A family’s story in the ReformationA family’s story in the Reformation

The Tudor FamilyThe Tudor Family ““Upstart” Rulers from Upstart” Rulers from

WalesWales Henry VII had “taken” Henry VII had “taken”

the throne by killing the throne by killing Richard III from the Richard III from the rival family – The rival family – The Yorks.Yorks. The War of the RosesThe War of the Roses

To solidify his rule he To solidify his rule he married Richard’s married Richard’s niece Elizabeth of Yorkniece Elizabeth of York

SURPRISE! Henry VII was a good king

SURPRISE! Henry VII was a good king

Sought prosperity for Sought prosperity for England.England.

Fell in love with his Fell in love with his wife and had six kids.wife and had six kids. ArthurArthur HenryHenry MargaretMargaret MaryMary Child that died in Child that died in

childbirth with Elizabeth.childbirth with Elizabeth.

Henry VIII’s ChildhoodHenry VIII’s Childhood

Grew up in a loving Grew up in a loving family – QUITE family – QUITE UNUSUAL!UNUSUAL!

Second son – his Second son – his parents planned on parents planned on him becoming a priest him becoming a priest and maybe someday a and maybe someday a pope?pope?

But that all changed in But that all changed in 1502!1502!

15021502

Henry’s older brother – Henry’s older brother – Arthur did two things:Arthur did two things: Married at 15Married at 15

Political marriage to Political marriage to Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon

VERY wealthy girlVERY wealthy girl VERY connectedVERY connected

An Uncle was pope Daddy was King of

Spain A nephew eventually

became the Holy Roman Emperor

DiedDied

What was Henry VII going to do?What was Henry VII going to do?

Henry now moved to Henry now moved to be the heir to the be the heir to the throne.throne.

But what about But what about Catherine?Catherine?

Henry VII’s SolutionHenry VII’s Solution

Married one son’s Married one son’s widow to his surviving widow to his surviving son. son.

Took until 1509 to Took until 1509 to maneuver the maneuver the marriage.marriage. Henry was 17Henry was 17 Catherine was 22Catherine was 22

Henry VIII Takes OverHenry VIII Takes Over

1509 – his father died.1509 – his father died. Henry was king at 18 Henry was king at 18

of a very prosperous of a very prosperous country and had one of country and had one of the richest women as the richest women as his wife.his wife.

Could he be content?Could he be content?

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

VERY intelligentVERY intelligent Was interested in Was interested in

humanismhumanism Catholic, but realized Catholic, but realized

there were changes there were changes needed in Rome.needed in Rome. Sympathetic with Sympathetic with

ProtestantsProtestants

Henry VIII had one BIG problemHenry VIII had one BIG problem

No sonNo son There was a belief that There was a belief that

a woman could only be a woman could only be queen if her husband queen if her husband was the king.was the king.

Henry and Catherine Henry and Catherine had only one surviving had only one surviving child – Mary.child – Mary. Six pregnancies.Six pregnancies.

Henry VIII’s ProblemHenry VIII’s Problem

Marriage with Marriage with Catherine had started Catherine had started off okay.off okay. He trusted her to rule He trusted her to rule

while he was at war.while he was at war. She never complained She never complained

at all the affairs he had.at all the affairs he had. And there were a LOT of And there were a LOT of

them!them!

Henry VIII was in a panic!Henry VIII was in a panic!

No son to follow him?No son to follow him? Would civil war break Would civil war break

out like what his out like what his parents had lived parents had lived through?through?

Failure of the Tudor Failure of the Tudor Family to have only 2 Family to have only 2 kings?kings? Angevins – 5Angevins – 5 Plantagenants – 12 Plantagenants – 12

About 1525, Henry read Machiavelli’s THE PRINCE

About 1525, Henry read Machiavelli’s THE PRINCE

What is a king to do if What is a king to do if his wife is getting past his wife is getting past the age to give him an the age to give him an heir?heir? She is too “connected” She is too “connected”

to kill.to kill. He did kind of like her.He did kind of like her.

Advice?Advice?

Henry’s longtime Henry’s longtime advisors and friends advisors and friends said – “Accept God’s said – “Accept God’s will.”will.” Cardinal WoolseyCardinal Woolsey Thomas MooreThomas Moore

Thomas Cranmer offered another bit of advice:

Thomas Cranmer offered another bit of advice:

Turn Protestant and Turn Protestant and divorce Catherine.divorce Catherine.

While you are at it, While you are at it, outlaw Catholics and outlaw Catholics and confiscate all the confiscate all the wealth that the wealth that the churches, churches, monasteries, and monasteries, and convents have in convents have in England.England.

The “spark” that started the fire of change in England

The “spark” that started the fire of change in England

Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn The girl who said “no” to The girl who said “no” to

being a king’s mistress.being a king’s mistress.

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Turned Protestant and Turned Protestant and divorced Catherine.divorced Catherine. It was against the Bible It was against the Bible

to marry his brother’s to marry his brother’s widow.widow.

Confiscated all the Confiscated all the Church’s wealth in his Church’s wealth in his country.country. $$$$ for Henry$$$$ for Henry

Married Anne Boleyn.Married Anne Boleyn.

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Act of Supremacy Act of Supremacy stated the “only stated the “only supreme head on supreme head on earth of the Church of earth of the Church of England” is Henry VIII.England” is Henry VIII.

Sold confiscated Sold confiscated church land to the church land to the nobles in exchange for nobles in exchange for their loyalty.their loyalty.

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Beheaded, imprisoned, Beheaded, imprisoned, and intimidated many and intimidated many to become Protestant.to become Protestant. Sir Thomas MooreSir Thomas Moore

BeheadedBeheaded

Archbishop WoolseyArchbishop Woolsey Gave his treasure to Gave his treasure to

Henry.Henry. Was still arrested and Was still arrested and

died.died.

What about Catherine?What about Catherine?

Divorced and under Divorced and under arrest.arrest.

Died Died His daughter Mary was His daughter Mary was

declared a bastard for declared a bastard for siding with her mother siding with her mother and refusing to and refusing to become Protestant.become Protestant. She couldn’t be a She couldn’t be a

princess.princess.

What about Anne?What about Anne?

Had a daughter – Had a daughter – Elizabeth right away.Elizabeth right away.

2 miscarriages of sons.2 miscarriages of sons. The “spitfire” The “spitfire”

personality her personality her husband had married husband had married her for now turned into her for now turned into being a nag and scold.being a nag and scold.

Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

Henry tried to divorce Henry tried to divorce her.her. She refused to see her She refused to see her

daughter called daughter called illegitimate.illegitimate.

Put her on trial for Put her on trial for “treason”“treason” Accused her of sleeping Accused her of sleeping

with her brother and with her brother and music master.music master.

Beheaded her.Beheaded her.

Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

Married and made Married and made Queen 1533.Queen 1533.

Beheaded May 19, Beheaded May 19, 15361536

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Married #3 on May 20, Married #3 on May 20, 1536.1536.

Jane SeymourJane Seymour Opposite personality to Opposite personality to

Anne.Anne. Was ProtestantWas Protestant October 1537 delivered October 1537 delivered

a son.a son. Died after.Died after.

The Baby EdwardThe Baby Edward

Sickly child.Sickly child. Henry began to worry Henry began to worry

he was being punished he was being punished for his actions.for his actions.

Tried to rebuild Tried to rebuild relationships with Mary relationships with Mary and a bit with the little and a bit with the little girl Elizabeth.girl Elizabeth.

Thomas Cranmer was worried that Mary would convince her father to become Catholic

again.

Thomas Cranmer was worried that Mary would convince her father to become Catholic

again.

Quickly arranged a Quickly arranged a fourth marriage.fourth marriage.

A Protestant German A Protestant German Princess that came Princess that came from a family that was from a family that was known for producing a known for producing a lot of children.lot of children.

Anne of ClevesAnne of Cleves

Wife #4: Anne of ClevesWife #4: Anne of Cleves

Married January 9, Married January 9, 15401540

Divorced July 9, 1540Divorced July 9, 1540 Stayed on in England Stayed on in England

as a “friend” of King as a “friend” of King Henry and served as a Henry and served as a sort of mother to Mary sort of mother to Mary and Elizabeth.and Elizabeth.

Henry’s Habit: Turning on his friends!Henry’s Habit: Turning on his friends!

Began to talk about Began to talk about becoming Catholic becoming Catholic again and had more again and had more Catholic advisors.Catholic advisors. Edward – still sicklyEdward – still sickly Mary – now was Mary – now was

favored.favored. Elizabeth was out of Elizabeth was out of

favor.favor. Protestant raisedProtestant raised Mother had been Mother had been

beheadedbeheaded

Wife #5: Katherine HowardWife #5: Katherine Howard

29 years younger than 29 years younger than Henry.Henry.

Barely educated.Barely educated. Catholic.Catholic. Cousin to Anne Cousin to Anne

Boleyn.Boleyn.

Katharine HowardKatharine Howard

Married 1540Married 1540 Accused of adulteryAccused of adultery

It was true this time.It was true this time.

Beheaded 1542Beheaded 1542 Only 19 or 20 years Only 19 or 20 years

old.old.

Catherine Parr – The LAST wifeCatherine Parr – The LAST wife

Henry was attending Henry was attending mass and favoring mass and favoring Catholics.Catholics.

Married a Protestant Married a Protestant widow in 1543 until his widow in 1543 until his death in 1548.death in 1548.

More companion.More companion. Helped him create a Helped him create a

relationship with all his relationship with all his children – but in children – but in particular, Elizabeth.particular, Elizabeth.

Henry knew he left a mess in regards to religion in EnglandHenry knew he left a mess in regards to religion in England

Next king: EdwardNext king: Edward ProtestantProtestant SicklySickly

Next in Line: MaryNext in Line: Mary CatholicCatholic

Next in Line: ElizabethNext in Line: Elizabeth ProtestantProtestant

King Edward VIIKing Edward VII

Probably had Probably had leukemia.leukemia.

Never a strong king.Never a strong king. Land continued to Land continued to

become more become more Protestant.Protestant. Stronger penalties for Stronger penalties for

being Catholic.being Catholic.

Died without being Died without being married and childless.married and childless.

Mary IMary I

Believed it was her Believed it was her duty to return England duty to return England to Catholicism. to Catholicism.

Outlawed many Outlawed many Protestants. Protestants. Many executionsMany executions

Married her cousin Married her cousin King Philip of Spain King Philip of Spain and involved England and involved England in many Spanish in many Spanish causes that weren’t causes that weren’t good for England.good for England.

Mary IMary I

““Comeuppance” time Comeuppance” time for Thomas Cranmer.for Thomas Cranmer.

Mary blamed him for Mary blamed him for causing her father to causing her father to leave Catholicism and leave Catholicism and divorce her mother.divorce her mother.

Tortured into saying Tortured into saying “Protestants – bad; “Protestants – bad; Catholics – good.”Catholics – good.”

Changed his mindChanged his mind Burned at the stakeBurned at the stake

The Feelings of the PeopleThe Feelings of the People

Conflicted between Conflicted between Catholics – where the Catholics – where the pope has supremacy and pope has supremacy and ANGLICANISM – ANGLICANISM – Protestants that believe Protestants that believe the king has the right to the king has the right to say what they should say what they should believe.believe.

Act of Supremacy stated Act of Supremacy stated the “only supreme head on the “only supreme head on earth of the Church of earth of the Church of England” is Henry VIIIEngland” is Henry VIII

Unpopular Spanish wars Unpopular Spanish wars were draining the people. were draining the people.

Mary’s ProblemMary’s Problem

Mary was dying and Mary was dying and childless.childless.

The only other heir The only other heir was Elizabeth.was Elizabeth. Going to Catholic mass Going to Catholic mass

but suspected of being but suspected of being a Protestant.a Protestant.

Daughter of the woman Daughter of the woman that had caused Mary’s that had caused Mary’s father to leave Mary’s father to leave Mary’s mother.mother.

MaryMary

Urged to arrest and Urged to arrest and execute her sister. execute her sister.

Make her husband or a Make her husband or a cousin, Mary Queen of cousin, Mary Queen of Scots the next ruler.Scots the next ruler. They were both They were both

Catholic.Catholic.

Mary to ElizabethMary to Elizabeth

Mary died keeping to Mary died keeping to her father’s wishes.her father’s wishes.

Elizabeth became Elizabeth became Queen.Queen. Ruled England 1558 – Ruled England 1558 –

16031603 The Golden AgeThe Golden Age

Elizabethan Compromise in EnglandElizabethan Compromise in England

Elizabeth was Elizabeth was Protestant and thought Protestant and thought herself the head of the herself the head of the Anglican Church, and Anglican Church, and made decisions about made decisions about what people should what people should believe.believe.

Elizabethan CompromiseElizabethan Compromise

Catholics – if they Catholics – if they were loyal to Elizabeth were loyal to Elizabeth – were tolerated.– were tolerated. Special taxes.Special taxes. At times, if a Catholic At times, if a Catholic

priest was caught, they priest was caught, they would be executed.would be executed.

Priest Holes in some old Priest Holes in some old houses to hide priests.houses to hide priests.

Queen Elizabeth – A woman ruling in a Machiavellian “Man’s” World

Queen Elizabeth – A woman ruling in a Machiavellian “Man’s” World

Had to sometimes be more Had to sometimes be more brutal than her opponents brutal than her opponents if she wanted to stay alive.if she wanted to stay alive. Was not above torturing Was not above torturing

people to get confessions.people to get confessions. Used political assassination?Used political assassination?

Beheaded her Catholic Beheaded her Catholic cousin, Queen Mary of the cousin, Queen Mary of the ScotsScots

Her navy defeated the Her navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.Spanish Armada in 1588. Spain’s strongest force to Spain’s strongest force to

put Catholicism in place in put Catholicism in place in England. England.

The Golden AgeThe Golden Age

Elizabeth took a Elizabeth took a bankrupt country and bankrupt country and made it one of the made it one of the most prosperous and most prosperous and strong countries in the strong countries in the known world before known world before her death.her death.

Peace and Prosperity Peace and Prosperity for many.for many.

The Golden AgeThe Golden Age

Shakespeare Shakespeare flourished.flourished.

Exploration of the New Exploration of the New World and beyond.World and beyond. Sir Francis DrakeSir Francis Drake

Sailed around the world Sailed around the world and brought wealth to and brought wealth to EnglandEngland

Sir Walter RaleighSir Walter Raleigh Started colonies in the Started colonies in the

New WorldNew World Roanoake MysteryRoanoake Mystery Virginia named for Virginia named for

Elizabeth.Elizabeth.

The Golden Age’s PriceThe Golden Age’s Price

Elizabeth never Elizabeth never married.married.

To the very end, had to To the very end, had to stay tough to prove a stay tough to prove a woman could rule.woman could rule.

Arguably the best ruler Arguably the best ruler England has had.England has had.