate teeth each of usually only one articulation. The capsules are sometimes larger, wider, and darker than those of P . cmmutata and P. starkeana.

Minute gregarious plants forming short mats on calcareous rocks and soil. Uncom- mon, possibly overlooked plant of the Jezira and eastern foothills.

KK:

M.:

50 km froin Fatha on Kirkuk road, pool margin in Carex ‘steppe’, 31. 1 . 61 (BUH 506); Perbendikhan, sides of old road cutting, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUH 633 ex p.) Hatra, N.-facing earth slopes, cfr., 9. 3. 62 (BUH 530); calc. rocks on Tigris bank at Hmoidat above Mosul, csp., 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1339) (C. & S. Europe, Palestine, Canaries, N. Africa).

4. P . comnzutata LIMPR., Laubm. U. 537, 1888; SCIIIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 478, 1913. (Plate 6: 8)

This species is closely related to P . mutica and P . starkeana, all three spp. having ovate-lanceolate cuspidate leaves with more or less papillose cells, and dark reddish- brown thick-walled capsules, ovate and narrowed a t mouth. P . cmmutata is distinguished from P . mutica by the well-developed peristome of 16, usually entire, truncate, orange to white teeth each of 4-6 articulations, and from P . starkeana by the densely papillose, not tuberculate, spores.

Small plants on calcareous soil. Scattered from lowlands to the mountains.

386 S. AGNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq

BD: DLA: Ba'quba, river bank, cfr., 26. 1 . 63 (BUH GO6 ex p.) KK:

M:

Baghdad, University garden, Adhamiya, cfr., 11. 3. 68 (BUH 236 ex p.)

Derbendikhan 28. 2. 63, soil in deep gully (BUH 639) and bank of old road cutting (BUH 633 ex p.) Khazir river, bridge between Mosul and Erbil, 20. 3. 61 (HCB 302) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Tunisia, Canaries).

5 . P.s tarheana (HEDw.) C.MULL. Syn. MUSC., I. 547, 1849; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. U'ien 27: 478, 1913.

'Weissia starkeana HEDW., sp. Musc. 66, 1801 Anacalypta starkeana FURNR. in Flora 12: P. 11. Erg. 36, 1829; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 80: 692, 1870 aa A . starkcana N. et. H.

(Plate 6: 9)

The tuberculate, blackberry-like spores distinguish this species, which otherwise resembles P . commutata. The leaf cells are usually 10 pm wide compared with 11 to 14 pni in P . cornrnutnta and are more densely papillose.

Densely gregarious plants on bare calcareous soil. Only one record for Iraq.

M: North-facing rock and soil slopes, Hatra, near Mosul, csp., 9. 3. 62 (BUH 361) (Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, N. Africa, Canaries, Madeira, California, Australia).

6. P . lanceolata (HEDw.) C . MULL., Syn. Musc. I: 548, 1849; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. W e n 27: 478, 1913.

Leersia lanceolatn HEDW., Sp. Musc. 66, 1801 Anacalypta lanceolatn RHL.; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 8001.-bot. Ges. Wien 80: 692, 1870.

(Plate 6: 10)

The most highly developed Iraqi species of this genus, readily known by the pale to orange peristome of 16 narrow elongate teeth each of 6-10 articulations, usually cleft in a t least the upper half and perforated below, and by the rostrate, oblique operculum. In the barren state no Pottia can be identified with certainty, but leaves of the present plant have the nerve somewhat thickened above and excurrent in a long stout brownish awn, unlike the leaves of other Iraqi Pottia spp. which are a t most cuspidate. There is some resemblance here to Tortula atrovirens in which however the nerve is only very shortly excurrent and more distinctly swollen and granulose in the upper part of the leaf.

In dense tufts up to 5 mm high on dry calcareous ground. As yet found only in the mountain area of Iraq.

E: M:

Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, cfr., 22. 3. 68 (BUH 161) Zakho, cfr., 21. 3. 61 (HCB 462) (Europe, Syria, Turkey, Caucasus, N. Africa, Canaries, Madeira, Japan, N. America).

23. Aloina, KINDB. in Laubm. Schwed. u. Norw. 136, 1883

Iraqi species dioicous. Stems short. Leaves stout and rigid, oblong-lanceolate from a sheathing base, concave, obtuse or mucronate a t the apex, rarely piliferous, erect or

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLEEP, Moss Flora of Iraq 387

incurved when dry, more spreading when moist ; margins strongly incurled, entire; nerve very broad, on ventral surface above the base densely covered with branched granulose chlorophyllose filaments, a t base smooth, indistinct ; upper lamina cells broader than long, incrassate, basal cells elongate-rectangular, thin-walled, f hyaline. Capsule elliptical to cylindrical on a long seta; peristome reddish, deeply divided, twisted, papillose, from a low basal membrane; lid rostrate; annulus variable.

1 Annulus of large inflated deciduous cells; capsule elliptical. .. . . 1. A . rigida - ~ Annulus of small persistent, cells; capsule cylindrical . . . . . 2. A. ambigua

1. A . r ig ida (HEDw.) KINDB. in Laubm. Schwcd. u. Norw. 137, 1883; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 31, 1969.

Barbula rigida HEDW., Sp. Musc. 1801 p.p.; SCHULTZ, Nova Acta Acad. Leop. 11: 196, t. 32, f . 1, 1823. Aloina stellata KINDB. op. cit.; SCHIFBN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 480, 1913.

(Plate 6: 11)

Plants very short, with short wide oblong-lanceolate obtuse leaves, scarcely incurved when dry. Capsule long-elliptical with long, strongly twisted peristome ; teeth from a basal membrane of 3-4 rows of cells; lid with a long oblique beak.

For differences between this species and A. ambigua see under that plant. Occurs on bare stony soil, amongst rocks, and as a member of the hryophyte coni-

munities found in the Carex or Pca steppe soils of the Jezira. Found fruiting more rarely than A. ambigua.

DLA: Baghdad-Ba’quba road, 20. 1. 61, with Yterygoneurum ovaturn (HCB 4), and in irrigated cultivation under Eucalyptus (HCB 7) ; Khanaqin, Persian border, hills towards Khosrowabad, 4.-5. 4. 67 (RECHINQER 15 724) Steppe by Kaijim below Abu Kernal on Euphrates, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 674p.p.) 20 km N.W. of Iskanderiya, 16. 2. 61 (HCB 2) Hatra-Sharqat, steppe, 24. 3. 61 (HCB 3 p.p.); Tel Afar, W. of Mosul, gypsum, 22. 3. 61 (HCB 422); Mosul, 2-4. 56 (RUNQBY s.n.) (Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, Caucasus, C. Asia, China, Canaries, Alge- ria, Tunisia, N. America).

DM: H: M:

var. p iZ i fe ra B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 13/15, Mon. 13. 1842; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 23: 287, 1961.

f . pilifera MOENK., Laubm. Em. 317, 1927.

(Plate 7: 1)

The nerve is excurrent as a fairly long narrow smooth hyaline hair, giving the plants a greyish, hoary look on the ground. Careful distinction of this variety froin Crossidium spp. is needed; a cross section of the leaf shows the nerve very broad above, up to half the width of the leaf in Aloina, not so broadened in Crossidium.

Often growing with, and rather more common in Iraq than, the type.

BD: Baghdad, Alwiyah, mud roof of house, 15. 1 . 6 0 (BUH 330) and 15. 3 . 5 9 (BUH 279 ex p.); Samarra, soil amongst ruins, 28. 2. 68 (BUH 237)

388 S. AQNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E E , Moss Flora of Iraq

1)LA: Jebel Harkwin, rocks by road between Shahraban and Khanaqin, 20. 1. 61 (HCB 11) DM: Habbaniya plateau, E. of lake, with Ilicciu ciZi!fera 4. 1. 60 (BUH 647); Bagga,

S. of Hatra in Jezira, 22. 2. 61 (HCR 466); Kaijirn below Abu Kenial on Euphrates, steppe, with Tortula fiorii, 1910 (HAND.-MzT, 674 p.p) Iskanderiya desert, dry gravel hills, 6. 1. 63 (BUH 602) Ukheidhir, 26. 3. 61 (HCB 9; 10); Ukheidhir, with Ricciu ciZiifera, 9. 3 . 60 (BUH 260) Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, dry hills, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 689) Hatra, 23. 2. 61 (HCB 426, 461); Sharqat, steppe, 24. 2. 61 (HCB 5) (Europe, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Persia, N. America).

H: KA:

KK: M:

2. A. ambigua (B. S. G.) LIMPR., Laubm. I: 638, 1888; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 612, 1958.

Barbula ambigua B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 13, 16, Mon. 14, 1842; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien YO: 593, 1870.

(Plate 7: 2)

A robust plant with linear-lanceolate, cucullate, usually obtuse leaves, erect- spreading or patulous when moist. When dry, the strongly incurved leaves appear stout and solid because of the ventral filaments and reveal the reddish-brown to purple dorsal surface of the nerve. Capsule frequently present, cylindrical, erect, lid with a straight or slightly curved beak; perisfome arising from a basal membrane of about 5 rows of cells.

In dense low patches or scattered amongst other sniall plants such as Crossidium spp., T'ortula breuidma, Bryum funckii on dry stony or sandy calcareous soil, or sometimes damp banks. Common.

Distinguished from A . rigida by the longer leaves, shorter calyptra, and cylindrical, not elliptical capsule, but mainly by the annulus being of small persistent cells in A . ambigua and of large, inflated deciduous cells in A . rigida.

BA: Jebel Sanam, dry stony soil with Crosaidium spp., cfr., 6. 2. 69 (BUH 276); Ethel Zubair, S. of Basra, bare soil in shade, cfr., 31. 1 . 69 (BUH 270)

DLA: Jebel Hamrin, damp. N.-facing slopes, cfr., 17. 1. 68 (BUH 7, 221); Anaiza, near Tursac, Persian foothills, with Bryum funckii, cfr., 2. 12. 62 (BUH 667 ex p.)

E: Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawa road, 16. 3. 68, by waterfall, cfr., (BUH 84) and on dry stony slope, cfr., (BUH 170)

KK: Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, 26. 12. 62, dry hills (BUH 688) and garden, cfr., (BUH 670); Derbendikhan, rocks, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUH 609)

M: Hatra, N.-facing earth and rocks, cfr., 9. 3. 62 (BUH 633); Hatra-Sharqat, steppe, 24. 3. 61 (HCB 3 ex p.); Aski Kalak bridge, on Mosul-Erbil road, cfr., 22. 3. 61 (BUH 479); Khazir river bridge, on Mosul-Erbil road, 20. 3. 61 (HCB 1); Dohuk gorge, cfr., 22. 3. 61 (HCB 8); Mosd, 2-4. 66 (RUNQBY 8.n.) Dokan road, bank, 31. 1 . 61 (BUH 612) (Europe, Turkey, Jordan, Israel, Persia, Afghanistan, Siberia, N. Africa, N. Anie- rice).

S :

24. Cr088idiUm JUR. Laubmfl. 127, 1882

Autoicous or dioicous. Stems short. Leaves shortly ovate, acute or obtuse, imbricate- appressed when dry, erecto-patent when moist, the nerve excurrent as a long or short, f hyaline hair-point; nerve thick, prominent on the upper (ventral) surface of the

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLLEEK, Moss Flora of h q 389

leaf, but not particularly broad, in cross-section with a dorsal band of stereids and a ventral band of thin-walled cells from which arise branched chlorophyllose filaments ; upper lamina cells oval to rhomboidal, thick-walled, towards the base quadrate to rectangular, with thinner walls. Seta elongate, erect. Capsule long-elliptical, erect and symmetrical t o slightly inclined and curved ; annulus present, f persistent ; peristome from a short basal membrane, of 16 teeth, deeply divided, papillose and twisted, or more rarely erect and irregularly cleft or perforated. Lid conical-rostrate.

1 Autoicous; leaf margin f flat, whitish or hyaline . . . . 1. C. squamigerum - Dioicous; leaf margin recurved, green . . . . . . . . . 2. C. chloronotos

1. C.squamigerum (VIV.) JuR., Laubmfl. Oe. U. 127, 1882; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 480,1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 9, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes It. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 612, 1958; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 31, 1959.

Barbula squamigera VIV. in Ann. Bot. 1. PII. 191, 1804 B. membrawifolia (HOOK.) SCHULTZ. in Nov. Acta.Ac. Leop. Car. 11: 226, 36, 1823; Jmr. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 593, 1870.

(Plate 7: 3)

Autoicous. Leaves short, broadly ovate, very concave, with the & hyaline lamina on each side curving over the mass of chlorophyllose filaments borne on the ventral face of the narrow nerve; extreme margin usually erect, sometimes slightly recurved; nerve excurrent as a very long, hyaline hair, slightly dentate a t base, but, in ours, often terete. Capsules of solid texture, dark brown, broadly ovate to shortly cylindrical, with a reddish-orange peristome of 16 long, once or twice twisted, deeply bifid teeth from a distinct basal membrane 3-4 cells high.

On calcareous stony soil on banks, rock crevices, gravel hills. An uncommon moss of the lowlands and foothills.

A:

1)M:

Shatt at-Tib, 70 km W. of Amara, 60-200 m, on sandy-gravel conglomerate hills, 27-28. 3. 57 (RECHINQER 16721) Habbaniya, sandy-gravel hills E . of lake, N.-facing slopes, 31. 1 . 58 (BUH 232); Ana, on Euphrates, soil among calc. rocks, 10. 3. 62 (BUH 545); Nahiye, between Abu Kamal and Ana on Euphrates on calc. conglomerate rocks, 1910 (HAND.-MzT.

Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, 26. 12. 62, damp bank (BUH 677) and sandy hills (BUH 587) (Europe, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Sinai, Algeria, Morocco, N. America).

733) KK:

var. p o t t i o i d e u m (DE NOT.) MOENKM., Laub. Eur. 315, 1927; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 260, 1961.

Tortula squamigera var. pottioidea DE NOT., Musci ital. 1.22, 1862 Crossideum griaeum JuR., Laubmfl. Oe. U. 128, 1882; SCHIFFN. in Annln naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 480, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 9, 1931; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 57: 39, 1949/60 Deunietodon griseus JUR. in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 14: 399, 1864; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 593, 1870.

(Plate 7 : 4) 28 Feddes Repertorium, Band 86, Hcft 6 - 8

390 5. AQNEW BE M. V ~ N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq

Distinguished from the type by the nerve and the somewhat shorter hair-point being almost smooth, and the peristome much reduced with shorter, straight, irregularly perforated teeth. arising from a short basal membrane.

In similar habitats to the type but more widely distributed in Iraq, from the lowlands to the mountains. It is a characteristic moss of the dry, exposed stony-sandy hills of central Iraq, often growing with Aloina spp., Tortula fiorii, Barbula spp.

BA: Jebel Sanam, 6. 2. 69 (BUH 275) DLA: Jebel Hamrin, by roadside between Shahraban and Khanaqin 20. 1. 61 (HCB 157);

Jebel Hamrin, N.-facing slopes of send and gravel, 17. 1. 68 (BUH 2); Diyala weir, by Jebel Hamrin, N.-facing sandstone, in crevices, 7. 12. 62 (BUH 660) ; Khanaqin, soft Sandstone. 6. 12. 68 (BUH 240a)

DM: E:

H:

M:

KK : S:

Nahiya, below’ Abu Kemh on Euphrates, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 736) Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, 22. 3. 68 (BUH 164); Hrtji Omran, soil in rock crevices 19. 3. 68.(BUH 212); Bmtura Chd bridge on Erbil-Shaqlawa road, stony hillside, cfr., 16.3. ~ ~ ( A . P O L U N I N inBUH96andBUH216);Rowanduzgorge,nearBebakiyan. wall, 19. 3. 68 (BUR 72); Barsarin gorge, stony hillside, cfr., 18. 3. 68 (BUH 217) 18 km N.W. of Iskanderiya, 16. 2. 61 (HCB 471, 472); 20 km N.W. of Iskanderiya, 18. 2. 61 (HCB 162); Iskanderiya, Cares ‘steppe’, 18. 2. 61 (BUH 607) and 6. 1. 62 (BUH 603) Jeddale in Jebel Sinjar, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1637); Kizil Khan, E. of Sinjar, river bank, 19. 3. 61 (HCB 163); Jebel Maqlub, dry cdc. rocks, 17. 3. 68 (BUH 149); gorge between Dohuk and Zakho, Turkizha, 21. 3. 61 (HCB 154) Derbendikhan, rocks 28. 2. 63 (BUH 643, 614) Dokan dam, with Urimmka pulvinata, cfr., 20. 6. 68 (BUH 264); Nalpareiz, near Penjwin, 26. 6. 61 (HCR 166); Beenawa Suta, on Persian border, near Penjwin, 1250m, -. 6. 61 (HCB 166) (C. & S. Europe, Syria, Israel, Persia, Turkey, Caucasus, Algeria, Morocco, N. Ame- rica).

2. C. chEoronotos (BEID.) LIMPR. Laubm. I. 646, 1888; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 480, 1913.

Tortula chloronotoe BRID., Spec. Musc. I. 263, 1806 ex p. Barbula chloronotoe BRID., Mant. 90, 1819 ex p.

(Plate 7: 8)

Dioicous. Plants very small, gemmiform, light green, sometimes brownish on the back of the leaves; leaves short and broad, concave, the sides of the lamina green, incurved when dry, the extreme margins narrowly recurved; hair points very short, smooth, sometimes absent or easily broken off; chlorophylloqe cells of the leaf reaching to the margin so that the whole leaf appears green. Fruit unknown in Iraq.

On sandy soil. Only one locality recorded for Iraq. Distinguished from C. squam@erum by the smaller size, short hairs and especially

the green not hyaline, leaf margins, which are narrowly but distinctly recurved, not f erect.

DLA: Damp hollows on low-lying sandy hills between Ba’quba and Jebel Hamrin near Shahraban 17.1. 58 (BUH 228); between Ba’quba and Shahraban, 20.1.61 (HCB 309, 314) (Mediterranean Europe, Isreel, Caucasus, Syria, Afghanistan, Algeria, Canaries, Madeira, PN. America, ?New Zealand).

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLEEE, Moss Flora of Iraq 391

25. T r i c h o s t o m o p s i s CARD. in Revue bryol. 36: 73, 1909

Plants small, caespitose; stems erect, leaves crowded, crisped when dry, erect- spreading when moist, larger near the top of t,he stem, narrowly lanceolate from a broader base, acuminate, obtusely acute, channelled ; margins plane or slightly recurved, entire, & bistratose above; nerve percurrent, with only a dorsal stereid band; upper cells sniooth or papillose, rounded-quadrate to hexagonal, lower larger, rectangular and hyaline, smooth; peristome of 16 teeth, divided nearly to the base into 2 filiform papillose divisions, as in Burbulu but slightly or not at all twisted.

(This description is taken from GROUT'S Moss Flora of North America 1939, p. 227).

1 Marginal cell8 at leaf base shortly rectangular to 3 times as long as broad 1 . T . a a r o n i s

Marginal cells at leaf base almost linear, 4 or more times as long as broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. T . haussknechlii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

1. T . uuronis (LOR.) S. AGNEW & TOWNSEND in Israel J. Bot. 19: 258, 1970.

Trichostornuni aaronia LOR., M. Ehrenb. 29, t. 5 et 6, 1867 ayroweissia aaronis PAR., Ind. Bryol. 660, 1896 Barbula aaronis HILP. in Beih Bot. Zbl. 60(2): G S G , 1933; TOWNSEND in Trans. Br. bryol. Soc. 6: 138, 1966 Tortula cabulicn FROEHLICH in Mitt. Thiiring. bot. Ges. 1: 61, 1966 Barbula bistrata RVNGBY in Bot. Not. 112: 81, 1969.

(Plate 7 : 6 ) Leaves 1 - 1.5 mm, erect and loosely incurled when dry, the uppermost spirally

curved giving the plants a neat and characteristic appearance from above; when moist, leaves erecto-patent from a more erect base, ovate to oblong-lanceolate to shortly lingulate, acuminate to a blunt thick apex, concave below, somewhat carinate above, often apparently but not truly cucullate; nerve stout, 60-80 pm broad a t base disappearing in or just below apex; margin plane or slightly recurved, bistratose except at extreme base, at apex of two rows of cells, in mid-leaf of one row; upper lamina bistratose in parts, cells chlorophyllose, ('7-)8- 12 pm broad, irregularly quadrat.e, rounded or triangular, incrassate, very distinct, smooth or minutely papillose, especially the cells overlying the nerve; basal cells shortly rectangular, yellowish, often a small easily fragmenting patch by the nerve of larger, laxer hyaline cells to 40 pm long but these never more than 2-3 times as long as broad, the basal marginal cells short, quadrate or subrectangular, not long and narrow. Nerve in cross section with ( 1 - ) 2 rows of large chlorophyllose ventral cells scarcely different from the single median row of 3-4 usually colourless guide-cells, (1-)2( -3 ) rows of small substereidal cells and a dorsal row of small smooth incrassate cells. Stem rounded with a small f distinct central strand, the outermost 1-2 layers of cells with slightly thickened walls. Fruit unknown.

In low flat yellow-green or brownish tufts, rarely more than 0.5 cm high on sandy or calcareous soil among rocks, low hills etc. Very common in suitable habitats in lowland Iraq and the Jezira, often associated with other species. e.g. Tortuh fiorii, Burbuh trifaria var. desertmum, Crossidium, spp., less common in the mountains. 28.

392 S. AUNEW & M. VONDR~CEE, Moss Flora of Iraq

DM :

E: H: KT :

M:

ND :

BD: Samarra, soil amongst ruins, 28. 2. 58 (BUH 233) DLA: Between Ba’quba and Jebel Hamrin, damp sandy hollows, 17. 1 . 58 (BUH 230)

and 7. 2. 58 (BUH 261); Jebel Hamrin, damp sandy hill slopes, 1 7 . 1 . 68 (BUH 218, 226); Diyala weir, by Jebel Hamrin, N.-facing sandstone, 7. 12. 63 (BUH 563); Anaiza, calcareous sandstone, 28. 6. 62 (BUH 643b) Habbaniya plateau, N.-facing clay/gravel slopes, 31. 1. 58 (BUH 14) ; Ana, limestone soil, with Barbula trifaria, 10. 3. 62, (BUH 646 p.p.) Bastup Chai bridge, dry stony earth, 16. 3. 58 (BUH 216) Tskanderiya, steppe, dry soil on low gravel hills, 6. 1. 63 (BUH 604) Hashima, near Badre, Persian border, N.-facing soil slopes of foothills, 2. 12. 62 - (RUH 653) between Hatra and Sharqat, 24. 3. 61 (HCB 498); Hatra, soil amongest ruins, 9. 3. 62 (BUH 638a); Dohuk gorge, dry limestone, 22. 7. 61 (BUH 431); Kizil Khan, E. of Sinjar, river bank, with Hymenostomum tortile, 19. 3. 61 (HCB 49713); near Mosul, on calcarous walls with Tortula brevissima, T. muralis, Aloina rigidn and Aloina ambigua, 1966, RUNGBY 1781, as Type specimen of Barbula bistrata. 60 km N. of Rutba, at edge of Gara depression on sandstone outcrop, -. 5. 63 (BUH 658) (N. Africa, Sinai, Jordan).

This species as here defined includes a range of plants varying in leaf shape, degree of thickening of the stem cortex, number of rows of stereid cells in the nerve section and width of nerve. The Iraqi specimens were examined together with specimens of Barbula aaronis collected by TOWNSEND (1966b, p. 138) in Jordan, and compared with a specimen of Tortula cabulica ~ O E H L I C H from Afghanistan (TOWNSEND 1966a, p. 132). Mr. TOWNSEND now agrees with me that all these specimens are conspecific; Barbula biatrata is also now included here. RUNGBY himself in his original description noted the resemblance to Barbula aaronis, but thought the ‘form and nature of the leaves’ (presumably the cucullate apex) justified the erection of a new species, or at least a new variety of B. aaronis (RUN~BY, 1969). However, the characters given by RUNGBY have been found to fall well within the range of variation shown by our gatherings of Iraqi B. aaronis.

The reasons for transferring this species and the following one, T . haussknechtii, which differs only in the basal cells of the leaf, to the genus Trichostmopsis are given in detail by AaNEw & TOWNSEND (1970); they are briefly discussed below.

PROEHLICH (1964, p. 166) suggested that because it has only a dorsal stereid band in the nerve section Barbula haussknechtii should be placed in Desmatodon; the hardly twisted peristome would also favour the latter genus.

However, TOWNSEND (1966b) suggested that Barbula aaronis, Tortulu cabulica and several other obviously congeneric species (Twtula cucullifolia PROEHLICH, Twtula helleniea SCHIJWN. and Barbula bistrata RUNaBY) would be better placed in the genus Trichostmopsis CARD. than in Barbula because of the area occupied by the ventral and guide cells in the nerve-section. Now the nerve-section would also fit Desmatodon, but the f acuminate leaves with thick subcucullate apex and bistratose margins and nerve vanishing below the apex are not characteristic of the latter whereas they are typical of Trichostomopsis.

All the present collections of T. aaronis were sterile as were the type specimens of this species and of T . cabulica and T . cucullifolia, and the more recent collections from Jordan and Afghanistan (see above). However, one of our specimens of T . haussknechtii has (old) capsules, as does the type specimen (from Persia) and a more recent

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRAEEE, Moss Flora of Iraq 393

gathering by RECHINGER (f. 19.670) from Afghanistan. In this, the peristome teeth are hardly twisted and are deeply divided nearly to the base, very similar to the peristome of Trichostomopsis as figured by BARTRAM (in GROUT 1939); Desmutodon can also have an erect peristome. Trichostomopsis has until recently been circumscribed only for America, but STBRMER (1959) records T . hrevifolia BARTRAN from the Canary Isles and we now extend this circumscription to the Middle East. In this connection i t is interesting to note the recent records of Cheilotheh chloropus from Iraq and Israel and of Anacolia webbii from Iraq, both species of Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution.

2 . T . hausskizechtii (JuH. et MILDE) S. AGNEW &TOWNSEND in Israel J. Bot. 19: 258, 1970.

Barbula liaussknechtii JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 693, 1870 Derrmatodon liaussknechtii (JuR. et MILDE) FROEELICE in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67 : 165, 1964

(Plate 7 : Gn)

Similar to T. aaronis in all respects except for the longer lax basal cells which towards the margins are long and narrow, sometimes almost linear. Perichaetial bracts sub-sheathing, oblong-lanceolate, acute, flat or concave not carinate, nerve narrow, areolation lax, irregularly rectangular. Seta c. 10 nun, red-brown ; capsule ovate- oblong or narrowly oblong, erect or slightly curved, brown, contracted below the darker mouth; peristome orange, deeply bifid nearly to the base, hardly twisted, from a narrow basal membrane. Dioicous, but apparently often fruiting. ,

Short tufted olive-green to brownish plant on sandy calcareous soils. Rare.

DLA: Diyala weir by Jebel Hamrin, under rock overhang with Gyrnnostonaum morris 7 . 1 2 . 6 3 (BUH 562)

KK: Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, 26. 12. 62, damp bank, near river (old fruits) (BUH 680a) and N.-facing slopes of low hills cfr. (BUH 681) (Persia, Afghanistan).

This plant is apparently very rare, having been recorded only in 3 collections by RBCHINGER from Afghanistan in 1962 (FROEIILICH loc. cit. 1964) since the collection of the type specimen in Persia in 1865. Although the plant is apparently dioicous, (TOWNSEND, pers. comm.) i t is interesting to note that the type specimen, one of RECRINGER’S specimens, and two of our collections are fruiting, whereas all known collections of T. aaronis are sterile.

26. Tortula HEDW. Sp. Musc. 122, 1801

Dioicous, autoicous or polyoicous. Plants fairly small (in Iraq). Leaves often crowded in a patulous rosette a t the stem apex, oblong to lingulate or shorter and & ovate, mostly rounded-obtuse a t apex ; margin recurved or revolute, rarely plane and/or bordered with narrow, pale cells; nerve strong, ending in apex or excurrent as a short point or a longer hyaline hair ; upper cells rounded-quadrate to hexagonal, usudly strongly papillose with C-shaped papillae; lower cells larger, smooth, less obscure,


often with a rounded patch of f inflated hyaline cells on each side of the nerve, but these not as well developed as in Syntrichia. Capsule on a long seta, erect, symmetrical, mostly cylindrical, straight or somewhat curved ; peristome teeth 32, filiform, papillose, short or long, f twisted, from a short basal membrane; lid long-rostrate; calyptra cucullate.

1 Nerve thickened in upper part of leaf with swollen, papillose ventral cells 2 - Nerve not thickened above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Leaves with long hyaline hair-point . . . . . . . . . . . 3. T . brevissima

3 Leaves short, broadly ovate, muticous; peristome once-twisted . . 2. T. jiwii - Leaves longer, oblong-ovate, with the nerve excurrent as a green mucro;

peristome scarcely twisted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. T . atrovirens 4 Leaf margins plane with a pale, thickened border . . . . . 4. T . marginata - Leaf margins revolute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. T . muralis and vars.

1. T . atrovirens (SMITH) LINDB., De Tortul. 236, 1864; Scmm. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 481, 1913.

Griininia atrovirens SMITH, Engl. Bot. 28, t. 2016, 1809 Desmntodon convoZutus (BRID.) GROUT, Moss F1. N. America; TOWNSEND in Trans. Br. bryol. SOC. 6: 136, 1966.

(Plate 7: 7) Short, dark green plants, blackish below; leaves twisted when dry, oblong-ovate

with strongly revolute margins, the extreme margin often so tightly rolled as to appear bistratose; nerve appearing as a dark line on the dorsal surface of the leaf when dry, strongly thickened and broader in the upper part of the leaf, granulose on the upper surface and excurrent as a short greenish mucro ; basal cells rectangular hyaline, upper cells. 10 - 12 pm, rounded-quadrate, obscure, papillose. Capsule short, oblong, dark red; lid long, obliquely beaked; peristome teeth short f erect or oblique from a short basal membrane.

On soil in calcareous rock crevices. Widespread in Iraq, so far found only in three localities on low mountains.

An uncommon species easily recognised by the broad, shortly mucronate leaves with thickened nerve. The leaf form and the short, hardly twisted peristome form a link with species of Pottia.

BA:

DLA: Between Ba’quba end Jebel Hamrin, 17. 1. 68 (BUH 227) KK: M:

- Leaves not hair-pointed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Jebel Sanam, 6. 3. 61 (HCR 416); Jebel Sanam, sheltered crevices on N.-facing slope, cfr., 6. 2. 69 (BUH 277)

Derbendikhan, rock crevices in deep gully, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUH 663) Jebel Maqlub, dry calc. rocks with Croseidium spp. (leaves f convolute above) cfr., 17. 3. 68 (BUH 91) (Europe, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Afghanistan, Caucasus, Kashniir, Sahara, Tunisia, Algeria, Azores, C. America, New Zealand).

We have followed Continental authors, and not recent British and American authors in placing this species here and not under Desmatodon as D. convolutus. This is because the thickened and strongly papillose upper nerve shows a close link with T. jiorii and T . bre~ssima, also represented in Iraq.

S. AQNEW t M. VONDRAEEE, Moss Flora of Iraq 395

2. T. f i o r i i (VENT.) ROTII, Eur. Laubm. I. 351, 1904; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 481, 1913; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh: Mus. Wien 63: 31, 1959.

Barbula fiorii VENT. in Revue bryol. lfs: 66, 1885 T. ? ~ O h e n 8 (SCHIMP.) ROTE var. obtusatu REIMERS in Hedwigia 59: 284, 1940.

(Plate 7: 8)

Leaves imbricate and slightly twisted when dry, erect to spreading when moist, forming characteristic open rosettes when seen from above ; broadly ovate or oblong, concave, apex shortly pointed (rounded when flattened out) ; margins spirally revolute except at extreme apex; nerve thickened in upper part of leaf, vanishing in apex; upper cells irregular-quadrate, 6-9 pm wide, thin-walled, f papillose, the cells over the nerve more strongly papillose, enlarged below, the lowermost rectangular, pellucid. Capsules frequent, on light brown setae c. 10 mm long, oblong-cylindric, often somewhat curved, dark brown; peristome fairly short, orange, once-twisted, from a very short basal membrane. Dioicous.

Densely gregarious, short bright green to brownish plants, sometimes blackish in the dry season, on gypsum and unstable sandstone and bare gravelly slopes. Wide- spread in the Jezira and N.E. foothills.

Related to T . atrovirens and T . brevissima, the leaves being intermediate in length, and distinguished by the absence of mucro or hair point.

DM :

H : KK : KT : M:

A: Shatt-at-Tib, 70 km W. of Amara, 50-200 m, on sandy gravel conglomerate hills, 27-28. 3. 57 (RECHINOER 15722)

BD: Bamarra, low patches on soil amongst ruins, 28. 2. 58 (BUH 234) DLA: Jebel Hamrin, sandy stony soil, 5. 12. 58 (BUH 243); between Ba’quba and Jebel

Hamrin, sandy soil, 7. 2. 58 (R. WEEKS in BUH 260); Diyala weir, Jebel Hamrin, N.-facing sandstone crevices, cfr., (BUH 561); Anaiza, by Beled Ruz, Persian border, cfr., 28. 5. 62 (BUH 542); Jebel Hamrin, by roadside between Shahraban and Khanaqin, 20. 1. 61 (HCB 304, 305, 373, 374); Khanaqin, hills towards Khosrowa- bad, 4 - 5 . 4 . 57 (RECHINQER 15724 ex p.) Habbaniya, N.-facing clay and gravel slopes a t edge of plateau, 31. 1. 58 (BUH 12); Ana, on Euphrates, rock ledges, 10. 3. 62 (BUH 540); Bagga, in Jezira S. of Hatra, 22. 2. 61 (HCB 465, 466); Kaijirn below Abu ’Kernal, steppe, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 674 p.p.) 18 kin N.W. of Iskandoriya, Pon ‘steppe’, 16. 2. 61 (HCB 470) Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk,‘dry hills, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 590) Hashima, near Badra, Persian foothills, N.-facing slopes 2. 12. 62 (BUH 550) Gypsum by Seiramun on Tigris below Musul, cfr. 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1218); Tel Afar, W. of Mosul, gypsum, 20. 3. 61 (HCB 6); Sharqat, steppe, 24. 2. 61 (HCB 370); Hatra, 23. 2. 61 (HCB 441, 439, 458) (Europe, Jordan, Syria, ?Persia, Libya).

3. T . breviss ima SCHIFFN. in Annln. nat,urh. Mus. Wien 27: 481, 1913. (Plate 7 : 9)

Leaves broadly ovate, concave, obtuse, the lower as broad as long (c. 1.0 x 0.8 mm), the upper (perichaetial) longer, the length increasing to three times the breadth; margins revolute (but not as strongly as in T . fiorii which has similarly shaped leaves); nerve f thickened in upper part of leaf and excurrent as a long smooth irregulrirly bent hyaline hair; cells f quadrate, papillose, incrabsate, 11-13 pm wide, the mar-

396 8. AGNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

ginal 2 rows broader than long, below larger f hyaline, thin-walled, smooth. Seta thin, 0.5-1 cm long, reddish at base, paler or yellowish above; capsule c. 2 mm long, light- to cinnamon-brown, ovate- or oblong-cylindric ; lid slightly curved, long-conical, obtuse, half as long as the capsule; annulus 2 cells broad, persistent. Peristome pale orange, long, twisted, from a low basal membrane which distinctly but shortly ex- ceeds the mouth of the capsule.

Very small, short, gregarious or more scattered plants, bright to dark green, brown below, on calcareous or gypsaceous soil, rarely on rocks, bare garden soil, sandy slopes. Widespread in the Jezira and foothills, not recorded from the high mountains. Often associated with other desertic/steppic species e.g. Aloina, Crossidium spp., Tortula fiorii etc.

When growing in very dry situations the plants are as described by SCHIFFNER (op. cit.), but In the damper habitats such as rock crevices and gravelly N.-facing slopes of the foothills, the plants are more robust, the seta, capsule and especially the leaves being longer, the latter a t least twice as long as broad. In the typical form with short leaves, the plant is unmistakable, but the longer-leaved forms approach T . muralis in habit. When sterile, the present species can be distinguished by the thickened nerve which in cross-section shows 4 or 5 very large, swollen, papillose, highly chlorophyllose ventral cells, like T. atrovirens or T . fiorii; the latter species nf course lack the long hair point of T. brevissima.

BA : BD :

DLA :

H: KA: KK:

M:

DM :

Ethel Zubair, S. of Baara, cfr., 31. 1. 69 (BUH 271) Alwiyah, Baghdad, mud roof of house, 16. 3. 69 (BUH 279 ex p.) and 6. 3.68 (E. HAINES in BUH 208) Between Baghdad and Ba’quba, in irrigated cultivation below Eucalyptus sp., csp., 20. 1. 61 (HCB 311); Ba’quba-Jebel Hamrin road, soil, 17. 1. 68 (BUH 231); Khanaqin, sandstone rocks on K.O.C. golf course, 6. 12. 68 (BUH 240b) Hillah, 8. 2. 61 (HCB 468) Ukheidhir, damp shaded earth, 9. 3. 60 (BUH 268) Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, 26. 12. 62, garden soil (BUH 472) and dry hills (BUH 691, 672) Sharqat, on Tigris below Mosul, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1028); Hatra, N.-facing soil and rock slopes, cfr., 9. 3. 62 (BUH 632) and 23. 2. 1 (HCB 463); between Hatra and Sharqat, steppe, csp., 24. 2. 61 (HCR 369); Mosul, 2-4. 66 (RWNQBY 8. n.) Kaijim below Abu Kemal, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 674 p.p.) (Central Germany, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Persia).

4. T . rnarginata (B. S. G.) SPRUCE in HOOK., Lond. Journ. 4: 192, 1845.

Barbula marginata B.S.G., Bryol. Eur., Fasc. 13, 16, Mon. 33. 1842.

(Plate 7: 10) Leaves oblong-lingulate, nerve excurrent in a short greenish mucro, or, sometimes

in ours, leaves muticous, obtuse and f cucullate; margin plane; upper cells rather large, 9-11 pm wide but very obscure with dense papillae, the marginal 2-4 rows in two layers, narrow-elongate, yellowish, less papillose, forming a conspicuous pale border. Usually with numerous short capsules on slender yellow setae turning bright orange-red when mature.

Short gregarious plants, pale green above, brownish below, forming patches rather than tufts on limestone rocks, often mixed with other small Tortulu and Barbula spp. Mountains.


Related to T. muralis and T. aestiva which it resembles in the short mucro; the capsule (1.2 mm) and seta (10 mm) are much shorter and more slender than those of T. muralis, which also has the seta dark purple not orange, but the plane bordered margin of the present species distinguishes it a t once under the microscope.

E:

M: S:

Harir village, on Rowanduz road, cfr., (form with obtuse-cucullate leaves) 18. 3. 68 (BUH 85); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, rocks, cfr., 22. 3. 58 (BUH 153) Jebel Maqlub, dry limestone rocks, 17. 3. 58 (BUH 145) Kopi Qaradagh, Waziara, 1300 m, 29. 6. 61 (HCB 437) (Atlantic - niedit. Europe, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, India, Algeria, Morocco, Madeira, Azores).

5. T. m u r a l i s HEDW., Sp. Musc. 123, 1801; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 481, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. lap., 30: 9, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 266, 1961.

Barbula itiuralia HEDW., JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 593, 1870.

(Plate 8: 1)

Plants short, grey-green, hoary with the very long smooth hyaline hair-points ; leaves oblong to lingulate, obtuse, twisted and curled when dry; margins revolute to apex ; cells 7 - 11 pm, rounded-quadrate, thin-walled, strongly papillose, basal cells larger, rectangular, clear, smooth. Capsules frequent,, robust, cylindric, 'f curved on a purple seta up to 2 cm long. Peristome pale or orange, long and 2-3 times twisted from a short basal membrane.

Typically forming small, short, dense cushions in cracks of walls, limestone rocks, stony soil. Widespread in the mountains and foothills.

Related Tortula spp. have paler shorter 'setae or shorter capsules.

E:

KK: M:

Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawa road, dry stony soil, cfr., 16. 3. 58 (BUH 182); Rowanduz road, cfr., 19.3. 58 (BUH 135) and 18.6. 61 (HCB 418) Derbendikhan, 28. 2. 63, rocks, cfr., (BUH 611, 624, 645) Dohukgorge,~. sp, 22. 3. 61 (HCB 375); Sersang, 9-11. 7. 61, rocks cfr. (BUH 394) and walls cfr. (BUH 395); Sersang-Amadia road, rocks, cfr., -. 7. 61 (BUH 433) ; Dohuk gorge, dry rocks, 22. 7. 61 (BUH 429; Mosul, 2-4. 56 (RUNGBY s.n.)

S: Chemchaqlawa bridge, Suleimaniya-Qaradagh road, cfr., 14. 6. 59 (BUH 284) (Cosmopolitan).

var . a e s t i v a (P. BEAUV.) BRID., Bryol. univ. I. 587, 1926.

Tortula aestiva P. BEAUV., Prodr. 91, 1805; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 481, 1913.

(Plate 8: 2) Similar to the type and distinguished by the brighter green colour which results

partly from the absence of long hoary hair-points to the leaves although these occasionally occur in the uppermost leaves of certain stems. The nerve is excurrent as a greenish or yellowish mucro or short hair; leaves rather longer and narrower and margin less revolute than in the type, and basal hyaline cells not in well-defined patches. Seta and capsule somewhat shorter, the seta paler, and the peristome teeth darker, shorter and less twisted.

398 S. AGNEW & M. VONDRAEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

In loose patches rather than dense cushions, in similar habitats to the type. The distinction of this variety seems rather unsatisfactory as leaves with short

yellowish points or longer hyaline hairs can be found on the same stem.

E: M:

Shaqlawa, 11. 4. 60 (HCB 367) Dohuk gorge, dry rocks, 22. 3. 61 (BUH 371a); gorge between Dohuk and Zakho, csp., 21. 3. 61 (HCB 419); Zakho, cap., 21. 3. 61 (HCB 420) (Europe, Jordan, Israel, Caucasus, China, Japan, N. America).

f. brevifolia (SCHIFFN.) PODP., Consp. Musc. Eur. 248, 1964.

T. aerrtiva var. brevifolia SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 87: 481, 1913.

(Plate 8: 3)

Cauline leaves only half as long as in var. aestiva, scarcely twice as long as broad.

Calc. rocks in the Magharad gorge in Jebel Sinjar, 700-1000 m. cap., 8. 6. 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1399, Type); Bashiqa, W. of Mosul, N.-facing calc. soil, csp., 12.4.60 (HCB 368) (N. Iraq).

M:

27. Syntrichia BRID. Mant. Musc. 97, 1819

Very similar to Tortula but the plants usually taller and more robust. Leaves usually lingulate-spathulate, rarely ovate-oblong, usually rounded-obtuse at apex with the nerve excurrent as a long, hyaline hair-point, rarely the nerve only percurrent ; margins recurved at least in lower part of leaf on one or both sides; cells as in Tortula. Sporophyte as in Tortula but the peristome teeth always long and twisted and united at the base into a long, spirally tessellated tube.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering to the shortly acute apex ; nerve ending in apex or excurrent as a, short stout point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leaves with f obtuse apex; nerve excurrent as a hyaline hair. . . . . . 2 Leaves fairly short, oblong from a broader ovate base, concave with the (recurved) margins widely inflexed above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Leaves longer, oblong-lingulate to spathulate, less concave or flat or carinate in upper part, margins not widely inflexed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lamina bistratose; cells less than 12 pm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Lamina unistratose; cells more than 12 pm wide . . . . . . . 6. S. hadacii Papillae on back of nerve branched, to 20 pm high; cells 9-12 pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. S.desertorum Papillae on back of nerve simple, to 7 pm high; cells 7-9 pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 8. peeudodesertorum Lamina for the greater part bistratose above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lamina unistratose throughout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Back of nerve rough with low simple papillae 4 pm high; cells C. 7 pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 8. handelii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. S . inemis (see also S. montana var. calva)

. .

8. AQNEW & M. VONDRLEEE, Moss Flora of Iraq 399

Back of nerve densely papillose with bifid papillae to 15 pm high; cells 8 to 11 pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. S. pseudohandelii Stem without central strand; hair-point denticulate (or absent in S. montana var. calva); dioicous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Stem with central strand; hair-point rough or smooth; monoicous or dioicous 10 Leaves contracted in the middle; margins recurved only in lower half of leaf; cells less than 10 pm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. S. montana Leaves not contracted in the middle; margins recurved nearly to apex; cells more than, 12 pm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Lamina papillose with 3 -4 C-shaped papillae per cell on each surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . S.ruralis Lamina papillose with one large 2-4-lobed stalked papilla per cell on each surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. S. papillosissima Synoicous; large robust plants; a t least some cells to 18 pm wide . . . . . Autoicous or dioicous; shorter plapts; cells mostly 12pm . . . . . . . . 11 Hair point denticulate; plant growing on trees . . . . . 13. S. pulvinata aff. Hair point smooth or almost so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Arboreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. S. laevipila aff. Rupestral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. S. alpina

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. S.princeps

1. 8. inermis (MoNT.) HUBEN., Musc. german. 335, 1833.

Tortula inerinis MONT. in Arch. Bot. 1: 136, 1832; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 97: 483, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 9, 1931; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 39, 1949/60 and 63: 31, 1969; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 98: 612, 1958 S. subulata var. inernzia BRID. Bryol. Univ. 1: 691, 1826 Barbtila inernais BRID., Jmt. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 80: 593, 1870.

(Plate 8: 4)

Stems short. Leaves stout, solid, 3-4mm long, folded along the nerve and & spirally twisted around the stem when dry, erect, flat or slightly concave and subcucullate when moist, longer and crowded a t the stem apex, oblong-lanceolate, usually gradually acuminate from mid-leaf t o the obtuse or shortly acute apex; nerve very strong, brown, percurrent or very shortly excurrent ; margin mostly broadly recurved to apex; cells f quadrate, incrassate, highly papillose, very obscure, c. 8-11 pm, below rectangular, hyaline, smooth; marginal not differentiated, lamina unistratose throughout. Seta bright orange-red, 1.5-2 cm long, twisted; capsule f erect, usually somewhat curved, narrowly cylindrical, dark brown, c. 4 mm long ; lid long-rostrate ; peristome orangelpink, long, twisted, with a long basal tube.

Robust, green or brownish in low tufts or looser patches 0.5-1 cm high on soil in rock crevices, stony banks, walls etc. Very conspicuous in fruit, common in the North.

When sterile, it resembles Encalypta vulgaris but the latter has more spathulate, obtuse leaves, larger cells and plane leaf margins.

E: Rastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawe, road, cfr., 16. 3. 68 (BUH 178); Shaqlawa, wall, cfr., 18. 3. 58 (BUH 90); Barsarin gorge, dry rocks, cfr., 18. 3. 68 (BUH 73);

400

KK : M:

S:

S. &NEW & M. VONDR~EEIC, Moss Flora of Iraq

Rowanduz gorge, damp rocks, 19. 3. 68 (POLUNIN in BUH 129); near Babakiyan, dry wall, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 178); Rowanduz gorge, cfr., 14. 6. 60 (HCB 361) and 18. 6. 61 (HCB 404) and bank by road, cfr., 19. 3. 68 (BUH 78); Haji Omran, rocks, cfr., 19. 3. 68 (BUH 88); between Kani Marn Shirin and Zeyta, near Turkish border, 23. 6. 61 (HCB 399) Derbendikhan, dry rocks, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 613, 634) Calc. rocks at Hrnoidat near MOSLI~, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1337); Jebel Sinjar, Magharad gorge, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1398) and Bara cap. 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1571); K i d Khan, E. of Sinjar, river bank, cfr., 19. 3. 61 (HCB 346); gorge between Dohuk and Zakho cfr., 21. 3. 61 (HCB 405, BUH 476); Zakho, cfr., 21. 3. 61 (HCB 407); Dohuk gorge, cfr., 22. 3. 61 (HCB 346) and dry rocks 22. 7. 61 (BUH 428); Sersang, dry earth, cfr., 23. 7 . 61 (BUH 413) Kopi Qaradagh, rocks, 1200-1500 m, cfr., 16-17. 6. 69 (BUH 312, 318, 293); Dokan darn, earth and rocks, cfr., -. 6. 58 (BUH 203); Pira Magrun, cfr., 21. 10. 60 (HCB 348); Pira Magrun, on Pistacia sp. with Bryum capillare, c.sp., 22. 10. 60 (HCB 349); Zawiya below Pira Megrun, 1710 m, cfr., 22. 10. 60 (HCB 347); Tasluja, near Suloimaniya on Kirkuk road, cfr., 28. 6. 60 (HCB 360); Avroman mts, near Persian border, Sosakhan bclow Tawilla, 1200 m, 16. 6. 57 RECHINGER 15742) (Europe, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Persia, Turkey, Caucasus, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Tibet, Sinai, Algeria, N. & C. America).

2. S. desertorurn (BROTH.) AWN, M. S. I11 Add. 39, 1933.

Tortula desertorum BROTH. in Bot. Central. 9: 34, 24, 1888; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 484,1913; RORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap., 30: 10,1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb., 23: 286, 1961. Tortula bornmqielleri SCHIFFN. in Ost. bot. Z., 47: 128, 1897.

(Plate 8: 8)

Stem short, much branched, often the older parts buried in sand or soil, sometimes longer, with longer leaves. Leaves shortly lingulate or oblong from a broad ovate base; when dry erect and incurved, scarcely twisted round the stem, the sides of the leaf inflexed above ; when moist erect-spreading, concave, not flattened at the apex ; margin strongly recurved almost to apex; nerve stout, strongly papillose at back above with bi- or trifid papillae often up to 20 pm high; hair point hyaline, or reddish at base, f rough with long spines (to 16pm), often the leaf apex also hyaline and spinulose-papillose ; lamina mostly bistratose above, cells irregular, quadrate-rounded, very obscure, highly papillose, 9- 12 pm across, the basal hyaline patches conspicuous.

In usually short loose patches compacted with soil, when dry blackish with conspicuous hyaline hair points, the beck of the nerve white with the long papillae, greenish yellow or brownish when moist. On dry sandy or gravelly soil, gypsum, or calcareous rocks, widespread in the dry central steppe area and the foothills, also in the mountains.

DLA: Jebel Hamrin rocks by road between Shahreban and Khanaqin, 20. 1 . 6 1 (HCB 343) DM: E: KK: KT:

M:

Habbaniya, on gypsum, with P o a sinaica, 7 . 1 . 60 (HCB 341, 342) Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlewa road, dry soil, 16. 3. 58 (BUH 169) Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, dry hills, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 693) Hashima, N. of Badra, near Persian border, N.-facing calc. sandstone of foothills, 2.12 . 62 (BUR 661) Seiramun near Mosul, calc. rocks, 9, 1910 (HABD.-MzT. 1213); Jebel Sinjar, above the town, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1428) (Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Caucasus, USSR, Algeria).


5. S. handel i i (SCIIIFFN.) PODP., Consp. Musc. Eur. 258, 1954, as subsp. of S. rnm- tana.

Tortulo ltaridelii SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 2;: 485, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 10, 1931.

(Plate 8: 9)

Stem long or short, without central strand. Leaves c. 2 mm long, f crowded above, incurved or twisted when dry, when moist the upper part recurved from a f erect base or sometimes the whole leaf almost squarrose, narrowly oblong and carinate above a slightly broader base; margin narrowly recurved from the base to about 213-314 the distance to the apex; nerve brownish, rather narrow, excurrent as a long or short, often reflexed, moderately spiny hyaline hair point ; lamina & bistratose above, sometimes only in small isolated patches; cells very small, c. 6(-10) pm, rounded-quadrate, very obscure, densely papillose, the back of the nerve not smooth, but papillae only 3-4 pm high; basal hyaline patches distinct. Seta c. 10 mm long, reddish brown: twisted when dry; capsule 2-3 nini, cylindrical, dark brown; lid rostrate f oblique ; peristome syntrichioid.

Plants usually rather slender, brown or yellowish green, -f opaque when nioist in loose separating tufts 1-3 cm high, usually on calcareous rocks but also recorded on tree stumps. Only found in the North, among the high mountains.

In the typical form distinct, but resembling S. ruralis, 5. desertorurn and S. mon- tuna in various characters. Leaves of S. rnontana are usually con$acted in mid-leaf, the upper part being broader and the apex very rounded and o6tuse; the leaves of 8. handelii are of f uniform width throughout and the apex is consequently narrower and more gradually obtuse. S. handelii is considered by PODPERA to be a subspecies of S. montana but the leaf shape and position when moist and the general appearance of the plants are usually quite different and, in our opinion, these features, added to the difference in the leaf lamina (bistratose in S. handelii and unistratose in 8. montana) warrant full specific distinction.

E:

M: S:

Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, 22-23. 3 . 6 8 , on rocks (BUH 93, BUH 156), and with S. Zaevipila on Quercus stump (BUH 94b) Ser Amadiapaas, rocks, 31. 7. 61 (BUH 435a); Sersang, rocks, -. 7. 61 (BUH 419b) Kopi Qaradagh, 29. 5 . 6 1 (HCB 352) (Crete, Syria, Turkey).

4. S. pseudohandel i i FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 165, 1964.

S. handelii SCHIFFN. var. pseudodesertorum VONDRLEEK in Bull. SOC. Amis Sci. Lett. Poznan SBr. D, 6 : 121, 1966 syn. nov.

(Plate 8: 10) Resembling S. handelii in leaf shape and direction when moist but sometimes the

leaf base more broadly ovate and/or the margins slightly inflexed near the apex; the upper lamina carinate, mostly bistratose, cells 8- 10( - 11) pm; margin narrowly recurved from the base 314 the distance to the apex or slightly more; nerve densely papillose a t back, especially near the apex, with large bifid papillae 10-15 pm high like those of S. desertorurn; hair point usually moderately spiny as in S. handelii, but variable.

402 8. AONEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Similar in habit and habitat to but apparently more common in Iraq than S. hun- delii. On rocks, banks and stony ground, in the high mountains but also recorded from the foothills and the Jezira; i.e. towards the more rigorous habitats where S. desertorurn is found.

S. pseudohandelii is clearly distinguished from S. handelii by the large costal papillae but its distinction from some robust forms of S. desertorurn is more difficult, especially when the leaf base is decidedly broader than the upper lamina. However, leaves of S. handelii and 5. pseudohndelii are always f recurved or squarrose when wet and the upper lamina is carinate, fairly long and narrow, and tapers gradually to the green, rather narrow, obtuse apex. S. desertorurn has shorter, broader, more ovate leaves, quickly tapering to the broad, usually hyaline, densely papillose apex at the base of the hair point, and the upper leaf is concave, with the recurved margins widely inflexed almost to the nerve in many cases. The size of the cells in S. pseudohandelii (8-lo(-11) pm) is intermediate between 8. hayielii (6-8(-10) pm) and S. desertorurn (10- 12 pm).

S. pseudohandelii is possibly only a long-stemmed form of S. desertorurn growing in more aheltered places, e.g. rock crevices, under ledges. Although S. handelii and S. desertorum are quite distinct species, they are linked by the intermediate and more variable S. pseudohandelii and S. pseudodesertorurn, which are possibly hybrid forms ; it would be interesting to perform cultivation experiments on this group.

E: Baatura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawa road, dry stony bank above waterfall, 16. 3. 68 (SUB 166)

KK: Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, sheltered cracks in rocks on dry hills, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 592); Derbendikhan, 28. 2. 63, turf among rocks (BUH 617), deep gully (BUH 638), rock crevices (HUH 612), and exposed conglomerate on valley sides (BUH 064) Baahiqa, W. of Mosul, N.-facing calc. soil, 12. 4. 60 (HCB 340); Kizil Khan, E. of Balad Sinjar, river bank, 19. 3. 61 (HCB 401); Hatra, 23. 2. 61 (HCB 486), and rock on N.-facing slope 9. 3. 62 (BUH 634) Pira Magrun, 21. 10. 60 (HCB 339); Kopi Qaradagh, Waziara, with Encalypta aul- garia, 20. 6. 61 (HCB 417), and on bank 16. 6. 69 (BUH 298) and on leaf litter on rocks 17. 6. 69 (BUH 319) (Afghanistan).

M:

S :

5. 8. pseudodesertorurn E~OEIILICH in Annlm naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 156, 1964.

Resembling S. desertorurn in size, habit and leaf shape; lamina cells smaller, 7-9(-10) pm, and somewhat less papillose; papillae on the back of the nerve much smaller, 3-6( -7) pm high, usually simple, rarely bifid ; hair-point moderately spiny; leaf apex sometimes narrowly decurrent and hyaline at the base of the hair-point, but not densely spinulose-papillose as in 8. desertorurn.

In similar habitats to S. desertorurn. For remarks on relationships see under S. pseudohandelii.

DLA: Anaiza, nr. Tursac, Persian border, calc. sandstone foothills 28. 6. 62 (BUH 641);

DM: KK: M :

Jebel Hamrin, sandy stony soil, 6. 12. 68 (BUR 242) Habbaniya, N.-facing clay-gravel slopes, 31. 3. 68 (BUH 11) Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, calc, sendstone, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 696) Hatra, 23. 2. 61 (HCB 460, 446, 466); Jebel Maqlub, dry rocks 17. 3. 58 (BUH 146) (Afghanistan).

5. ACNEW & M. VONDRAEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 403

0. S. h a d a c i i VONDRAEEK in Bull. SOC. Amis Sci. Lett. Poznan S6r. D, 6: 121, 1965. (Plate 9: 1)

Stem short, with poorly differentiated central strand. Leaves f crowded at stem apex, incurved, slightly twisted when dry, erccto-patent when moist, ovate-oblong, tapering from a broader base to a wide obtuse or somewhat eiiiarginate apex, very concave, the sides of the leaf inflexed above; margin strongly revolute nearly to the apex; nerve stout, abruptly excurrent as a hyaline hair, sometimes brownish at the base, sparsely denticulate with rather short blunt spines : lamina usually unistratose throughout, occasionally discontinuously bistratose near the apex ; upper cells rather large, c. 12- 15 pm, rounded-quadrate to irregularly hexagonal, very obscure, incrassate, densely papillose with 4-5 C-shaped papillae per cell, the back of the nerve similarly papillose; towards the base cells larger, less obscure, the patches of smooth rectangular hyaline cells not very clearly defined. Fruit unknown.

In short loose greenish yellow tufts on gypsareous steppe soil. Only known froiii the type locality.

Similar to 8. desertorurn in habitat, habit and leaf shape but differing in the unistratose lamina, sparsely denticulate hair, short costal papillae (c. 6 pm compared with 16-20 pm in S. desertorurn) and larger leaf cells (12-15 pm compared with 10 t o 12 pm.

M: Hatra, 23. 2. 61 (HCB 442, 467); between Hatra and Sharqat, steppe 24. 2. 61 (HCB 344); Holotype in Herb. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Plzen; Tsotype in BUH.

7. S. ruralis BRID. in SCHRAI)., J. Bot. 3: P. 11. 299, 1801; HENDERSON & MUIREIEAD in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 32, 1955.

Barbula ruralis HEDW., 8p. Muse., 1801; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 694, 1870 Tortula ruralio CROME, Ileutsch. Laubm., 1803; SCHIFFN. in 6st. bot. Z. 45: 128, 1987; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 50: 10, 1931 (as T. ruralis (L). EHRII.); HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 266, 19fil.

(Plate 9: 2) Stems long, with few or many branches, without central strand. Leaves erect,

incurved and twisted when dry, squarrose from an erect base when moist, concave- carinate, oblong-spathulate with obtuse apex ; margins recurved from base to near apex; nerve strong, brownish, excurrent as a long rough hair, brown at the base, hyaline above ; cells rounded-quadrate or hexagonal, 12- 15 pm, f obscure, strongly papillose with 3-4, C-shaped papillae per cell, cells on hack of nerve with low papillae or sometimes alniost smooth as in S. ?mndelii; basal cells smooth, hyaline, rectangular, in distinct oval patches. Sporophyte as in S. inermis, hut seta and capsule slightly shorter. Dioicous.

Yellow or brownish green above, reddish brown below, in tall loose tufts 3-5 cm high, on calcareous rocks, walls, soil and leaf litter, only recorded from the mountains.

E: Rowandua gorge, near Babakiyan, 19. 3 . 58, cfr., wall (BUH 79), and soil and leaf litter on rocks (BUH 77); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, 22. 3. 58 (BUH 92); Nowanda valley, Helgurd, rocks, 8. 6. 60 (BUH 333)


M: 8 :

Dohuk gorge, 22. 3 .61 (HCB 363) and 17.6 .69 (BUH 320) KopiQaradagh, rocks, 29. 6. 61 (HCB 364, 416); and 17. 6. 69 (RUH 320); Zawiya below Pira Magrun, 22. 10. 60 (HCB 369) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Persia, Turkey, Caucasus, Tibet, Kashmir, Siberia, China, N. Africa, N. and 8. America, Greenland, Australia).

8. S . p a p i l l o s i s s i m a (COPPEY) LOESKE in Hedwigia 49: 44, 1910.

Barbula papillosissima COPPEP in B. S. B. Nancy 3: 24, 1908 c. ic.; ibid. in Revue bryol. 35: 74, 1908 Tortula pc~pillosisaima BROTH. P. HENDERSON in Notes It. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 266, 1961 S. ruralis var. hirsuta (VENT.) PODP., Consp. Musc. Em., 266, 1964 Barbula ruralis v4r. hirsuta VENTURI in Revue bryol. 17: 52, 1890.

(Plate 9: 3)

Leaf shape and position when wet and dry, curvature of margin, and cell size are as in S. ruralis. The differences are that the back of the nerve above and the hair point are more sharply and densely spiny, and the unique, 2-4-lobed stalked capitate papillae, 15 pm high, are borne one on each side of each lamina cell, from near the end wall rather than from the centre of the cell. In a cross section of the leaf the lamina cells appear rectangular except beneath the papillae where they are conspicuously mamillose. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

One record only from the mountains ; possibly overlooked. Resembling S. ruralis in habit but of a duller green colour and with a whitish

bloom when dry due to the large papillae on the back of the leaf.

M: Sersang, lirriestone rocks, -. 7. 61 (BUH 419) (Sardinia, Greece, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Morocco, N. America).

9. 8. montana NEES a b ESENB., Flora I: 301, 1819; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 32, 1956.

Tortula montana LINDB., Musci Scand. 20, 1879; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27 : 484,1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 9,1931 ; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 31,1969 S. ,intermedia BRID., Bryol. univ. 11. 686, 1826 Tortula intermedia BERK., Handb. Brit. Moss., 1863; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 266, 1961 Bnrbula intermedia MILDE, Bryol. siles. 129, 1869; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 693, 1870.

(Plate 8: 6)

Plants moderately robust, stems long or short, without central strand. Leaves crowded, incurved and the uppermost f twisted when dry, erecto-patent, straight or somewhat spreading when moist, flattened or somewhat concave above, not strongly carinate-reflexed as in S. handelii; oblong-spathulate or lingulate, usually distinctly contracted in mid-leaf, the apex very rounded, obtuse or even emarginate, particularly in the coma1 leaves; margin revolute in lower part of leaf or to just above the middle; nerve strong, reddish-brown, excurrent in a long hyaline denticulate hair-point, reddish at the base; lamina unistratose, upper cells very small, highly papillose and


obscure, 7-10 pm wide; basal hyaline cells in large clear patches, marginal cells green, shorter andnarrower. Capsule and seta resembling that of S. ruralis but shorter. Dioicous.

On calcareous rocks, walls and stony ground, also a small form recorded from a tree. Apparently uncommon, easily confused with several other closely related species.

The only other Iraqi Syntrichia spp. with cells as small as S. montana are S. handelii and S. pseudohandelii which have narrower carinate leaves not contracted in the middle and f squarrose-recurved when wet. For other differences see under those species.

E: Helgurd mt., 2600 m, 5. 6. 60 (HCB '356); Potine mt., 20. 6. 61 (HCB 358); Rowan- duz, 18. 6. 61 (HCB 449); Rowanduz gorge, damp rocks, cfr., 18. 3. 58 (BUH 97, 130) Jebel Sinjar, 19. 3. 61 (BUH 520); Jebel Khantur above Sharanish, c. 1400 m., 5. 7. 57 (RECHINQER 15749) Dokan dam site, dry rocks, 20. 6. 58 (BUH 195); Kopi Qaradagh, rocks and banks, 1200 m, 16. 6. 59 (BUH 299; 300); Pira Magrun, on Pistacia sp., 22. 10. 60 (HCB 355); Zawiya below Pira Magrun, 1710 m, 20. 10. 60 (HCB 360) (Europe, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Persia, Turkey, Caucasus, Ni India, Algeria, Morocco, N. America).

M:

S:

var. c a l v a (DuR. et SAG.) AMANN', Mousses de la Suisse, IT. 121, 1918.

Barbula ruraliv var. calva DUR. et SAQ. mscr. in Bryol. Euro. fasc. 46/47, tab. Suppl. 3, 1851.

(Plate 8: 7 )

Resembling the type in leaf form and direction, cell size, etc. and differing only in the absence of hyaline hair points. The leaves are erect-spreading when moist, and the upper lamina is flattened-concave and f sharply recurved at the extreme apex, where the nerve is excurrent as a short brown cuspidate point.

One record only from the north of Iraq.

S : Dokan dam, dry earth amongst rocks, 20. 6.58 (BUH 194) (Europe).

10. S. p r i n c e p s (DE NOT.) MITT. in J. Linn. SOC. 1: 39, 1889.

Tortulu princeps DE NOT., Spec. de Tort., 1836; Mem. acad. Torino 11: 288, 1838; FROEH- LICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 39, 1949/50 and 63: 31, 1959; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 265, 1961.

(Plate 9: 4)

Stems usually long, stout, with narrow but distinct central strand. Leaves ovate- oblong or lingulate-spathulate, often contracted in the middle, appressed and slightly twisted when dry, when moist erecto-patent, sometimes the apices and hair points f recurved, the upper lamina, flattened or f concave-carinate (but never as strongly nor as regularly carinate as in S. handelii) ; margin recurved to 112 or 314 the distance to the rounded-obtuse apex; nerve strong, reddish-brown, excurrent as a long, moderately denticulate or almost smooth hyaline hair which is reddish at the base; lamina unistratose; cells (12-)15- 18( -20) p i , fairly distinct, basal hyaline cells with 29 Foddos Rcportorium, Bond 86, Heft 6 - 8

406 S. AQNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq

yellowish walls, the greenish marginal cells a t base long and narrow. Seta c. 2 cm; capsule narrow-cylindrical, 0.5 cm long, f curved ; peristome syntriohioid. Synoicous.

Robust plants in usually dense deep tufts but very variable in habit, translucent green or yellow green when moist, brown or blackish and hoary when dry. Widespread in the North, mostly on limestone or calcareous sandstone rocks, but also on banks, tree stumps etc.

In the fertile state distinct from all other Syntrichias in the synoicous inflorescence. When sterile, i t often resembles S. nontana in leaf shape and direction but the latter has a rougher hair point and much smaller cells, 8-10 pm. S. laewipila is difficult to- separate from the present species when the latter grows on brees as the cell sizes over- lap, but s. laevipih is usually a more slender plant, with smaller leaves which are carinate and f recurved when moist (as in S. handelii) and with very distinct cells, the marginal cells a t the base being short and narrow.

E : Rowanduz gorge, cfr., 18. 6. 61 (HCB 398); Haji Omran, rocks, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 21 1 ) ; Nowanda, below Helgurd mt., rocks, 13. 6. 60 (BUH 337); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, 22. 3. 68 (BUH 168); Hafig, cfr., 14. 6. 61 (HCB 367) Derbendikhan, base of Quercu~ sp., 28. 3. 63 (BUH 626) Dohuk gorge, rocks, 22. 3. 61 (HCB 364) and 22. 7. 61 (BUH 430); Ser Amadia pass, rocks, 31. 7. 61 (BUR 436b); Sersang, roadside bank,. cfr., 24. 7. 61 (BUH 410); above Sersang, 1200 in, fissures in calc. rock, 10-12. 7. 67 (RECHINQER 16764); Kizil Khan, E. of Sinjar, river bank, 19. 3. 61 (HCB 403) Kopi Qaradagh, rocks, 17. 6. 69 (BUH 316, 317); Beenawa Suta, near Penjwin, 1260 m., cfr., 26. 6. 61 (HCB 361) near Rutba, sandstone out-crop, -. 6. 63 (BUH 666) (W. and S. Europe, Cyprus, Syria, Persia, Turkey, Turkestan, Sikkim, Morocco, Algeria, Madeira, Canaries, N . & S. America, New Zealand, Hawaii).

KK: M:

S:

ND:

11. S. a l p i n a (B.S.G.) JuR., Laubmfl. Oe. U. 139, 1882.

Barbula alpina B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. Fasc. 13/16, Mon. 39, 1842 Tortula alpina BRUCH, in B E E U T E L M U S C . F ~ ~ ~ ~ . exs. No. 163, 1843; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 483, 1913.

(Plate 8: 5) Stem short, with central strand. Leaves appressed, scarcely incurved or twisted

when dry, f erect when moist, often the apices recurved but the whole leaf never squarrose, c. 2 mm long, oblong-spathulate, slightly contracted in mid-leaf, concave- carinate above ; margin recurved to mid-leaf or plane throughout; nerve brownish- green, excurrent in a long or short, almost smooth hair point ; upper cells about 12 pm wide, quadrate-rounded, fairly distinct, papillae C-shaped, 4 -5 per cell. Autoicous, but fruit not yet found in Iraq.

One record only, from the high mountains. Similar to S. nontana in leaf shape and direction, but smaller, of a darker green

colour, the leaves with almost smooth hair points and larger cells. S. princeps is usually a larger plant with a t least some cells 16-18 pm wide and the hair points often quite denticulate. The synoicous, not autoicous inflorescence will always distinguish S. princeps but sterile plants may be very difficult to identify.

E: Nowanda, near Helgurd mt., calcareous rocks, 13.6. 60 (HCB 338) (Europe, Turkey, China)

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRAEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 407

12. S. aff. l a e v i p i l a BRID., Mint. Musc. 98, 1819 ex p.; SCHULTZ Recens. sep. 38, 1823ex p. .

Tortula laecipila SCHWAEQR., Suppl. 11, 1823; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 483, 1913.

(Plate 9: G )

All the Iraqi specimens included here agree fairly closely with European material of S. laevipila except in a few respects where they resemble S. montana.

Characters indicating S. luevipila are: fairly distinct central strand in the stein; cells (10-)12-15 pm; cross-section of nerve showing a ventral group of 4-5 large chlorophyllose cells ; arboreal habitat. Against these indications are the apparently dioicous habit, male inflorescences not being found on any of the fruit,ing stems, and the usually slightly denticulate hair-points which are reddish only a t the base, hyaline above.

'

E:

M:

S:

Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, base of Quercua stump, 23. 3. 68 ( B U H 94a) ; Shinvan Mazin, near Turkish border, trees, cfr., 23. 6. 61 (BUH 603) Sersang, -. 7. 61, on Quercus sp., (BUH 392, 466), and with Braclythecium velu- t inum, cfr. ( B U H 391)

, Kopi Qaradagh, on Quercus sp., 1300 m, 16. 6. 69 ( B U H 306); Yira Magrun, on Pistacia sp., 22. 10. 60 (HCB 363) (Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Algeria, Morocco, Azores, Canaries, N. America).

13. S. aff. p u l v i n a t a (JuR.) JuR., Laubnifl. Oe. U. 144, 1882.

Barbula pulvinata JUR. in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 13: 601, 1863 Tortula pulvinata LIMPR., Laubmfl. I, 670,1888.

(Plate 9: 5 )

Stems short, slender, with central strand. Leaves erecto-patent and somewhat recurved when moist, slightly twisted and loosely incurved when dry, rather thin and soft, oblong-spathulate; margins mostly plane or recurved in the lower part; nerve stout, yellowish, excurrent (in ours) in a fairly short, moderately-toothed hyaline point, in cross-section with a well-defined group of dorsal stereids; cells pellucid, rounded-quadrate, c. 12 pm, strongly papillose above, a t base by nerve enlarged rectangular, f hyaline, smooth, by margins quadrate, transparent, f chlorophyllose. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

In short, loose dark green tufts on trees in the mountains. One record only from Iraq, described above. The specim-en agrees fairly well with

European material of S. pulvinata, especially in habit, habitat and cell size and form. However the hair-point is short and not strongly denticulate, and the nerve section is like that of S. montana or S. laevipilu, with a highly sclerified dorsal group of cells; in typical S. pulvinuta (see NYHOLM 1954) these cells are hardly sclerified and are pale, not reddish-brown.

S: Beenawa Suta, near Penjwin, Persian border, 1360 m, on Quercus sp., 26. 6 . 61 (HCB 362) (Europe, except S. Europe, U.S.S.R.) .

29'


Sublam. 3. Cinelidotese

Dioicous, cladocarpous. Iraqi species robust, aquatic and riparian. Leaves large, oblong to lanceolate, of solid texture, with strongly thickened border and entire, plane margin; nerve stout, in cross section with large median guide cells and two stereid bands; areolation dense, almost smooth, f uniform throughout the leaf. Capsule immersed or exserted, without stomata. Peristome of 16 divided filiform teeth from a low basal membrane.

28. Cincl idotus P. BEAUV. Prodr. 28, 1806 ex p.

Characters those of the subfamily.

1 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, (2-)3-4 nim long; cells more than 11 pm wide; capsule immersed or emergent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. C. fontinaloides Leaves oval-oblong, 2(-4) mm long; cells less than 11 pm wide; capsule exserted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. C. nigricans

-

1. C.fontina1oides (HEDw.) P.BEAw., Prodr. 28, 1806 ex p. 28 et 62; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 594, 1970.

Trichostomum fontinaloides HEDW., Sp. Musc. 114, 1801.

(Plate 9: 7)

Leaves dark green, rather distant, twisted or curved when dry, spreading or secund from a decurrent base when moist, oblong-lanceolate, shortly tapering to the acute and apiculate or obtuse apex; nerve stout, to 100 pm broad at base, scarcely reaching the apex ; cells distinct, incrassate, irregularly quadrate-hexagonal, 11- 15 pm wide above, uniform throughout except for a few shortly rectangular cells a t the basal margins. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

Stems 3-8 cm long, often denuded of leaves a t base, with side branches, attached in small clusters to stones in streams etc.

Distinguished from C. nigricans by the usually longer, narrower, acute leaves and larger cells; also, if fruiting, by the immersed capsules borne on short lateral branches.

E: Shirwan Mazin, near Turkish border, stones in Greater Zab river, 19. 7. 61 (HCB 119, 120, 121, and BUH 481)

M: Bamarni, near Sersang, stone sides of irrigation canal, 19. 7. 61 (BUH 420) S: Khormal river, near Halabja, basalt rocks, 27. 6. 6 1 (HCB 431, 432, 464)

(Europe, Persia, Caucasus, Tibet, Algeria, Morocco, Madeira, Kenya)

2. C. nigr icans (BRID.) LOESKE, Sitzber. Nat. Ver. d. preuss. Rheinl. u. Westf. 1930-31, 1932.

Trichostornurn nigricans BRID., Spec. musc. 1.242, 1806 C. riparius ARNOTT in Mem. SOC. d’hist. nat. Paris Z: 271, 1826.

(Plate 9: 8)

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRL~EK, Moss Flora of Iraq 409

Leaves dark green or blackish, appressed and incurved when dry, spreading and soniewhat recurved when moist, rather crowded, oval-oblong, obtuse and rounded or somewhat niucronate with the nerve ending in the apex, nerve c. 80 pm broad a t base: cells smaller than in C . fontinaloides, 8-11 ym broad, incrassate, rather obscure, rounded-quadrate, more elongate a t extreme base. Seta terminal, stout, twisted, 3-5 mni long; capsule cylindrical; lid rostrate.

Stems 2-4 cm long, attached to stones in rivers.

E: Naprdan, on road between Sheikhan and Sakri Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, cfr., 5. 6. 6 1 (HCB 122) (Europe, Turkey).

Order 4. GRIMMIALES

Fam. ORIMMIACEAE

Autoicous or dioicous, acrocarpous (in ours) or cladocarpous. Leaves crowdkd, strongly hygroscopic, ovate- or linear-Ianceolate, frequently with hyaline points formed by prolongation of the lamina, the nerve usually vanishing in the leaf apex; margin incurved, flat or recurved ; cells often small and incrassate above, frequently bistratose, elongate towards base, the walls often sinuose. Capsule on an erect or arcuate seta, ovate to cylindric, immersed or exserted; peristome single, entire or f cleft, rarely absent; lid conical to rostellate; calyptra variable.

Perennial mosses forming dense cushions or looser tufts, almost always on rocks.

1 Columella attached to the lid and falling off with i t ; capsule immersed . . . 29. Schistidium

Columella free from the lid, persistent; capsule immersed or exserted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.Grimmia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

29. S c h i s t i d i u m BRID. Mant. Musc. 20, 1819 ex p.

Autoicous. Leaves with characters of the family. Seta short; capsule erect, symmetrical, oblong to globose, frequently wide-mouthed when empty ; peristome rarely absent, teeth red or yellowish, irregularly cleft or perforated, papillose ; lid low, rostellate; columella usually attached to and falling off with the lid; calyptra small, cucullate or mitriform.

All Iraqi gatherings of Schistidium (including the Type specimen of S. singarense (SCHIFFN.)) were examined critically for a number of characters as described below, but i t was found impossible to separate them into different taxa; hence they are all included here as one taxon.

1. S. apocarpum (HEDw.) B.S.G., Bryol. Eur., Basc. 25, 287, 1845; SCHIFFN. in 8st . bot. Z . 47: 129, 1897; BORNM. in Magy bot. Lap. 30: 10, 1931.

Grimmin apocarpaHEDW., Sp. Musc. 76, 1801 ; Jrm. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Gcs. Wien SO: 594,1870; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. '23: 267, 1961.

(Plate 10: 1 )

410 S. AGNEW L M. VONDR~EEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

var. atrofuscurn (SCHIMP.) HUSNOT, Musc. gall. 123, 1886

Qrimmia atrofusca SCHIMP., Syn. ed. 2 240, 1876 Crimmia singarenee SOHIFEN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 487, 1913 syn. nov.

(Plate 10: 2)

Leaves erect-spreading or slightly recurved when moist, rigid, erect, or somewhat curved and twisted when dry, ovate-lanceolate, the upper leaves acuminate to a short, f denticulate, hyaline hair-point, the lower muticous, or, more commonly, all leaves muticous, carinate above, concave below with one or both margins recurved; cells above quadrate, 7-9 pm wide, incrassate, opaque, usually bistratose in upper third of leaf, the lower cells rectangular, sinuose, the marginal cells 2 -3-stratose. Capsule c. 1.2 mm long, ovate-oblong on a short seta, immersed, reddish-brown with a brighter red mouth, rather thick-walled and solid-looking ; peristome teeth red, sometimes paler above, lanceolate, spreading when dry, entire or variously perforated ; lid bright red, beaked ; calyptra thin, mitriform. In much-branched, dense or looser, green, brown or blackish tufts 1 to 3 cm high

on usually calcareous rocks or walls in the mountains. In the locality lists below, those plants approaching var. apocar&a with short hair-

points or less thickened laminas are indicated thus*.

E: Barsarin Gorge, Rowanduz road, stony ground, cfr., 18. 3. 68 (BUH 34); Harir village, rocks, cfr., 18. 3. 68 (BUH 33); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, rocks, cfr., 22. 3. 68 (BUH 166); Rowanduz, 18.6. 61* (HCB 423); Rowanduz gorge, 14.6 .60* (HCB 402); Potine mt., 20. 6. 61* (HCB 327; BUH 499); Sertzar, below Helgurd mt., 4.6.60* (HCB 326); Shirwan Mazin, near Turkish border, 23. 6. 61 (BUH 600); between Kani Marn Shirin and Zeyta, near Turkish border, 23. 6. 61 (HCB 400)

KK: Derbendikhan, rocks by stream, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUH 616) M: On calo. rocks on Jebel Sinjar, 600-1200 m, 9. 6. 1910, above Sinjar town (HAND.-

MZT. 1429)) and in Magharad spring above Der Asi, cfr., (HAND.-MzT. 1632!); Jebel Sinjar, cfr., 19. 3. 61 (BUH 373); Dohuk Gorge, 22. 3. 61* (HCB 326); between Dohuk and Zakho, cfr., 22. 3. 61* (BUH 374) and 21. 3. 61 (HCR 406); Sersang, rocks, cfr., -. 7. 61 (BUH 399) Dokan dam, dry rocks, cfr., 20. 6. 68 (BUH 191); Kopi Qaradagh, rocks, cfr., 29. 6. 61 (HCB 330) and 16. 6. 69 (BUH 292); Pira Magrun, cfr., 20.10. 60 (HCB 332, 333, 334); Zawiya below Pira Magrun, 20. 10. 60 (HCB* 328, 329); Beenawa Suta, near Penjwin, 1260 m, 26. 6. 61 (HCB 331); bare igneous rocks 8 km W. of Penjwin, 1300 m 1. 8. 35 (W. A. MACFADYEN, 96 in BM!, det. H. N. DIXON as Qrimrnia singarenae); Tasluja, near Suleimaniya on Kirkuk road, cfr., 28. 6. 60 (HCB 336) (approaching var. conferturn (FUNCK) (Alpine Europe).

8 :

Schistidium apocarpum sensu lato is a very variable species and several characters have been used to try to define subspecies, varities and forms. These included presence or absence of hair-point, thickening of lamina and/or margin, size of cells, degree of perforation of peristome teeth, presence or absence of central strand in the stem.

Of these, the thickening of the lamina and degree of development of the hair- point seem to be a response to climatic extremes and are thus themselves variable and not very satisfactory characters. Again, the presence or absence of a central strand seems of doubtful value as NYHOLM (1956) states that fertile stems have a central strand while sterile stems do not; in any case it is a character of little practical use, least of all in the field.

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRL.EEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 411

All the Iraqi gatherings examined had the same low growth form and general habit and could not be separated on this basis; they were examined for possible correlations between the other characters mentioned above. Only two or three gatherings showed any hair-pointed leaves, and these tended to have the lamina less opaque and bistratose only in parts, with a bistratose margin ( ‘1 var. apocarpa). The majority of the gatherings had the upper part of the leaf bistratose and the margin 2-3-stratose and had muticous leaves (var. atrofuscum). The two HANDEL-MAZZETTI collections of 8. singarense fell into this category.

Now S. singarense according to SCHIFFNER is likes. confertum in habit, inflorescence, leaf form, cell size, capsule, operculum, peristome. It differs in having all leaves hairless or with a single minute hyaline apiculus; nerve stronger; lamina thick, bi- stratpse in upper part, in parts 3-stratose and towards the base with bistratose striae; margin 2-4-stratose above. I have not found any part of the lamina of the type speci- inen to be 3-stratose, nor the margin to be 4-stratose: this is not to suggest that S~HIFF- NER was mistaken in his observations but that these characters are continuously variable and that here we have examples from one extreme of the range, which is quite that of S. apocarpum var. atrofuscum.

S. confertum (variously called a species, subspecies or variety of S. apocarpum) is distinguished by its smaller leaf cells and thinner capsule with the teeth yellowish above and more perforated and fragile than in S. apocarpum. NYHOLM (1956) is doubtful of the validity of this taxon and DIXON (1924) mentioned two forms linking i t with S. apocarpum. I cannot detect any constant differences in cell size between Iraqi plants with pale cribrose peristome teeth and those with darker more solid teeth; indeed the range of variation in peristome can be found in the same gathering.

We cannot therefore maintain S. singarense as a species or even as a variety of S. apocarpum as all specimens seen fall within the definition of S. apocarpum var. atrofuscum as given above. Those plants which approach the type var. are indicated in the locality list thus*.

Incideritally, two gatherings from Iraq (MACFADYEN 8 and 2c in BM) determined by DIXON as G. singarense are actually Grimmia commutata. Careful examination is needed to distinguish the sterile states of the latter from S. apocarpum var. atrofuscum; the concave, not keeled leaves with incurved or plane margin of G. commutate can best be seen in cross-section, while the basal cells with conspicuously thickened cross walls afford another distinction.

30. G r i m m i a HEDW. Sp. Musc. 75, 1801

Autoicous or dioicous. Leaves and sporophyte with characters of the family. Cap- sule usually symmetrical, rarely gibbous at base, smooth or striated, sometimes deeply furrowed when empty; peristome rarely absent, teeth entire or cleft in the upper half, papillose ; lid rostellate or rostrate, sometimes conical-mamillat,e ; columella free from the lid, persistent ; calypt,ra usually long-beaked, mitrifonn or cucullate.

The following key to species is based on vegetative characters as far as possible its several of our Iraqi collections are sterile. It is very difficult to separate some closely related Grimmia species in this state and supplementary notes on identification are given under the species descriptions.

412 S. AQNEW t M. VONDR~EEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Leaves concave, at least in lower half, margin plane or incurved; if f keeled above, then leaves broadly ovate-oblong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Leaves keeled; at least one margin recurved or leaves plicate. . . . . . . 7 Leaves long-lanceolate, gradually acuminate ; hair points short ; capsule exserted on a straight seta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. G. commutata Leaves not as above ; capsule immersed or emergent. . . . . . . . . . . 3 Capsule unsymmetrical, immersed on a short curved seta ; leaves ovate to shortly lingulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Capsule symmetrical, seta straight; leaves ovate-lanceolate . . . . . . . 6 Upper margins and part of upper lamina bistratose; peristome absent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.G.anodon Lamina unistratose throughout ; peristome present. . . . . . . . . . . 5 Perichaetial leaves with long hair-points; seta very short, almost straight. .

2. G. crinita All leaves without hair-point; seta longer, arcuate . . . . . . . 3. G. gibbosa Leaves triangular, broadest at or just above the base; basal cells towards margins f uniformly incrassate, with transversely ovate lumen . . . . . Leaves broadest about one third the way up ; basal cells towards margins with the cross walls much thicker than the longitudinal walls and with & quadrate lumen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. a. tergestina Plants very small, glaucous, hoary; leaves plicate; cross walls of basal marginal cells yellowish, much thicker than the longitudinal walls. . . . . . . Notasabove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Leaves lanceolate, gradually acuminate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate . . . . . . . . . 11 Capsule on an arcuate seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Capsule 011 a short erect seta. . . . . . . . . . . . 8. G. ovalis var. simplex Upper cells strongly incrassate, unistratose . . . . . . . . 10. a. apiculata Upper cells less incrassate, partially bistratose . . . . . . 11. G. trichophylla Capsule immersed or emergent, on a short seta . . . . . . 4. Q. mesopotarnica Capsule exserted on a long arcuate seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Leaf margin bistratose above; lid rostrate . . . . . . . . . 12. G. pulvinatu Leaf margin unistratose throughout ; lid conic-mamillate . . . 13. G. orbicuhris

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.G.laevigata

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. a. subcaespiticiaaff.

1. a. a n o d o n B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 2251228, 8, 1846; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 488, 1913; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-hot. Ges. Wien 20: 649, 1870; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67 : 39,1949150; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot,. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 268, 1961.

Schistidium anodon (B.S.G.) LOESEE, Laub. Em. I. Grimmiaceae 49, 1913.

(Plate 10: 5) Plants short. Leaves small, erect-appressed when dry, scarcely altered when moist,

ovate or ovate-oblong, in our material only the larger perichaetial leaves ending in a short broad-based flattened f rough hair-point, the lower leaves muticous, obtuse,


concave, slightly keeled above by the nerve being somewhat prominent a t the back of the leaf; margin plane or nearly so, bistratose above; nerve narrow, widened and thickened above and excurrent in the hair point; upper cells rounded-quadrate, c. 8 pni wide, distinct, sinuose, incrassate, in upper half of leaf bistratose, enlarged below, the lowest shortly rectangular. Capsule immersed on a short arcuate seta, short, sub- globose, gibbous a t base, pale-brown with a wide red mouth; gymnostomous; lid almost flat or mamillate; calyptra short, mitriform.

In short blackish-green tufts up to 0.5 cni high on dry exposed calcareous rocks in the mountains. Scattered localities in the North, probably overlooked in the non- fruiting state.

When fruiting, the short arcuate seta and immersed, subglobose, gibbous capsule without peristome distinguish this species from all other Iraqi Grimmias but in the vegetative state it resembles several other sniall species of Grimmia which have oblong- lanceolate hair-pointed leaves. G. pulvinata is a bigger plant forming rounder denser cushions and the hair points of the leaves are niuch longer, G. mesopotamica usually has longer hairs, and also the leaf has unistratose recurved margins (less recurved or plane and bistratose in G. anodon). S . apocarpum is usually larger, looser and inore branched ; G. tergestina is distinct in having almost the whole lamina bistratose and the upper lamina f acuminate.

E: Shaqlawa, cfr., 11. 4. 60 (HCB 483); Helgurcl, c . 2200 m, 5. 6. 60 (HCB 323); Sakri Sakran, W. of Bowanduz, 1960 In, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 336).

M : Jebel Sinjar, calc. rocks above the town, csp., 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1431); above Der Asi, csp., 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1629); Ser Amadiapass, rocks, cfr., 31. 7. 61 (BUH 437)

S: Zawiya below Pira Magrun, cfr., 20. 10. 60 (HCB 321); Penjwin road, cfr., 24. 10. 60 (HCB 324) (Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Persia, Syria, hbanon, Israel, Tibet, Altai mts., Algeria, Morocco, N. America).

2. G. cr in i ta BRID., Spec. Musc. I. 95,1800; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 32, 1959.

a. sinaica (HAMPE) B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 25/28, 3 : 133 Mon. 11. 1845; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 594, 1870.

(Plate 10: 6)

Lower leaves shortly ovate, c. 1 inm long, obtuse and muticous, very concave, nerve distinct,, prominent a t back but leaves not keeled; perichaetial leaves twice as long as the cauline leaves, obovate-spathulate, hair-points long and almost smooth; margin plane, margin and laniina unistratose throughout ; cells as in G. anodolz but slightly larger, to 11 pin. Seta slightly curved, very short, scarcely exceeding the vaginula; capsule immersed or emergent, almost symmetrical and erect, oval, c. 0.9 nim long, brown, faintly striate when dry with a rather narrow reddish mouth; annulus broad, half the height of the peristome ; lid obtusely mainillate ; peristome teeth short, triangular-lanceolate, dark red, papillose, inconipletely cleft or perforated into 2-3 divisions; calyptra conic, with a long straight beak, reaching just below the lid.

In short close dark green patches, greyish with the hair points, the stems, especially the fruiting ones, turned to one side giving the plants a characteristic appearance. Typically found growing on calcareous sandstone rocks in the foothills of lower Iraq.


The capsule somewhat resembles that of G. mesopotumicd but the latter has usually all leaves pilose and a longer seta, and grows in deeper denser cushions. It resembles (2. anodon in habit, but the hair points of the perichaetial leaves are longer and more conspicuous.

DLA: Jebel Hanirin, rocks by road between Shahraban and Khanaqin, cfr., 20. 1. 61 (HCB 219, 221, 222, 223, 224); Jebel Harnrin, N.-facing sandy slopes of hills, cfr., 17. 1. 58 (BUH 223) and soft sandstone rocks by road, cfr., 5. 12. 58 (BUH 241); Diyala weir, N.-facing sandstonc, cfr., 7. 12. 62 (BUH 567)

KK: Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, calc. sandstone, cfr., 26. 12. 62 (BUH 597); Derbendikhan, dry sandstone rocks, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUH 610)

KT: Hashirna, near Badra, foothills near Persian border, N.-facing sandstone, 2. 12. 62 (BUH 549); near Badra, sandy hills, 12-13. 4. 67 (RECHINGEE 15723)

SD: Ansab, near borders of Saudi Arabia, calc. soil, 360 m, 24. 4. 57 (RECHINQER 15 726) (Europe, USSR, Caucasus, Lebanon, Israel, Transcaspia, Persia, Sinai, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco).

3. G. gibbosa S. AGNEW in J. Bryol. 7: 339, 1973. (Plate 10: 4)

Paroicous. Stems 2-3 nini high, erect. Leaves 1.0-1.6 mm long, the lower brown, erect when dry, the upper olive-green, curled when dry, all leaves patent when moist, ovate-oblong to lingulate, somewhat carinate, a t apex obtuse, sometimes acute; margin plane, sometimes slightly recurved on one side ; nerve broad, vanishing before the apex, in cross-section with single rows of chlorophyllose ventral and dorsal cells, a central row of clear guide cells and a few small sub-stereidal cells between the guide and the dorsal cells. Cells unistratose, the upper green, rounded-quadrate, obscure, incrassate, smooth or occasionally faintly sinuose, 5 -7 pm across, abruptly giving way at the base to rectangular hyaline cells 85x 10 pm. Perichaetial leaves similar to the vegetative leaves but slightly longer. Seta about 1.0 mm, pale, arcuate and twisted; capsule about 0.8 mm, emergent, yellow-brown, ovate-oblong, gibbous at base, pale and inflated and contracted below the mouth when dry and empty; annulus reddish, of two rowR of cells. Peristome of 16 narrow teeth, sometimes apparently in pairs, 0.3 mm long, erect, orange at base, white above, strongly papillose, perforated on the median line, reflexed when old. Operculum red-brown with an oblique beak; calyptra mitriform, lobed, smooth, covering operculum only. Spores 11-13 pm, smooth.

In very short, compact, dull green tufts in crevices of calcareous rock or on stony calcareous soil, recorded from two places in the foothills of Northern Iraq.

This minute moss ha.s the most markedly asymmetric capsule and curved seta of all members of subgenus Gasterogrimmia recorded for Iraq (G. anodon, G. crinita, and G. mesgotamica). It is smaller than any of these, and is further distinguished by the complete lack of hair-points to the leaves; it must be very inconspicuous when sterile. I t grows in similar habitats to G. c r h i t u .

KK: Tuz Khurrnatli bridge over Lesser Zab river, on stony calcareous soil on dry river bank, cfr., 21. 3. 58, N. POLUNIN a.n. (Holotype in Herb. S. AGNEW, isotypes in BUH, BM); Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, crevices of limestione outcrop on N.-facing slopes of low hills, cfr., 26. 12. 62 (BUH 598).

S. AQBEW & M. VONDR~CEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 415

After I had described this plant as a new species (AQNEW 1973) Dr. NYHOLM drew my attention to Grimmia pitardi CORB. which I had overlooked. I have not seen the type specimen, but the original description (PITARD & CORBIERE 1909), although lack- ing details of leaf structure, agrees closely with ours of G. gibbosa, apart from the sug- gestion that G. pitardi might be dioicous. However, in a later paper ( C O R B ~ R E 1914) a fuller description of fertile material of G.piturdi from Toulon is given, in which CORBIERE states that the plant is definitely paroicous. The only remaining point of difference between the two plants is that the peristome teeth of G. pitardi are said to be entire whereas all those of G. gibbosa examined by me show definite median perforations.

Dr. NYHOLM kindly sent me a specimen collected by herself and Dr. A. C. CRUND- WELL from sandy calcareous soil in Turkey (137 472) which they had named G. pitardi. The plant is very siniilar to our material except for the rather more emergent capsules. I have looked a t a few capsules and find that while most of the peristome teeth are entire, some show perforations identical with those in our Iraqi material. It would be useful to check the type specimen of G. pitardi as the present evidence suggests that all these Middle Eastern plants are conspecific. G. pitardi has previously been recorded from North Africa and France.

4. G. mesopotarnica SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien, 27: 488 1913. (Plate 10: 3)

Leaves crowded, erect and somewhat recurved when moist, appressed when dry all pilose, oblong-ovate c. 1 . 3 ~ 0 . 6 mm, strongly carinate, apex broad, hyaline, f decurrent down the leaf margins ; hair-point long, only slightly rough ; nerve distinct, somewhat thickened above, excurrent, prominent a t the back ; margins recurved almost to apex, unistratose ; lamina unistratose throughout ; cells clear, irregular-quadrate, f sinuose, incrassate, c. 11 pm across, gradually becoming larger and more pellucid below, the basal rectangular, 4-5 times as long as wide, the marginal 4-5 rows thin-walled and hyaline. Perichaetial laeves much larger, obovate-spathulate, concave, margins plane, with triangular patches of hyaline cells reaching from the base to mid-leaf. Seta short, straight or slightly curved, scarcely twice as long as the vaginula; capsule c. 1.4 mni long, almost erect and symmetrical, shortly ovate-oblong, sulcate wet and dry, brownish yellow with reddish mouth; annulus broad; lid obtusely conical; peristome teeth short, broadly lanceolate, dark red, papillose, perforated below and cleft above the middle into 3-4 divisions; calyptra niitriforni or subcucullate with a longish beak, reaching just below the lid.

In short dense dark green tufts to 1 cni high, hoary with the leaf points and usually with a few scattered capsules.

G. pulvinata differs in the bistratose leaf margin and G. orbicularis is a larger plant and usually has the leaves narrower and more gradually tapering, without a hyaline apex; however such leaves do occur in the present plant and sterile specimens may he confusing. The fruit resembles that of G. crinita, but is larger, and the leaves are quite different.

IILA: Diyala weir, N.-facing sandstone, 7. 12. 62 (BUH 568); Jebel Hamrin, between Shahraban and Khanaqin, cfr., 20. 1. 61 (HCB 224, 266, 499, 209, 211, 210, 220)

416 S. AGNEW & M. VONDR~EEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

DM:

H: KA: KT: N D :

Below Hit on right bank of Euphrates, gypsaceous earth, c. 160 111, cap., 10. 4. 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 844, Type) Hilla, 8. 11. 61 (HCB 600) Ukheidhir, among stones, 16. 2. 60 (BUH 267) and cfr., 26. 11. 61 (HCB 205). Hashima, near Badra, Persian foothills, N.-facing sandstone, 2. 12. 62 (BUH 662) Rutba, near top of mesa, cfr., 28. 11. 61 (BUH 609) (Syria).

5. G . Zaevigata (BRID.) BRID.,Bryol. Univ. I. 183,1826; HENDERSON in Notes It. hot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 268, 1961.

Cantpylopus Zaevigatus BRID., Mant. 76, 1819 a. carnpeatris BRUCH., mscr. in Hook. Musc. exot. I1 9, 1820; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien '27: 489, 1913; FROEHLICH 'in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 39, 1949150; HENDERSON & MUIRHEAD in Notes R. bot Gdn. Edinb. 2'2: 32, 1966 C. Zeucophaea GREV. in Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. SOC. 4: 87. 6, 1822; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien SO: 694, 1870; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 80: 11, 1931.

(Plate 10: 7)

Leaves neatly and regularly appressed and imbricate when dry, the long hair points of the upper leaves often crowded together and then spreading a t their tips, giving the stems a distinctive appearance. Leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, triangular, froiii a broad, somewhat cordate base, concave even in the upper part of the leaf, quickly narrowed to a long flattened rough hyaline hair-point which is widened and decurrent a t its base, lower leaves muticous; margin erect ; nerve thin, flattened, indistinct; lamina bistratose nearly to base; upper cells irregular- quadrate, 6-8 pm wide, incrassate, obscure, below enlarged, towards the margin broader than long with ovate lumen, unistratose, clear but scarcely hyaline, a very few by the nerve shortly rectangular f sinuose, the elongated cells over the nerve conspicuously sinuose. Seta thick, erect, 1.5 mm long, yellowish; capsu1e.c. 1 mm, erect, scarcely emergent from the hair points of the upper leaves, light brown, ovate-oblong, smooth; lid with a short straight blunt beak; peristome short, dark brown; oalyptra mitriform, deeply lobed.

In short loose wide patches, stems easily separating, on calcareous rocks in the North.

The leaf shape and the hardly exserted fruits are distinctive, but sterile plants closely resemble G. tergestina; for differences see under that species.

E: Potine mt., 20. 6. 61 (HCB 199); Barsarin gorge, rocks, cfr., 18. 3. 68 (BUH 42); Hafig, 14. 6. 60 (HCB 200) (Europe, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Afghanistan, W. & C. Asia, Madeira, Canaries, Kilimanjaro, N. America, Hawaii, Australia, New Zea- land).

6. G. te rges t ina TOMM., mscr.; Bryol. Eur. fasc. 25/28, 24, 1845; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 489, 1913; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 270, 1961. (Plate 10: 8)

Leaves broad and of solid texture when dry, erect but not as closely appressed as in a. laewigata, oblong-lanceolate from a more erect ovate base, concave, gradually tapering to a rather wide apex ending in a long flattened almost smooth hair point,

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRAEEP, Moss Flora of Iraq 417

lower leaves with shorter hairs or muticous, occasionally (f. epilosa L m R . ) all leaves without hairs; margin plane, erect ; nerve distinct ; upper lamina bistratose; cells incrassate, opaque, rounded-quadrate, 5 -7 pm wide, below gradually becoming larger, unistratose and f sinuose ; basal cells by the nerve elongate-rectangular, the rest quadrate with yellowish cross walls much thicker than the longitudinal walls; cells over the nerve linear-rectangular scarcely sinuose. Capsule immersed on a very short straight seta; peristome orange; calyptra mitriform. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

In short wide patches, blackish green with a peculiar glaucous bloom when dry, on exposed calcareous rocks and earth in the North.

The leaf shape and the cells of the leaf base distinguish this plant from G . laeviqata which also usually has a rougher hair point.

E: M:

6:

Helgurd nit., 2400 in, -. 6 . 60 (HCB 227) Jehel Sinjar, calc. rocks in Magharad gorge, 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1397); Bashiqa, W. of Mosul, N.-facing calc. soil, 12. 4. 60 (HCB 322) Dokan darn, dry earth and rocks 20. 6. 58, (BUH 204) and f. epilosa LIMPR. (BUH 199); Tasluja, near Suleirnaniya on Kirkuk road, 28. 5. 60 (HCB 226) (C. & 8. Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Afghanistan, Tibet, Siberia, China, Morocco).

7. G. commutata HUB., Musc. Germ. 185,1833; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 594,1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 439, 1913; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 39, 1949/50 and 63: 31, 1959, BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 11, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 268, 1961. (Plate 11: 1)

Leaves erect-appressed when dry, erecto-patent when moist, lanceolate from a broader ovate base, concave, not keeled above, upper leaves ending in a short, & rough hair-point, rarely equal to half the length of the lamina, lower leaves muticous; margin f incurved or plane ; upper cells bistratose, rounded-quadrate, very incrassate and obscure, irregular, 5-7 pm wide, below larger, quadrate to shortly rectangular, sinuose, unistratose, the basal cells beside the nerve elongate-rectangular 4 -6 times as long as broad, smooth or sinuose, pellucid, the marginal 4-6 rows shorter with conspicuously thickened cross-walls. Seta short, light brown ; capsule, exserted, erect or somewhat inclined, oval-oblong, smooth, orange-brown turning dark with age ; lid with a long oblique rostrum; calyptra cucullate, somewhat lobed a t base. Dioicous.

In loose separating tufts, erect or spreading, stems 1-4 cni long, yellow green or brown above, darker below, the hair points rarely conspicuous. Dry rocks in the North.

Distinct from the other species with concave leaves and bistratose lamina in the long tapering leaves with short hair points; G. subcaespiticia is a much smaller plant with a bluish-green tinge and the leaves are keeled in the upper part.

E : Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, rocks, 23. 3. 58 (BUH 41); Haji Omran, rocks, cfr., 19. 3. 58 (BUH 44, 257); Little Zab valley, 19. 3. 59 (K. POPE in BUH 280); Sakri Sakran, 1950 m, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 202); Helgurd, foot of mt., 2600 ni, 6. 6. 60 (HCB 518), 2200 m (HCB 337), and rocks in valley, (HCB 515); Nowanda, cfr., 13. 6. 60 (HCB 204) and (BUH 336); upper Nowanda valley, cfr., 8. 6. 60 (BUH 331); Hafig,

S : Nalpareiz, near Penjwin, 26. 6. 61 (HCB 203); Penjwin, 21. 6. 57 (RECHINQER 15 745)

E : Mount Kenith, near Kani Rash, near Turkish frontier N. of Rowanduz, 2000 m, on igneous rocks, 28. 9. 36 (W. A. MACFADYEN, 8, in BM!, det. H. N. DIXON as

-. 6. 60 (HCB 617)

418 S. AGNEW & M. VOSDRLEIK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Grimmia singarense (SCHIFFN.)); Hizan, Kurdistan, 1938 (W. A. MACFADYEN, ZC, in BM!, det. H. N. DIXON aa c f . singarense) - this locality may be in Turkey. (Europe, Persia, Turkey, Afghanistan, Caucasus, S.W. Asia, Himalaya, Siberia, Madeira, Canaries, N. Africa, N. America, Greenland).

8. G. oval i s (HEDw.) LINDB. in Acta SOC. Sc. Fenn. 76, 1871.

Dicranuni ovule HEDW., Sp. M u m 140, 1801

var. simplex VONDRAEEK in Bull. SOC. Amis Sci. Lett. Poznan SBr. D 6: 122, 19G6. Differs from the type in the lamina being unistratose, with only the margin bistra-

tose. Lid with oblique beak. The less concave leaves with margins recurved belc-r, larger upper cells (9pm

across) and autoicous inflorescence will distinguish this species from G. emmutata t o which it is closely related.

E:

9. Grimmia sp. aff. G. subcaespi t ic ia SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 490, 1913.

Naprdan, near Rowanduz, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 201), Holotype in Herb. V O N D R ~ ~ E K

Stems branched , crc aded, often denuded below. Leaves erect-appressed when dry, crowded and sometimes imbricate a t the stem apex so that the hair-points form a spreading tuft as in a. laevigakz, broadly lanceolate from an ovate base, sometimes slightly plicate, concave-carinate with the nerve very prominent at the back of the leaf, c. 1 nim long; margins incurved above or erect; apex f cucullate, rather broad, suddenly tapering into an almost smooth, hyaline hair-point up to half as long as the lamina; nerve stout, scarcely broadened above; upper lamina opaque, bistratose ; cells f quadrate, 7- 10 pm across, sinuose, somewhat incrassate; below cells unistratose, clear, becoming larger and rectangular towards base, a t margins the cross walls much thicker than the longitudinal walls. Capsule erect, ovate, exserted on a pale seta 1.0mm long, smooth and dull when dry, light brown with a reddish mouth. (Capsules old and fragmentary).

Tufts dense, 5 - 10 mm high, yellowish-green below, dark bluish-green or brownish above, hoary with the long hair-points, forming small rounded cushions on exposed rocks in the high mountains.

Our plants are much shorter and smaller and the leaves are shorter than in European material of Q. caespiticiu (BRID.) JUR. and a. alpestris NEES and the leaves also lack the conspicuous longitudinal plicae of Q. caespiticia. Our plants agree in many respects (broad leaves, glaucous-grey colour, leaf margins involute above, leaf apex broad and f cucullate) with SOHIFFNER’S original description of G. subcuespiticia (from Turkey), but there are important differences; the hair-points are at most only half as long as the lamina, and the nerve is not conspicuously broader above than below. SCHIFFNER does not mention the leaf plicae of Q. aubcaespiticia 80 presumably they are distinct as in G. caespitzcia; he mentions a close resemblance in the cross-sections of the leaves. Without examining the original specimen of Q. subcaespiticiu it is impossible to say if our material falls within its range of variation, so at present we can only say it shows its greatest affinity here,


E: Haji Omran, rocks, 19. 3. 58 (BUH 258); Potine mt., rocks, 2100 m, 21. 6. 61 (BUH 484); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, rocks, 23. 3. 58 (BUH 36); Helgurd mt., Nowanda valley, rocks, 8. 6. 60 (BUH 332)

10. G. a p i c u l a t u HORNSCH. in HOPPE et HORNSCH., P1. Crypt,. Sel. Cent. 2 Dec. 5, 1818. (Plate 11: 2)

Leaves patent or spreading and slightly recurved when moist, translucent, appressed and curved but not spirally twisted when dry, sometimes greyish with the hair points but these usually inconspicuous ; lanceolate, gradually acuminate ; apex acute, muticous in lower leaves, the upper leaves with a short, almost smooth hair-point, rarely half as long as the lamina; lamina unistratose ; margin bistratose near apex, recurved below, often on one side only ; cells strongly incrassate, rounded-quadrate to shortly rectangular and sinuose, c. 7-8 pm wide above, longer and wider below, smooth and hyaline a t the margins a t extreme base, never very narrow nor elongate. Autoicous. Seta arcuate; capsule ovate, yellowish; lid conic-rostellate. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

In loose, spreading tufts, the stems 1-4 cm long, yellow-green above, blackish below, on walls and rocks in the North, usually in damp situations.

Related to G. pulvinata and G. orbicularis but these are usually found fruiting. Also they form shorter, denser, more rounded cushions, hoary with the longer hair- points, and the leaves are wider, oblong-lanceolate and more abruptly acuminate than those of G. apiculata. See also G. trichopkylla.

E: Kowanduz gorge, damp rocks and ledges, 18. 3. 58 (POLUNIN and NA’IB in BUH 176), and (BUH 127) a greenish form with very few hairs; near Babakiyan, by Rowantiuz, wail by stream, 19. 3. 58 (BUH 36); Barsarin gorge, dry rocks, 18. 3. 68 (BUH 40) (Scandinavia, Central Alps, Tatra, Himalaya).

11. G. t r i c h o p h y l l a GREV., F1. Edinb. 236, 1824; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien, 63: 31, 1959; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb., 23: 269, 1961.

Leaves erecto-patent when moist, appressed with spreading hair-points when dry, linear to broadly lanceolate from a narrow ovate base, gradually acuminate to a long or short f smooth hyaline- hair-point ; margins recurved below, bistratose above ; upper lamina partly bistratose, cells 8- 10 pm, incrassate, short or f quadrate, sinuose, a t base beside nerve cells elongate rectangular, OX 12 p i , almost smooth, towards margins shorter, with 2-3 rows of hyaline quadrate cells forming a distinct band for some distance up the margins. Dioicous. Seta cygneous, flexuose, rather short ; capsule pale yellow when young, oval or oblong, with 8 ribs, plicate when dry but less strongly than in G . pulvinata; lid with a fairly long oblique beak.

Resembling 0. pulvinata but in looser cushions which are brown below, dark green above and grey with the hair-points. Recorded from one locality in northern Iraq, but not by the present authors.

G. apiculata has narrower leaves and smaller, more incrassate upper cells in one layer, and the marginal hyaline cells a t base longer and not forming a distinct band.

S: Sosakhan below Tawilla, 1200 m, Avroman mts., on Persian border, cfr. 15. 6. 57 (RECHINOER 15743)!

420 9. A Q N ~ W & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

(Europe, U.S.S.R, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Algeria, Madeira, N. America, Austra- lia).

12. G.puZvinata (HEDw.) SM., Engl. Bot. t. 1728, 1807; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 594, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Ust. bot. Z. 68: 213, 1908; B o r n . in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 11, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 269, 1961

Pieeidene pulvinatue var. communie HEDW., Sp. Musc. 168, 1801

(Plate 11: 4) Leaves erect and appressed or variously curved when dry, patent or spreading when

moist, oblong-lanceolate, rather abruptly tapering to a wide point ending in a long flexuose dent,iculate hyaline hair, lower leaves often muticous ; margin recurved on both sides to about mid-leaf, bistratose above, cells almost uniform throughout the leaf, sinuose, incrassate, more than 7-8 pm wide, irregularly rounded-quadrate gradually becoming larger and clearer below, a few by the nerve at extreme base rectangular, 2-3 times a8 long as broad, but the rest of the basal cells uniformly quadrate. Fruit common. Seta cygneous, 2-3 mm long; capsule oval-oblong, almost twice as long as broad, ribbed and plicate and dull or dark brown when mature and dry; lid with a long, straight or oblique beak; calyptra mitriform or rarely cucullate; peristome red, teeth unequally cleft and perforated into 2 -3 divisions ; annulus broad, deciduous.

Usually in dense bright green or brownish, hoary cushions 0.5-1 cm high, but occasionally in looser tufts. Common on calcareous rocks and walls in the North.

Distinguished from B. apiculata by the leaf shape, and from G. orbiculuris by the basal cells only shortly rectangular in the present plant, and by the fruit.

E: Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, rocks, cfr., 22. 3. 68 (BUH 83, 159); Rowanduz gorge, near Babakiyan, cfr., 19. 3. 68 (BUH 136); Rowanduz gorge, cfr., 18. 6. 61 (HCR 386); Haji Omran, rocks, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 37) Derbendikhan, boulders in stream, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUH 616) Dohukgorge, rocks, cfr., 22. 3. 61 (BUH 371) and 22. 7. 61 (BUH 424) and 22. 3. 61 (HCB 381); Sersmg, rocks, cfr., 10. 7 . 61 (BUH 396) Kopi Qaradagh, rocks, 1200 m, cfr., 16. 6. 69 (BUH 291); Dokan dam, dry rocks, 20.6.58 (BUH 196); Penjwin road, cfr., 24.10. 60 (HCB 226); Beenawa Suta, near Penjwin, 1260 m, 26.5.61 (HCB 616) (Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Caucasus, Kashmir, Ethiopia, N. Africa, Azores, Canaries, N. America, Australia).

KK: M :

S:

12. a. orbicularis BRUCH, mscr., WILS. in ENGL. Bot. suppl. t. 2888, 1844; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 489, 1913;lBO~NM. in Magy. bot. Lap., 30: 11, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 269, 1961 ; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67 : 39, 1949150 and 63 : 32, 1959. (Plate 11 : 5)

Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; margin unistratose throughout ; upper cells to 10 pm, irregularly quadrate, sinuose and incrassate ; basal cells by the nerve yellowish, narrowly rectangular, sinuose, about 6 times as long as broad, becoming shorter and wider towards the margins, the marginal 4-5 rows in the basal angles of almost quadrate, hyaline cells. Capsule oval-globose, only slightly longer than broad, bright reddish Jqown, often striate when mature but not so distinctly as in a. puluinata; lid conic-

'


mamillate, not rostrate ; calyptra cucullate ; peristome red below, pale above, teeth cleft into 3-4 divisions; annulus narrow.

Resembling G. pulvinata and in similar situations, but usually of a duller green and forming less rounded cushions, also the leaves somewhat narrower in the present species; unmistakable in fruit.

DLA: Koma Sank, near Mandali, Persian border, (HCB 408) E:

KK :

KT : M:

S:

Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawa road, 16. 3. 68 (POLUXIN at al. in BUH 43); Rowanduz gorge, 18. 3. 68 (POLUNIN et al. in BUH 128); Barsarin gorge, near Rowanduz, cfr., 18. 3. 68 (BUH 38, 39); Shaqlawa, 11. 4. 60 (HCB 484); Hafig, 14. 6. 60 (HCB 216) Ain Dibbis, near Kirkuk, N.-facing rocks, cfr., 26. 12. 62 (BUH 694) ; Derbendikhan, soil in rock crevices, cfr., 28. 2. 63 (BUR 642) Hashima, near Badra, Persian foothills, N.-facing rocks, 2. 12. 62 (BUH 656) Jebel Khantur above Sharanish, c. 1400 m, 5. 7. 67 (RECHINOER 16760); Jebel Maqlub, with Cros8idium sp. on dry calc. rocks, cfr., 17. 3. 68 (BUH 160, 161); Jebel Sinjar, 19. 3. 61( BUH 372); Bashiqa, W. of Mosul, N.-facing calc. soil, cfr., 12. 4. 60 (HCB 218); Kizil Khan, river bank, E. of Sinjar, 19. 3. 61 (HCB 409); Hatra, rocks, cfr., 9. 3. 62 (BUH 636) and 24. 2. 61 (HCB 486); Sersang rocks, cfr., -. 7. 61 (BUH 398); Ser Amadia pass, rocks, cfr., 31. 7. 61 (BUR 436); Dohuk gorge, cfr., 22. 7. 61 (BUH 423); gorge between Dohuk and Zakho, cfr., 22. 3. 61 (BUR 373 and HCB 414) Pira Magrun csp., 21. 10. 60 (HCB 207); Zawiya below Pira Magrun, 1710 m, cfr., 22. 10. 60 (HCB 208, 494); Azmir Dagh, above Suleimaniya, 26. 6. 60 (HCB 214); Kopi Qaradagh, rocks, 17. 6. 69 (BUH 313) and 29. 6. 61 (HCB 213); Tasluja, near Suleimaniya on Kirkuk road, 28.6. 60 (HCB 216) (Europe except Scandinavia, USSR, Syria, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Turkestan, N. Africa, N. & S. America).

var. pers ica SCHIFFN. in ost. bot. Z. 47: 129, 1897 and in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27 : 489, 1913 ; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67 : 39, 1949/50.

Very many leaves, especially in the side branches, are without hairs and with a rounded apex; the upper leaves and the perichaetial leaves each have a long hyaline hair. The seta is about one third shorter and much thicker so that the capsule often lies sideways among the perichaetial leaves.

The above description is the original one with which none of our specimens of G. orbicularis agrees completaly. Often the lower leaves (and in BUH 373, all but 3 or 4 of the uppermost leaves) are muticous, but this is often the case in any hair-pointed Grimmia and this character in our material is not correlated with the presence of a shorter, thicker seta the length of which can vary from 2-3 mm. Without exemin- ing the type specimen it is impossible to say whether var. persica is a good variety or not, and it seems best to keep all our specimens under G . orbicularis for the present.

DM: Nahiya, between Ana and Abu-Kemal on Euphrates, c. 160 m, csp., 1910 (HAND.- MZT. 737)

M: Seiramun by Mosul cap., 1910 (HAxD.-MzT. 1214); Jebel Sinjar above the town, csp., 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1534); Jecdale, csp., 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1639) (Syria, Turkey, Persia).

Order 6 . FUNARIALES Fam. FUNARIACEAE

Mostly acrocarpous, short-stemmed annual or biennial terrestrial mosses with the upper leaves crowded into a rosette and the lower leaves smaller and more distant. 30 Feddes Repertorium, Band 86. Heft 6 -8

422 8. AGNBIW & M. VONDELEIX, Moss Flora of Iraq

Leaves usually soft, broad and concave with lax areolation ; margin plane or incurved, often toothed and bordered with narrow cells; nerve usually ending below apex; cells large, thin-walled, rectangular-rhomboidal. Capsule immersed or exserted, globu- lar to pyriform, erect and symmetrical or inclined and curved or gibbous; peristome double, single or absent or capsule cleistocarpous ; lid variable ; calyptra variable, often inflated and beaked.

1 Cleistocarpous; seta very short . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Physcmnitrelh - Stegocarpous; seta elongate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Peristome double, well-developed; capsule asymmetric . . . . . 34. Funaria - Peristome single or absent; capsule f erect, symmetric. . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Calyptra cucullate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. Entosthodon - Calyptra mitriform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. Steppomitra

31. P h yscomitr e Zla B.S.G Bryol. Eur. fasc. 42,' 1849

Capsulc sub-globose, immersed or slightly emergent, cleistoca.rpous, usually splitting horizontally about the equator.

1. P . patene (HEDw.) B.S.G., Bryol Eur. fasc. 42, 1849.

Phascum putsris HEDW., Sp. Musc. 20, 1801.

(Plate 11 : 6)

Stein very short. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, the upper larger and more crowded, gradually narrowed to a short point; margin plane, obtusely dentate to about the middle; nerve narrow, ending below the apex; cells 20x 60 pm, rhomboidal- hexagonal above, rectangular below. Seta very short ; capsule immersed in the peri- chaetiuni, sub-globose with a short. obtuse point ; lid hardly differentiated ; calyptra small, conical.

Minute annual plants, without persistent protonema, gregarious on damp soil and mud. Found only on the flood banks of rivers in Iraq but probably overlooked in irrigated field ditches etc.

BD: Baghdad, Tigris banks, silt, cfr., -. 11. 60 (HCB 298) (Europe, N. Amcrica).

var. marginata VONDRAEEK in Bull. SOC. Amis Sci. Lett. Poznan, Six. D. 6: 121, 1966. (Plate 11: 7)

Differing from the type in the larger leaf cells, 30x60 p i , with the marginal two rows conspicuously narrowed and elongated, forming a distinct border. The nerve is often excurrent in the upper leaves as a short serrate point. Capsule as in the type.

BA: Mcdeina, Euphrates banks, silt, cfr., 3. 10. 60 (HCB 467, Holotype in Herb. VON- D R ~ ~ E K , Plzen)

S. AQNEW & M. VONDR~EEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 423

32. E nt ost hod o n SCHWAEGR. Suppl. I1 P. 1 fasc. 44, 1813

Autoicous. Leaves lanceolate, erect to spreading, in the Iraqi species only obscurely denticulate and scarcely bordered. Capsule on an elongate seta, -+ erect and symmetrical, pyriform with a conspicuous neck ; lid conical ; calyptra inflated, rostrate, cucullate ; peristome absent, rudimentary or single.

1 Peristome well-developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. E. templetoni - Peristome absent or rudimentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Capsule oval-pyriform, glossy golden-brown; upper leaves 3 times as long as

broad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. E. handelii Capsule narrow-pyriform, dull reddish-brown ; upper leaves 5-6 times as long as broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. E. angustifolius

-

1. E . templetoni (SMITH) SCHWAEGR., Suppl. 2. P. 1. fasc. 44. t. 113, 1813.

Punaria templetoni SMITH, Engl. Bot. t. 2524, 1813 Punaria atteituuta (DICKS.) LINDB., Not. ur Siillsk. F.F. f. 11: 63, 1870.

(Plate 12: 2)

Upper leaves crowded into a rosette, ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate and apiculate ; nerve ceasing just below apex; margin obtusely crenulate with convex cell walls near the apex, but not distinctly serrate ; aerolation lax, the marginal cells narrower but hardly forming a distinct border. Seta about 1 cni long, pale to reddish, erect, flexuose ; capsule 6 symmetrical, erect or slightly inclined, narrowly oblong-pyriform, smooth with a tapering furrowed neck half the length of the capsule, greenish becoming brown, slightly contracted below the wide mouth; annulus absent; peristome teeth reddish-brown a t base, pale above, rather narrow, lanceolate-subulate, distant, obliquely curved to the right, small and often fugacious.

Small low tufts on soil among rocks. Uncommon, in the North only. Distinct as the only Iraqi member of this family with a well-developed single peri-

stome.

E: KK:

M:

Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, earth below rocks, cfr., 22. 3. 68 (BUH 63) Derbendikhan, wet sides of deep gully by road, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 641), (peristome well-developed) Kizil Khan, E. of Sinjar, river bank with Pottia commutata, cfr., 19. 3. 61 (HCB 177): Zakho, cfr., 21. 3. 61 (HCB 173, 175): gorge 'between Dohuk and Zakho, Turkhiza, with E. Aandelii, cfr., 21. 3. 61 (HCB 176 ex p.) Dokan dam, dry soil amongst rocks, cfr., 20. 6. 68 (BUH 213), (peristome wanting). (Medit.-Atl. Europe, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Egypt, Sinai, Algeria, Morocco, Madeira, Canaries, Azores, N. America).

6:

3. E . handel i i SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 493, 1913. (Plate 12: 3)

Autoicouu, the single male branch arising with the somewhat longer female branch from an old rosette, male inflorescence discoid, antheridia small, numerous, mixed with capitate paraphyses. Stems short, erect, lower leaves 1.6-2 mm long, the upper 30'

424 S. AQNEW t M. VONDRLOEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

perichaetial leaves much longer, 3-4 mm, forming a rosette. Leaves pale, obovate- lanceolate, concave, gradually acute from mid-leaf, the perichaetial often cuspidate ; margin plane, somewhat uneven with the projecting thickened cross-walls of the marginal row of cells which are narrow but which do not form a distinct border; nerve narrow but conspicuous, vanishing below the apex ; upper cells lax, rectangular-rhomboid, 45-56 pm x 18-30 pm, lower elongate-rectangular., Seta erect, c. 1 cm long, orange below, yellow above, twisted throughout it slength; capsule 2-3 mm (without lid), oval-pyriform, smooth, with a furrowed neck half the length of the capsule, golden brown & glossy, f unsymmetrical and curved, inclined, or sometimes nearly erect but for the asymmetry of the capsule, urn contraoted below mouth when dry, inflated when wet and then contracted at the mouth. Peristome rudimentary, fugacious, brown, just exceeding the mouth of the capsule, teeth truncate, to 100 pm long. Spores 22 pm, brown, verruculose with short blunt papillae. Calyptra inflated, rostrate, cucullate ; operculum not seen.

Scattered stems on bare earth or in rock crevices. Widespread in the North, and in fruit conspicuous with the golden-brown inflated capsules.

E: Bastura Chai bridge on Erbil-Shaqlawa road, earth cliff in wet gully, csp., 16. 3. 68 (BUH 181); Rowanduz gorge, CEP., 18. 6. 61 (HCB 172)

M : Seiramun near Mosul, 23. 6. 19€0 (HAND.-MzT. 1221); Hmoidet near MOEU~, 4. 6. 1910 (HAND.-MzT. 1336); Dohuk gorge, csp., (with peristome), 22. 3. 61 (HCB 191); Dohuk gorge, soil in rock crevices, cfr., 22. 3. 61 (BUH 477) and 22. 7. 61 (BUH 426); gorge between Dohuk and Zakho, Turkhiza, cfr., 21. 3. 61 (HCB 176 ex p.); Sharqat, CEP., (with peristome) 22. 2. 61 (HCB 170); Hatra-Sharqat, steppe, cfr., (with peristome), 24. 2. 61 (HCB 171); Khazir river between Mosd and Erbil, CEP., 20. 3. 61 (HCB 174) Shubicha, CEP., 10. 3. 61 (HCB 490) (Turkey, Jordan, Persia, Afghanistan).

SD:

3. E. angus t i fd ius JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 595, 1810. (Plate 12: 4)

Gregarious, pale green. Lower leaves minute, lanceolate, the upper crowded into a patulous coma, elongate- lanceolate, acute (5-6 times as long as broad); margin uneven with prominent cell-walls, not bordered ; areolation lax, scarely chlorophyllose ; nerve green turning dark brown when old, disappearing before the apex. Seta c. 1.5 cm, erect, light brown, twisted; capsule c. 3 mm, reddish or chestnut brown, erect or slightly inclined, elongate-pyriform with a furrowed neck half the length of the cpasule, slightly asymmetric and curved especially when dry and then distinctly contracted below the wide dark-brown conspicuous mouth ; exothecial cells prosenchymatous, very incrassate, cells of mouth transversely rectangular also very thick- walled; peristome represented by a narrow whitish basal membrane, sometimes with very short truncate teeth. (The species was originally described as being gymnostomous.)

In small matteTed tufts on soil. The present collection is probably the first since the type, but although the capsules

are unmistakable and the leaves agree in size and shape with the original description, the vegetative parts of the plants are too old and withered for a full microscopic examination to be made. Thus the description of the leaves given here is partly taken from the original description.


KK: M:

Ain Dibbis, N. of Kirkuk, damp soil in gully by river, cfr., 7. 12. 62 (BUR 678) Jebel Sinjar, 1865-68 (HAUSSKNECHT s.n., Holotype) (Iraq).

33. Steppomitra VONDRAEEK e t HADAE in Bull. SOC. Amis Sci. Lett. Poznan SBr. D, 6: 117, 1965

Leaves not bordered ; capsule erect, symmet,rical, peristome teeth absent or rudimentary, calyptra mitriform.

1. S . hadaci i VONDRAEEK in Bull. SOC. Amis Sci Lett. Poznan SBr. D, 6: 118, 1966. (Plate 12: 1)

Stem erect, very short, c. 5 mm long. Leaves somewhat concave, closely set and imbricate giving a bud-like appearance to the plant. Upper leaves c. 2 mm long, ovate- lanceolate to spathulate, abruptly contracted above into a fairly long fine point; margin plane, not bordered, obscurely serrulate near the apex ; nerve distinct, ending in the subula; cells thin-walled, lax, near apex rhomboidal 6 0 - 7 0 ~ 20 pm, below somewhat longer, rectangular to irregularly hexagonal. Seta 5 mm long, pale orange- coloured, erect, not twisted; capsule 1.5 mm long, erect, shortly pyriform with a short inconspicuous neck, orange turning darker with age, f constricted below the mouth and somewhat sulcate after the spores are shed ; peristome absent or rudimentary, teeth truncate, of 3 -4 articulations, minutely papillose ; operculuni conical-mamillose ; spores smooth; calyptra mitriform, divided into 4 lobes.

Plants small, gemmiform, loosely tufted on soil. Although S. hadacii resembles some Physcomitrium spp. in the mitriform calyptra,

i t differs in leaf form and in the presence of a rudimentary peristome. Funaria and Entosthodon spp. have cucullate calyptras, and Funaria is also distinct, in its asymmetric capsule. It is nearest to 8. hungarica (BOROS) VONDRAEEK (Entosthodon hungaricus BOROS). M: Steppe (Jezira) between Hatra and Sharqat, 24. 2. 61 (HCB 169) Holotype in Herb.

V O N D R ~ ~ E K ; Isotype in Herb. BOROS, Budapest and in BUH.

34. Funar ia HEDW. Sp. Musc. 172, 1801

Autoicous. Leaves ovate-spathulate, f erect-spreading ; margins unbordered, entire or denticulate. Seta elongate ; capsule oblique, curved, asymmetric, pyriform with a distinct neck, smooth or furrowed; peristome double, outer teeth 16, twisted, inner of 16 shorter processes opposite the outer teeth, without a basal membrane.

1 Leaves with a long piliform point ; seta erect ; capsule smooth. . . . . . . 1. F. mediterranea

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. P . hygrmetrica

1. F. mediterranea LINDB. in Ofv. K. V. A. Forh. 20: 399, 1863; JTJR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 595, 1870.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Leaves with a short acute apex; seta arcuate; capsule furrowed . . . . .

426 S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLEEP, Moss Flora of Iraq

P . muehlenbergii TURN. in Ann. Bot. 8: 198, 1804 var. mediterranea (LINDB.) LIPPR., Laubm. 11: 197, 1891

(Plate 12: 6) Leaves about 2 mm long, the lower ovate, the upper obovate, slightly larger and

crowded into a coma1 tuft, pale green, erect, concave, abruptly acuminate to a f long piliform point ; nerve ceasing below the point ; margin plane or somewhat incurved, obtusely denticulate from just above the middle to the apex. Seta reddish-orange, slender, rarely exceeding 1 cm, erect; capsule c. 2 mrn long, yellow becoming brown with age, pyriform with a neck nearly half the total length of the capsule, gibbous, slightly curved, so mewhat contracted below the wide mouth; annulus absent, mouth straight and thus vertical in the mature state, smooth when dry apart from the neck which is .furrowed. Peristome twisted, papillose, the outer teeth red-brown, the inner yellowish, shorter; lid flat or slightly mamillate ; calyptra thin-walled, shining, inflated at base, with a long beak, reaching almost t o the base of the mature fruit, finally cucullate. Spores c. 26 pm.

In short tufts about 6 mm high on calcareous soil or walls, conspicuous in fruit but probably overlooked when sterile. Recorded only from the North.

E: Rowanduz gorge, Hopkins bridge, cfr., 14.6. 60 (HCB 197); Rowanduz gorge, damp rocks and ledges, cfr., 18. 3. 68 (BUR 131); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, with E. templetomi on earth, cfr., 22. 3. 68 (BUH 109) Bashiqa, W. of Mosul, N.-facing calcareous soil, cfr., 12. 4. 60 (HCB 198); Kizil Khan, E. of Sinjar, river bank, csp., 19. 3. 61 (HCB 196); Jebel Sinjar, cfr., 19. 3. 61 (BUH 478); Hatra,earthamongst ruins, cfr., 9. 3. 62 (BUH 637); Sharqat, steppe, csp., 24. 2. 61 (HCB 196) (Europe, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Caucasus, Egypt, N. Africa, N. America).

2. P. hygrometrica HEDW., Sp. Musc. 172, 1801; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 696, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27 : 494,1913; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 39,1949/60; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 616, 168. (Plate 12: 6)

Similar to F. mediterranea but the fruit more highly developed, and the plant as a whole usually larger and more robust. Upper leaves to 4mm, crowded, broad, very concave with a short acute apex, the margins entire, incurved above, nerve percurrent or very shortly excurrent. Seta 3( -6) cm long, flexuose, arcuately curved, dark red when old, strongly twisted and hygroscopic when dry; capsule c. 3 mm, inclined, pyriform, asymmetric, gibbous, with a long tapering neck, yellow-brown becoming darker; annulus of large deciduous cells; mouth contracted, oblique and thus often horizontal and parallel to the capsule axis when mature; capsule and neck deeply sulcate even when moist. Peristome as the last but outer teeth broader and more solid, and united at the tips by a small disc; lid convex; calyptra as the last. Spores 12-16 pm.

In larger tufts than the last, on walls or soil especially in gardens, by ditches etc. N. and Central Iraq. BD: Baghdad, Adhamiya, soil in University garden, 18. 2. 68 (BUH 278): Baghdad,

Karradat Mariam, garden, 2. 6. 63 (BUH 666)

M:

.

S. AGNEW t M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq 427

E:

M:

S:

Erbil, garden of railway rest-house, cfr., 16. 3. 58 (BUH 51); Phaqlawa, cracks in stone wall, cfr., 18. 3. 58 (BUH 52) Sersang, walls in garden of hotel, cfr., 11. 7. 61 (BUH 400); K i d Khan, E. of Sinjar, river bank, cfr., 19. 3. 61 (HUB 193) Dokan dam, wet garden soil cfr., 30. 1. 61 (BUH 510); Qaradagh, damp earth by stream, cfr., 21. 6. 59 (BUH 321); Kopi Qaradagh, Waziara, 1300 m, cfr., 29. 6. 6 1 (HCB 435); Sarchinar, near Suleimaniya, 27. 5. 60 (HCB 192) (Cosmopolitan. Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan).

Order 6. EUBRYALES

Fam. BRYACEAE

Monoicous or dioicous. Plants usually perennial, tufted, innovating near the base or below the infloregcence. Stem usually with a large distinct central strand. Leaves scarcely hygroscopic, ovate-lanceolate, rarely broad and rounded or narrow and elongate, usually distant and small below, increasing in size towards the stem apex where they are crowded into a coma1 tuft ; margin entire or somewhat denticulate, recurved or plane ; nerve stout, often excurrent ; cells hexagonal-rhomboidal, sometimes linear above, rectangular below, the marginal often narrower and elongate forming a f distinct border. Sporophyte solitary ; seta elongate ; capsule ovate, pyriforni or cylindrical, f symmetrical, pendulous or inclined, rarely (not in ours) erect, with 4 long or short neck; lid convex, conical or apiculate, not rostrate. Calyptra narrow, cucullate, fugacious ; annulus when present of large deciduous cells ; peristonie double, usually the inher with a distinct basal membrane.

1 Leaves not bordered, usually denticulate in the upper part; nerve ceasing some distance below apex; mo8t of the upper cells at least 4 times as long as

Leaves often bordered; often with excurrent nerve; upper cells mostly hexagonal-rhomboidal, not elongated (except in Bryum dpinum) . . . . 37. Bryuvn Leaf cells elongate-rhomboidal, never linear, 16-26 ym broad; plants pale or bright green or reddish but not markedly glossy; stomata on capsule immersed ; annulus absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leaf cells regularly very long and nairow, less than 16 yni broad; plants often with a metallic sheen; stomata on capside superficial; annulus present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . Pohlia HEDW. 8.8

broad (Pohlia HEDW. 6.1.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -

2

36. Mniobryuvn -

36. Mniobryum LIMPR. Laubni. 11. 272, 1892

Dioicous. Male inflorescence terminal, gemmiform or disciforni. Plants loosely tufted, rarely branching below the inflorescence (cf. Bryum). Leaves ovate to lanceo- ‘late, usually rather narrow, f distant below, crowded and often longer at the stem apex ; border absent or indistinct ; margin usually rinely denticulate above ; nerve rarely excurrent (not in ours) ; cells mostly thin-walled and fairly lax, elongate-rhomboidal to hexagonal but never linear nor very wide. Capsule pendulous, shortly pyriform with a short but distinct neck, wide-mouthed when dry and empty, stomata confined to the neck, immersed; annulus absent; outer peristome yellow or brown,

,

428 8. AGNEW & M. .VONDRI(EEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

teeth lanceolate, papillose, scarcely bordered; inner peristome the same length as the outer, with a high basal membrane, the processes widely cleft or perforated, cilia long, f nodulose, not appendiculate.

1 Stem less than 1 cm long, reddish; leaves small, rather narrowly ovate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. M . delicutulum

- Stems longer, leaves larger, broader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Leaves f flat; cells often 80-90 pni long, irregular; leaf apex shortly pointed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. ki. albicans - Leaves concave; cells mostly 60-70 pm long, more regularly shaped; apex of

the lower leaves muticous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Y. latifolium

1. Y. delicatulum (HEDw.) DIX. in Revue bryol. lichen. 6: 107, 1933.

Bryum delicatdurn HEDW., Sp. Musc. 119, 1801 Pohlia delicatzcla GROUT, Moss Fl., 1940; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. Be: 190, 1967 Webera carnea SCHP. in Bryol. Eur. Coroll. 67, 1866.

(Plate 13: 1)

Stems short, red, 0.6-1 cm\high. Leaves f distant, erect-sprea'ding wet and dry, small, narrowly ovate- or oblong-lanceolate with narrow decurrent wings at the base, acuminate to the acute apex, margin f plane, sub-denticulate in upper half, the upper leaves longer, more strongly denticulate ; nerve stout, reddish below, not reaching the apex; cells elongate-hexagonal, sometimes with pointed ends, very variable in size, 60-110 pm long and 16-26 p m wide, narrower towards the margins, most cells at least 4 times as long as broad, but never as narrow and vermicular as in Pohlia cruda. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

Plants in short reddish tufts, on damp ground, by streams etc. Y.albicuns is usually a larger plant with larger, broader, more ovate leaves of

a bright or pale green colour, while M. latifolium has the lower leaves obtuse and muticous, not acute.

DM: E: M: S:

Karrie Hossaib, on Euphrates, S. of Falluja, 7. 10. 60 (HCB 394, 396) Rowanduz gorge, 14. 6. 60 (HCB 269) Sersang, streamisde bank, -. 7. 61 (BUH 378) KopiQaradagh Waziara, 1300 m, 29.6.61 (HCB 430) (Europe, Lebanon, Turkey, Caucmus, Siberia, Himalaya, Japan, Egypt, Algeria, Azores, Nova Scotia).

2. Y. albicans (WAHLB.) m., Laubm. 11; 272, 1892; S C H I F ~ . in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 494, 1913; B~RNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 12, 1931; FEOEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 40, 1949/60 and 63: 32, 1969.

B ~ p m albicam WAELB., mscr., WEB. lk Mom in Bot. Teschenb. 280, 1807 Pohlia albioans LIXDB., Msc . Scand. 17, 1879; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. %?: 190,1957 Webera albicans SCHIXP., Coroll. 67,1866; Jna. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien SO: 696, 1870.

(Plate 13: 2)

S. A ~ N E W & M. VONDRLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 429

Leaves crowded, erect-spreading when wet, appressed when dry or more distant and then variously spreading and even somewhat curled and twisted, ovate-lanceolate , decurrent, apex acute ; margin f denticulate ; nerve greenish, vanishing below apex ; cells as in M . delicatulum but more regular in size, rarely exceeding 90 pin in length. Fruit uncommon. Seta long, reddish, flexuose; capsule pendulous, ovate-pyriform with the neck half the length of the capsule.

In loose or compact, pale or brigth green tufts, sometimes reddish below, 0.5-4 cm high, on soil or rocks by waterfalls, springs, streams etc., mainly in the North.

BD : E:

KK :

M :

S:

Baghdad, Adhamiya, University garden, with Riccia frostii 8. 3. 60 (BUH s.n.) Bastura Chai bridge, Erbil-Shaqlawa road, 16. 3. 58, in waterfall (BUH 174) and wet rocks by waterfall (BUH 9); Potine Mt., spring, 22. 6. 61 (BUH 496); Helgurd mt., with Pidonotis sp. and M. latifolium 4. 6 . 60 (HCB 267); Shaqlawa village, on wall by stream at roadside, 22. 3. 68 (BUH 18); Galala village, 25 kni W. of Haji Oniran, clefts between rocks, 10. 6. 60 (Z. CHALABI in BUH 369) Derbendikhan, wet bank by spring, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 651); between Jalaula and Der- bendikhan, by roadside waterfall, 13. 6. 59 (BUH 283) Jebel Sinjar, running water in Itas spring, 1910 (HAND. MZT. 1412); Uohuk gorge, lirnestone rocks, cfr., 22. 3. 61 (BUH 480); Sulaf, near Aniadia, earth bank by waterfall, 31. 7. G 1 (BUH 446, 451); Dohoki near Sersang, wet earth by waterfall, 15. 8. 61 (BUH 458) Dokan dam, wet earth on rock ledges in shade, 20. 6 . 58 (BUH 185); Zawiya below Pira Magrun, 1710 In, 20. 10. 60 (HCB 255; 256); Avroman mts., Persian border, above Tawilla 1500-2000 m, 13-17 .6 . 57 (RECHINQER 15732) and near Tawilla, 1600 m, 13. 6. 57 (RECHINQER 15736) (Europe, Caucaaus, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, China, Japan, Algeria, New Zea- land, N. & S. America).

3. M . latifolium SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 494, 1913; HENDERSON and MUIRHEAD in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 33, 1965.

M. albicans var. latifolium PODP., Consp. Muse. Eur. 340, 1954

(Plate 13: 3) We have one collection (HCB 258) which agrees in most but not in all respects with

SCHIFFNER’S description of this species. A translation of the latter is given below, followed by notes on the present collection. “Similar to the largest forms of M . albicans (var. glacialis SCHP.) in size and colour, but differing as follows. Tufts very soft, 5- 10 cni high, red below, when moist leaves patulous, sub-squarrose, sub-concave with plane margin, broader ovate-oblong, shortly acute, in upper leaves apex very shortly apiculate, in lower apex muticous and sometimes subcucullate, base very narrowly and shortly decurrent, the wings 2-1 cells broad; cells much shorter and with thinner walls”.

Our plant is a yellow-green colour, the stems are about 1.5 cm long but rather slender, not robust, with leaves appressed when dry, very concave and scarcely spreading when moist, and not a t all squarrose. However the leaf shape and form and particularly the apex agrees well with SCHIFFNER’S description. The decurrent wings of the leaf base are certainly narrow and fine, but some specimens of M . albicans show the same development. The leaf cells are more regularly pointed than in M . albicans and are usually 55-70 pni long x 16 pni wide, although some reach 80 pm; the cells walls do not appear to differ in thickness from those of M . albicans.

430

E:

S. AGNEW & M. VONDBBEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Helgurd nit., 2800 m, with M. albicana and Philonotis sp., 4. 6. 60 (HCB 268) (Turkey, Israel).

36. Pohlia HEDW. Sp. Musc. 171, 1801 8. str.

DioicourJ, paroicous or autoicous. Plants resembling Mniobryum in general habit and structure but often shining and glossy when dry. Leaf cells usually very narrow, linear-rhomboid to somewhat vermicular with pointed ends, often wider and more rectangular at the base. Capsule pendulous or rarely erect (not in ours), shortly ovate to elongate-oblong, or clavate with a short or long neck, stomata confined to the neck, superficial; annulus present; inner peristome the same length as the outer; from a broad or narrow basal membrane, the processes entire, perforated or widely cleft and gaping along the median line ; cilia without appendages, sometimes rudimentary or absent.

1. P. c r u d a (HEDw.) LINDB., Musc. Scand. 18, 1879; HENDERSON in Notes R, bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 270, 1961.

Mnium crudurn HEDW., Sp. Musc. 189, 1801.

(Plate 13: 4) Lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 times as long as broad, margin f entire,

coma1 leaves much longer and rather narrower, margin denticulate in upper half; nerve strong and red below, green above, vanishing below apex; cells long and narrow, 75-40 x 12-15 pm, prosenchymatous, sub-vermicular, the marginal row very narrow, often with square ends. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

Plants 3-4 cm tall in loose tufts, tomentose below, on earth in rock crevices. Easily recognised by the combination of red stems and pale or yellowish-green

leaves which shine with a metallic lustre when dry. The loose habit and pale green colour resemble Mniobryurn spp. but these have shorter, wider cells and no metallic tinge.

E: Helgurd mt., Sertzar, wet earth overhangs, c. 2600 m, 10. 6. 60 (BUH 360) (Widespread, almost cosmopolitan).

37. Br yum HEDW. Sp. Muse. 178, 1801

Dioicous, autoicous or synoicous. Inflorescence terminal, disciform or gemmiform. Plants often densely tufted, innovating below the inflorescence. Leaves mostly ovate- lanceolate, rarely narrow as in Pohlia; margin usually smooth, often bordered ; nerve strong, often excurrent ; cells hexagonal to rhomboidal above, rarely linear, usually widened to rectangular at base. Sporophyte with characters of the family; the stomata on the capsule superficial, confined to the neck; annulus present ; peristome double, usually perfect, the inner consisting of a f high basal membrane, 16 split or perforated processes and 1-4 intermediate cilia, long and appendiculate or less frequently short and rudimentary.

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRAEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 43 1

Many species of this large genus can only be identified when fruiting, as the vegetative characters differ little between closely related species and are also subject to great variation. Much of the variation described may result from habitat differences, but some may be due to hybridisation.

Leaf base usually green, not red; margin with an indistinct border, often partially bistratose ; outer peristome teeth pale yellow throughout, not darker nor thickened at the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Leaf base usually reddish ; margin unistratose; outer peristome teeth pale yellow above, darker or orange and thickened at the base . . . . . . . . 4 Leaves rounded-ovate, very concave ; apex apiculate, nerve not excurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. B. schleicheri Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, less concave ; nerve excurrent as a short point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Capsule elongate-pyriform ; inner peristome processes narrowly perforated ; spores more than 20 pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. B. pallens Capsule broadly pyriform ; processes broadly perforated ; spores less than 20ym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. B. syriacum Leaves with a distinct border of narrow elongate cells; lamina cells wide or n a r r o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Leaves with a narrow f indistinct border; lamina cells usually long and n a r r o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Usually fertile, capsule inclined to horizontal; in damp or shaded rather than wetplaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Usually sterile, capsule pendulous; in wet places; leaves broad with short points, leaf cells rather short and broad . . . . . . . 8. B. pseudotriquetrum Leaf border thickened, 2-3 stratose . . . . . . . . . . . 5. B. dmianum Leaf border unistratose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Leaves often spirally twisted when dry, obovate or spathulate ; dioicous (synoicous in var. torquescem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. B. capillare Leaves erect or slightly twisted when dry, ovate- or elongate-lanceolate ; autoicous or synoicous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Nerve percurrent, or excurrent in a usually short, stout smooth point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. B.pallescens

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. B.alpinum

. . Nerve excurrent in a long denticulate point . . . . . . . . . Tall robust plants, usually growing near water; nerve ending in apex . . . Short-stemmed plants, often growing in dry stony places; nerve variable 10 Leaves oblong-or ovate-lanceolate, with long points . . . . . . . . . . 11 Leaves broadly ovate, concave, usually with short points . . . . . . . . 12 Capsule golden-brown, 2-3 mni long with an indistinct neck . . . . . .

10. B. caespiticium

Capsule dark-brown, less than 2 nim long, with a short, abruptly tapering neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. B.badium Leaf apex green; nerve stout, shortly excurrent ; cells thin-walled, about twice as long as broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. B. funckii

7. B. cirratum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

432

-

S. AONEW & M. VONDRAEEE, Moss Flora of Iraq

Leaf apex hyaline; nerve slender, usually ceasing well below apex; cells incrassate, 3-4 times as long as broad . . . . . . . . . . 13. B. argenteum

1. B. pallens (BRID.) ROHL., Deutsch. Flora 111. 96, 1813; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 596, 1870; HENDERSON & MUIRHEAD in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 34, 1965

Pohlia pallens BRID., Muse. Rec., 1803.

(Plate 13: 5)

Dioicous. Male stems slender, mixed with the female, with the male inflorescence gemmiform. Leave8 long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminrtte, f decurrent, concave, erect- spreading wet and dry; margin narrowly recurved or plane, entire, bistratose at least in the upper half of the leaf; nerve green or yellow or brownish, excurrent in a short point ; border yellowish f distinct, cells wide, thin-walled, pellucid, rather elongate- rhomboidal above, below rectangular with thicker walls, not a t all reddish a t base. Seta 3-4 cm long, reddish-orange, flexuofie; capsule c. 4 mm long,’ inclined to pendulous, elongate-pyriform with the neck half the total length of the capsule, slightly curved, pale yellow-brown, with a somewhat deeper yellow, not orange or reddish, mouth ; lid conic-mamillate ; outer peristome teeth yellow, not darker nor thickened a t base, finely papillose, very narrowly bordered; inner peristome pale yellow, seg- ments narrowly perforated; cilia fairly long, appendiculate. Spores 20-24 pm.

Tufts greenish, or yellowish, sometimes with a rosy tinge.

E: Setzar below Helgurd mt., wet soil in bog/spring community, 2400 m, 10. 6. 60 (BUH 364); Setzar, 4. 6. 60 (HCB 94); Helgurd, spring, 2200 m, 4. 6. 60 (HCB 80 cfr., HCB 92) Helgurd, upper Nowenda valley, wet flushes among rocks, 2800 m, 8. 6. 60 (BUH 346); between Kani Mam Shirin and Zeyta, near Turkish border, cfr., 23. 6. 61 (HCB 98); Potine mt., damp limestone, cfr., 22. 6. 61 BUH 486 Kopi Qaradagh, wet streamsides and flushes, 16-20. 6. 69 (BUH 286, 289, 326) (Europe, Lebanon, Caucasus, Turkey, Persia, C. Asia to China, N. America).

2. B. schleicheri SCHWAEGR. Suppl. I. p. I1 113, 1816; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 40, 1949/60; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 270, 1961. (Plate 13: 6)

Leaves large, very broad, rounded-ovate, concave, a t apex sub-cucullate, sub-obtuse and apiculate, erect and f imbricate when wet, when dry the leaf margin in the upper part undulate, usually broadly reflexed once or twice below the apex, giving the stems R characteristic appearamce ; border strong, entire or Alightly denticulate above, nerve ceasing in apex or just below; cells rhomboidal-hexagonal, rather short and wide, longer and rectangular a t base. Only sterile plants have so far been found in Iraq.

In loose tufts 2-4cm high, by streams, waterfalls or springs, mostly a t high altitudes .

Easily recognised by its fitout, tumid, scarcely branched, easily separating stems of a pale green or yellow-green colour, sometimes with a pink tinge.

E: Helgurd mt., upper Nowanda valley, wet flushes amongst rocks, c. 2600 m, 10. 6. 60 (BUH 343); Sertzar below Helgurd, c. 2400 m, 10. 6. 60 (BUH 361);

S:

S. AGNEW & M. VONDR~EER, Moss Flora of Iraq 433

Helgurd c . 2200 m, 4. 6. 60 (HCR 95); Helgurd, along brook, c. 2200 m, 5. 6. 60 (HCB 93); Hassar-i-Sakran, waterfall, 2500 m, 7. 6. 61 (HCB 91) 9 near Suleirnaniya, -. 4. 58 (D. E. POORE in BUH 206) (Europe, Lebanon, Caucasus, Persia, Turkey, Central & E. Asia, Sahara, Sinai, Yemen, N. & S. America).

8 :

3. B. s y r i a c u m LOR., U. d. Moose d. Ehrenberg 1820-1826 in Bgypten ges., p. 45, Taf. 12, 18137: SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 495, 1913; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 40, 1949/50 and 63: 32, 1959.

Webora sinaitica LOR., loc. cit. p. 42 W . sacra LOR., loc. cit. p. 40.

(Plate 14: 1) Dioicous, niale and female plants in the same tuft. Tufts lax, 3-5 cni high, dull

yellow-green above, brown and somewhat matted below. Leaves appressed-flexuose when dry, straight and less appressed when moist., ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuininate from the middle, green not red at the narrowly decurrent base; margin plane or inconspicuously recurved a t the base, 2-3 rowA of longer, narrower cells forming an indistinct entire or slightly denticulate border; nerve strong, excurrent as a smooth acute arista 0.3 nim long; cells oblong-rhomboidal, 50 x 25 pm; slightly incrassate, the basal rectangular, wider, with thinner walls. Seta thin, red; capsule obliquely pendent, broadly pyriform with the neck half theqtotal length of the capsule; lid convex, shortly mamillate ; inner peristome from a short basal membrane, teeth broadly perforated in the middle: cilia nodulose below, appendiculate above ; annulus broad, fragile, fugacious. Spores smooth, yellow, 15 pm. Male plants with the habit of a Philonotis, with cauline leaves appressed and inflorescence sub-globose. Outer perigonial leaves much bigger, squarrose-patent from a very broad base, sharply acurriinate forming a long narrow subula, the nerve excurrent in an arista 1 nini long; margin f recurved almost to apex. Inner perigonial leaves smaller, broadly cuneate, truncate with a short hair-like point ; margins plane.

Growing in tufts in springs or on wet rocks in mountain regions up to the snowline. Calcicolous.

RECHINGER collected a plant from Helgurd mountain (R 15763) which FROEHLICH (1959) tentatively identified as Bryum syriacum. As this specinien consists only of non-fruiting stenis, the distinctive character of the perigonial leaves cannot be applied, and vegetatively it is indistinguishable from our several gatherings (some fertile) of undoubted B. pallescens from Iraq. In particular, the leaf bases of RECHIN- GER’S plant are reddish, except in very young leaves, whereas B. syriacum should have green leaf bases; the leaf border is also quite as distinct as in B. pallescens. RECHIN- GER’S gathering is therefore included here under B. pallescens.

Although the present authors have not found B. syriacum in Iraq i t is recorded from several places in the Middle East, and so a full description and illustrations (taken from SCHIFFNER’S (1913) account of one of HANDEL-MAZZETTI’S collections from Turkey) are included in this work.

BILEWSRY in Moss Flora of Israel (1965, p. 399) gives B. syriacum as a synonym of B. turbinatum (HEDw.) SCHWAEGR.

434 S. AGNEW BE M. VONDRAEER, Moss Flora of Iraq

4. B. c a p i l l a r c HEDW., Sp. Musc. 182, 1801; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 696, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 497,1913; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 271, 1961; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 13, 1931. (Plate 13: 7)

Dioicous. Leaves soft, distant below, more densely set above but, not crowded into a distinct coma1 tuft, erect when moist, shrinking when dry and then usually strongly flexuose and spirally twisted round the stem; usually broad-ovate, obovate or spathulate, plane or concave, abruptly narrowed to a f reflexed cuspidate point or acuminate ending in a longer flexuose hair-point; nerve broad below, narrowing above and (in ours) excurrent ; margin variously recurved, entire or sparsely denticulate above ; border distinct, unistratose; cells broadly hexagonal-rhomboid, 36-70 x 15-22 pm, below rectangular, reddish at base.’ Seta 2-3 cm long, shining orange when young ; capsule brown, c. 4 nim long, horizontal to pendulous, elongate-oblong with the neck less than half the total length, slightly curved; lid conical, mamillate; peristonie perfect, the outer teeth reddish at base.

In short, loose or dense tufts 0.6-1 cm high, reddish brown and tomentose below, bright or sometimes dull brownish green above, on soil, walle, rocks, only recorded from the North.

E: Shaqlawa road, Bastura Chai bridge, 16. 3. 68 (BUH 163); Shaqlawa, 11 . 4. 60 (HCB 70); Rowanduz gorge, 18. 6. 61 (HCB 68); Rowanduz gorge, near Babakiyan, dry wall 19. 3. 68 (BUR 48) end damp rocks by bridge 18. 3. 68 (BUH 20); Hclgurd nit., c. 2200 m, 4. 6. 60 (HCB 73) Gorge between Dohuk and Zekho, Tiirkizha, 21. 3. 61 (HCB 69); Kizil Khan, E. of Beled Siniar, river bank. 19. 3. 61 lHCB 67)

M:

S: Kopi Qsradigh, damp earth by stream, 20.6. 69 (BUH 326); Penjwin road (f . cow- pacta), 22. 10. 60 (HCB 71)

I .

(Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Afghanistan, Turkey, Caucasus, Persia, Hinialaya, Siberia, N. Africa, N. America).

f. f lacc idurn B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 6/9, 61, 1839 Stems shorter, more slender. Leaves smaller, more regularly ovate than in the

type, shrinking when dry but then loosely imbricate or somewhat twisted individually, not Rpirally twisted round the stem.

S : 1

Beenawa Suta, near Penjwin, Quercetum, 1260 m, 26. 6. 61 (HCB 66)

var. torquescens (B.S.G) HUSN., Musc. Gall. 1. 241, 1889; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb., 23: 271, 1961.

B. torquescene B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc 6/9, 49,’1839; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo].-bot.. Ges. Wien 80: 696, 1870; SCHIBBN. in Ost. bot. Z. 47: 130,1847; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 12, 1931; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 32, 1969.

(Plate 14: 2) Resembling the type in vegetative structure but differing in the synoicous inflores-

cence. Capsules dark brown, somewhat contracted below the mouth.

E: Shaqlawa, Sefin Dagh, *lo00 m, cfr., 9. 5. 1893 (BORNMUELLER, Iter I’ers.-Turc. 4479)


M: S:

Sersang, streamside bank, cfr., -. 7. 61 (RUH 379) Dokan dam, hillside, cfr., 30. 1 . ( i l (HUH 811); Kopi Qaradagh tree trunk, 1400 111,

17 . 6. 59 (BUH 205); Avrornan nits, Persian border, Sosakhan below Tawilla, 1200 m, 15. 6. 57 (RECHINQER 18740) (Europe, Turkey, Syria, Israel, Caucasus, Kashniir, N. Africa, Ethiopia, Canaries, Azores, C. & S. America, New Ztdand).

5. B. donianum GREV. incrypt. Trans. Linn. SOP. 16: 345, 1828; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 497, 1913. (Plate 14: 3)

Resembling B. capillare in the spirally twisted leaves but the leaves usually inore crowded a t the stem apex, narrower, ovate-oblong rather than obovate, with shortly excurrent nerve. The main difference lies in the border which is very distinct and bistratose in the present species.

One sterile specimen only recorded so far.

S: Dokan dam, dry earth and rocks, 20. 6. 58 (BUH 202) (Medit.-Atl. Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Turkey, N. Africa, N. Anierica).

6. B. pal lescens SCHLEICH., Crypt. exs. Helvrt. No. 28, 1807 in SCIIWAEGR., Suppl. 1. 181G; JUR. e t MILDE in Verh. zool.-hot. Ues. Wien 20: 59G, 1870. (Plate 14: 4)

Autoicous or synoicous. Leaves ovate- or elongate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely decurrent, erect-spreading when moist, erect or f twisted when dry, larger and longer and crowded at the stem apex; margin narrowly recurved f. throughout the leaf; nerve percurrent or excurrent in a short or long point ; border distinct, unistratose, yellowish; cells elongate-rhomboidal above, ti0-70 x 15-20 pm, rectangular below, the lowermost f quadrate, all the basal cells reddish. Seta 2-4 cm long, reddish- shining below, flexuose ; capsule synimetrieal, inclined or pendulous or f horizontal, elongate-ovate, scarcely pyriform, with the neck not quite half the total length of the capsule, yellow or brownish with a rather narrow, dark orange mouth; lid convex, mamillate ; outer peristome teeth yellow, distinctly hordered, finely papillose, inner pale yellow, ovate-perforated, with the basal menibrane half the height of the peristonie, the cilia long-appendiculate.

Very variable. Green or yellowish in colour, in deep dense tufts or shorter loose mats on damp calcareous soil in sheltered situations by streams or on humus under cliffs, rock crevices etc.

Similar in colour and habit to R. pallens, hut differing in the narrower, less pyriforin capsule with dark-orange mouth, in the reddish leaf-bases and the leaf-border distinct but unistratose throughout, and in the autoicous or synoicous inflorescence.

E: Scfin Dagh, Shaqlawa, 22. 3. 68 (BUII 17); Helgurd nit., spring, 4. 6. 60 (HCB 81, 85) and along brook, 2200 m, csp. 5 . ti. 60 (HCB 79); Helgurd, Nowanda valley, 2000-2500 m, wet flushes uncl stwanisiclcs, 8-13. 6. 60 (RUH 342, 349, 355); Potine mt., damp calc. soil, c. 2100 m, 21 -22. ti. 61 (RUH 488); Helgurd, 3800 111,

10-14. 8. 57 (RECHINUER 18763)! Kopi Qaradagh, soil iintlrr rovk, 17. 6. 59 ( I 3 U A 301) (Europe, Israel, Persia, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Caucasus, Siberia, Japan, China, Morocco, Congo, Ca~n~roons, Kuwc*nzori, N. America).

S:

436 S. AQNEW & M. VONDRAEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

7 . B. cirratum HOPPE et HORNSCH. in Flora 2: 1. 90, 1819. (Plate 14: 5)

Autoicous. Very similar to B.pal1eseens and possibly only a form of this plant. The present collection differs from Iraqi specimens of B. pallescens in the nerve being excurrent as a much longer, f denticulate point. Capsule inclined to pendulous, otherwise like that of B. palleecens.

In derse, close, tomentose tufts, bright yellow-green above, brown below. One record only, from the high mountains.

E: Helgurd, mt., 2200 m, csp., 5. 6. GO (HCB 83) (Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, Kashmir, China, N; America, Greenland, Australia, New Zealand).

8. B. pseudotripuetrum (HEDw.) SCHWAEQR.,-SUPpl. 1. P. II. 110, 1816; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27 : 497, 1913 ; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. W e n 57: 40, 1949/50.

Mnium peeudotriquetrum HEDW., Sp. Musc. 190, 1801.

(Plate 14: 6)

Robust or slender plants, leaves twisted when dry, erecto-patent when moist, broadly ovate-lanceolate, shortly pointed, with rather long decurrent wings at the base ; margin narrowly recurved, plane and obscurely denticulate at apex ; border broad, of 3-5 rows of narrow cells; nerve red a t least at the base, narrowed above, ceasing just below the apex or percurrent or shortly excurrent : cells hexagonal- rhomboidal, proportionately shorter and wider than in B. pallescens, 30-80 x 12 to 18 pm, lax and f rectangular at the reddish base.

In green or brownish tomentose tufts growing in wet flushed areas or springs on mountains. One of our specimens (HCB 84) is short, slender and light green, with small leaves; another (BUH 32) is very robust, tumid and brownish purple with large concave leaves.

Only sterile plants of this description have so far been recorded from Iraq, but they probably belong to this species, the short and wide leaf cells and broad, short-pointed leaves being characteristic. The species is, however, highly variable.

E: Helgurd mt., springs, 4. G. GO (HCB 84, 86, 87); Haji Omran, wet flushes, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 32) (Europe, Persia, Turkey, Siberia, Kashmir, Tibet, Japan, China, N. & S. America, Greenland).

9. B. alpinum s. 1. BRID., Musc. rec., 11. P. 111. 30, 1803; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 12, 1931; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus, Wien 63: 32, 1959.

Leaves appressed when dry, the uppermost rather crowded forming a cuspidate or rounded conial tuft, erect-sprea,ding when moist, the old, lowermost leaves spreading even when dry giving a characteristic appearance to the stems, ovate- or oblong- lanceolate, acute or f obtuse, concave, with a rather widely decurrent reddish bme; margin narrowly recurved, entire or slightly denticulate near apex ; nerve strong, reddish-brown, just reaching apex; upper cells of old leaves narrowly and regularly

S. AGNEW BE M. VONDR~LEEE, Moss Flora of Iraq 437

linear-rhomboidal, strongly incrassate, 50-75 x 15-20 pni, the niarginal narrower, forming an indistinct border; a t base cells shorter and wider, rectangular to quadrate, cells shorter and wider in young leaves.

Robust plants 1-3 cm tall in dense, rigid, golden-green tufts tinged with brown, the strong brown nerve conspicuous. On soil on rocks or rock ledges, stream banks, walls etc., usudly near water.

Small plants can resemble Mniobryum delicatulum but in the present species the nerve reaches the leaf apex which is scarcely denticulate, and the cells a t the leaf base are quadrate while in M . delicatulum the somewhat broader elongate-hexagonal cells continue almost unchanged to the base. Although the Iraqi plants are sterile, they have the stiff habit and the strong-nerved, oblong-ovate leaves characteristic of B. alpinurn.

E: M : S:

Rowanduz gorge, near Babakiyan, wall by stream, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 16) Sersang, side of dried stream bed, 2. 8. 61 (BUH 521) Dokan dam site, 20. 6. 58, dry rocks (BUH 193) and wet soil on rock ledges (BUH 188); Avroman nits., Sosakhan below Tawilla, 16. 6. 57 (RECEIINGER 15744)! (Europe, Cyprus, Caucasus, Lebanon, Turkey, Tibet, Himalaya, N., E., C., and S. Africa, N. America).

10. B. c a e s p i t i c i u m HEDW., Sp. Musc. 180, 1801; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 596, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 497, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 13, 1931; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 40, 1949/50 and 63: 32, 1959; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 271, 1961. (Plate 15: 1)

Dioicous. Stems short, slender. Leaves erect-spreading, crowded into a rounded comal tuft, rather small, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; nerve strong, green or brown, excurrent in a usually long, almost smooth, point; margin narrowly recurved ; border indistinct ; upper cells rhomboidal, rather long and narrow, 55 x 10 pm, incrassate, especially in older leaves, gradually becoming longer and narrower towards the margin, and broadly rectangular a t the reddish base. Seta 10- 15 mm long, orange- brown ; capsule horizontal to inclined, rarely pendulous, oblong-clavate, 2 -3 mm long, rich golden-brown, with a darker mouth, the neck scarcely narrower than the sporangium and not quite half the total length of the capsule; lid tall, conic-apiculate, orange ; peristome perfect, outer teeth dark orange-coloured ; spores pale, small, about 10- 13 pm, almost smooth.

Short erect plants forming easily separating yellow-green tufts. Three records only, from mountains of N. Iraq.

Similar in size and habit to B. funckii, and distinguished by the comal leaves long- acuminate with a long point in the present species, rounded-ovate, very concave with a short point in B. funckii. There is also a difference in cell size and shape.

M :

S:

Sersang-Amadia road, near Araden, rocks, -. 8. 61. cfr. (BUH 461); Jebel Khantur, above Rharanish, c. 1400 In, 5. 7 . 57 (RECHINGER 16 761, doubtful identification) Pira Magrun, spring, 1900 m, 23. 10'. 60 (HCB 64) (Europe, Israel, Turkey, Afghanistan, Persia, C. and E. Asia, Sinai, N. Africa, N. America, Australia, New Zealand).

11. B. b a d i u m BRUCH ex RUTHE; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 497, 1913. 31 Feddcs Repertorium, Band SO, Heft 6 - 8


B. caeapiticium var. badium BRID., Bryol. univ. 1. 860, 1827

(Plate 16: 2)

Similar to the last species but smaller and more slender. Leaves smaller, narrower. Capsules dark reddish-brown, very short, 1-13 mm long; neck shorter, more abruptly tapering.

Dry calcareous soil or rock crevices; recorded only from the North.

E: M: S:

Erbil, soil in garden of Railway rest-house, 16. 3. 68 (BUH 143a) Sersang, dry earth slopes, cfr., 23. 7. 61 (BUH 414) Dokan dam site, rock crevices, cfr., 30. 1 . 61 (BUH 628) (Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Altai mts.).

12. B. funcki i SCHWAEGR., Suppl. 1. P. 111. 89, 1816; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. ~001.- bot. Ges. Wien: 20: 696, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. W e n 27: 497, 1913; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 271, 1961. (Plate 15: 3)

Stems very short, bud-like with the crowded, imbricate, broadly ovate, concave leaves; margin narrowly recurved; border indistinct ; nerve strong, reddish at base, excurrent in a short point; cells similar to those of B. argenteum but shorter, wider and with thinner walls. So far this species has not been found fruiting in Iraq.

Small yellow-green plants in close patches or scattered amongst other mosses, most often on bare calcareous sandy or clayey soil, on mud roofs, gardens, ditch sides, and open gravel (haswaJ desert. Common in central Iraq and also recorded from the North.

BA: Basra, earth by ditch, 6. 2. 69 (BUH 274) BD: Baghdad, Botany Dept. garden, Adhamiyah, 31.1. 68 (BUH 266) and Alwiyah,

mud roof, 16. 3. 69 (BUH 279) DLA: JebelHamrin, N. slopes of clay and gravel, 17. 1. 68 (BUR 220); Anaiza, nr. Per-

sian foothills with Aloina umbigua, 2. 12. 62, (BUH 667 p.p.) DM: Habbaniya, clay and gravel hills, 31. 1. 68 (BUH 261) H: Iskanderiya, ‘haawa’ desert mounds, 26. 1. 61 (BUH 608) and 6. 1 . 63 (BUH 601) KA: Ukhaidhir, with Riccia ciliifera on soil, 19. 3. 60 (BUH 262) M: Baahiqa, W. of Mosul, N. facing calc. soil, 12. 4. 60 (HCB 72) S: Pira Magrun, 22. 10. 60 (HCB 76, 78) and on Pistacia sp. (HCB 77) SD: Fakka, Plantaginetum, 4. 3. 61 (HCB 463)

(Cosmopolitan).

13. B. argenteum HEDW., Sp. Musc. 181, 1801; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 696, 1870; SUHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 497, 1913; HEN- DERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 271, 1961. (Plate 16: 4)

Stems short, slender, almost filiform with the small, rounded-ovate, concave, imbricate leaves. Leaves hyaline in upper part with a short or long apiculus; nerve ceasing well below apex; margin entire, not bordered, f recurved below; cells incrassate, elongate-rhomboidal, 3-4 times as long as broad above, shorter below, & quadrate and reddish a t base. Capsules not yet found in Iraq.

S. AGNEW t M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 439

In low patches or taller, denser tufts, brown-radiculose below, silver-grey or pale green above, scarcely exceeding 0.5 cni in height, on calcareous rocks, sandy soil or garden soil, by roadsides etc. Widespread in the North, often in dry situations.

Resembling B. funckii in size and habit, but known a t once by the silvery white colour caused by the hyaline leaf-apices, and by the nerve usually ceasing well below the apex.

E: Rowanduz gorge, near Babakiyan, rocks, 16. 3. 68 (BUH 99); near Rowanduz, soil, 19. 3. 68 (POLUNIN in BUH 132); Barsarin gorge; 17. 3. 68 (BUH 47); Rayat, on Haji Omran road, 18. 3. 68 (BUH 46); Potine mt., 20. 6. 61 (HCB 63) Dohuk gorge, calo. rocks, 22. 3. 61 (BUH 371 b and HCB 62) and 22. 7. 61 (BUH 422) (Cosmopolitan).

M:

var. Zanatum (P. BEAUV.) B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 6/979, 1839; FROEIILICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 32, 1959.

Mniuin Eanatum P. BEAUV., Prodr. 76, 1806

Although most-Iraqi specimens of B. argenteum are small and short and silvery white when dry, only some of them show the prolongation of the nerve into the long, acuminate, hyaline points of the leaves which is the best distinguishing character of this variety.

KK:

S:

Ain Dibbis, near Kirkuk, garden soil, 26. 12. 62 (BUH 673); Derbendikhan, soil, 28. 2. 63 (BUH 640) Avroman mts., Sosakhan below Tawilla, 1200 m, 16. 6. 67 (RECHINOER 16738 ex p.)

Fam. MNIACEAE

Closely related to Bryaceae but differing in habit. Monoicous or dioicous. Plants usually tall and robust, branching near the base, with the fertile stems erect and bearing a crowded rosette of larger leaves at the stem apex; the sterile stems erect or often prostrate or arched, bearing equal and f distant or loosely arranged leaves. Stem with central strand. Leaves large, round to ovate-lanceolate; margin entire or serrate, often bordered; nerve ending below or in apex, rarely longly excurrent ; cells large, rounded-hexagonal, often porose, sometimes elongate or widened towards the nerve. Sporophyte solitary, or several from the same perichaetium ; seta elongate ; capsule ovate to cylindrical, not pyriform, f pendulous or horizontal, neck short; lid mamillate to rostrate; calyptra, annulus, and peristome as in Bryaceae.

Only one genus and species recorded from Iraq.

38. Mnium HEDW. Sp. Musc. 188, 1801

With the characters of the familiy. Outer and inner peristome of the same length, the inner papillose, with basal membrane and perforated processes, the cilia smooth or nodulose, scarcely appendiculate.

1. M . longirostre BRID., Musc. rec. 11.111. 106, 1803; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 271, 1961. 31.

440 S. AQNEW t M. VONDRLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Mnium rostratum SCHRAD. in L. Syst. Nat. 1791; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Gee. Wien 20: 697, 1870; HENDERSON & MUIRHEAD in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 34, 1956.

(Plate 15: 6) The only Iraqi member of this genus so far discovered and known a t once by the

large, distant, rounded-ovate, obtuse, apiculate leaves with bluntly denticulate border, and the rounded hexagonal cells, 25-25 pm wide, almost uniform throughout the leaf but somewhat widened towards the base by the nerve. Only sterile plants have so far been recorded.

Stems long, straggling, forming loose mats on damp shaded calcareous ground in the mountains.

E: Helgurd mt., Nowanda road, 13. 6. 60 (HCB 260); Helgurd, S. W. slopes 13. 6. 60 (BUH 364) and upper Nowanda valley 8. 6. 60 (BUH 334) (Cosmopolitan. Lebanon, Persia).

Fam. BARTRAMIACEAE

Usually tall and robust plants growing in deep, tomentose tufts, but often more slender and delicate. Leaves usually narrow-lanceolate, rigid, acute, with a prominent nerve and short, narrow. papillose cells. Capsule f globose, erect or cernuous, smooth or striate on a long or short seta; peristome absent, single or double, when present the inner processes cleft to the middle, with or without cilia; lid usually small, cucullate, smooth, fugacious.

1 Leaves acuminate to long subulate points; cells mamillose; plants growing in dry places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. Anacolia Leaves with shorter points; cells papillose; plants growing in wet place8

40. Philonotis

-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39. Anacolia SCHIMP. Syn. ed. 2. 513, 1876

Dioicous. Male flower gemmiform. Stems without a distinct cortex, with dichotomous not whorled branches. Leaves mostly in 8 rows, stift and straight, erect-appressed or somewhat secund when dry; longly linear-lanceolate from an ovate f plicate base; margin recurved, denticulate; nerve stout, excurrent ; cells incrassate, small, clear, mamillose or papillose. Seta (in ours) very short, erect; capsule erect, symmetrical, ovate to sub-globose, neither striate nor furrowed but wrinkled when dry and empty; peristome absent ; lid small, convex, not beaked.

1. A . webbii (MoNT.) SCHIMP., Syn. ed. 2. 513, 1876.

Cflyphocnrpus webbii MONT. in Ann. Sci. net. 11, Ser. IX, 66, No. 97, 1838.

(Plate 15: 7) Leaves stiff, rigid, straight, erect to appressed when dry, erecto-patent when moist,

c. 3 mm long, elongate-lanceolate from a broader, somewhat plicate base, grBdually narrowed to a long, serrate, subulate point formed mainly by the excurrent nerve.


In the lower half of the leaf the margin recurved on both sides, unistratose, and uneven with the obscurely mamillose cell-ends ; above becoming plane, bistratose (the lamina also becoming bistratose above) and denticulate first on the folded edge and then on the actual margin where this becomes plane. Cells in mid-leaf shortly rectangular or irregularly angular, not rounded, almost uniform throughout the leaf but slightly longer a t the base and longer and narrower at the apex; cell ends inconspicuously mamillose, seen only on the folded margins or in longitudinal section. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

Stems to 5 cni long, in deep tomentose tufts, dull yellow-green above, brown below, stems easily separating and somewhat secund.

Our records are apparently the first for Asia. Philonotis is distinguished by the shorter leaves, whorled branches and when fruiting by the striate, peristomate capsule.

E: Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, dry earth among boulders, 22. 3. 58 (BUH 6, 100) Rowandiiz gorge, 18. 6. 61 (HCB 18) (Western Medit., Corsica, Sicily, Spain, Algeria, Canaries, Madeira).

40. P h i l o n o t i s BRID. Bryol. univ. 11. 15, 1827

Dioicous, rarely autoicous (not in ours). Male flower discoid. Stems usually with a central strand and a distinct cortex, producing whorled branches below the inflorescence. Leaves fairly short, lanceolate from a broader base or f triangular, sometimes dimorphic, those on the stem of the male plant more distant and less acuminate; erect-appressed or secund or more spreading when dry; margin plane or recurved, usually toothed; nerve stout, ending in apex or f excurrent ; cells narrowly and shortly rectangular, usually papillose a t the cell ends. Seta fairly long, erect; capsule inclined to horizontal, sub-globose, sulcate (in ours), peristome double, the inner with well-developed cilia; lid flat to conical.

1 -

2

Plants fairly large; leaves plicate; nerve more than 100 pm broad at base 2 Plants slender; leaves not plicate; nerve less Chan 80 pm broad a t base . . 4 Leaves spirally arranged; back of the nerve above with well-developed papillae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. P . seriuta Leaves erect or f secund but not in spiral rows; nerve above smooth or with low papillae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Leaves usually rather small and straight ; nerve shortly or not excurrent; perigonial bracts obtuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. P . fontana Leaves on the sterile stems large, falcato-secund; nerve longly excurrent : perigonial bracts acute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. P. calcarca Leaves f secund, stem tips hooked; leaf-margins plane . . . .4 . P. caespitosa Leaves not secund, stem tips erect; leaf-margins recurved . . . 5 . P . tomentella

-

3

-

4 -

1. P . f o n t a n a (HEDw.) BRID., Bryol. univ. 11. 18, 1827; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 598, 1870; SCHIFFN. in b t . . bot. Z . 47: 131, 1897; BORNM. in Magy. hot. Lap. 30: 14, 1931; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 87: 41, 1949/50 and 63: 32, 1959; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 617, 1958.

442 5. AQNEW t M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Mnium fontanuna HEDW., Sp. Musc. 196, 1801.

(Plate 16: 1)

Stems red, erect, rigid, slender, with few branches. Leaves rather small, 0.7-1.2 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, the lower leaves shortly acuminate, acute or obtuse, the upper longly acuminate to fine points, f appressed when dry, imbricate or erect-spreading when moist, usually straight, rarely somewhat secund, the mature leaves distinctly plicate ; the margin doubly serrate, recurved on both sides; nerve strong, greenish, c. 100 pm wide at base, reaching the apex but not or only slightly excurrent; cells in mid-leaf narrowly rectangular 26-36 x 7-9( -12) p i , incrassate, usually papillose a t the lower angles, narrower and longer at the apex, towards base laxer and broader. Seta c. 6 cm long, flexuose, reddish below; capsule dark brown, inclined, rounded to somewhat elongate ; lid conical. Perigonial bracts short and broad, ovate- triangular with a rounded obtuse apex; nerve not reaching the apex.

Plants yellow or pale green, tall, tomentose below, the f. Zuzijolia taller, more robust, in looser tufts, on wet ground by streams, springs etc. in the mountains.

E: Sakri Sakran (Blysmetum), 2300 m, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 288); Hassar-i-Sakran, waterfall, 2600 m, 7.6. 61 (HCB 287); Helgurd mt., 2200 m, 4-6. 6. 60 cfr., (HCB 280, 291, 296,297) and c.sp. (HCB 289); Sertzar below Helgurd, 4.6. 60 (HCB 290) iupper No- Wanda valley, wet flushes, 8. 6. 60 (BUH 341); near Rowanduz, waterfall at 700 m, 8. 8. 67 (RECHINGIER 16 768) Pira Magrun, 1900 m, 23. 10. 60 (HCB 283, 284, 286); between Derbendikhan and Shubeicha, 26. 10.61 (HCB 481) (Europe, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Caucasus, Kashmir, Himalaya, C. Asia, China, Japan, N . Africa, N. & C. America).

S:

f. ZaxifoZia MOENK. ap. LOESKE in Hedwigia 46: 107, 1906.

Leaves more distant, larger, sometinies f secund; nerve to 160 pm at base but only just reaching apex, not excurrent ; margin f recurved ; cells larger, laxer, approaohing those of P. culcarea. The latter species always has f falcato-secund leaves with the nerve longly excurrent, and differs of course in the shape of the perigonial leaves.

E: Helgurd mt., along brook, 9. 6. 60 (HCR 282); between Helgurd and Nowanda, 13. 6. 60 (HCR 279); Sertzar, below Helgurd, 10. 6. 60 (BUH 362)

2. P. calcarea (B.S.G.) SCHIMP., Coroll. 86> 1866; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 698,1870; SCHIFFX. in oat. bot. Z. 47: 131,1897; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 14, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. hot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 617, 1968.

Burtrarnia cdcerea B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 12, Mon. 19, 1842.

(Platme 16: 2)

A larger, more robust plant than P. jontana. Leaves usually falcato-secund, 2 to 3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, gradually,acuminate from the base, nerve very strong, brownish-red, 160-200pm broad at base, endicg in apex or shortly excurrent; margin broadly recurved, usually on one side only; cells somewhat wider than in P. jontana, 9-16 pm in mid-leaf, the basal cells widely ovate-hexagonal and incrassate. Perigonial bracts longer than broad, from a broad ovate base suddenly and longly acuminate to an acute point, nerve reaching the apex.

S. AONEW & M. VONDRLCEE, Moss Flora of Iraq 443

Usually green, sometimes yellowish tomentose plants, in calcareous springs, wet

Only the leaves on the sterile stems are falcato-secund; the leaves on the male @ound etc. in the mountains.

stems are erect and f appressed in the dry state.

E: Haji Omran, wet flushes, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 1 ) ; Helgurd, spring, 2200 m, 6. 6. 60 (HCB 525); Sertzar, wet flushes, 10. 6. 60 (BUH 362); upper Nowanda valley, 2800 m, 8. 6 .60 (BUH 346) Sersang, wet field among Juncus sp., -. 7. 61 (BUH 386) (Europe, Lebanon, Persia, Turkey, Caucasus, Afghanistan, Himalaya, Kashmir, Tibet, Siberia, Algeria, N. America).

M:

3. P . ser ia ta (MITT.) LINDB., Musc. Scand. 15, 1879; HENDERSON & MUIRIIEAD in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 36, 1955; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63 : 31, 1959.

Bartramsia seriata MITT. in Proc. Linn. SOC. Suppl. Bot. 1 : 63, 1869.

(Plate 16: 3)

Resembling P. calcarea in size and robustness but with the large falcate leaves spirally imbricated both wet and dry, especially where crowded. Nerve very strong, red, with 2-3 rows of well-developed papillae on the dorsal surface, only shortly or not excurrent; margins recurved below or plane; cells in upper part narrow and incrassate similar to those of P. fontana, becoming shorter and wider or irregular lower down.

One record only from Iraq.

M: Jebel Khantur above Sharanish, c. 1400 m, 6. 7. 57 (RECHINOER 16762)! (N. & Alpine Europe, Caucasus, Persia, Turkey, Himalaya, C. Asia, ? Greenland, Alaska).

4. P . caespi tosa Wns. in ached. Musc. brit. No. 287, nom sol.; MILDE, Bryol. siles. 241, 1869. (Plate 16: 4)

Plants shorter, softer than P. fontana, with finer, narrower, more gradually acu- rninate leaves c. 1 mm long, not falcate but secund or loosely erect when dry, densely crowded especially at the stem tips which are often curved to one side or hooked. Leaves not plicate; margin flat or almost so; nenve c. 65 pm broad at base, shortly excurrent ; cells thin-walled, lax, pellucid, rectangular or somewhat irregular, not uniformly narrow-rectangular as in P. fontana, 25-40 x 11 pm, the papillae variable in position.

In short, loose, pale or yellow green tufts.

E:

M:

Helgurd nit., spring, 2800 m, 4. 6. GO (HCB 286, 293); Sertzar below Helgurd, wet earth overhangs, 2600 m, 10. 6. 60 (BUH 367) Dohoki, near Sersang. 16. 8. 61 (BUH 466) (Europe, Syria, Turkey, Afghanistan, Siberia, N. America, Greenland).

5. P . tomentella MOL. in LOR., Mosstud. 170, 1864; emend. LOESKE in Hedwigia 47: 203, 1906; SCIIIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 498, 1913. (Plate 16: 5)

444 S. AGNEW BE M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Similar to P . caespitosa but more densely tonientose and the stem tips f straight. Leaves erect-spreading or very slightly secund, gradually and longly acuminate frofh an ovate base; margin narrowly recurved on both sides almost to the apex; nerve and cells as in P . caespitosu.

Our Iraqi specimens of P . tmentella are very similar to those of P . caespitosa and they may be all conspecific. The leaves in P . caespitosa should be f secund, with flat margins, while those of P . tmentella are straighter, with recurved margins, but these characters are variable. P . tomentelh is also closely related to P. fontana, both species having the leaves rather abruptly acuminate from an ovate base; the other Iraqi species of Philonotis have the leaves more gradually narrowed.

E: Helgurd mt., spring 2200rn, 4. 0. 00 (HCB 294a); Sertzar, below Helgurd, by stream, 10. 0.00 (BUH 350) (Europe, Turkey, Persia, Siberia, Altai, Greenland, N. America).

Order 7. ISOBRYALES

Fam. ORTHOTRICHACEAE

Leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, strongly hygroscopic, twisted or (in ours) erect- appressed when dry; margins plane or recurved; nerve single, vanishing below or in apex ; cells rounded-hexagonal, above small, often papillose, incrassate, below elongnte- rectangular. Setn erect ; capsule immersed or exserted, erect, symmetrical, oval- cylindrical with a tapering neck, smooth or striate; peristome in ours double or single or rarely (in Zygcxlon) absent. Calyptra (in ours) campanulate, f plicate and hairy or (in Zygodon) cucullate and smooth. Short-stemmed, branched mosses growing in rounded cushions or tufts on rocks or trees. One genus only in Iraq, with characters of the family.

41. Orthotrichum HEDW. Sp. Musc. 161, 1801

This is a well-defined genus, but the species are hardly separable except on characters of the mature capsules.

Outer peristome teeth erect or spreading when dry; usually rupestral . . . 2 Outer peristome teeth reflexed when dry; arboreal . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Stomata on capsule superficial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 0. rupestre Stomata on capsule immersed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 0. cupulatum Stomata on capsule superficial; robust plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Stomata on capsule immersed; small plants . . . . . . . . 6. 0. schimperi Leaves bearing brown clavate gemmae . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 0. lyellzi Leaves without gemmae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Capsule almost smooth until maturity; inner peristome teeth broad; calyptra short, hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 0. speciosum Capsule strongly striate even when young ; inner peristome teeth filiform ; calyptra longer, sparsely hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 0. uffine


1. 0. rupestre SCHLEICH., Crypt. helv. exs. Cent. 111. No. 24; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 272, 1961. (Plate 16: 6)

Leaves lanceolate from a broader ovate base, acuminate, straight and erecto-patent when moist, regularly erect and imbricate when dry; margin recurved on both sides nearly to the pointed apex ; cells small, rounded, incrassate, papillose with conical or bifid papillae.

Although our single Iraqi specimen of this plant is sterile, it resembles European specimens of 0. rupestre sufficiently well for us to be reasonably certain of its identity. The drawing shows a capsule of a European plant.

E : Helgurd nit., rocks, 2800 111, 4. 6. 60 (HCR 274) (Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Kashmir, Himalaya, Japan, N. America).

2. 0. cupula tum BRID., Musc. rec. 11. I?. 11. 25, 1801; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. z001.- bot. Ges. Wien 20: 594, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 491, 1913; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot . Gdn. Edinb. 23 : 272, 1961 ; FROEHLICII in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 32, 1959. (Plate 16: 7)

Stems short, stout, much branched, tomentose a t base. Leaves erect-appressed when dry, spreading when moist, broadly oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, c. 2 mm long, tapering rather quickly to a broad, sub-acute point ; margins recurved almost to the apex ; upper cells incrassate, irregularly rounded with small papillae, below gradually becoming rectangular, but the basal cells never as long and narrow as in 0. affine or 0. lyell i i . Capsule immersed or emergent, on a very short seta, broadly and shortly ovate-cylindrical, c. 1 mm long, quickly narrowed to a short neck, with 16 brownish- orange ribs, all equally prominent or 8 shorter and more obscure, when dry and empty strongly urceolate with a wide mouth; peristonie usually single, of 16 f separate, equidistant, striate yellow teeth, erect or slightly spreading when dry, preperistome (prostome) well-developed ; stomata immersed, half covered by the superficial cells, the aperture irregular-stellate. Calyptra short, inflated, greenish yellow, sometimes with only a few sparse hairs but usually moderately hairy. Spores c. 12pn, finely papillose. Autoicous.

The most common Iraqi Orthotrichum, occurring almost invariably on calcareous rocks, in short, robust, dense, dull greenish brown tufts. Fruiting frequently. Wide- spread in mountain districts.

Most published descriptions of 0. cupulatum state that the calyptra is only sparsely hairy. We have collected specimens agreeing with this species in all respects except that the calyptra is quite densely covered in the upper part with long pale hairs (e.g. BUH 56, 58, 335) and most collections have moderately hairy calyptrae.

E: l’otine nit., dry calc. rocks, cfr., 20. 6. 61 (BUH 497 and HCR 263); Shirwan Mazin, near Potine mt., cfr., 23. ti. 61 (BUH 502); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, rocks, cfr., 22. 3. 58 (BUH 56, 57, 58, 59); Barsarin gorge, Rowanduz road, rocks, cfr., 18. 3. 68 (BUH 54); Rayat, Haji Omran road, rocks, cfr., 18. 3. 58 (BUH 55) Dohuk gorge, cfr., 22. 3. 61 (HCB 389) ant1 22. 7. 61 (BUH 427); Sersang, rocks, cfr., -. 7. 61 (BUH 405, 464); Jebel Ktiantitr ahove Sharanish, c. 1400 m, 5. 7 . 5 7 (RECHINGER 15 753)

M:

446

S:

S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Zawiya, below Pira Magrun, cfr., 22. 10. 60 (HCB 265, 266) and 20,lO. 6O(HCB 264); Tasluje, road junction on Suleimaniya-Kirkuk road., cfr., 28. 5. 60 (HCB 262); Kopi Qaradagh, rocks, 16. 6. 59 (QUH 296, 296) (Europe, Lebanon, Persia, Turkey, Caucasus, Kashmir, Himalaye, N. Africa, N. Amorica).

var. p a p i l l o s u m GROW. in Oefvers. K. V. A. Forh. No. 3. 174, 1889. (Plate 16: 8)

This variety agrees vegetatively with the type except that the leaf cells are more conspicuously papillose, the papillae being larger, taller and pointed, 2-3 lobed or linewly elongated; they are thus more complex than the simple low papillae found in the type. The outer peristome teeth are partJly papillose, partly striate and usually an inner peristome of narrow, short, fragile, hyaline processes is present but as it is very fugacious and is sometimes found in the type it is not a good distinguishing character. Similarly the outer peristome teeth are often perforated along the centre line, whereas the teeth in the type are usually entire; but these features are not invariable.

Distributed in Iraq as the type but less common.

E: Helgurd mt., Nowenda valley, rocks, cfr., 12. 6. 60 (BUH 336) and 13. 6. 60 (HCB 268); Naprdan, on road to Sakri Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, on Pistacia sp., cfr., 5. 6. 61 (HCB 267) Kopi Qaradagh, rocks, 16. 6. 59 (BUH 304) (Norway, Syria, Tyrol, Tatra, Caucasus).

S:

3. 0. Iyel l i i HooK.'et TAYL., Musc. Brit. 76, t. 22, 1818. (Plate 17: 1)

Stenis long, stout, often curved to one side when dry. Leaves long-lanceolate from a narrow oblong base, c. 3-4 nim long, erect-appressed when dry, spreading and f flexiiose when moist, apex acute; margin only slightly recurved on one or both sides to about mid-leaf ; upper cells rounded or oval, strongly incrassate and papillose with conical papillae, basal cells by nerve linear-rectangular, incrassate. Nerve and lamina usually f thickly covered with long, olavate multicellular brown gemmae. Capsule emergent, c. 1.3 mm long, oval-oblong, yellowish, with a long tapering neck the same length as the capsule and 8 distinct brownish ribs, deeply sulcate when old and empty, only slightly contracted below the mouth; calyptra large, pale, inflated, with a few long hairs; peristome double, the outer teeth revolute when dry and touching the capsule wall with their tips; stoniata superficial about the base of the capsule. Spores c. 20 pm (not quite mature), highly papillose with short blunt papillae. Dioicous. Fruit rare.

In robust, loose, brown or yellow-green tufts on tree trunks, found only in the mountains.

The abundant gemmae distinguish this epecies, and it also differs from all other Iraqi Orthotricha in the dioicous, not autoicous inflorescence.

E: M : S :

Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, on Quercue sp., 23. 3. 58 (BUH 61) Sersang, on QUITCUB sp., cfr., 9. 7. 61 (BUH 401) Kopi Qaradagh, on Quercus sp., 18. 6. 69 (BUH 307) (Europe, Turkey, Caucaaus, Algeria, Morocco, N. America).

S. AGNEW & M. VONDR~EEE, Moss Flora of Iraq 447

4. 0. spec iosum NEES in STURM, Deutschl. F1. fasc. 16, 1819. (Plate 17: 2)

Closely related to 0. affine and distinguished as follows. Capsule usually fully exserted on a longer seta (but in ours emergent only) almost smooth until maturity and then f striate, deeply sulcate and contracted below the mouth when old and empty. Outer peristome of 8 pairs of reflexed teeth, inner processes 8, whitish, broad, a s long as the outer teeth and usually of 2 rows of cells, papillose often nodulose, incurved. Calyptra covering two-thirds of the capsule, rough with many flexuose hairs.

In robust loose tufts on trees.

8: Beenawa Suta, near Penjwin, on QUBTCUB sp., 1250 m, cfr., 26. 6. 61 (HCR 271, 277, 278) (Europe, Caucasus, Kashniir, Tibet, Siberia, Algeria, N. America).

5. 0. aff ine BRID., Musc. rec. 11. P. 11. 22, 1801; SCHIFFN. in Ost. bot. Z. 47: 130, 1897; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 12, 1931 as 0. uffine SCHRAD.

0. octoblepl~wre BRID., id. loc. p. 24.

(Plate 17: 3)

Stems stout, branched, shorter than in 0. lyell i i and usually straight, not curved when dry. Leaves c. 3 mm long, erect and loosely appressed when dry, erecto-patent when moist, broadly lanceolate from an ovate base, c. 2-3 mm long; margin recurved almost to the sub-acute apex; upper cells rounded, incrassate, f papillose, basal cells linear-rectangular with thinner walls. Capsule emergent or just exserted, greenish, oblong-cylindric, with a rather long tapering neck and a short seta, and with 8 yellow- brown broad shining ribs, only slightly contracted below the mouth, brown and deeply sulcate when old and empty; peristome double, outer teeth pale yellow, in 8 pairs, reflexed when dry so as to touch the capsule wall along almost their whole length; inner processes 8, filiform, incurved; stomata superficial, in the lower half of the capsule; calyptra reaching to the top of the neck, straw-coloured with a dfirker beak, dightly hairy. Spores c. 20 pm, papillose. Autoicous. Fruit common.

In robust dense or loose dull green tufts 0.5 to 1.6 cm tall, on tree trunks. Similar to 0. lyell i i but usually shorter, with shorter broader leaves and without

or rarely with a few gemmae. 0. speciosum differs in the capsules being almost smooth until the spores mature when they become striate, and in the broader, papillose processes of the inner peristome, and in the shorter, more hairy calyptm.

E:

M : s:

Helgurd nit., Nowanda, on trunk of Morua, cfr., 13. 6 . 60 (HCB 269); Nowanda, trees, cfr., 13. 6. 60 (BUH 338) Sersang, on QueTcw, cfr., 9. 7. 61 (RUH 402, 403) Pira Magrun, on Piatacia sp., cfr., 22. 10. 60 (HCB 272, 273); Reenawa Suta, near Penjwin, on QuercuB sp., cfr., 1260 m, 26. 6. 61 (HCB 270, 271) (Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Siberia, N. Africa, N. Americn).

0. 0. schimperi HAMMAR, Mon. Orthotr. suec. 9, 1852. (Plate 17 : 4)

448 S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Stems very short. Leaves short, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, straight and imbricate when dry, spreading when moist, somewhat concave with the apex oMuse, or shortly acute in the perichaetial leaves ; margin recurved ; cells rounded-hexagonal, thin- walled, distinct, with small low papillae. Capsules frequently produced, immersed or somewhat emergent, less than 1 nim long, oval-oblong with a short, quickly tapering neck and 8 prominent orange ribs, slightly contracted below the mouth, more so when old and empty and then narrow and deeply sulcate: peristome double, outer teeth in 8 pairs, yellow, reflexed when dry, inner processes 8, narrow, filiform, fugacious; stomata few, about the middle of the capsule, immersed, about two-thirds of the guard cells visible through a & quadrate aperture; calyptra pale with a darker beak, inflated, naked or with a few hairs, smooth and shining. Spores small, c. 12 pm, papillose. Autoicous.

0. schimperi is the smallest Iraqi Orthotrichum, and grows in dense close tufts barely 0.5 cm high in crevices of tree bark. Recorded only from the North.

E: M: S:

Shaqlawa, roadside, oak tree, cfr., 21. 3. 68 (BUH 62) Araden, near Sersang, walnut trees, cfr., -. 8. 61 (BUH 466) Kopi Qaradagh, oak trees, 1300 m, cfr., 16. 6. 69 (BUH 294); Pira Magrun, on Pietacia sp., with 0. affine, cfr., 22. 10. 60 (HCB 276); Beenawa Suta, near Penjwin, Queccue sp., 1260 m cfr., 26. 6. 61 (HCR 276) (Europe, Caucasus, USSR, Japan, Algeria, Morocco, N. America).

Fam. LEUCODONTACEAE

Robust, rigid mosses with irregularly branched stems not bearing paraphyllia, branches often curved. Leaves in several rows, ovate to lanceolate, sometimes plicate, with short or long points, often imbricate or appressed when dry; border absent; nerve single, double or absent ; cells above short, oval-rhomboid, incrassate, usually smooth. Capsule exserted, Symmetrical, erect, ovate to cylindrical, peristonie (in ours) double, the inner imperfect (without cilia) ; lid obliquely beaked ; calyptra cucullate.

42. Ant i t r i ch ia BRID. Mant. musc. 136, 1819

Dioicous. Secondary stems elongated, procumbent or pendulous, sub-pinnately branched. Leaves cordate-ovate, shortly acuminate, usually denticulate above ; nerve stout, single, ending below apex, sometimes with one or two fainter lateral branches from the base (not in ours). Capsule on a smooth, straight or curved seta; annulus narrow; outer peristome teeth narrow-lanceolate, not perforated, papillose ; inner processes filiform, fragile, as long as the outer teeth or shorter and fugacious, without a basal membrane.

1. A . breidleriana SCHIFFN. in ust. bot. Z. 68: 344, 1908; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 16, 1931. (Plate 17: 6)

Stems prostrate, to 5 cni long; resembling Leucodon sciuroides in habit with f regular ascending curved branches which are julaceous when dry. Leaves tightly


appressed when dry, regularly imbricated, not homomallous, the tips sometimes slightly spreading or recurved, when wet leaves patent-spreading, broadly ovate to orbi- cular, very concave, not or scarcely plicate, abruptly and shortly acuminate, the apex acute but often broken off, leaf base excavate, longly decurrent a t basal angles; margin narrowly but spirally revolute to the base of the acumen, in the acumen denticulate with short, straight, irregular teeth; nerve stout, strong, often sinuate in upper 1/3, reaching into the acumen but vanishing before the apex, lateral branches at base inconspicuous ; cells almost uniform throughout, shortly ovate-rhomboid, 2(--3) times as long a5 broad, incrassate, especially those towards the margins and the base, a t base besides nerve a few cells elongated, cells a t insertion orange-yellow.

Slender to moderately robust plants, blackish below, dull yellow-green above, forming thickly interwoven mats or scattered among other plants on shaded rocks in the North.

In habit resembling Hmalothecium philippeanum but less robust and of a duller green colour and of course quite different under the microscope. A distinct species, found in a small area of N. Iraq, the third recorded locality for Asia.

E: Rowanduz gorge, shaded cliffs at N. end, 19. 3. 58 (BUH 8); Rowanduz gorge, 18.6. 61 (HCB 22) and 24. 6. 61 (BUH 603); Naprdan, between Sheikhan and Sa- kran, 5. 6. 61 (HCB 23) (Greece, Spain, Lebanon, Turkey, Algeria).

Order 8. HYPNOBRYALES

Fam. FABRONIACEAE

Slender soft mosses in bright or light green glossy tufts or mats, usually on trees, sometimes on rocks. Stems thin, creeping, with rhizoids in dense, separate tufts, usually without paraphyllia, with erect, irregular branches. Leaves appressed when dry, spreading when moist, rarely secund, oval to lanceolate, mostly long-pointed, not plicate ; nerve single or absent ; cells narrowly rhomboidal, smooth, thin-walled, shorter and wider towards the basal angles. Autoicous or dioicous. Capsule exserted, erect and symmetrical, oval to cylindrical; peristome double or (in ours) single.

43. F a b r o n i a RADDI in Atti d. Acad. d. Sci. Sienna 9: 230, 1808

Leaves with subulate apex, with the margin flat and (in ours) sharply toothed; nerve single, short ; seta thin, yellowish, flexuose, smooth. Capsule oval to pyriform with a short neck, furrowed with a wide mouth when dry; peristome single of 16 teeth a t first in pairs, short, broad and flat ; lid conical-convex or plano-convex, mamillate or shortly beaked.

1. F. p u s i l l a RADDI in Atti d. Acad. d. Sci. d. Sienna 9: 230, 1808. (Plate 17: 6)

Stems short, slender, c. 5 mm long, with shorter irregular branches. Leaves small, long and narrow, glossy, the base f erect when dry and. the filiform tips variously

450 S. A ~ N E W & M. VONDRLEEU, Moss Flora of Iraq

spreading, twisted or secund. Leaves scarcely c. 1 mni long, from an ovate base gradually narrowed to a long slender point which is only one cell in width at the apex; margin conspicuously toothed, the teeth mostly unicellular, sometimes multicellular at the base, and up to 160pm long; nerve short, indistinct, cells narrowly rhomboidal in mid-leaf, 40 x 12 pm, becoming shorter and quadrate or transversely rectangular at the base, the terminal cells of the teeth and apex much longer and more pointed.

Small light or yellowish green plants forming low dense mats growing in sheltered crevices in rocks or tree bark.

An inconspicuous plant which is immediately recognisable under the microscope by the toothed margin. Although some leaves on specimens IICB 186 and 187 have short, broad marginal teeth as in F. octoblepharis (SCHLEICH.) SCHWAEOR., all the leaves are long and finely pointed at the apices and as some long, cilia-like marginal teeth can be found on each of the plants it is fairly certain that they do belong to F. pusilb. However, even the longest teeth (160 pm) are mainly composed of a single elongate distal cell and it seems that the character of “teeth multicellular or unicellular”, given by several authors as a. means of distinguishing F. pusilla and F. octoblepharis respectively, is of doubtful value.

E:

M:

Naprdan, between Sheikhan and Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, on trec bark, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 186); Potine mt., 20. 6. 61 (HCB 187) Sersang, rock crevices in cliffs, 26. 7. 61 (BUH 416) (Medit. Europe, Israel, Algeria, Morocco, Madeira, N. America).

Fam. HYPNACEAE

Subfam. Amblystegieae

Slender to robust, often glossy plants, in loose or thicker mats or deep tufts; sometimes with dense rhizoids ; with or without paraphyllia. Leaves almost homogeneous, the branch leaves usually differing from the stem leaves only in being smaller with a narrower nerve; nerve single, fairly long, rarely short, double or absent; cells prosenchymatous, rhomboidal-hexagonal to narrow-linear, smooth, rarely papillose, often distinctly enlarged and coloured in the basal angles of the leaf. Seta elongate, smooth. Capsule inclined to horizontal, curved, elliptical to cylindrical ; peristome double, usually perfect ; lid shortly conical, obtuse or with a short apiculus ; calyptra cucullate, smooth.

Paraphyflia present; leaves with distinct auricles . . . . . 44. Cratoneuron Paraphyllia absent ; leaves with or without auricles . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Cells rhomboidal-hexagonal, less than 6 times as long as broad; slender

3 Cells at least 8 times as long as broad, often linear; usually larger plants of

Nerve single to half way or more . . . . . . . . . . . 46. Amblystegium

Angular cells not forming distinct auricles; leaves f spreading or squarrose

Auricles well-defined; leaves f erect or imbricate, sometimes falcate . . .

plants on soil, rocks or trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wetplaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Nerve absent or short and faint . . . . . . . . . . . . 46. Amblystegiella

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47. Leptodictyum 6

S. AGNEW & M. VONDR.&?EK, Moss Flora of Iraq 45 1

5 Leaves lanceolate-acuminate with long points; nerve single . . . . . . . -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48. Drepanocladw Leaves oblong with obtuse apex; nerve short or absent . . . 49. Acrocladium

44. Cratoneuron ROTH in Hedwigia 38: Beibl. 6, 1899 ex p.

Robust green or yellow-brown mosses, usually not glossy when dry, often with stiff rigid f erect stems and pinnate branches, the stems often with dense tomentum and paraphyllia. Leaves often falcato-secund and plicate, or straighter and f erect- spreading, lanceolate from an oval or cordate base, sometimes with a long acumen; margin plane or recurved at base, f denticulate; nerve stout, often reaching nearly to the apex; cells variable in shape, mostly elongate-rhomboidal; those of the basal angles hyaline or brownish, f inflated, forming clearly defined decurrent auricles. Sporophyte with characteristics of the sub-family ; capsule arcuate, when dry and empty contracted below the mouth; annulus present.

1 Cells rhomboidal-hexagonal, 2-4 times as long as broad . . . . . . . . 2 - Cells linear, 8-10 times as long as broad . . . . . . . 3. C. cornmutaturn 2 Stem leaves plane or slightly concave; cells smooth . . . . . 1. C. filicinum - Stem leaves strongly plicate; cells in lower half of leaf papillose

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. C. decipiens . . . . .

1. C. f i l ic inum (HEDw.) ROTH in Hedwigia 38: (6), 1899 ex p.; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 57: 41, 1949150 and 63: 32, 1969; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 618, 1958.

Hypnuna filicinum HEDW., Sp. Musc. 286, 1801; SCHIFFN. in Ost. bot. Z. 40: 277, 1896; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. 2001.-bot. Ges. Wien ZO: 602, 1870 Hygroamblyetegium filicinum LOESKE, V . Bot. Ver. Pr. Brand. 49: 62, 1907; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien e7:,601, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 17, 1931.

(Plate 18: 1)

Stems erect or straggling, with dense tomentum and niultifid paraphyllia, usually slender and less than 4 cm long but rigid and stiff with the spreading, pinnate branches. Leaves rigid and of solid texture, somewhat falcato-secund but not strongly so, spreading even when dry and well separated from each other except at the branch tips where they are more crowded. Stem leaves c. 1 mm long, cordate-triangular, gradually narrowed to a fairly fine point, not plicate, decurrent at base ; margin plane or recurved a t base, denticulate throughout; nerve stout, 79-90 pm a t base, brownish or yellowish, almost or just reaching the apex; cells short, 15-18 x 7 p i , elliptical or hexagonal, 2-4 times as long as broad with rounded ends, gradually becoming wider towards base, those of the basal angles suddenly widened, inflated, hyaline or orange, usually thin-walled, forming distinct auricles. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

Plants dull green or golden brown, not glossy, frequently encrusted with calcareous salts. Common in the mountains by streamsides, wet rocks, calcareous springs etc.

Less robust and less regularly pinnate than C. cornmutaturn and with quite different areolation.

452

13 :

M:

S:

S. AGNEW & M. VONDR&EP, Moss Flora of Iraq

Rowanduz gorge, Hopkin’s Bridge, 14. 6. 60 (HCR 150); Sakri Sakran, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 149); Hassar-i-Sakran, watcrfall, 2500 m, 7. 6. 61 (HCB 151); Beighal falls, near Rowanduz, rocks by stream, 10. 6. 60 (Z. CHALABI in BUH 367); Haji Omran, ditch sides, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 102, 105); Helgurd mt., S.W. slopes, streamside, 10.6. 60 (BUH 365); Sertzar below Helgurd 10. 6. 60, with C. decipiens (BUH 366a) and a delicate form on overhang c. 2500 m (BUH 359); Nowanda valley, 8. 6. 60 (BUH 340); Potine mt., flush spring, 1500 m, 22. 6. 61 (BUH 496) Sersang, boulders in stream -. 7. 61 (BUH 384, 388); Dohoki, near Sersang, streamside, 15. 8. 61 (BUH 455); Sulaf, by waterfall, 31. 7. 61 (BUH 440) Between Derbendikhan and Shubeicha, 25. 10. 6 1 (HCB 477, 480); Avroman mts. above Tawilla, 1500-2000 m, 13-17. 6. 57 (RECHINGER 15733); near Tawilla, 1600 m, 13.6. 57 (RECHINOER 15737) (Almost cosmopolitan).

2. C. decipiens (DE NOT.) LOESKE, Moosfl. d. Harz. 311, 1903; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb., 22: 618, 1968.

Thuidium decipienv DE NOT., Epil. 233, 1869.

(Plate 18: 4)

Similar in appearance to slender forms of C. cornmutaturn but less regularly pinnate and not a t all glossy. Secondary stems erect or straggling, more or less covered with brown radicles and branched green paraphyllia. All leaves rather distant, spreading and somewhat twisted or crisped when dry, the branch leaves more often secund or falcato-secund but not conspicuously so. Stem leaves tapering to a short fine acumen from a wide deltoid base, narrowed a t the insertion where the auricles are somewhat decurrent, strongly plicate; margin f plane, sharply denticulate a t the widest part of the base and less denticulate above as far as the apex; nerve stout, reaching to the base of the acumen; cells in the middle of the leaf small, short and narrow, hexagonal- elliptic, 30 x 8 pm, with papillae a t their upper ends especially distinct on the back of the leaf; cells gradually widening towards the leaf-base and suddenly becoming much larger, thick-walled and yellow or hyaline a t the basal angles forming well- defined auricles. Fruit not known from Iraq.

Slender plants of a dull green or yellowish green colour, sometimes intermixed with other species.

C. filicinum is the only other species with such short cells but they are not papillose and the leaves are narrower with a cordate not deltoid base; also the habit of the two species is quite different. C . commutatum var. eulcatum is similar in size and colour to the present species but the leaves are very regularly falcato-secund and the linear areolation is quite distinct.

E: Sertzar below Helgurd nit., 4. 6. 60 (HCB 148) and -. 6. 60 (BUH 36613) (Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, N. America).

3. C.commutatum (HEDw.) ROTH in Hedwigia 38: (6), 1899 ex p.; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 601, 1913; BORNY. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 17, 1931; FROEHLICIT in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67 : 40,1949/60; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 191, 1957.

Hypnum commutatum HEDW., Sp. Musc. 284, 1801 ; SCHIBFN. in Ost. bot. Z. 45: 132, 1897; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 602, 1870.


var. eucommutatum MOENEM., Laubni. 705, 1927. (Plate 18: 2)

Typically more robust than C. filicinum, often bright golden-green and somewhat glossy, the branches mQre regularly and complanately pinnate and plumose and the leaves distinctly falcate and secund or spreading. Stems radiculose and with paraphyllia, 3-6 cm long. Stem leaves 1 mm long, deeply plicate and readily splitting longitudinally, strongly falcate, tapering to a long fine acumen from a broad cordate decurrent base; margin f widely recurved to the base of the acumen, strongly denticulate a t base and apex; nerve stout, yellowish, vanishing in the acumen; cells linear, narrow but not very long, 40-60 x 5 pm, slightly sinuose, a little shorter and wider at the base, those of the basal angles much larger, incrassate, hyaline or orange forming decurrent auricles. Fruit not known from Iraq.

In similar situations to C. filicinum.

E: Rowanduz gorge, 18. 3. 58 (POLUNIN and NA’IB in BUH 123) and 18. 6. 61 (HCB 131); Potine mt., flush-spring, 1500 m, 22. 6. 61 (BUH 485); between Kani Mam Shirin and Zeyta, near Turkish border, 23. 5. 1961 (HCB 132); Sheikhan, W. of Rowanduz, 8 . 6 . 6 1 (HCB 133); Sakri Sakran, W. of Rowanduz (Blysmetum) 2300 m, cfr., 6. 6. 61 (HCB 125, 126, 127); Hassar-i-Sakran, waterfall, 2500 m, 7. 6. 61 (HCB 124); Helgurd mt., 2200 m, 5. 6. 60 (HCB 128) and by spring 4. 6. 60 (HCB 136, 137); Sertzar below Helgurd, 4. 6. 60 (HCB 129, 134, 135); Nowanda valley, streamsides, 2000-2700 m, 4-8. 6. 60 (BUH 344, 348); Rowanduz gorge, Hopkin’s bridge, 14. 6. 60 (HCR 146, 147) Sersang, boulders in stream -. 7. 6 1 (RUH 387); Sulaf near Amadia, 31. 7. 61 (BUH 442) (Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Kashmir, Tibet, Himalaya, Japan, N. America, Greenland).

M:

var. falcatum (BRID.) MOENKM. in Hedwigia 50: 274, 1911; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 618, 1958; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. MUS. Wien 63: 32, 1959.

Hypnum falcatum BRID., Musc. rec. 111, 63, 1801; SCHIFFN. in 6st . bot. Z. 47: 132, 1897.

(Plate 18: 3)

Although intermediate forms do occur, the typical var. falcatum is quite different from var. eucmmutatum. It has long stout upright stems bearing fewer radicles and fewer, irregulary pinnate branches ; the leaves are larger and longer, less suddenly acuniinate from a longer, oblong rather than cordate base, and less strongly falcate; the cells are rather more incrassate, particularly at the basal angles where they are enlarged but still rather narrow, forming less well-defined auricles.

In similar habitats to the type in Iraq, in the wetter mountainous region, but usually confined to wet earth and spring sides; not recorded from rocks, or waterfalls.

E: Haji Omran, wet ditch-sides, 19. 3. 58 (BUH 3); near Rowanduz, spring c. 700 m, 8. 8. 57 (RECHINQER 15759); Helgurd nit., springs at 2200 m, 4. 6. 60 (HCB 144, 145) and along stream 9. 6. 60 (HCB 143); Helgurd, Sertzar in Nowancla valley, streamsides and flushes at 2000-2600 m, 8- 13. 6. 60 (BUR 339, 350, 353, 357); Sheikhan, on road to Sakri Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, 8 . 6 . 6 1 (HCB 141); Sekri Sakran (Blysmetum), 2300 m, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 142) Between Derbendikhan and Shubeicha, 26. 10. 61 (HCB 479) (Europe, Algeria, Persia, Afghanistan, Caucasus, Altai, Kashmir, N. America).

S:

32 Feddes Repertorium, Band 86, Heft 6 - 8

464 5. AUNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

46. Amblystegium B. S. G. Bryol. eur. fasc. 66/66, 1863

Slender plants in low mats or tufts, irregularly branched, without paraphyllia. Stem and branch leaves almost similar, erect-spreading to squarrose when moist, sometimes secund but not strongly falcate, ovate-lanceolate with long or short acumen ; margin flat, entire or toothed; nerve single, narrow, rarely reaching beyond the middle of the leaf; cells f parenchymatous, rhomboid to hexagonal, short, in the basal angles quadrate to rectangular but not forming distinct auricles. Seta flexuose, red or purple; capsule narrow-cylindrical, inclined ; annulus present.

1 Slender plants; nerve reaching half to three quarters of leaf . . . . . . . 2 - Robust plants; nerve reaching almost to apex . . . . . . . . 3. A . varium 2 Leaves f erect when dry; cells 2-4 times as long as broad . . 1. A. serpens - Leaves widely spreading when dry; cells 4-6 times as long as broad . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. A.juratzkanum

1. A. serpens (HEDw.) B.S.G., Bryol. eur. fasc. 66/66, 9, t. 3, 1863; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 602, 1870; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 41, 1949/60; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 274, 1961.

Hypnum aerpena HEDW., Sp. Musc. 268, 1801.

(Plate 18: 6) Stems prostrate, slender with many rhizoids, branches numerous, erect or spreading,

scarcely pinnate. Leaves spreading when moist, appressed-erect when dry or somewhat secund. Stem leaves c. 0.8 mm long; lanceolate from an ovate to cordate base, with fairly long fine acumen, margin entire or faintly denticulate; nerve narrow, reaching to half way or slightly more, but not entering the acumen; cells hexagonal- rhomboidal with f pointed ends, 2-4 times as long as wide, a t the basal angles larger, rectangular but with fairly thick walls, the marginal cells at the base short, quadrate or transversely rectangular. Only one sterile specimen recorded so far.

M: Forming dense low dull green patches on damp soil.

Sersang, bank by streamside, -. 7. 61 (BUH 380) (Europe, Israel, Persia, Turkey, Tibet, Kashmir, Japan, Siberia, N. Africa, N. 8r 8. America, Greenland, New Zealand).

2. A . juratzkanum SCHIMP., Syn. ed. 1. Add. 693, 1860; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 602, 1870 as A. juratzkae err. orthog.; FROEHLICII in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 41, 1949/60. (Plate 18: 6)

Similar to A. serpens but more robust, with the leaves spreading or almost squarrose even when dry; margin usually faintly denticulate, at least in the lower half; nerve stronger reaching about three-quarters way to the apex; cells 4-6 times as long as broad, the basal marginal cells shortly rectangular, not quadrate. Seta slender, red, 1.6-2 cm long, capsule cylindric, curved, contracted below the mouth when epty, lid conical with an obtuse apiculus, calyptra narrow, white, conspicuous in the young atage.

S. AQNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E R , Moss Flora of Iraq 455

Yellow-green or dull green plants forming close mats on tree stumps, rocks or

Distinguished from A . serpens by the spreading, longer-pointed leaves and by the exposed soil, recorded only from one locality in the mountains.

longer leaf cells but both plants are seldom quite ‘typical’.

E: Shaqlawa village 8. 3. 68, on rotten three stump, cfr., (BUH 107) and on mud by ditch, cfr., (BUH 106); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, 22. 3. 68, rocks and rock crevices, cfr., (BUH 110, 114, 116). (Europe, Israel, Caucasus, Persia, Siberia, N. America).

3. A . var ium (HEDw.) LINDB., Musc. Scand. 32, 1879; FROERLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67: 41, 1949150.

Leeken cnria HEDW., sp. Musc. 216, 1801

(Plate 18: 7) More robust than either A . serpens or A . juratzkanum. Leaves c . 1 mm long or

more, spreading or erect but not appressed when dry, gradually and finely acuminate from a broad ovate or cordate base, decurrent a t the angles; margin slightly denticulate; nerve strong, reaching well into the acumen or almost to the apex, often distinctly bent in the upper part ; cells incrassate, distinct, firm, rather short and wide with less pointed ends than in A . serpens, 3-4 times as long as broad, towards the base larger, rectangular, sometimes a little inflated but not hyaline nor forming distinct auricles.

Fairly robust straggling plants, forming bright yellow-green patches. The shape of the stem leaves in one of our specimens (HCB 17) is very like that in

Cratoneuron jilicinum but the auricles are not well-defined and the habitat is not characteristic of the latter species.

E :

S:

Naprdan, on road to Sak i Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, 6. 6 . 6 1 (HCB 16); Sakri Sakran, 1960 m, 6 . 6 . 6 1 (HCB 16) Pira Msgrun, on Pialacia sp., 22. 10. 60 (HCB 17) (Europe, USSR, Caucasus, Persia, Afghanistan, Siberia, China, Morocco, Madeira, N. & C. America).

46. A m b 1 y s t e g i e 1 1 a LOESEE Moosfl. d. Harzes, 295, 1903

Very slender plants in dull green prostrate tufts. Similar to Amblystegium but smaller, with narrower long-pointed leaves, with the nerve absent or very short and faint. Capsule usually erect and symmetrical, rarely inclined and curved, ovate (in ours) to long-elliptic ; inner peristonie without cilia (in ours) or with single rudimentary cilia.

1. A . jungermannioides (BRID.) GIACOMINI in Atti 4: 262, 1947.

Hypnuvn jungermnnnioidea BRID., Spec. Musc. 11, 266, 1812 Amblyategiu?ti sprucei B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 56/66, 1863.

(Plate 18: 8) 32’

456 S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLEEE, Moss Flora of Iraq

Minute prostrate plants in dense greenish tufts with & erect short filiform branches. Leaves appresaed when dry, erect when moist, distant, ovate-lanceolate, about 0.3 mm long, longly acuminate, nerveless, margin denticulate or sinuate ; cells hexagonal- rhomboid, irregular, about 4 times as long as broad, pellucid, at basal angles shortly rectangular.

The smallest of the pleurocarpous mosses in Iraq, easily distinguished from Am- blystegium spp. by the absence of a nerve.

E: 8ortzar below Helgurd mt., with Gymnostomum calcareum, -. 6 . 60 (HCB 13) (Alpine Europe, Caucasus, China, Greenland, Canada, N. America).

47. L e p t od i c t y um (SCHIMP.) WARNST. Laubm. Krypt. Mark Brand. 11, 840, 1906

Similar to Amblystegium but often more robust. Leaves erecto-patent or spreading ; nerve narrow, scarcely reaching above the middle of the leaf; cells thin-walled, prosenchymatous to &sided or more linear, 10-15 times as long as broad, especially towards the leaf apex.

1. L. r ipar ium (HEDw.) WARNST., Laubm. 878, 1906.

Hypnum riparium HEDW, Sp. Musc. 111, 1801.

(Plate 18: 9)

Similar in colour and habit to Acrocladium cwpidatum, with low, creeping, sub- pinnately branched green stems which, while soft, are sometimes cuspidate at their tips. However the leaves of the present species are always more or less distant and spreading or squarrose even when dry, not crowded and imbricate. Leaves sub-complanate or somewhat secund, silky, not plicate, rather narrowly triangular- or ovate- lanceolate, tapering to a long fine flat point ; margin plane, entire; nerve broad below, narrowed above, reaching half or three quarters the length of the leaf; cells linear- rhomboid with pointed ends, not as long nor as narrow as in A . cwpidatum, becoming larger towards base, lax, pellucid and widely rectangular at the angles but not forming distinct auricles.

One sterile specimen only from northern Iraq.

S: Halabja-Derbendikhan road, along road side, 24. 10. 60 (HCB 264) (Europe, Israel, Syria, Afghanistan, Siberia, Tibet, Japan, Algeria, Madeira, Cana- ries, N. America, Greenland, Australia).

48. Drepanocladus ROTH Hedwigia 38: Beibl. 6, 1899

Usually robust, yellow-green or brown glossy plants growing in wet or boggy places. Stem prostrate or erect, or floating, mostly with few or no rhizoids and no paraphyllia, pinnately or less regularly branched, rarely simple, usually with the branch tips strongly curved. Leaves usually falcato-secund or circinate, rarely straight


and spreading, longly lanceolate-acuminate from an ovate, cordate or triangular base, f concave; margin usually entire; nerve single, narrow and reaching to the middle of the leaf or stronger and reaching nearly to the apex; cells elongate, linear-vermicular, smooth, usually dilated and hyaline or yellowish at the basal angles forming distinct auricles. Sporophyte with characters of the sub-family.

1. D. a d u n c u s (HEDw.) MOENKM., SiiOwasserfl. 132, 1914; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 192, 1957.

Hypnum aduncus (non LINN.) HEDW., Sp. Musc. 296, 1801.

(Plate 19: 1) A highly variable plant, but the Iraqi specimens are robust with long, sparingly

branched stems bearing long, straight, widely spaced leaves. Leaves not plicate, lanceolate-triangular, longly acuminate to a fine point from a fairly broad base, c. 4 mm long; margin plane, entire; nerve narrow, indistinct but reaching fairly high in the acumen; cells linear-vermicular, uniform almost t o the base and then suddenly dilated, widened, thick-walled and hyaline forming distinct triangular decurrent auricles. No fruiting plants yet found in Iraq.

Wet ground streams and springs, in loose greenish-yellow patches mixed with other plants.

The leaves are larger and more erect than in Leptodictyum riparium which has similarly shaped leaves and a long nerve; also the angular cells in L. riparium do not form distinct auricles.

E: Helgurd Mt., Sertzar, 4. 6. 60 (HCB 169) and by stream, 6. 6. 60 (HCB 104). (Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Siberia, China, N. America, Greenland).

49. A c r oc 1 ad ium MITT. in Journ. Linn. SOC. Bot. 12: 531, 1869

Plants usually tall, often slender, slightly or (in ours) f regularly pinnately branched, growing in bogs or wet ground. Stems f erect, without paraphyllia or rhizoids, the stem and branch tips cuspidate with the imbricate leaves. Leaves erecto- patent, concave, broadly ovate, obtuse, margin entire; nerve short, double or absent ; cells very narrow-linear, the angular forming distinct auricles. Capsule horizontal, sub-cylindric, arcuate on a very long seta; annulus deciduous.

1. A . c u s p i d a t u m (HEDw.) LINDB., Musc. scand. 39, 1879; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 192, 1957.

Hypnum cuspidatum HEDW., Sp. Musc. 264, 1801; SCHIFFN. in 8st. bot. Z . 47: 132, 1897 Calliergon cuspidatum KINDB., Eur. a N. Am. Bryin. 1. 81, 1896; HENDERSON & MUIRHEAD in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 126, 1966 Calliergonella cuspidata LOESKE in Hedwigia 60: 248, 1911; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 17, 1931.

(Plate 19: 2)

458 S. AGNEW &-M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Easily recognised by the cuspidate tips of the stems and branches resulting from the crowded, closely imbricate and convolute leaves. Stems green, straggling, more or less pinnately branched. Leaves large, widely ovate-oblong, the apex rounded-obtuse, sub-cucullate; cells linear-vermicular, 70 x 4 pm, at the base shorter, wider, incrassate and porose, the angular cells suddenly dilated, thin-walled, hyaline or orange, 40 x 20p.m.

In wet grassy or marshy places. Only two sterile specimens from northern Iraq. The combination of straight, concave, nervqless leaves and clearly defined auricles

Helgurd mt., road between Helgurd and Nowanda, 13. 6. 60 (HCB 118); Haji Omran, wet flush, 19. 3. 68 (BUH 31) (Cosmopolitan).

separates this species from other Iraqi pleurocarpous mosses.

E:

Subfam. BraoLytheeieae Mosses of variable habit, often glossy, with f prostrate stems and irregular or sub-

pinnate branching, seldom tomentose and rarely with paraphyllia. Leaves on stems and branches differing only in size except in the stoloniferous species (not ours) where they are more differentiated. Leaves erect-spreading or imbricate, rarely secund, ovate to lanceolate, usually with short or long points, rarely obtuse, often plicate; nerve single, ending before the apex ; cells elongate-rhomboidal to linear-vermicular, smooth, at the basal angles quadrate-rectangular, often porose but never inflated, sometimes forming distinct auricles. Seta elongate, smooth or papillose. Capsule erect and symmetrical or inclined to horizontal and curved when dry and empty, never pendent, mostly shortly ovate or oblong, thick-walled, rarely sub-cylindric ; peristome double, usually perfect; lid conical, truncate or with a short or long beak.

The genera and species of this large and polymorphous family can only with certainty be identified in the fruiting state. However when sterile the few Iraqi members may probably be identified at least to the genus by reference to the descriptions rather than to the keys.

Leaves triangular-lanceolate, longly acuminate and deeply plicate . . . . 2 Leaves f ovate-lanceolate with shorter points (narrow-lanceolate in Rhyn- chostegielh), less or not plicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Stems creeping ; capsule erect and f symmetrical; inner peristome short, without cilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50. Homulothecium Stems ascending; capsule f inclined and curved; inner peristome long, cilia well-developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51. Camptothecium Lid conical, or with a short point. . . . . . . . . . . . 52. Brachythecium Lid with a long rostrate beak, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Usually robust plants; leaves ovate-lanceolate with short points. . . . . .

Slender plants ; leaves narrow-lanceolate with long fine points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53. Eurhynchium

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64. Rhynchoetegielh

50. H o m a l o t h e c i u m B. S. G. Bryol. Eur. fasc. 46, 147, 1851

Robust plants on rocks and trees, with prostrate or more erect stems and many stiff short often curved sub-pinnate branches. Leaves erect-appressed when dry,

S. AGNEW BE M. VONDR~EEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 469

longly lanceolate-acuminate, plicate, glossy ; nerve reaching to half way or more; cells linear-vermicular, very narrow, wider and quadrate-rectangular at the basal angles. Capsule erect, long-elliptic to cylindric, almost or quite symmetrical, small- mouthed ; inner peristome shorter than the outer, not perforated, the cilia absent ; lid shortly rostrate. Dioicous.

1 Moderately robust plants with the branches sub-pinnate, f recurved; seta rough. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. H. sericeum

- Stout plants with straighter irregular branches; seta smooth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. H . philippaenum

1. I?. sericeum (HEDw.) B. S . G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 46, 147, 1851; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 600, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27 : 501, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 18, 1931.

Neckera sericea HEDW., Sp. Musc. 228, 1801 Camptothecium sericeum KINDB., Eur. a N. Amer. Bryin. 90, 1897; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. '23: 276, 1961.

(Plate 19: 3)

Stems 2-5 cm long, rigid, prostrate with a few radicles and with many close-set sub-pinnate erect branches which are curved upwards and backwards when dry. Leaves glossy, crowded, straight, erecto-patent when wet, erect-appressed when dry and rather stiff with long straight points giving the short branches a stout and solid appearance. Stem leaves c. 2 mm long, deeply plicate, triangular-lanceolate, narrowed from the extreme base to a long fine point ; margins very narrowly recurved, toothed at base and more faintly towards apex; nerve broad at base, narrowing above, reaching more than three quarters the length of the leaf; cells linear-vermicular, uniform almost to base, and there shorter, wider and slightly porose, at basal angles irregularly quadrate, forming enlarged toothed decurrent auricles. Capsule not yet found in Iraq, cylindrical on a rough, dark brown seta.

Slender plants of a bright shining pale or yellowish green colour forming close mats on walls, rocks, occasionally on trees in mountainous districts.

E : Rowanduz gorge, near Babakiyan, wall by stream, 19. 3. 58 (BUH 10); Rowanduz gorge, 18. 6. 61 (HCB 388) and 14. 6. 60 (HCB 507); Rowanduz, 18. 6. 61 (HCB 426); Barsarin gorge, damp rocks, 18. 3. 58 (BUH 30); Beighal falls, near Rowan- duz, rocks by stream, 10. 6. 60 (Z. CHALABI in BUR 371); Hassar-i-Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, by wuterfall, 2600 m 7. 6. 61 (HCB 244); Naprdan near Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, on tree, 5. 6. 61 (HCB 246); Hafig, 14. 6. 60 (HCB 506) Dohuk gorge, limestone, 22. 3. 61 (HCB 283, 384 and BUH 519) (Europe, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Kashmir, Tunisia, Algeria, Canaries, Madeira, N . America).

2. H . phi l ippeanum (SPRUCE) B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 46/47, Mon. 3. 1851; SCHIFFN. i n Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 501, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 18. 1931.

Isothecium pliilzppeanum SPRUCE, Musc. pyren. No. 77, 1847 Camptotlmium philippeanum KINDB., Eur. a. N. Amer. Bryin. I. 88, 1896 HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. '23: 275, 1961.

(Plate 19: 4)

M :

460 S. AQNEW & M. VONDR~EBK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Similar to the last species but larger and more robust, the secondary stems often ascending, not prostrate, bearing stiffer, straighter, thicker, longer and less regularly pinnate branches. Leaves 2-3 mm long, rather broader at the base than in H . sericeum; nerve stouter and almost reaching the apex; margin more distinctly toothed above; areolation similar but the basal cells more distinctly porose. Capsule light brown, cylindrical, tapering towards the narrowed mouth, on a smooth dark seta. Fruit uncommon.

Robust plants, golden-green above, brownish below, forming low patches or deeper denser tufts on rocks, walls or tree trunks in similar localities to the last.

Distinguished from H . sericeum by its larger size, straighter branches, less prostrate habit and especially by the smooth seta.

E: Rowanduz gorge, damp rocks and ledges, 18. 3. 58 (POLUNIN et al. in BUH 124); Shirwan Mazin, near Turkish border, rocks in gorge, 23. 6. 61 (BUH 606); Sakri Sakran, 1950 m, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 243) and cfr. (HCB 242) Sersang, rocks, 26. 7. 61 (BUH 418) and ravines on Qara mt., cfr., -. 7. 61 (BUH 463); Dohoki, near Sersang, trees by stream in gorge, cfr., 15. 8. 61 (BUH 459) (Central Europe, USSR, Caucasus, Persia, Turkestan, Israel, N. Africa).

M :

51. Camptothecium B. S. G. Bryol. Eur. fasc. 46/47, Mon. 1853

Plants resembling Homalothecium, especially in the long-lanceolate plicate shining leaves, but often of different habit, with the stems ascending or straggling, not prostrate. Capsule inclined to horizontal, f curved on a long, rough, dark seta; inner peristome teeth perforated, as long as the outer, the cilia well-developed; lid as in Homalothecium. Dioicous.

1. C . Zutescens (HEDw.) B. S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 52/54, Mon. 0, 1863; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap 30: 18, 1931; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 63: 32, 1969; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 275, 1961.

Hypnum lutewens HEDW., Sp. Musc. 274, 1801.

(Plate 19: 5) Stems tufted, ascending, with irregular branches of unequal length and few rhizoids.

Branches f erect, straight and fairly stiff when dry, but nbt terete as in Hmalo- thecium as the leaves, though erect, are not closely appressed. Leaves resembling those of H . sericeum, but the cells at the leaf base more incrassate and porose, the angular forming less distinct,, scarcely toothed auricles. Capsule with characters of the genus.

The description above is of European material of C. lutescens as this species was not found by the present author8 in Iraq, and there is some doubt about the other records which are discussed below.

RECHINOER’S two specimens from northern Iraq were identified by FROEHIJC H (1959) as C. lutescens. Both are sterile and so the useful fruiting characters cannot be applied, and having examined them I am still uncertain as to their identity - in addition, R. 15764 is a very sparse gathering. Neither has the upright loose habit of C. lutescens, and both are more like Hmalothecium philippaenum, with a prostrate

S. AQNEW t M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 46 1

main stem and stout, irregular, secondary branches. These are somewhat curved as in Homalothecium sericeum but the plants are, on the whole, more robust than in this species.

Microscopically RECHINGER’S plants differ from our H . philippeanum in the nerve reaching only to three-quarters the length of the leaf. The cells of the leaf base are distinctly porose, but whereas R. 15764 has a strongly toothed leaf margin and toothed aruicles, R. 15748 has almost entire margins and auricles.

Thus although in microscopic characters R. 15 748 especially resembles C. lutescens, the habit and habitat accord so closely with our (fruiting) plants of Homalothecium philippeanum that their closest affinity is probably here.

E:

M:

Helgurd nit., on metamorphic schist and serpentine, 3000-3800 m, 10-14. 8. 67 (RECHINQER 15 764) ! Limestone cliffs above Basingera, c. 1200 m, near Sharanish by Turkish border, 4-9. 7. 57 (RECHINQER 16748)! (Europe, Turkey, Persia, Caucasus, Israel, Lebanon, Algeria, Canaries, N. America).

52. Brachythecium B. S. G . in Bryol. Eur. fasc. 52/54, Mon. 1853

Usually creeping or straggling, irregularly branched f glossy plants in loose tufts or low mats on rocks, trees or soil. Stem leaves usually lanceolate from a fairly broad ovate or cordate base, smooth or plicate (but never as narrow nor as deeply plicate as in Homalothecium) sometimes toothed ; cells widely or narrowly rhomboid, usually lax and short towards the base, a t the angles quadrate-rectangular forming usually illdefined, rarely more distinct, auricles; branch leaves shorter and narrower with a shorter thinner nerve. Capsule inclined to horizontal, curved and often gibbous at the back, mostly ovate or shortly oblong, solid; inner peristome as long as the outer, cleft or perforated, cilia rarely absent; lid conical, acuminate to a short point, never rostrate.

1 Stem leaves broadly ovate-triangular with short points and distinct auricles of f inflated cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. B. rivulare Stem leaves 0vat.e-lanceolate with longer points and ill-defined patches of quadrate cells in the angles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Moderately robust plants; leaves plicate, usually more than 2 mm long; seta smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. B. salebrosum Slender plants; leaves not plicate, usually less than 2 mm long; seta rough, a t least above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Leaves f spreading when dry; nerve reaching beyond half-way; seta rough throughout ; common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. B. velutinum Leaves erect or imbricate when dry; nerve reaching half-way; seta smooth below ; uncommon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. B. collinum

-

2

-

3

-

1. B. salebrosum (WEB. e t Mom) B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 52/54, Mon. 16, 1853; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-both. Ges. Wien 20: 600, 1870; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 19, 1931; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 275, 1961.


Hypnuna salebrosum WEB. et Mom, Bot. Tasch. 312, 1807.

(Plate 19: 6) Intermediate in size between B. rivulare and B. velutinum. Stems prostrate with

short irregular prostrate branches, but variable. Leaves narrowly and longly acuminate from an ovate base, plicate, f concave et base, slightly decurrent, sub-secund or erect and somewhat imbricate; nerve reaching about half way; margin obscurely denticulate ; cells narrowly linear-rhomboid, quadrate at basal angles but not forming distinct nor hyaline auricles. Seta smooth throughout. Autoicous.

Moderately robust plants of a pale greenish colour in straggling tufts on rocks. Rare but probably overlooked.

Several sterile specimens of Bruchythecium collected by US may be of this species but identification is impossible without fruit.

E: M:

Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, rocks, cfr., 23. 3. 68 (BUR 113) Between Dohuk and Zakho, cfr., 22.3. 61 (BUR 476 and HCB 112) (Europe, Turkey, Lebanon, Caucasus, Himalaya, Tibet, Kaahmir, Siberia, Japan, N. Africa, N. America, Greenland, Tasmania).

2. B. rivulare (BRUCH) B. S . G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 52/64, Mon. 13, 1863; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 501, 1913; B~RNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 19, 1931; FROEHLICH in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 67 : 41,1949/50, ; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 619, 1958.

Hypnum rivulare BRUCE in ached.; WILS., Bryol. Brit. 346. 1866

(Plate 20: 1) Robust plants, stems to 5 cm long, fairly rigid, prostrate with crowded erect bran-

ches, shining golden green and cuspidate at the tips with the tightly imbricate apical leaves. Lower leaves f erect, scarely spreading, broadely ovate-triangular, shortly and widely acuminate, widely decurrent at the base, rigid and papery, deeply plicate; margin denticulate ; nerve stout to mid- leaf; upper cells linear-rhomboid, at base shorter, wider, incrassate and porose with well-defined auricles of inflated hyaline or orange cells. Dioicous. Fruit not yet found in Iraq.

A common plant of bogs, springs, wet rocks and streanisides in the mountains, forming large, deep or straggling pale or golden green tufts.

E: Sakri Sakran, W. of Rowanduz, 6. 6. 61, along river (HCB 108) and c. 1960 m (HCB 107); Haasar-i-Sakran, waterfall, 2600 ni, 7. 6. 61 (HCB 106); Naprdan, on road to Sakri Sakran, 6. 6. 61 (HCB 109); Haji Omran, 13. 6 . 60 (HCB 105) and in wet flushes in fields with Philorrotis sp., 19. 3. 68 (BUH 101, 103); Helgurd mt., S.W. slopes, 1800m, streamside rocks, 13. 6. 60 (BUH 361, 363 ); Sertzar below Helgurd, rocks by stream, 2100 m, 10. 6. 60 (BUR 368); valley below Helgurd 2800 m, 4. 6. 60 (HCB 111); between Helgurd and Nowanda, 13 .6 .60 (HCB 110) Dohoki, near Sersang, ditches and streamsides, 16. 8. 61 (BUH 464, 453) ? near Suleimaniya, -. 4 .68 (D. POORE in BUH 207) (Europe, Lebanon, Turkey, Persia, C. & E. Asia, Madeira, N. America, Greenland).

3. R. velutinum (HEDw.) B. S . G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 52/54, Mon. 5, 1858; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 600, 1870; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 502, 1913; BORNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 19, 1981; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 23: 276, 1961

M : S:

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLCEE, Moss Flora of Iraq 463

H y p u n t velutinwm Hedw., Sp. Musc. 272, 1801.

(Plate 20: 2)

Slender plants, stems prostrate, radiculose; with many short, straight, irregular or sub-pinnate branches. Leaves soft, silky and glossy, somewhat shrunken and twisted when dry and then erecto-patent or & spreading or secund. Stem leaves 1.5-2 mm long, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a fairly long fine point ; nerve slender, reaching about three-quarters the length of the leaf; margin finely toothed; areolation . elongate-rhomboid, about 8 times as long as broad, the angular f quadrate but not forming distinct auflcles. Seta rough with papillae, sometimes obscurely so ; capsule short, ovate-oblong, curved, light or orange-brown ; lid shortly conical. Autoicous.

A common and variable moss of the oak forests in the mountain, forming low creeping patches or rather deeper soft tufts of a shining gold- or bright-green colour, on tree stumps or bases or on shaded boulders or rocks or on stony ground.

B. velutinum resembles Eurhynchium confertum which can readily be distinguished in fruit by the long-beaked capsule, but it is closer to the much rarer B. collinum.

F,: Rayat, on Haji Omran road, shaded rock ledges, 18. 3. 68 (BUH 118); Sefin Dagh, Shaqlawa, with Geterach sp., 19. 3. 68 (S. AQNEW in HCB 116); Sefin Dagh, tree stumps and bases, cfr., 18-23. 3. 68 (BUH 108, 111, 119, 98); Sefin Dagh, soil and leaf litter, 23. 3. 58 (BUH 112); Helgurd mt., 2600 m, with Schietidiurn apocarpurn, 6 . 6. 60 (HCB 114); Potine mt., 22.6. 61, cave on Turkish side (BUH 492) and stones by spring (BUH 494); Shirwan Mazin, trees, 23. 6. 61 (BUH 601)

M: Sersang, boulders -. 8. 61 (BUH 522, 462 cfr.); Sersang, base of Quercue sp. 9. 7. 61 (BUH 389)

S: Kopi Qaradagh, 16-20. 6. 69. Quereus sp. bases, 1200 IKI, (BUH 290), stream bank (BUH 322, 323) and rock clefts on suminit plateau (BUH 315) ; Beenawa Suta, near Penjwin, Quercue sp., 1260 m, cfr., 26. 5. 61 (HCB 116) (Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, N. Africa, America).

4. B. collinuna (SCHLEICH.) B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 52/54, Mon. 15, 1853; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 502, 1913; HENDERSON in Notes R. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 22: 619, 1958

Hypnum collinum SCHLEICH., Catal. 1815.

(Plate 20: 3)

Similar to B. velutinum but the leaves less spreading when dry, more erect and imbricated, concave, in extreme cases giving the branches a julaceous appearance. The nerve is somewhat shorter than in B. velutinum but is not a reliable distinction between the two, the best character for separating these species being the nearly smooth seta, sometimes rough above, of B. collinum.

In damp or shaded places in the oak forests of high mountains in the North.

E:

M:

S :

Potine m t . , damp earth under cliff, 21. 6. 61 (BUH 482); Potine nit., 2120 m., cfr., 21. 6. 61 (HCB 113, 522) Sersang, rocks in high oak forest, cfr., 10. 8. 61 ( B u g 417); Zakho, 21. 3. 61 (HCB 521) Kopi Qaradagh, 29. 6. 61 (HCB 102, 103); Beenawa Suta, near Penjwin, 1260 m, 26. 5. 61 (HCB 520) (N. & Alpine Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Kashmir, Altai, Japan, N. America, Greenland).


53. Eurhynchium B. S . G. , 6.1. Bryol. Eur. fasc. 57/61, 1854

(Incl Rhynchostegium B. S . G., PZatyhypnidium FLEISCH. and Oxyrhynchium B. S . G.) Plants of variable habit as in Brachythecium. Usually stems creeping with irregular

branches or sometimes almost simple, leaves erect to imbricate sometimes f complanate, ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, often concave, with a single nerve and toothed margin; cells rhomboid to linear, never short, widened at base and angles but rarely forming distinct auricles. Capsule inclined to horizontal, short and curved to longer and almost symmetrical ; peristome perfect ; lid long-rostrate from a conical base.

1 Stem leaves triangular-ovate from a decurrent base; seta rough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. E. speciosum - Stem leaves ovate, not decurrent at the base; seta smooth. . . . . . . . 2 2 Robust aquatic plants; nerve strong . . . . . . . . . . . 2. E. riparioides - Slender plants on rocks and trees; nerve narrow . . . . . . 3. E . confertum

1. E. speciosum (BRID.) MILDE, Bryol. siles. 312, 1869.

Hypnum speciosum BRID., Spec. musc 11. 105, 1812 Oxyrrhynchium speciosum WARNST., Laubm. 786, 1906.

(Plate 20: 4)

Stems prostrate, straggling, radiculose, with irregularly pinnate, short, f erect branches. Leaves large, distant,, spreading both wet and dry, the branch leaves sub- complanate. Stem leaves broadly ovate-triangular, not cordate, concave, acuminate to a short fragile point, shortly and narrowly decurrent at base; margin f plane, strongly denticulate all round ; nerve stout, scarcely narrowed above, reaching to three-quarters the length or more ; cells linear-rhomboid, rather short and wide, 25-40 x 4-6 Fm, thin-walled, opaque; rectangular a t basal angles but not forming distinct auricles.

Fairly robust plants of a bright light-green colour forming straggling mats on damp soil by water.

Although only two sterile specimens from one locality have been recorded froni Iraq they can be recognized as of this species by the distant, spreading, sub-complanate, short and broad leaves of a bright green colour. Distinguished from E . confertum by the larger size, the wider, spreading leaves and the habit and from E . riparioides by the habit and habitat.

M: Sulaf, near Amadia, bank by waterfall at roadside, 31. 7. 61 (BUH 449, 452) (Europe, Israel, Persia).

2. E. r ipar io ides (HEDw.) P. W. RIUHARDS in Ann. Bryol. 9: 135, 1936.

Hypnum riparioides HEDW., Sp. Musc. 242, 1801 Rhynchostegium rusciforme (NECICER) B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 49/51, Mon 11, t. 9, 1852; JUR. et MILDE in Verh. zoo1.-bot. Ges. Wien 20: 601, 1870 Oxyrrhynchium rusciforme (NECKER) WARNST., Laubm. 789, 1905; SCHIFFN. in Annln. naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 502, 1913; BOBNM. in Magy. bot. Lap. 30: 19, 1931


Platyl iypidiuni riparioides PODP., Consp. Musc. Eur. 635, 1954; FROEHLICH in Mitt. thuring. bot. Gns. Jena 1: 69, 1955.

(Plate 20: 5)

The largest Iraqi species of Eurhynchium, approaching some Brachythecium spp. in size and robustness but usually distinct in the long, scarcely branched stems which bear large, spreading or f imbricate, broadly ovate, shortly pointed concave leaves. Stem leaves c. 2 mm long, acute not acuminate, with a narrow base; nerve conspicuous, reaching three quarters the length of the leaf; margin strongly denticulate all round; cells linear-fusiform, 4 0 - 6 0 ~ 5 pm, f opaque, a t extreme base widely ovate- rectangular, incrassate and porose, not forming distinct alar patches.

Robust pale green plants, often blackish and denuded in the older parts, glossy with a metallic sheen when dry, in tufts on rocks or stones submerged in or close to running water. Widespread in N. Iraq, in suitable habitats.

Brachythecium rivulare, which is the only plant approaching the present one in size and habitat, differs in its more triangular-shaped leaves which are broadest just above the base where there are distinct hyaline or orange auricles, and in the shortly and rather abruptly acuminate apex; E. riparioides has a wide acute or subobtuse apex.

R : Rowanduz gorge, Hopkin's Bridge, 14. 6. 60, (HCB 299); Sheikhan, W. of Rowan- duz, 8. 6. 61 (HCB 392); Rowanduz gorge, 24. 6. 61 (BUH 604); Beighal waterfall, rocks in water, -. 8. 61 (RAEDER-ROITSCH 138 in BUH); Haji Omran, edge of spring, 18. 6 . 60 (Z. CHALABI in BUH 368); Shirwan Mazin, near Turkish border, by bridge, 19. 6 . 61 (HCB 300) Sersang, stones in stream, -. 7. 61 (BUH 381) Pira Magrun, 22. 10. 60 (HCB 301); Chemchaqlawa bridge, between Suleimaniya and Qaradagh, rocks in river, 14. 6. 58 (BUH 285) (Europe, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Caucasus, Afghanistan, Algeria, CanarieB, N. America).

M: S:

3. E. conferturn (DICKS.) MILDE, Bryol. siles. 309, 1869.

Hypnunb conferturn DICRS., P1. crypt. fasc. IV. 17, 1801 Rhynclio.stegiuni confertuna B.S.G., Bryol. Eur. fasc. 49/51, Mon. 7, 1852.

(Plate 20: 0)

Small slender plants resembling Braehytheciurn velutinum but less glossy and less commonly yellowish. Stems 1-2 cm long, prostrate, radiculose, irregularly branched. Leaves small, erecto-patent or slightly secund, concave but not strongly so, ovate- lanceolate, shortly acuminate (the point shorter than that of B. velutinum) ; margin plane, denticulate, nerved to mid-leaf or beyond ; cells linear-rectangular or rhomboid, not acutely pointed, the angular larger, forming rather indistinct auricles. Seta c. 1.5cm long, smooth; capsule short, curved, oblong; lid with a long rostrate beak.

Forming small low bright green patches on rocks in damp shady places. Although B. velutinum has the leaves narrower and more longly acuminate than

t'he present species, they can only be separated with certainty when in fruit.

E : Rowanduz gorge, damp rocks and ledges, cfr., 18. 3. 58 (POLUNIN et al. in BUH 125) (Europe, Israel, Caucmus, China, Algeria, Canaries, Madeira, Azores).

406 8. AQNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

64. Rhynchostegiella (B. S. G.) LIMPR. Laubm. 111, 207, 1896

Plants similar to Eukhljnchium but smaller and more slender, with narrower, longly acuminate flatter leaves, and usua,lly long narrow cells. Capsule ovate or elongate, erect to horizontal, almost symmetrical on a flexuose-curved seta ; peristome and lid as in Eurhynchium.

1. R. curviseta (BRID.) LIKPR., Laubm. 111, 211, 1896.

Hypnurn cuwieeturn BBID., Spec. musc. 11. 111, 1812.

(Plate 20: 7)

Stems creeping, with tufts of brown rhizoids and many f. regular pinnate branches. Stem leaves narrowly ovate-lmceolate, long-acuminate, c. 1.2 mm long; margin denticulate, especially above; nerve faint, to half way or slightly more but not reaching the base of the acumen; cells linear-fusiform, 40-60 pm x4--6pm, f opaque, gradually shorter towards base, those a t eqtreme base wider, rectangular, the angular not distinct, cells in the extreme apex short. Branch leaves very narrow-lanceolate, c. 0.8 mm long, spreading, distant, and somewhat subulate when dry giving a spiky appearance, those at the ends of the branches f imbricate, forming a cuspidate tip.

Slender plants, pale green, somewhat shining or more dull, forming closely interwoven low tufts in shaded rock clefts by water.

M: Sersang, under rocks by stream (8 and 9 inflorescences, autoicous), -. 7. 61 (BUH 469) (Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Morocco, Canaries, Madeira, N. America).

References

AQNEW, S., A new Middle Eastern Grimmia. J. Bryol., 7, 339-342 (1973). AQNEW, s. & TOWNSEND, c. c., Trichoetomopeie CARD., a moss genus new to Asia. Israel

J. Bot., 19, 264-269 (1970). BILEWSKY, F., Moss-Flora of Israel. Nova Hedwigia, 9, 336-434 (1966). -, Some recent bryological records for Israel. Rev. bryol. et lich., 37, 963-966 (1970). BIZOT., M., Contribution B la flore bryologique d'Asie Mineure et de l'fle de'chypre. Rev.

bryol. et lich., '24, 69-72 (1966). BORNMUELLER, J., Zur Bryophyten-Flora Kleinasiens. Magy. bot. Lap., 30, 1-21 (1961). CORBIERE. L., Deux mousse3 africaines bgalement francaises. Rev. bryol. et lich., 41, 81

DIXON, H. N., The Student's Handbook of British Mosses. 3rd ed. Eastbourne, 1924. FROEHLICH, J., Bryophyten aus Iran. Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 67, 37-41 (1949-60). -, Die von Dr. A. GILLI 1949 -61 in Zentral-, Ost- und Nordost-Afghanistan gesamniel-

ten Bryophyten. Mitt. Thiir. bot. Gesellsch. Jena, 1, 69-70 (1966). -, Bryophyten aus Vorderasien. Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 63, 31 - 32 (1969). -, Bryophyten aus Afghanistan und Nordwest-Pakistan. Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 67,

GROUT, A. J., Moss Flora of N. America North of Mexico. 1 (4). Newfane, Vermont, 1939. GUEST, E., Flora of Iraq. Vol. 1, Introduction. Baghdad, 1966. HENDERSON, D. M., Contributions to the Bryophyte Flora of Turkey: 11. Notes R. bot.

Garden Edinb., 2'2, 189-193 (1967). -, Contributions to the Bryophyte Flora of Turkey: 111. Notes R. bot. Garden Edinb.,

( 1914).

149-168 (1964).

'

BE, 611-620 (1968).

S. AONEW & M. VONDRACEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 467

-, Contributions to the Bryophyte Flora of Turkey: 1V. Notes It. bot. Garden Edinb., Z3, 263-278 (1961a).

-, Contributions to the Bryophytc. Flora of Turkey: V. Notes R. bot. Garden Edinb.,

HENDERSON, D. M. 8. MUIRHEAD, C . W., Contributions to thc Bryophyte Flora of Turkey.

- & -, Eastern Mediterranean Bryophytrs. Notes H. h t . Garden Edinb., 99, 121 - 129

JURATZPA, J. & MILDE, J . , Beitrag zur Moosflora tics Orientes. Verh. zoo].-bot. Gesellsth.

LORENTZ, P. G., Ueber die Moose, die Hr. EHRENBERO in den Jahren 1820-6 in Aegypten,

N YHOLM, E., Illustrated Moss Flora of Ptmnoscandia. Luntl, 1954 - 65. PITARD, J. & CORBIBRE, L., Additions i~ la flort. t l ~ MuscinBes de la Tunisie. Bull. SOC. bot.

PODPERA, J., Conspectus Muscorum Eiiroptleoriini. l’rague, 1954. POTIER DE LA VARDE, It., Contribution ii la florci bryologiquo d’1srael. Rev. bryol. et licli.,

RICHARDS, P. W. 8r WALLACE, E. C., An Annotated List of British Mosses. Trans. Br.

RUNGBY, S., A contribution to the Bryophytr: Flora of the Near East and the Middle East.

SCHIFFNER, V., Uber die von SINTENIH in TurkiAo~i-Ariiieriit,Ii gesarnrnelten kiryptoganwn. Osterr. bot. Z., 46, 274-278 (1896).

-, Musci Bornmuelleriani. Osterr. bot. Z., 47, 125-132 (1897). -, Einige Materialien zur Moosflora cles Orients. &tc.rr. bot. Z. , 61, 156-161 (1901). -, Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Bryophytrn von I’t.rsicm iind Lydicn. osierr. bot. Z., 58,

-, Bryophyta aus Mesopotainien und Kurdistan. Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien, 27, 1 - 3 4

23, 279-301 (1961b).

Notes R. bot. Garden Edinb., 22, 29-43 (1955).

(1966).

Wien, 20, 589-602 (1870).

rler Sinai-Halbinsel und Syrien gesa~ii~nelt. Berlin, 1867.

France, 56, 56, 228 ( 1 909).

25, 1-2 (1956).

bryol, Sor., 1, I-XXXI (1950).

Bot. Not., 112, 80-84 (1959).

225-231, 304-318, 341-349 (1908).

(1913). - STBRMER, P., A contribution to the bryology of the Canary Islands. Norske Vid.-Akad.

Oslo, I. Math.-Nat. Kl., 5, 1 - 90 (1959): TH~RIOT, I., Mousses du Sahara reroltBes par la Mission du Hoggar. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.

d’Afrique du Nord, 22, 158-168 (1931). TOWNSEND, C. C., Mosses from Iran anti Afghanistan. Trans. Br. bryol. Soc., 5, 131-135

( 1 966 a). -, Bryophytes from Azraq National Park, Jordan. Trans. Br. bryol. Soc., 5, 136-141

(196613). VONDRLL‘EK, M., Some new niosses from Iraq, collectetl hy E. HadaE. Bull. SOC. Amis Sci.

WALTER, H. & LIETH, H., Kliriiatlitlgrarn~ii-Weltatlas. Vol. 1 . Jena, 1960. ZOHARY, M., Geobotanical Foiindations of thr Middle East. Stuttgart and Amsterdam,

Lett. Poznan, SBr. I>, 6, 117-122 (1966).

1973.

Anschrift der Verfasser: Dr. SHIRLEY AONEW, Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, Uni- versity of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales. Great Britain. - MILOSLAV V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Havir- ska 10, Plzen. CSSR.

Manuskript ringegangen arn 30. 12. 1074.


1. Fiesidens arnoldi 2. F. masnipes 3. F. mnevidis

1. Distichium cupillaceum 2. Cheilotheln chloropue 3. Anisothecium varium

1. -4 noectangium handelii 2. A. aestivum 3. Hy?nenoslOmUm tortile 4. Webeia fallax 5. W. coniroversa var. amblyodon 6. Gymnoatomum moeis

1. Eueladium verlicillatunz var. angustifolium 8. Triehoslomum rrispulum var. elalum 3. Timmiella barbuloides

1. Slreblolrichum convolulunt 2. Barbula unguiculata 3. B. tophmea 1. B. trifaria var. desertoruni

1. Barbula icmadophila 2. B. acutn 3. dcaulon triquetrum 4. Pterygonerum ovatum 5 . Pdt ia recta 6. P. davalliana

1. Aloina rigida var. pilifera 2. A. ambigua 3 . Crossz'dium squamigerum 4. C. squamigerum var. pdtioideum 5. C. chloronotos 6. Trichoatomopsis aaronia

1. Tortula muralis 2. T. muralis vax. aeslica 3. T. muralis var. aeativa f . brevifolio 4. Syntrichia inerniis 5 . S. alpina

1. Syntrichia hadacii 2. $9. ruralis 3. S . imvillosissima

1. Schislidium apocarpuni 2. S. apocarpum var. alrofuscum 3. 0rimmia gibbosa 4..Lr. anodon

1. 0rinimia eommulalo 2. 0. apiculata 3. 0. mesopotamica 1. 0. gulvinata

List of PJates Plate 1

4. F. bryoides 5. F. viridulwr

Plate 2 4. Encalypfa vulgaris 5. K. intermedia 6. E. rhobdocarpa

Plate 3 7. 4. aeruginosum 8. U. calcareum 9. Qgmoweiesia lenuie

10. Hmenostyl ium recum'rostrum 11. Eucladium verticillaium

Plate 4 4. Torlella tortuoaa 5. Pleurochaete squarrosa 6. Hydrogonium ehrenbergii

Plate 5 5. B. hornschuchianu 6. B. vinealia 1. B. vinealie vax. cylindrica 8. B. fallax

Plato 6 7. P. mutica 8. P. commutata 9. P. starkeana

10. P. lanceolata 11. Aloina rigida

Plate 7 6a. T. huu88knechtii I . Tottula alrovirens 8. T . f i d i 9. T. brevim'ma

10. T. mnrginata

Plato 8 6. S. montana I . S. monlana var. calva 8. 8. desertarum 9. S. handelii

10. S. pscurEohandelii

Plate 9 5. S. an. pulvinala 6. 8. nft. laevipila 7. Chelidalue fontinaloidea 8. c. nigricani

I'latQ 10 5. Q.erCniia 6. U. laevfgala 7. Q. lergestina 8. U. aft. subscaespiticia

Plate 11 6. G. orbicularie 6. Physwmitrella patens 7. P. pulens var. marginata

S. AUNEW & M. VONDRLLEEE, Moss Flora of Iraq 469

P l u t o 12

1. Steppomitra hadacii 2. Entosthodon lempletoni 3. E. handelii

4. E . a n w t i f o l i w 5. Funaria medilerranea 6. F . hygrometrica

P l a t e 13 5. Bryum pallem 6. B. schleicheri 7. B. capillare

1. Mniobryum delicatulum 2. M . albicans 3 . M. latifolium 4. Pohliacruda

P l a t e 14 1. Bryum syriacum 2. B. capillare vur. torquescene 3. B. donianum

4. B. pallescena 5. B. cirratum 6. B. pseudotriquetrum

P l a t e 15 1. Bryum caespiticium 2. B. badium 3. B. funckii 4. B. argenleum

5. B. alpinum 6. Mnium longdrosfre I . AnacoNa webbli

P l a t e 16 1. Philonotis fontana 2. P. calcarea 3. P.aeriata 4. P. caespitosa

5. P. tomentella 6. Orlhotrichum rupeslre 1. 0. cupulatum 8. 0. cupulatum var. papillorrum

P l a t e 17

1. Orfhotrichum lyellii 2. 0. spem'hsum 3. 0. affine

4. 0. schimperi 5. Antilrichia breidlen'ana 6. Fabronia puailla

P l a t e 18 6. A. juratzkanum I . A. varium 8. Amblystegiella jungennannioidee 9. Leplodictynum riparium

1. Cratoneuron filicinum 2. C. commutatum 3. C. commulatum var. falcattrm 4. C. decipiens 5. Amblyntegium serpem

P l a t e 19

1. Drepanocladua aduncus 2. Acrocladium cuspidaturn 3. Homalothecium nericeum

4. H. philippeanum 5. Camptotheeium lulescena 6. Brachythecium aalebrosum

P l a t e 20

1. Brachylhecium rivulare 2. B. velutinum 3. B. collinum 4. Eurhvnchium speciosum

5. E. riparioides 6. E . confertum I . Rhynchoslegiella curvisetu

Key t o t h e P l a t e s nd detail of nerve cy calyptra ch calyptral hair cp capsule cs stoma on capsule o operculum ;t ;;o:etome tooth

g gemmae

Sl bl P l PI31 lm la le lh Is US

stem leaf ( x 25) branch lea! ( x 25) perichaetial loaf ( x 25) perigonlal leaf ( x 252 leaf margin leaf apex leal Cells ( x450) hair point of leaf transverse section of leaf transverse section of nerve

3 3 Feddes Repertorlum, Band 86, Heft 6 - 8

470 S. AGNEW & M. V O N D R ~ C E P , Moss Flora of Iraq

Plate 1

S. ACNEW & M. VONDRACEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 47 1

Plate 2


Plate 3


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S. AGNEW & M. VONDBLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 477

Plate 8

34 Feddes Repertorium, Band 86, Heft 6 - 8

478 €3. AQNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq

Plate 9


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480 8. AGNEW & M. V O N D R ~ ~ E K , Moss Flora of Iraq

Plate 11

S. AGNEW 8z M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of I r q 481

Plate 12

483 S. AQNEW & M. VONDRLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

Plato 13

S. AGNEW & M. VONDRLLCER, Moss Flora of Iraq 483

Plate 14

8. AUNEW & M. VONDRA~EK, Moss Flora of Iraq 485

Plate 10

486 S . AQNEW & M. VONDRLEEK, Moss Flora of Iraq

, Plat,o 17

S. A ~ N E W & M. VONDRLCEK, Moss Flora of Iraq 487

Plnto 18

8 2 K 0 m

S. A a ~ a w & M. VONDRAEEK, MOES Flora of Iraq 489

Plate 20

Documents

A Moss Flora of Iraq