© 2014 Coordonatorii volumului. Toate drepturile rezervate.rsld.conference.ubbcluj.ro/docs/CR_2014.pdf · Cluj-Napoca - Izvoarele - Jidvei - Cetatea de Balt ROMANIA

T 6he Edition of the International Conferenceth Rural Space and Local Development

Peripheral Rural Areas between Certain Existence and Uncertain DevelopmentJuly 23-27, 2014

Cluj-Napoca - Izvoarele - Jidvei - Cetatea de BaltROMANIA

ă

ROMANIAMinistry of National EducationBabe

n , ş-Bolyai University

M. Kogălniceanu St., o. 1 Cluj-NapocaWebsite: http://www.ubbcluj.ro

Faculty of GeographyDepartment of Human Geography and Tourism

Centre for Research on Settlements and UrbanismClinicilor St., no. 5-7, Cluj-Napoca

Website: http://geografie.ubbcluj.rohttp://centre.ubbcluj.ro/ccau

The 6th International Conference

Rural Space and Local Development

Peripheral Rural Areas between Certain Existence and Uncertain Development

CONFERENCE READER

PRESA UNIVERSITARĂ CLUJEANĂ

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ORGANISERS: Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Faculty of Geography Department of Human Geography and Tourism Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism PRESIDENT OF CONFERENCE: Professor Dr. Em. Vasile SURD CHAIR OF THE CONFERENCE: Dr. Vasile ZOTIC Dr. Diana-Elena ALEXANDRU ORGANISING COMMITEE: Dr. Viorel PUIU Dr. Ştefan DEZSI Dr. Oana-Ramona ILOVAN George GAMAN, PhD Student Bianca-Sorina RĂCĂŞAN, PhD Student Alexandru Sabin NICULA, PhD Student Professor Ion MIHACEA

ISSN 2285-3766 ISSN-L 2285-3766

© 2014 Coordonatorii volumului. Toate drepturile rezervate. Reproducerea integrală sau parţială a textului, prin orice mij-loace, fără acordul coordonatorilor, este interzisă şi se pedep-seşte conform legii. Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai Presa Universitară Clujeană Director: Codruţa Săcelean Str. Hasdeu nr. 51 400371 Cluj-Napoca, România Tel./fax: (+40)-264-597.401 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.editura.ubbcluj.ro/

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SPONSORS: We express our sincere gratitude to:

BABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 1,M. Kogălniceanu St., Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 264405300 Fax: +(40) 264591906 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.ubbcluj.ro

FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 5-7, Clinicilor St., 400006, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Tel: +(40)264592214 +(40)264591807 Fax: +(40)264597988 E-mail: [email protected] http://geografie.ubbcluj.ro

JIDVEI ROMANIA 32,Gării St., Jidvei, ROMANIA Tel: +(40)258 881 881 Fax: +(40)258 881 666 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.jidvei.ro

VALAHIA Restaurant, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 27, Govora St., Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Tel: +(40)264 427 588 Fax: +(40)264 427 588 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.restaurantvalahiacluj.ro

SC. ARTA CULINARĂ SA 21,Iuliu Maniu St., Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 264 595 532 Fax: +(40) 264 594 494 E-mail: [email protected] http://artaculinaracluj.ro

NATIONAL FOUNDATION OF YOUNG MANAGERS (FNTM) 2, Dumbrava Roşie St., Sector 2, Bucharest, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 21 3183874 Fax: +(40) 031 8145925 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.fntm.ro

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SC. CARMES ALBA SRL 1B, Mesentea Village, Galda de Jos Commune, Alba County, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 732 667 387 Fax: +(40) 732 667 387 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.carmes.ro

SC. FLOROMAR PROD SRL G-ral. Eremia Grigorescu, 400292, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 264420404 Fax: +(40) 264420404 E-mail: [email protected]

SC COMGABY MOLN SRL MAGNOLIA FLOWER SHOP 5, Ştefan cel Mare Square, 400192, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 264592830 Fax: +(40) 264592830 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.magnolia.ro

CLUJ COUNTY COUNCIL 106, Dorobanţilor St., 400609, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 372 64.00.00 Fax: +(40) 372 64.00.70 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.cjcluj.ro

CLUJ-NAPOCA CITY HALL 3, Moţilor St., Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 264591516 Fax: - E-mail: [email protected] http://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro

ALBA COUNTY COUNCIL 1, Ion I.C.Bratianu Square, 510118, Alba Iulia, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 258 813380 Fax: +(40) 258 813325 E-mail: www.cjalba.ro http://www.cjcluj.ro

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TOURIST INFORMATION CENTRE OF CLUJ-NAPOCA 6-8, Eroilor Bvd., 400129, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 264 452244 Fax: +(40) 264 452249 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.visitclujnapoca.ro

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF LIVEZILE COMMUNE, ALBA COUNTY 59, Main Street, 517390 Livezile Commune, Alba County, ROMANIA Tel: +(40) 258-868120 Fax: +(40) 258-868222 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.primarialivezile.ro

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CONFERENCE READER For the 6th International Conference Rural Space and Local Development, on Peripheral Rural Areas between Certain Existence and Uncertain Development, Cluj-Napoca, July, 23-27, 2014

SCIENTIFIC BOARD

PRESIDENT OF CONFERENCE

Professor Dr. Em. Vasile SURD

CHAIR OF THE CONFERENCE

Dr. Vasile ZOTIC Dr. Diana-Elena ALEXANDRU

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MEMBERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC BOARD:

Academician Professor Dr. Ioan Aurel POPRector of Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

Prof. Dr. Sebastian KINDER “Eberhard Karls” University, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Science, Tübingen, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Jan WENDT University of Gdansk, Gdansk, POLAND Prof. Dr. Vesselin BOIADJIEV ”St. Kliment Ohridski” University, Sofia, BULGARIA Prof. Dr. Maria Luisa GÓMEZ MORENO University of Málaga, Department of Geography, Málaga, SPAIN Prof. Dr. Carmen DELGADO VIÑAS University of Cantabria, Santarder, SPAIN Prof. Dr. Maria NIJNIK University of Aberdeen,The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK Prof. Dr. Miroslawa CZERNY University of Warsaw, Warsaw, POLAND Dr. George M. KORRES University of Newcastle, Centre of Urban Regional and Development Studies, (CURDS), Newcastle, UK; University of the Aegean, School of Social Sciences, Mytilene, GREECE Dr. Christian FERTNER University of Copenhagen, Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Copenhagen, DENMARK Dr. Jan SMIT Radboud University, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS

Dr. Barbara MAĆKIEWICZ Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Poznań, POLAND Dr. Sanja PAVLOVIĆ University of Belgrade, Belgrade, SERBIA Dr. Marli SALES University of Brasília, Brasília, BRAZIL Dr. Arch. Camilla PERRONE University of Florence, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Florence, ITALY Dr. Petru BACAL Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Chişinău, REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Prof. Dr. Rainer ROTHFUß “Eberhard Karls” University, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Science, Tübingen, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Evgeny ALEKHIN Orel State University, Orel, RUSSIAN FEDERATION Prof. Dr. Ekaterina A. ANTIPOVA Belarusian State University, Minsk, BELARUS Prof. Dr. Dănuţ PETREA Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Prof. Dr. Nicolae CIANGĂ Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Prof. Dr. Radu REY Institute for Economic Research, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, ROMANIA

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Prof. Dr. Mihai BERCA University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, ROMANIA Prof. Dr. Ion IONESCU “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, ROMANIA Prof. Dr. Vintilă MIHĂILESCU National School of Political and Administrative Studies, Bucharest, ROMANIA Prof. Dr. Cristian BRAGHINĂ University of Bucharest, CICADIT, Bucharest, ROMANIA Prof. Dr. Mirela MAZILU University of Craiova, Faculty of Social Sciences, Deparment of Geography, Craiova, ROMANIA Dr. Mircea MUREŞIANU Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

Dr. Marin ILIEŞ Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Dr. Constantin VERT West University of Timişoara, ROMANIA Dr. Valentin BOHATEREŢ Institute of Economic and Social Research”Ghe. Zane”, Iaşi, ROMANIA Dr. Daniela DUMITRESCU ”Valahia” University, Târgovişte, ROMANIA Dr. Marinela ISTRATE “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, ROMANIA Dr. Mihai HOTEA Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

EDITORS: Vasile ZOTIC, Diana-Elena ALEXANDRU

* We are not responsible for the scientific content and grammar accuracy of the articles

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I. GENERAL PROGRAMME

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Wednesday, July 23rd, 2014 Arrival and accommodation of participants 19:00 – 21:00 Welcome cocktail Thursday, July 24th, 2014 08:00 – 09:00 Registration of participants 09:00 – 11:00 Opening ceremony 11:00 – 11:30 Honorary ceremony 11:30 – 12:00 Coffee break 12:00 – 14:00 Plenary session (4 keynote speakers) 14:00 – 14:30 Artistic performance 14:30 – 16:00 Lunch 16:00 – 18:00 Cluj-Napoca City Guided Tour Friday, July 25th, 2014 08:00 – 10:20 Panel sessions 10:20 – 11:00 Coffee break 11:00 – 13:40 Panel sessions 13:40 – 15:00 Lunch 15:00 – 17:40 Panel sessions 17:40 – 18:00 Coffee break 18:00 – 19:00 Closing Ceremony 20:00 Conference dinner Saturday, July 26th, 2014 Field trip – departure at 08:00, from the main building of Babeş-Bolyai University, 1, M. Kogălniceanu St, Cluj-Napoca

No. Destinations Time (minutes) Period

1 D 1 45 08.00 – 08.45 2 STOP 1. Iara Village, Cluj County 15 08.45 – 09.00 3 D 2 15 09.00 – 09.15 4 STOP 2. Iara Defile, Cluj County 15 09.15 – 09.30 5 D 3 30 09.30 – 10.00 6 STOP 3. Rimetea Village, Alba County 45 10.00 – 10.45 7 D 4 15 10.45 – 11.00 8 STOP 4. Izvoarele Village, Alba County 120 11.00 – 13.00 9 STOP 5. Lunch, Izvoarele Village, Alba County 60 13.00 – 14.00

10 D 5 60 14.00 – 15.00 11 STOP 6. Râmeţ Monastery, Alba County 45 15.00 – 15.45 12 D 6 45 15.45 – 16.30 13 STOP 7. Blaj Town, Alba County 15 16.30 – 16.45 14 D 7 15 16.45 – 17.00 15 STOP 8. Jidvei Vineyard, Alba County 90 17.00 – 18.30 16 D 8 15 18.30 – 18.45 17 STOP 9. Jidevai Castle, Cetatea de Baltă Village, Alba County 195 18.45 – 22.00 18 D 9 120 22.00 – 00.00 19 Return to Cluj-Napoca 960 00.00

Sunday, July 27th, 2014 - Departure

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II. DETAILED PROGRAMME

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Detailed Programme: Wednesday, July 23rd, 2014 Arrival and accommodation of participants 19:00 – 21:00 Welcome cocktail (Haşdeu Student Cafeteria, 1st floor) Thursday, July 24th, 2014 08:00 – 09:00 Registration of participants (Haşdeu Student Complex, 1st floor) 09:00 – 11:00 OPENING CEREMONY (Haşdeu Student Complex, room C4) Welcoming speech Professor Dr. Em. Vasile SURD, President of Conference, Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography, Centre for Research on Settlements and Spatial Planning, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Acad. Prof. Dr. Ioan Aurel POP, Rector, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Professor Dr. Dănuţ PETREA, Dean, Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Dr. Ştefan DEZSI, Head of the Department, Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography, Department of Human Geography and Tourism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Mrs. Alina Ştefania UJUPAN, Member of Cabinet of the Commissioner Dacian Cioloș, Agriculture and Rural Development, European Commission, Brussels, EUROPEAN UNION Ec. Vicenţiu Mircea IRIMIE, Deputy of Romanian Parliament, Bucharest, ROMANIA Dr. Emil BOC, Mayor of Cluj-Napoca Municipality, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Dipl. Arch. Claudiu SALANŢĂ, Chief Architect, Cluj County Council, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Mrs. Diana COMAN, Chief Officer of Local and Regional Department, Cluj County Council, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Ec. Ioan NEAG, Chief Administrative Officer, General Administrative Directorate of Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 11:00 – 11:30 HONORARY CEREMONY 11:30 – 12:00 COFFEE BREAK

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12:00 – 14:00 PLENARY SESSION (Haşdeu Student Complex, room C4) 12:00 – 12:30 Is Smart Specialization Reliable for Sustainable Growth in Peripheral Areas or How to Turn Lemon into Lemonade? Stelian BRAD Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Research Centre for Engineering and Management of Innovation, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 12:30 – 13:00 Regional Strategy for the Provision of Public Services – Experiences with an Innovative Instrument for Peripheral Rural Regions in Germany Johann KATHER University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, GERMANY 13:00 – 13:30 Socioeconomic Dynamics of Rural Mountain Areas in Spain Carmen DELGADO VIÑAS University of Cantabria, Cantabria, SPAIN 13:30 – 14:00 Returning to the Traditional Village Peter HURLEY The Intercultural Association of Traditions, Bucharest, ROMANIA The Ireland-Romania Network, Dublin, IRELAND 14:00 – 14:30 ARTISTIC PERFORMANCE Dr. H.c. Dumitru FĂRCAȘ „Gheorghe Dima” Music Academy, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 14:30 – 16:00 LUNCH (Hașdeu Student Cafeteria) 16:00 – 18:00 CLUJ-NAPOCA CITY GUIDED TOUR

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Friday, July 25th, 2014

PANEL SESSION 1 Room: C1

Moderators

Prof. Dr. Mirosława CZERNY, Prof. Dr. Ion I. IONESCU, Dr. Viorel CHIRIŢĂ

Theoretical and methodological approaches of the concept of peripheral rural areas

08:00 – 08:20 Peripheral Centres and Central Peripheries Vasile SURD Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 08:20 – 08:40 European and Balkan Ruralism: Differences in Theory and Practice Veselin BOYADZHIEV, Nelly VESELINOVA University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, BULGARIA 08:40 – 09:00 The Effect of Remoteness on the Socio-Economic Development of Rural Areas in Lesser Poland Marcin SEMCZUK Pedagogical University of Kraków, Kraków, POLAND 09:00 – 09:20 Decentralization and Rural Development in Romania Ionuţ Lucian IANOŞ1, Cristina MERCIU2

1University of Bucharest, ROMANIA 2University of Bucharest, The Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Researches on Territorial Dynamics, Bucharest, ROMANIA 09:20 – 09:40 The Perception and the Status of the Peripheral Regions in the Netherlands and Romania - a Comparative Geographic Study Raisa ŢĂRUŞ (ŢUGUI) Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

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Local communities in peripheral rural areas. Status, dynamics, tendencies 09:40 – 10:00 Sustainable Rural Development in Regions with High Levels of Poverty and Challenges for Local Development Mirosława CZERNY1, Andrzej CZERNY2 1 University of Warsaw, Warsaw, POLAND 2 University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Lublin, POLAND 10:00 – 10:20 Analysis on the Potential Sustainable Development of Rural Communities in Romania Ion I. IONESCU „Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, ROMANIA 10:20 – 11:00 Coffee break 11:00 – 11:20 Mara Basin, Land of Maramureș, Romania – Implications of Relief Configuration in the Social and Economic System Silviu BUMBAK, Marin ILIEȘ Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 11:20 – 11:40 Vulnerabilities of the Moldavian Demographic System in the Post Communist Period Raluca-Ioana HOREA-ȘERBAN, Marinela ISTRATE „Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, ROMANIA 11:40 – 12:00 Study of the Romanian Students Body Values in the Context of the Wellbeing of the European Society. Iosif SANDOR1, Ioan Virgil GANEA1, Emanuele ISIDORI2

1 Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

2 “Foro Italico” University of Rome, ITALY

12:00 – 12:20 Development of Local Communities in the Eastern Peripheral Rural Areas of Botoşani County Krisztina Melinda DOBAY “Gh. Zane” Economic and Social Research Institute, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch, ROMANIA 12:20 – 12:40 Geodemographic Transformations of the Rural Areas in the Historic Region of Moldova during Postcommunism Iuliana-Valentina MARDALE University of Bucharest, ROMANIA

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12:40 – 13:00 Lifestyle - a Predictor of the Population’s Health State in the Upper Basin of the Moldavian Bistriţa Alexandrina CRUCEANU “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iași, ROMANIA 13:00 – 13:20 The Issue of Secondary School Education in the Rural and Peripheral Regions of Romania. A Case Study at the Secondary School in Valea Seacă, Satu Mare County, Romania Horaţiu POPA-BOTA “George Bariţiu” National College of Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 13:20 – 13:40 Ethnicity between Centre and Periphery. The Case of Cluj County, Romania Grigor P. POP1, Vasile ZOTIC2, Diana-Elena ALEXANDRU2 1 Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 2 Babeș-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 13:40 – 15:00 Lunch 15:00 – 15:20 Transport Peripherality in Iara-Hășdate Basin, Cluj County, Romania Sandu-Ciprian MOLDOVAN, Titus MAN, Raularian RUSU Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 15:20 – 15:40 Accessibility of Central Facilities in the Umland of Alba Iulia City. The case of Rural Mountain Areas Alexandru-Sabin NICULA1, Ionuţ RUS2, Veronica CONSTANTIN3 1 Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 2 Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 3 Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, Centre Regional Development Agency, Alba Iulia, ROMANIA

Environmental reconstruction and preservation in peripheral rural areas 15:40 – 16:00 Land Use in the Sub-Carpathian Area of the Cricovul Sărat Basin. Assessment of the Environmental Impact Cristian BRAGHINĂ, Monica-Adriana OPREA, Răzvan OPREA University of Bucharest, ROMANIA

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16:00 – 16:20 Impact of Settlements on the Landscapes of Slavyanka Mountain (South-western Bulgaria) Atanas KITEV National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, BULGARIA 16:20 – 16:40 Dynamics of the Structuring Vectors for Geographical Landscapes. Case Study: Soloneţ Basin, Suceava County, during 1772-2012. Viorel CHIRIŢĂ, Carmen BĂDĂLUŢĂ, Viorica NAGAVCIUC “Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, ROMANIA 16:40 – 17:00 Landscape Transformations in the Rural Areas in the East Upper Thracian Plain (South Bulgaria) Dimitar ZHELEV, Rumen PENIN “St. Kliment Ohridski” University of Sofia, BULGARIA

17:00 – 17:40

Discussion on Posters State of the Environment of the Rural Commune, Botoșani County. Space-time and Socio-economic Typology Maria-Simona CUCIUREANU „Al. I. Cuza” University of Iași, ROMANIA The Valea Caldă Peripheral Area in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Landscape Evaluation and Evolution Perspectives Simona Octavia DEAC Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Female Emigration. From Rural Romania to the Adriatic Coast: Women on Their Journey between Opportunity and Social Vulnerability. "The Italian Syndrome" Dino BURTINI “G. D'Annunzio” University of Chieti, ITALY Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Rural Settlements in the Eastern Poiana Ruscă Mountains: Evolution, Transformation or Decline. Case Study: Ciulpăz, Cutin and Dumbrava Villages, Romania Gabriel - Cristian DOBREI, Petrică - Ciprian BODEA, Gheorghe ROŞIAN, Nicolae BACIU Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

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PANEL SESSION 2 Room: C2

Moderators

Prof. Dr. Maria Luisa GÓMEZ MORENO, Prof. Dr. Snežana ŠTETIĆ, Arch. Mihaela VRABETE

Economic activities in peripheral rural areas

08:00 – 08:20 Cross-Border Cooperation of Serbia and Romania: the Case of the Project 'Banat 22' Snežana ŠTETIĆ College of Tourism, Belgrade, SERBIA 08:20 – 08:40 Spatial Determinations in Rural Functional Typologies Differentiations of the Western Part of Botoşani County Daniela MATEI, Krisztina Melinda DOBAY “Gh. Zane” Social-Economic Institute, Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch, ROMANIA 08:40 – 09:00 Metropolitan Management and Agricultural Activities: The City Dictatorship. Case Study: Municipality of Málaga, Spain Maria Luisa GÓMEZ MORENO University of Málaga, Málaga, SPAIN 09:00 – 09:20 Certainties and Uncertainties in the Romanian Rural Economy and the Need for Restructuring – Case Study: the South-western Region of Oltenia Mirela MAZILU, Liliana POPESCU, Amalia BĂDIŢĂ University of Craiova, ROMANIA 09:20 – 09:40 Fair Trade’s Attempt to Link Poverty Reduction and Environmental Conservation in the Global South Rie MAKITA Rikkyo University, JAPAN 09:40 – 10:00 Towards a Performance Management of the Subsistence Households in the “Branciog” (Eutricambosoils) Area of Brebu Commune – Prahova County, Romania Mihai BERCA1, Valentina Ofelia ROBESCU2, Roxana HOROIAŞ3 1 Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agronomice şi Medicină Veterinară, Bucharest, ROMANIA 2 Universitatea Valahia, Târgovişte, ROMANIA 3 Agrovet SA, ROMANIA

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10:00 – 10:20 Subsistence and Semisubsistence Farming in Romania. Regional Profiles Valentin-Mihai BOHATEREŢ “Gh. Zane” Social-Economic Institute, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch, ROMANIA 10:20 – 11:00 Coffee break 11:00 – 11:20 Organic Farming as an Element of Multi-Functional Development of Rural Areas in Poland. The Case of the Małopolskie Voivodeship Agnieszka GIL, Pawel STRUŚ Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Krakow, POLAND 11:20 – 11:40 Disparities in Rural Economic Functionality. Case study: Botoșani County Maria-Simona CUCIUREANU „Al. I. Cuza” University of Iași, ROMANIA 11:40 – 12:00 Rural versus Urban. The Economic Performance of Romanian Counties Bogdan-Nicolae PĂCURAR Babeș-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

Policies and practices for the development of peripheral rural areas 12:00 – 12:20 Challenges for Regional, Local and Sustainable Development in Public Policies Design in the Brazilian Biodiesel Territories Arnoldo SANTOS DE LIMA University of Brasília, Centre for Sustainable Development, Brasilia, BRAZIL 12:20 – 12:40 Revival of Cadastre and Agricultural Land Management – Determining Factors in Rural Area Development Ion BOLD1, Ioana-Raluca CORPĂDEAN2, 1 Academy of Romanian Scientists, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences “Gheorghe Ionescu-Sisesti”, Bucharest, ROMANIA 2 Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 12:40 – 13:00 Development Policies Addressing Rural Peripheral Communities. A Proposed Approach for the Land of Maramureş, Romania Mihaela VRABETE Babeș-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

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13:20 – 13:40 Challenges Induced by Integrated Development in Mountainous Areas of Bukovina and Neamţ Viorel CHIRIŢĂ1, Daniela MATEI2 1 “Ștefan cel Mare” Unversity of Suceava, ROMANIA 2“Gh. Zane” Social-Economic Institute, Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch, ROMANIA 13:40 – 15:00 Lunch 15:00 – 15:20 Annexation of Rural Areas in Western Europe after the Second World War, The Dutch Case: A Successful Colonization Jan G. SMIT Radboud University of Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS 15:20 – 15:40 The UniDorf-Concept of Neubrandenburg University. Best Practice Examples of University Engagement for Local Development in Peripheral Regions of Mecklenburg -Vorpommern Christian HERKT University of Applied Sciences, Hochschule Neubrandenburg, GERMANY 15:40 – 16:00 Increasing the Competitiveness of the Agricultural Sector by Setting up of Young Farmers. The Case of Moldova, Romania Alina-Mirela MARCU “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, ROMANIA 16:00 – 16:20 Alternatives for Small Conventional Rural Communities through the Example of the Gyűrűfű Ecovillage Dániel ERDÉLYI1, Béla BORSOS2, Krisztián RITTER3 1 Szent István University of Gödöllő, HUNGARY 2 University of Pécs, Institute of Geography, HUNGARY 3 Szent István University of Gödöllő, Institute of Regional Economics and Rural Development, HUNGARY 16:20 – 16:40 Limba Village, Alba County, Romania. A Community Development Model for Peripheral Villages Viorel STĂNICĂ Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 16:40 – 17:00 Analysis of Rural Areas from the Periphery to the Periurban of Cluj County, Romania Marcel Lucian POPA Babeș-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

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17:00 – 17:40

Discussion on Posters Relation between Rural Areas and Cittaslow Agnieszka JASZCZAK, S.O.CANSIZ University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, POLAND Rural Development in the Context of Functional and Program Changes in Agriculture – the Case Studies of Ostfriesland (Germany) and Warmia and Mazury (Poland) Jörg DENEKAS University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, POLAND Contemporary Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Studies on Development Models of Peripheral Areas Plamen PATARCHANOV “St. Kliment Ohridski” University, Sofia, BULGARIA Demo-Economic Characteristics of the Rural Areas on Ploiești-București-Giurgiu Axis Cristian TĂLÂNGĂ, Daniela ZAMFIR, Ilinca-Valentina STOICA University of Bucharest, The Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Researches on Territorial Dynamics, Bucharest, ROMANIA Planning Strategy for Golf Course Development in Rural Areas: the Case of "Transylvania Golf Club”, Sânpaul Village, Romania Virgil I. GANEA1, Octavian DAMIAN2 1 Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 2 „Transilvania” Golf Club, ROMANIA Comparative Analysis of the Use of Raster and Vector Data in the Process of Optimizing the Spatial Planning in Rural Areas Dominika STRUMIŁŁO-REMBOWSKA1, Iwona CIEŚLAK1, Katarzyna PAWLEWICZ2 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, POLAND 2 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, POLAND

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PANEL SESSION 3

Room: C6

Moderators Dr. Barbara MAĆKIEWICZ, Dr. Lorenzo Alejandro LÓPEZ BARBOSA, Dr. Sanja PAVLOVIĆ

Tourism – alternative economic activity in peripheral rural areas

08:00 – 08:20 Eco-agritourism as an Alternative Form of Economic Activity in Peripheral Rural Areas in Poland Barbara MAĆKIEWICZ, Ewa KACPRZAK Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Poznań POLAND 08:20 – 08:40 Challenges and Prospects of Rural Cuatro Cienegas Valley, México. Tourism, Production or Sustainability Lorenzo Alejandro LÓPEZ BARBOSA Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University, Coahuila, MÉXICO 08:40 – 09:00 Dimensions of Integrated Tourism – Case Studies of Selected Villages in the Border Territory of Serbia towards Romania Snežana ŠTETIĆ1, Sanja PAVLOVIĆ2, Sara STANIĆ3, Dario ŠIMIČEVIĆ4 1 College of Tourism, Belgrade, SERBIA 2 University of Belgrade, SERBIA 3 University of Belgrade, SERBIA 4 College of Tourism, Belgrade, SERBIA 09:00 – 09:20 The Rural Land of Maramureș as a Supplier of Regional Identity Elements in the Process of Designing Geobranding Strategies Marin ILIEȘ, Ștefan DEZSI, Gabriela ILIEȘ, Silviu BUMBAK Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 09:20 – 09:40 Tourism Development in a Rural Periphery. Case Study: The Oltenian Subcarpathians Antoaneta-Carina POPESCU Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania The University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, SET, Pau, FRANCE

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09:40 – 10:00 Tourism - Development Vector in the Rural Areas of the Maramureş Mountains Mihai HOTEA, Gabriela ILIEŞ, Alina SIMION, Nicolae HODOR, Nela ŞTELIAC Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 10:00 – 10:20 Geographical Peripherality Consequences on Tourism. Attraction Bonus or Accessibility Deficit? Bogdan IBĂNESCU “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, ROMANIA 10:20 – 11:00 Coffee break 11:00 – 11:20 Incoming Tourism - The Primary Factor for the Development of Disadvantaged Rural Areas (The Case of the Republic of Moldova) Petru BACAL, Tatiana BREGA Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 11:20 – 11:40 Sustainable Tourism in Putna Vrancea Nature Park, Romania Cătălin Mugur IORGA Edmond Nicolau Technical College, Focșani, ROMANIA 11:40 – 12:00 Tourism and Its Place in Development Strategies of the Suburban Zone of Krakow, Poland Barbara MAĆKIEWICZ1, Renata RETTINGER2 1 Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Poznań POLAND 2 Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Kraków, POLAND 12:00 – 12:20 The Stimulating Offer of Rural Tourism in Buda Village, Berzunţi County. Possibilities of (Re)Adaptation of Modern Tourist Preferences George GAMAN1, Puiu NISTOREANU2 1 Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre of Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 2 The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, ROMANIA 12:20 – 12:40 The Mureş Defile. Planning and Capitalization of the Tourist Potential George-Bogdan TOFAN Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

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12:40 – 13:00 Creative Tourism Potential in the Peripheral Rural Areas of Satu Mare and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Counties Cătălina-Maria BOTA Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 13:00 – 13:20 Tourism in the Rural Peripheral Areas of Maramureș and Chioar Lands, Romania Valeriu Mircea VANA, Mirela Carmen SIMION Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 13:20 – 13:40 Event Tourism and Online Promotion – Reliable Pillars for the Tourist Image of Rural Mountain Area in Cluj County Bianca Sorina RĂCĂŞAN Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, ROMANIA 13:40 – 15:00 Lunch 15:00 – 15:20 Digitization of the Cultural and Religious Heritage of Maramureș Land, Romania. Case study - Rozavlea Village Mirela Carmen SIMION Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 15:20 – 15:40 Which Type of Tourism Resource Induces Larger Tourist Affluence? A Statistical Model Based on Tourism Potential Evaluation Bogdan IBĂNESCU “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, ROMANIA

Traditional vs. modern in peripheral rural areas 15:40 – 16:00 Seasonal Peripheral Settlements of Rodna Village between the Traditional and the Modern Mircea Leontin MUREŞIANU Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 16:00 – 16:20 Village Thematisation as a Chance for the Socio-Economic Development of Rural Areas Magdalena SZCZEPAŃSKA Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, POLAND

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Management of settlements and resources in peripheral rural areas

16:20 – 16:40 Geographic and Economic Aspects of Using Water Resources in the Dniester Basin (The Sector in the Republic of Moldova) Petru BACAL Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Chișinău, REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 16:40 – 17:00 The Characteristics of the Human Habitat in the Mureş Defile George-Bogdan TOFAN Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 17:00 – 17:20 Preveciori Village (Băuţar commune), an Endangered Mountain Settlement at the Periphery of Caraș-Severin County, Romania Daniel-Reimund TODOR Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

17:20 – 17:40 Discussion on Posters

Tourism as a Sustainable Solution for the Development of Peripheral Rural Areas in “The Land of Beiuș", Bihor County, Romania Anamaria Liana LĂZURAN (GIURĂU), Mihaela UNGUREANU University of Oradea, ROMANIA Tourism Development in Arseni Village, Gorj County, Romania Claudia-Elena TUDORACHE Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

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III. FIELD TRIP DETAILED ITINERARY

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The field trip itinerary includes a mixture of specific traditional elements of the authentic Transylvania region, focusing on peripheral rural areas. The field trip will last all day and we will go by bus to all the destinations included in the tour programme.

Fig. 1. Map of the field trip.

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0. Departure

We’re leaving in the morning from the Main Building of Babeș-Bolyai University (1, M. Kogălniceanu

St.) in Cluj-Napoca. We are heading southward, towards the Apuseni Mountains, more exactly towards Hăşdate Valley. We’ll stop in Iara village, a settlement 41 km away from Cluj-Napoca. On our way, we will drive through the following villages: Luna de Sus, Vlaha, Săvădisla, Lita, Liteni, Săcel, and Băişoara, Feleac Hill being on the right side and the Apuseni Mountains and Iara-Hășdate Lowland, on the left. 1. Iara Village, Cluj County

Iara is the main village in this commune and its most flourishing economic period coincided with

iron ore mining. It is also a very efficient polarizing centre for its hinterland, but is does not have enough economic strength to change its administrative rank. It also has a well-defined hinterland and this has led to multiple nominations for acquiring the rank of town. Unfortunately, it has not happened yet as there is no other type of industry or economic branch with enough importance to fully replace the local industry and to improve the local economic situation. Regarding the local production process, the main attraction point is the animal sale market. Even if there are other several villages that became cities (as they were economically more powerful than Iara), this phenomenon has not occurred in this region because of incoherent, uneven development, the effect being a constant marginalization process. A good proof of the previous industrial activity in this region is the presence of the blocks of apartments built for the mine workers (Iara used to be a mining colony), blocks that are currently dilapidated because of lack of funds. Another proof is the abandoned mining dumps that pollute the area (as they are not covered, a stronger wind will blow the dust up in the air, generating thick mist layers over the entire valley).

Even though formerly known as a central (developed) economic area, nowadays Iara Village is continuously regressing economically thus turning into an economically peripheral rural area. 2. Rimetea Village, Alba County This place has had a very interesting history as it has evolved from the rank of medieval village to the rank of a flourishing city during the 17th and 18th centuries, its decline period stretching between the end of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century. Since 1996-1997 this village has gone through a difficult transition period. For almost 15 years, this village has changed its economic functioning from an economy based on agriculture to a complex one wherein tourism holds an important place. This village can stand as an example of how a village located in a peripheral rural area, without any perspectives of development, can change into a village that develops mainly on tourism. From a socio-cultural standpoint, the local community has gone through profound changes (similar to those in economy); the residents of Rimetea started to acknowledge the local architectural heritage (especially the houses built in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries); they also favoured the renovation of old buildings instead of replacing them with new ones. Moreover, they learnt to be proud of their architectural heritage and to keep it safe from the cultural threat of modern buildings. Due to these preservation projects, Rimetea received the European Committee Europa Nostra Award in 1999 for preserving its material cultural heritage (this was the first Europa Nostra Award won by a Romanian village or town/city).

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3. Izvoarele Village, Alba County From an administrative point of view, this village is part of Livezi Commune and it is located north-west of Alba County, at the spring of Aiud River, a affluent of Mureș River. It is also one of the few Romanian villages characterized by economic autarchy (resulted from people’s farming equipment, their non-collective farming methods and the zero support from the state – self-sufficiency). This phenomenon occurs due to a strong sense of ownership or property and due to the fact that the village was not affected by the Communist system of collective property. Izvoarele village is currently going through a process of depopulation, with 800 inhabitants in 1990 and only 150 inhabitants in the present. Thus, it is highly probable that the village will soon become a museum or it will be transformed into a secondary residence village. Izvoarele village can stand as an example of village that was able to preserve their cultural and architectural heritage due to its location in a peripheral area. It is one of the villages left in Romania where agriculture-related activities are practiced based on animal traction and man-handled equipment. Due to its specificity, this traditional Romanian village looks like an inhabited open-air museum.The decision on setting the location of Izvoarele Village was made by taking into account the need and availability of lowland along the Aiud River and also the advantages of the mountain that could stand for shelter, springs, hayfields and forest. Therefore, people settled and developed their households at higher altitudes so that they could employ the fertile lowland for agricultural practices. When the number of inhabitants increased up to 800 people, they extended the agricultural land farther away from the village merging into the mountain rocky area, the highest altitude here being of 1,282 m (Cornu Peak). Rural cultural heritage, feelings and traditional practices are frequently expressed by traditional songs usually sung inworking days, celebrations or special events. We would like to share with you some of the most known songs, as follows:

N-am îmbătrânit degeaba [I haven’t grown old for nothing]

Verde-i frunza, verde-i iarba, [Green are the leaves, green is the grass]

N-am îmbătrânit degeaba [I haven’t grown old for nothing] C-am îmbătrânit lucrând [I grew old working] Și copilași crescând [And raising my children]

Am crescut ficiori și fete [I raised both girls and boys]

Ca să-i am la bătrâneţe [To have them beside me when I’m old] Ficiorii să-mi deie apă [Boys to give me water] Și fetele pită caldă [And girls bake me bread]

Verde-i frunza, verde-i iarba [Green are the leaves, green is the grass]

N-am trăit în sat degeaba [I haven’t lived for nothing] Doamne cum n-ai lăsat omul [God, why would you leave the man]

Să trăiască ca și pomul [live like the tree]

Pomul să tot înflorească [The tree should blossom every year] Omul să nu-mbătrânească [The man should not grow old ever]

Toamna pomu-ngălbenește [Trees turn yellow in the fall] Și omul îmbătrânește [Men are growing old, as well]

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Greu îi dorul de purtat

[It is hard missing]

Greu îi doru de purtat [It is hard missing] Cand departe ești de sat [When you’re far from your village]

Căn’ și satul îi pierzare [When your village’s almost gone] Atunci tot mai rău te doare [Then you’re hurting more than ever]

Rămân casele pustii [Houses are left empty]

Fără părinţi și copii [Without any parents or children] Curtea-i plină de nuiele [The yard is full of twigs] La inimă-i dor și jele [My heart aches and cries]

Nu e dor pe lume greu [There is no other harder thought] Ca dorul de satul meu [Than me missing my old village]

De grădina cu flori multe [My garden with lots of flowers] Și oiţele cornute [And beautiful sheep]

Pe munte unde coseam [The mountains where I mowed the grass with my scythe]

Unde apă rece beam [Where I drank cold water] Dormeam noapte-n fân cosit [Where I slept in hay]

Eram tare fericit [Where I was so happy]

Greu îi dorul de purtat [It is hard missing] Când de sat m-am străinat [Since I’ve gone away from the village]

M-aș plânge, dar n-am la cine [I would complain, but I don’t have anyone] În sat nu mai am pe nimeni [I have no one in the village]

Dor de sat

[Missing my village]

Am să las cu jurământ [I tell you as my last wish] Unde să-mi sape mormânt [Where to bury me]

La o tufă rotilată [It should be near rounded shrubs] Unde nu-i nisip nici piatră [Where there’s no sand or rock]

Unde nu se sapă greu [Where it’s easy to be dug] Că eu greu am trăit eu [For I lived hard]

Mama cu greu m-a crescut [My mother worked hard to raise me] Și-n viaţă tot greu am dus [And then, my life was always hard]

C-am fost tânără copilă [For I was a young child] Și de mică tot străină [And so young left to live among strangers]

Nici un dor nu te apasă [There is no other harder feeling] Ca dorul de părinţi și casă [Than missing your parents and home]

Nici un dor nu îi mai greu [There is no other harder feeling] Ca dorul de satul meu [Than missing my village]

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4. Râmeţ Monastery, Alba County

Râmeţ Monastery is the most important monastic settlement of the Archbishopric of Alba Iulia, bearing more holy names: the names of the apostles Peter and Paul and of the Dormition of the Theotokos or the Dormition of Our Most Holy Lady or the Assumption (in the case of the big church within the monastery walls, having a surface of 2655ha and being built in the Byzantine style) and the name of The Healing Fountain or The Pool of Bathesda (in the case of the old church, dating from 1300, the last restoration taking place between 1987-1989). A nearby tourist attraction is Râmeţ Gorges, a nationally protected area sheltering many karst landforms (sinkholes, natural towers, caves, large scree areas, ridges), as well as Mesozoic and Jurassic chalk rocks (marl, sandstone, conglomerate sedimentary rocks, basalt rocks).

Like other areas in the country, due to the rugged and hardly reachable mountain land this sector of Trascău Mountains represented a safe refuge and shelter for fugitives and combatants in times of conflict, (i.e. social and political convulsions). 5. Lookout Point over Blaj Town, Alba County

Situated at the confluence of the two Târnava Rivers and certified by documents from 1252, Blaj is known as the “Little Rome”, being the cultural centre for the Romanian population in Transylvania during the 18th and 19th centuries. It also played an important part in the process of emergence of the modern Romanian language and national identity. In addition, this is the place where the Blaj Bible was printed (which is the second printed Romanian translation of the Holy Scriptures) and where Timotei Cipariu published the first Romanian grammar book (Timotei Cipariu was the president of the Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People). The number of inhabitants is of approximately 20.000.

One of the most important historically charged places is the Field of Liberty where two national gatherings took place during the 1848 Revolution. People raised a monument here made of the central piece named “Glory” and 26 busts of various leaders of this revolution, as well as of well-known figures of the Romanian cultural life during those times. 6. Jidvei Vineyard, Alba County

Jidvei Wines are rooted in the Târnave Vineyard, situated in the hydrographical area of the two Târnava Rivers – Târnava Mică and Târnava Mare. There is a millennial tradition related to vine planting on these lands and a very good proof for this is represented by archaeological evidence, historical documents and objects specific to vine planting and wine production in this area. The vineyard is situated in a hilly area, with altitudes between 300 m and 500 m. There is a vineyard surface of about 2,000 ha, most of it being located on the southern, south-eastern and south-western sides of the hills, the soil being of the reddish-brown forest type, while the climate is temperate continental with average annual temperatures of 9oC. Jidvei Wine is internationally acknowledged as it has received many national and international awards such as Vinitaly Concorso Enologico 2008, AWC Viena International Wine Challenge 2008 and International Wine Challenge UK 2011. This makes it the largest wine producer in Romania and the best example of practice towards the regeneration of a rural peripheral area.

The group will benefit of a guided tour of the Jidvei Winery.

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7. The Bethlen-Haller Castle, Cetatea de Baltă Village, Alba County

The castle is located in Cetatea de Baltă Commune, in between the towns of Târnăveni and Blaj, on the left side of Târnava Mică River and it dates back to the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the first half of the 17th century. The structure of the castle is typically Renaissance, corresponding to a compact, rectangular building with 5 roof-covered towers. The building also has more levels, namely the basement, the ground floor and the first floor. The ground floor rooms served as household dwellings or servant dwellings, whereas the upstair rooms were inhabited by the nobleman’s family.

The castle is well preserved with its main architectural Renaissance elements still intact, the same being valid for its Baroque elements added in 1773 when the castle park was also created. The castle and the park are surrounded by a wall granting access through a huge gate. The image of the castle is currently associated with the brand of the Jidvei Wine.

Currently the castle is owned by the Necșulescu family, who also own and manage the Jidvei Vineyard. They are a good example of preservation and management of the cultural heritage in rural peripheral areas. 8. Dinner

Dinner will take place at the Bethlen-Haller Castle, Cetatea de Baltă Village, Alba County. The menu

is enriched by a session of wine tasting.

9. Return to Cluj-Napoca

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IV. ABSTRACTS

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PLENARY LECTURES

Is Smart Specialization Reliable for Sustainable Growth in Peripheral Areas or How to Turn Lemon into Lemonade?

Stelian BRAD Research Centre for Engineering and Management of Innovation

Technical University of Cluj-Napoca ROMANIA

From a process perspective, evolution of economic competitiveness strongly influences local and

regional development. In the recent years, smart specialization has become a key concept in the attempt of European countries to find cleverer ways of economic growth. Even if smart specialization provides strong vectors to approach competitively economic development, the very recent programmatic documents on innovation strategies, as well as national and/or regional development programs with 2020 time horizon issued by the governments and administrations from the EU countries seem to reveal either a poor understanding or a limited application of this concept in practice. Moreover, a weak consideration of the methodology in which smart specialization strategies should be approached and designed is also unveiled in practice. In addition, in some respects, smart specialization is wrongly seen by many experts, by considering it more dedicated to knowledge hubs and industrial areas, as long as this concept emerged from the European Research Area strategy whose goal was to formulate a better way to recover the gap between the European R&D and the USA, Japan and South Korea. However, a creative look on smart specialization framework displays a huge potential for paradigm change in the peripheral areas, as well.

A suspected cause for the drawbacks in adequate operationalization of smart specialization strategies either in knowledge, industrial or lagging areas is the lack of effective tools (either new or adapted from other fields of science) for translating the concept into practice. Thus, it is one of the purposes of this paper to introduce an extended perspective on smart specialization and how this can be successfully applied to develop smart strategies for the sustainable growth of peripheral areas. Beyond a background investigation, a systematic tool-based algorithm is proposed to handle smart specialization vectors in a non-conventional manner for setting up strong development plans for peripheral areas by turning ordinary resources and drawbacks into extraordinary resources and competitive advantages. It considers a superior balance between competitiveness and happiness, with a focus on eco-responsibility in the perspective of very probable forthcoming economic models, which might include resiliency and circularity principles. The conceptual framework is sustained by a combination of powerful tools imported from innovation management for converging the thinking and decision making processes related to strategy formulation towards ideality and effectiveness. The theoretical framework is exemplified on case studies extracted from the Romanian landscape.

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Regional Strategy for the Provision of Public Services – Experiences with an

Innovative Instrument for Peripheral Rural Regions in Germany

Johann KAETHER University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg

GERMANY

Demographic change is one important determining factor for the development of Germany’s peripheral rural regions. The availability of public services of general interest is an significant part of the quality of life in peripheral rural areas. Under the conditions of population decline and of the shift of age classes, maintaining the area-wide provision of public services of general interest is no longer a matter of course. Demographic change causes both the decline of demanders of public services of general interest (e.g. pupils) and the increase of demands in other services (e.g. elderly care). Therefore, in almost all sectors of social and technical infrastructure, problems of viability or of congestion occur that set the existing supply of public infrastructure under drastic pressure for adaptation. For regional, county or municipality administrations this is a major political challenge. The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (now Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure) set up the Programme of Action for the Regional Provision of Public Services to assist 21 pilot regions in rural areas – districts, municipal associations or regional associations – in 2012/2013, in sustaining the provision of basic public services by autonomously developing a so called regional strategy for the Provision of Public Services. A Regional Strategy for the Provision of Public Services is primarily a discussion-based process initiated by districts, regions or collaborative schemes crossing local authority boundaries with the aim of joining forces with public and private sector providers of public services, local authorities and the interested population to systematically address the impact of demographic change on the various fields of infrastructure involved in the provision of public services, to develop scenarios and adaptation strategies and to ensure politically and organizationally that will be implemented. It is an innovative informal instrument of regional planning and development. The individual thematic areas/infrastructure fields are addressed in working groups comprising experts from the public authorities and representatives of institutions, societies and associations. By addressing the issues in working groups, it is possible to frankly discuss far-reaching consequences of adaptation strategies (e.g. the closure of facilities, the initiation of processes to change the statutory framework or the changing of organizational structures). Intensified cooperation between public and private sector players and the active involvement of the interested public improve the chances of finding new approaches. In addition, community participation makes people more willing to accept the results and is a major prerequisite for the involvement of civic engagement.

In the process, the regions were supported by project assistance and an accompanying research. The main task of the accompanying research was to support the discussions in the working groups with model calculations, forecasts and quantitative and qualitative assessments. Adopted methods were small sized population forecasts, accessibility modelling, regional analyses of provision and accessibility, impact assessments of measures, adaptation concepts and strategies as well as needs assessment. The framework conditions for the model calculations as well as for the assessments were set by the working groups. As a result of the processes, each of the 21 pilot regions has worked out a strategic document, a regional strategy for the provision of public which they implement now. In this contribution, the approach of the regional strategy for the provision of public services as well as selected findings and good examples from the 21 pilot regions will be presented.

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Socioeconomic Dynamics of Rural Mountain Areas in Spain

Carmen DELGADO VIÑAS University of Cantabria

SPAIN

In this paper we present the results of the analysis on territorial dynamics that the mountain areas of Spain have had in recent decades from the identification and definition of factors, of processes and outcomes. To this end I have chosen several representative case studies of various Autonomous Communities corresponding to different regions of the mountains in Northern Spain (the Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees Atlantiques), mountains in the Northwest of Castilla and León, the Central System, the Iberian System and the Mounts of Toledo. This study is the result of a three years research project that involved researchers from different Spanish universities. The main objective of this project was to detect and diagnose the conditions under which the current process of renewal and socioeconomic innovation appears and/or is produced in mountain areas (most of whom can be considered marginal rural areas). We tried to reach general conclusions from a number of varied and contrasted case studies.

Fig. 1. Sectoral structure of productive employment in the different mountain regions (Data provided by CajaEspaña).

The traditional

farming systems just have a residual presence in few areas for some time now. In recent decades, the extension processes generalized from the consolidation of uses that consume less labour force (extensive livestock and forestry) to productive specialization (meat livestock production, fruit growing). Such changes, in addition to constituting a common denominator, have resulted

in the reduction of the workforce and the simplification of rural areas and agrarian landscapes. From all these we can conclude that the present agricultural crisis in these mountain regions, sometimes a genuine process of deagrarianization, is not so much the result of the decline of traditional agricultural models, disappeared long ago, but the fruit of the difficult and complex process of adjusting to the new territorial and economic contexts. However, productive diversification which has gradually been introduced in many of these mountain areas, according the new measures of rural development has caused the services sector to gain certain importance. So the present more or less advanced processes of tertiarization is another feature shared by the mountain areas under study. It is, nevertheless, an internally highly diversified sector and with a very unbalanced distribution, both sectorally and territorially in favour of tertiary activities linked to leisure and tourism and mainly localized in regional capitals.

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Returning to the Traditional Village

Peter HURLEY The Intercultural Association of Traditions, Bucharest, ROMANIA

The Ireland-Romania Network, Dublin, IRELAND

Nicolae HODOR Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

This work is intended as an alarm signal for the preservation of the traditional village. It is

undergoing fundamental change. Our presentation is a free one, not easily categorised and its objective is a diagnostic analysis of the rural space, highlighting its strong points and its weak points, its opportunities and the threats that it is being subjected to. We expect results that can lead to a shift in perceptions about the necessity to keep the village traditions alive. The conclusion is that we need the traditional village, we need the peasants! The village is much more conservative than the city. In the village, time passes more slowly; traditional values can be preserved for longer than they can be in the city. “Eternity was born in the village”, said the poet Lucian Blaga. This affirmation is even today valid for the Romanians. Other nations have been left only with memories or the stories handed down from their grandparents. This is why the Romanian village still represents a treasure that many other countries simply no longer have. They have films, recordings, or they try to re-enact traditional culture and society, as if it were a theatre piece. But in Romania, these traditions are still alive. Everything is “alive”, it’s the reality, it’s instant, it’s authentic, it’s unfolding under your eyes. It’s honest, it’s necessary, it doesn’t perform “on command”, it’s not performed by actors, it’s daily. It makes bread, it makes formal ceremonial clothes, working clothes, leisure clothes. It’s an extraordinary creation. It goes for water from the stream with an earthenware urn. There are still many women who have no clothes from the shops, who only have clothing made by them at home. And this is incredible! In Maramures, locals pass each other on the road and call out in salutation „Praise be to Jesus Christ!”. They receive immediately the response in unison from the others „Forever and ever, Amen!”. In places with fewer houses, people sing as they walk. They borrow from each other eggs, salt, bread, utensils, wine and spirits. In the city, you cannot imagine this existance. In the traditional village, the grass is green, the grapes are natural, and the bread is made in the shape of a ceremonial ring, symbolising the sun and the eternal cycle of life love and regeneration. The water is fresh from the well. People don’t drink Coca-Cola or use chewing gum! There are roosters that call and there are roosters that are eaten. People would never find themselves eating a chicken that had never sung in the morning! In the village, when people hear the first cuckoo of the season, they throw a coin. When the cake is pulled from the oven, it has embers from the fire embedded in it. People take the horse to the fair, not a lead-producing car. There, noone is afraid to welcome a stranger into their house to stay the night. The doors are never locked. People are never upset if the neighbour’s cow crosses another’s land. We must encourage people not to sell the houses of their grandparents to outsiders. To encourage children to learn the dances and the songs of their parents. In this way, Romania will succeed! There is a kitsch in the village that shouldn’t be let contaminate. We shouldn’t be selling land to foreigners. In the traditional village, there are options for modernisation that don’t ionvolve sliding towards derision, trying to imitate the city. Those that left the villages can be encouraged to return. Urgently! Now! To see once again how father cuts the grass with the scythe, to search for what grandma still has in her cupboard. Or to come home for Christmas carols, for the harvest festival, for the village celebrations. Good people! Look after the village! Try to find a solution for it, while you still have it. Others have lost, and regretted their loss. When it was too late....

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PANEL SESSION 1 Theoretical and methodological approaches of the concept of

peripheral rural areas

Peripheral Centres and Central Peripheries

Vasile SURD Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca

ROMANIA

The notions of “centre” and “periphery” are associated. Generally, “the centre” is perceived as the

place where welfare and high-quality information are concentrated. On the contrary, the periphery becomes associated with poverty and a low level of the support infrastructure. On the other hand, anywhere and anytime one may emphasize both poor and rich centres and peripheries. As a result of this state, centres and peripheries can be structured as an a priori hierarchy. The cohabitation and the coexistence of peripheries and centres have a binding nature. Peripheries are an outcome of centres but the mutuality is not valid. Between centres and peripheries transition spaces interpose, holding the role of buffer spaces.

European and Balkan Ruralism: Differences in Theory and Practice

Veselin BOYADZHIEV, Nelly VESELINOVA “St. Kliment Ohridski” University, Sofia

BULGARIA

The European Union was created by the countries of Western Europe. Its basis is the Western Roman Empire and the Catholic civilization. The Balkan Peninsula has had another civilization on East Rome /Byzantium/ - Orthodox and the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, there are significant differences between the Western and the Balkan ruralism and rural development. In the Middle Ages in the West, the rural development was based on the small centres, which used to have religious and administrative functions. They were the parishes and at the same time they were the markets. Different communities were created on the Balkans by different ethnic groups, but these communities did not have administrative and political functions. The urbanization and industrialization began in the 16th and 17th centuries in the West, while these processes were delayed in the Balkans until the 19th century. While the rural territories and settlements in the Balkans were the foundation of the economy and society to World War II / b. productivity and productivity paradigm of Agriculture/, the same rural territories provided raw materials for the urban economy and urban migrants in the West. The ruralism and agriculture were developed in the suburban areas. Western Europe recovered for ten years after the World War II. The creation of the European Union helped the agriculture. The aim was - from productivity to post productivity paradigm. There was a major problem at that time - the surpluses. The industrialization and urbanization were exhausted and they began to create problems.

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Thus, the interest to the ruralism revived and it found a place in the regional policy of the European

Union. The communism and its development in the Balkans delayed the social development of Bulgaria, Romania and the former Yugoslavia. The interest to ruralism in Greece began in the 70s of last century, while in the former communist countries ruralism began its development when these countries began preparation for accession to the European Union. There are three objectives in the west ruralism: income, education and health care equal to those in big cities and urban areas. The main objectives on the Balkans are the major economic goals and then are the social goals. The economy is mainly based on agriculture and forestry industry. There are difficulties in the rural policy in Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Macedonia, and Serbia in the recent years. The rural area provides rest in the west while in the Balkans in these territories there are the most intensive agriculture and a place to work. If there is a policy for the development of the western rural type in the new period 2014 and 2020 in the European Union, the difficulties in the Balkans will continue. It requires flexibility, realism, and compliance with national specificities.

The Effect of Remoteness on the Socio-Economic Development of Rural Areas in Lesser Poland

Marcin SEMCZUK

Pedagogical University of Kraków POLAND

In the geographic literature, but also in references from the field of other disciplines, a discussion

about the major development factors of socio-economic rural areas is still present. Many authors highlight that many endogenous and exogenous factors influence the development of rural areas. Among those factors there are the inhabitants’ activity and local authority, functional structure, infrastructure level, and presence of sufficient leader-visionary. Some of the researches are willing to consider endogenous factors as the most important. In their opinion, the development of rural areas should take place by using the local potential. Endogenous factors are supposed to decide on development in its initial stage. Later, when their interaction turns out to be effective, exogenous factors reveal. Attention is paid to the fact that the progress of endogenous rural areas increases the ability to seize part of the multiplier effect generated by metropolises (Domański, 2008). It is conflicted with the conception that points out the exogenous factors as the most influential in socio-economic development. As a justification, the authors usually point out the impossibility for the inner breaking of the barriers that exist in lagging rural areas. Those barriers are, above all, the ingrown negative structures as well as the socio-economic processes (Gross, 2007).

It is claimed that breaking those adverse and entrenched problems can be brought only by intervention of capital and external experience. At the same time, attention is being paid to the risk connected with locating the capital on the low developed areas. It disturbs the natural market processes, which can lead to local inhabitants’ dependence on the outside as well as in decrease of the local activity (Gorzelak, 2008; Gross, 2007). In the analyses of the literature about the local development of last decades, it is clear that authors give more and more importance to endogenous rather than exogenous factors. An affirmation was widely accepted that local success is dependent on the external and the internal factors and the proportions are determined by local specificity. The inseparable issue connected with the socio-economic development of the rural areas is the discussion over the influence of spatial accessibility on local development.

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Spatial accessibility is usually defined as the ease of reaching specific localization from other places

(Guzik, 2011). The researches of accessibility are strongly connected with the core – periphery conception. The key point in deliberations about periphery was moved from the issue of localization to other factors which decide the success or regression in rural areas progress (Wilkin, 2003). Wilkin underlines that localization in space favours, but does not guarantee success. Another group of researchers have a different approach. For them, an attractive localization is a basic element of economic success in rural areas (Bański, 2008; Czapiewski, 2011; Kamińska, 2006; Śleszyński, 2006).

The cognitive aim of the research is to formulate answers to the following questions: How do peripheral areas develop in the context of rapid changes taking place in the rural areas of Lesser Poland? How to appoint peripheral rural areas? Which of them can be said to have succeeded in the socio-economic area, which are stagnant, and which are in decline? To what extent the development of rural areas is affected by their remote location? What factors are responsible for the ongoing socio-economic changes and how do people living there perceive them?

The field of the examination is Lesser Poland, according to the administrative borders in the fall of 2012. This choice is justified by many arguments. Rural areas of Lesser Poland are extremely diverse. Rural areas of Lesser Poland simultaneously gather many socio-economic problems, as for example: overpopulation in the countryside, unfavourable agricultural structure, hidden unemployment or low agricultural effectiveness. On the other hand, the villages in Lesser Poland have a large, and still growing,

demographic potential. Fig. 1. Potential accessibility to

population in Lesser Poland.

To evaluate the periphery degree

of rural areas, the population potential method was used (Fig. 1). This method was first presented during the World War II by an American astrophysician, John Stewart, from Princeton University. He is considered the creator of the so-called social Physics. It is based upon an assumption that people’s aggregations affect each other in direct proportion to the number of inhabitants, and in inverse proportion to the distance between them. The dynamic development of Geographic Information

System in the recent years, allowed us to use the method of the population potential for calculations of a larger amount of individuals, and to use more complex ways of determining the resistance in overcoming the space. Due to that, the method can be used more effectively to define, on one hand, the level of accessibility, and, on the other hand, the capacity of interpersonal interaction. It broadens the field for interpreting population potential, as the indicator for periphery.

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Decentralization and Rural Development in

Romania

Ionuţ Lucian IANOŞ1, Cristina MERCIU2

1University of Bucharest, ROMANIA 2University of Bucharest

The Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Researches on Territorial Dynamics, Bucharest ROMANIA

Decentralization is considered to be an efficient method of territorial development. Benefiting of a

proper administrative background, this affects the rural areas included if it is provided with a functional series of territorial structures. In Romania, territorial structures are so simple that rural development may not benefit much of the possible decentralization of the activities. The ratio state – county - city (commune) cannot be efficient with regard to development because of the lack of intermediary links that can allow decentralization with direct effects on the local community. The stipulated law of decentralization, before regionalization, would not have had direct effects on the rural communities, but, on the contrary, a recentralization at county level. For that matter, a real closeness to these communities involves customization and functioning of the inter-communal level. This can be built of the institutionalization of the inter-community as an essential lever in the decentralization process. Our analyses on certain case studies show that through the agglomeration of actual communes only a false economic efficiency of these structures can be achieved. By the alienation of the inhabitants from the nearest level of guaranteeing the basic services, the costs associated to the performance needed for a much more complex rural development are going to be much higher. The conclusion is that decentralization may be an instrument in the process of rural development only if there is an administrative background that should be concerned with the integration of the state-county and county-commune intervals.

The Perception and the Status of the Peripheral Regions in the Netherlands and Romania - a Comparative Geographic Study

Raisa ŢĂRUŞ (ŢUGUI)

Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca ROMANIA

The perception on the status of peripheral regions is a common subject in the Netherlands and

Romania, becoming a worldwide topic in the public discourse. The focus of our comparative study was triggered by the fact that regions in countries such as the Netherlands (e.g. Achterhoek region) and Romania (e.g. Northern Transylvania) have already been facing population decline and the perception on the status of peripheries has degraded since several decades.

First, we will emphasize the meaning of peripheral areas with two case studies: a peripheral area as the Achterhoek region in the Netherlands and the peripheral area of Northern Transylvania in Romania. Secondly, we will synthesize the demographic transformation of peripheral areas during three-census period: 1992, 2002 and 2011. We will highlight the perception of similarities and differences of peripheral areas in these two countries which will eventually lead to a mutual policy framing between both countries.

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Thus, by using a comparative analysis in terms of demographic tendencies, transformations and modifications in the demographic structure, population density, migrations, this comparative study will encompass the Achterhoek region and Northern Transylvania, exploring the possibilities for each country to learn one from another.

Local communities in peripheral rural areas. Status, dynamics,

tendencies

Sustainable Rural Development in Regions with High Levels of Poverty and Challenges for Local Development

Mirosława CZERNY1, Andrzej CZERNY2

1 University of Warsaw, Warsaw, POLAND 2 University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Lublin, POLAND

Local development, especially the differentiation issues of development, capacity level for

implementing sustainable development and living standards within each country, represent one of the research topics most frequently selected by geographers. In the 1970s, geography joined the mainstream of research on sustainable development and in the 1990s on social vulnerability. The fact that geography is involved in such research is not random and results from its field interests, which include threats to life and human activities by natural, economic, and political processes. In the 1980s, the efforts to help regions affected by natural disasters and, eventually, the regions permanently underdeveloped and stricken by poverty intensified and created room for deeper studies on the issues of underdevelopment and poverty. The purpose of this paper is to determine, based on earlier studies in South America, the factors that contribute to sustainable development by measuring social vulnerability as well as to identify ways that can help reduce its level and prevent crises and tensions arising from the lack of solid foundations for development. The research area is Peru, where, for years, the inhabitants of mountain regions have been facing problems arising from weather conditions, unpredictable in terms of intensity, poor local administration, acts of terrorism, as well as from the interests of large corporations seeking and exploiting valuable mineral and plant resources. Due to a very large diversity of the natural environment of the Peruvian Andes and the strong ethnic and class divisions it seems to be an excellent laboratory for carrying out this study.

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The thesis, formulated on the basis of preliminary studies, shows a huge potential of local

communities to overcome the adverse developmental conditions. Disregard of the central and provincial authorities, lack of infrastructure and problems arising from changing environmental conditions have not pushed people out from that region to urban areas, although lack of a way out of crisis and weakness discourages many people to take more radical action to improve their situation and support local development. The mountain areas in the Andes, which are the cradle of the great civilizations of South America, are inhabited by Indian and mestizo populations mainly engaged in agriculture. In some regions they have also developed metal ore mining and tourism. These are areas of high population density, compared to the rest of the continent, now belonging to the poorest in South America.

Analysis on the Potential Sustainable Development of Rural Communities in Romania

Ion I. IONESCU

„Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi ROMANIA

There is plenty of news about Romanian villages that fade away and about the numerous austerity

plans that have been imposed to the population. Welfare and prosperity of communities cannot be assured by speculative practices, lack of work, irresponsible consumption of natural resources, and continuous creation of political, economic, social, and ecological problems. The persistent crisis leads to depopulation of villages, population aging, migration of the young population from villages and to the decrease in living standards for those who remain there. Today, the information is more accessible regarding the impact of the actual agro-alimentary system (pollution connected to the transportation of food products on long distances, food waste, reduction of agricultural biodiversity, use of pesticides, of growth hormones, excessive exploitation of non-renewable resources, and increased consumption of products coming from genetically modified organisms) and the conclusion that such a system is unsustainable. The world forum of alimentation in 1996 launched the ideas of food sovereignty (the states should firstly feed their population, using their own resources equitably and reasonably) which is not attained only by food supply. The reduction of development inequalities and alleviation of poverty remain major issues from ecological reasons and for the survival of population. The undeveloped rural communities are obliged to affirm their identity, to become more aware of themselves, to value what is specific for them, to integrate themselves into larger spaces, in networks, to renew their vision, to build their visibility in the mass-media, etc., all these under the circumstances in which their young people are leaving, only the old ones remaining, and others who do not return from the city or from abroad. The construction of their economic, social and environmental competitiveness is important (there are numerous examples of strategies used by the European rural communities). The possible effect of the associations is analyzed as well, of the NGOs that intervene in villages (based on a self-conducted research in 2011, in 25 villages from a county in Moldova). The migrants can be an important resource for the present and the future of rural communities from Romania. Some characteristics of Romanians’ migration are identified (shown with examples from the database of a project financed by Swiss National Science Switzerland and The Executive Unit for Financing of Higher Education of Research, Development and Innovation, Romania). They have searched to identify the potential development of rural communities through biological farming (some results and conclusions are presented).

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A consistent part of communication is dedicated to the biological agriculture and its forms:

permaculture, the biodynamic agriculture, etc. We identified advantages of sustainable agriculture in villages, insisting on the proximity economy, the agriculture sustained by the community (the basket of bio-products). All these can diminish the development gaps and create premises for the sustainable development of villages. For this it is necessary for the specialists to involve in the community development, and also provide trainings for the education of producers and consumers regarding the development of the biological agriculture (examples of policies, practices and actors of education and formation are given in view of sustainable development of rural communities).

Mara Basin, Land of Maramureș, Romania – Implications of Relief Configuration in the Social and Economic System

Silviu BUMBAK, Marin ILIEȘ Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca

ROMANIA

The Mara Basin, in the Land of Maramureș, a natural space for water management, is engrafted on a complex relief structure, presenting specific features and landforms that are morphologically conditioned by structure and tectonics. Being bordered in the west and south by the edges of an imposing residual volcanic relief, constituted by the Igniş-Gutâi and the Văratec Mountains, the relief structure emphasizes a double petrographic zoning, with strong asymmetric markers against the rest of the physical characteristics in the Land of Maramureș. The drainage is ensured by Mara and Cosău rivers, vectors of energy and mass in the territorial system. Over centuries, their primary denudation function has been doubled by the implementation of a rural habitation network, organised into a social and economic agro-pastoral matrix, with multiple secular and archetypal elements. The current study highlights the bearings and influences of relief on the economic and social development of the communities in the Mara River Basin.

Vulnerabilities of the Moldavian Demographic System in the Post Communist Period

Raluca-Ioana HOREA-ȘERBAN, Marinela ISTRATE

„Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi ROMANIA

The dynamics of the Moldavian demographic system represents the result of the joint action of a

complex of various elements, out of which the political, economic and demographic ones play the most significant part. Investigated by means of the three population censuses carried out in the post December period (1992, 2002, 2011), the numerical evolution of the Moldavian population recorded a downward tendency resulting from the specific manner in which the two fundamental components of the demographic dynamics combine with each other. During the last years, the Romanian rural areas have experienced significant structural changes both related to the rural population’s behaviour and to the level of economic and social development.

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The rural environment needs to be increasingly approached as an open system which is

interconnected to the natural environment, facing various problems that often exceed the mere rural framework: sustainable development and ecological equilibrium, poverty and demographic ageing, management of natural resources, social and spatial restructuring under the effect of the urbanization process, urban centrality – rural marginality relationship, depopulation of villages and abandonment of agricultural lands, etc. As compared to all the other historical provinces in Romania, Moldavia has become proverbial for its extraordinary demographic energy, resulting from an obsolete demographic mentality and behaviour, having always evolved at the highest level during the last century. However, although during the 25 years of market economy experience, Moldavia in its entirety has maintained on the first place in the hierarchy of the provinces, larger and larger areas (especially rural) beginning to dissociate from the traditional Moldavian demographic pattern, adopting a system of new behavioural attitudes and habits of Western influence, derived from the advance gained in problematizing the control over the conscious control of births along with disequilibrium (demographic and socio-economic) triggered by the political changes and economic experience. Emigration, the second significant cause of the erosion of the Moldavian demographic system, has become a mass phenomenon after 1990 due to the endless initiatives of industrial reconversion, massive dismissals from the urban industries and various other problems – economic, social, demographic and, last but not least, psychological (derived from the emergence of a new and worrying phenomenon – unemployment).

Starting from these hypotheses and applying an appropriate methodology to identify regional convergences and disparities, the authors intend to identify, reconstitute and forecast the quantitative and qualitative evolution of the Moldavian rural population, in the framework of a general evolution affected by the international selective migration of population and the recent adoption of new population policies, according to the European regulations. Based on the indicators of the natural and migratory balance, we propose a multi-scale analysis of the spatial differentiations and try to demonstrate that we are facing a modernization process of the social structures, in spite of the perpetuation of some traditional regional disparities.

Study of the Romanian Students Body Values in the Context of the Wellbeing of the European Society

Iosif SANDOR1, Ioan Virgil GANEA1, Emanuele ISIDORI2

1 Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

2 “Foro Italico” University of Rome, ITALY

In contemporary society, the aims for well-being are so high and different from one environment to another from one category of people to another. In our society, the youth prefer different values; the body values prevail over all other ones. The type of body values dominant in the Romanian society are mostly those which are connected to the hedonistic, aesthetic and emotional dimension of the body itself. This study aims to draw the hierarchy of body values, focusing on Romanian sport sciences students from Babeș-Bolyai University, who will be future educators and professionals of body care and well-being in the European society, in order to understand their preferences and the possible cultural development that can emerge from the new lifestyle improved by European Union affiliation.

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To carry out the research, a randomized sample of 100 subjects - female and male students -

attending first-, second- and third-year sport sciences courses at the Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca were selected. The students' values hierarchy was obtained through a Likert-scale-based questionnaire adapted and translated into Romanian. The aim of the questionnaire was to detect the level of agreeability or disagreeability shown by each student when presented with words regarding 10 main body values models: biological body; ecological body; instrumental body; dynamic/sporting body, emotional/social body; ethical body; esthetical body; religious body; intellectual body; pleasure body. The data obtained were statistically processed. The results showed that the hierarchy of body values in young students of sports sciences is broadly in line with those of postmodern society and education, and that there are differences in the perception of different values. The research also highlighted the need to develop a more effective moral and environmental education, one that focuses on ethics, in the curricula of the University.

Development of Local Communities in the Eastern Peripheral Rural Areas of Botoşani County

Krisztina Melinda DOBAY

“Gh. Zane” Economic and Social Research Institute, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch, ROMANIA

Our research aims to describe a fast assessment method of the development potential of local

communities with a view to jotting down the main strategic socio-economic development directions. In order to exemplify this method, we conducted a case study in the local communities of a Local Action Group (LAG) located in a peripheral area of Botoşani County. The LAG of Başeul de Sus Valley is located in the north-east part of Botoşani County, 37 km from Botoşani Town and 45 km from Dorohoi Town, and it takes up 15.11 % of the area of the county, having a total area of 753.25 km2.

Source: Dobay, Krisztina Melinda (coord.) – „Orientări privind posibilitatea atenuării inegalităţilor economico-sociale din mediul rural în Regiunea de Dezvoltare Nord-Est a României”, Editura „Terra Nostra”, Iaşi, 2011, p. 77.

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The LAG includes 11 localities (Hăneşti, Dângeni, Manoleasa, Ripiceni, Mitoc, Mileanca, Drăguşeni,

Vlăsineşti, Havârna, Avrămeni, and Săveni) with 15,165 households, most of which are subsistence households, as economy here is mainly agrarian, combining plant growing and animal breeding. The level of socio-economic development was assessed by means of 19 indicators which reflect the local specificity of the natural environment, the economic resources, the settlements network, the transportation and communication infrastructure, the living conditions, the level of social public endowment, as well as social aspects related to demography, education, social services, employment rate, personal aspirations, etc.

These indicators were grouped according to 5 criteria. The selected indicators were determined according to the records of each locality, the data sequence underwent a cluster segmentation analysis designed to set the typologies of the Romanian rural world. According to their vulnerability to economic-social disparities, the communes in the North-Eastern Development Region belong to three types (Type I, low disparity, Type II, moderate disparity, and Type III, high disparity) and to three subtypes (mountain and foothill subzones, periurban subzones and deeply rural subzones). The localities under survey here belong to type III (cluster 3) as they are deeply rural subzones, with considerable disparities. The strategic development directions for the localities in cluster 3 rank as follows: technical-urban development, territorial convergence, economic development, social development and territorial cohesion. The strategy of suppression for rural economic-social disparities is unavoidably connected with several specific strategies (economy, environment, education, transport, culture, etc.) which are generally subordinated to the National Strategy of Sustainable Development in Romania, 2013-2020-2030.

Geodemographic Transformations of the Rural Areas in the Historic Region of Moldova during Postcommunism

Iuliana-Valentina MARDALE University of Bucharest

ROMANIA

The population of a territory, with its characteristics (number, birth rate, death rate, education, and occupation) influences the economic, social, and cultural aspects. All these characteristics are closely related and lead to visible positive or negative changes. During the communist period and afterward, the Romanian village has undergone major transformations, being in a continuous process of change, which led to a change of its features, disrupting the demographic, economic, and social balance. The first major changes in the traditional village appeared in the communist era, when the major processes of collectivization and industrialization from the '50s - '70s led to changes related to lifestyle habits and local economic activity. Thus, the aim of this paper is to identify the significant geodemographic changes occurring in the rural area during 1990–2011, in the historical region of Moldova. This study takes into account this region because it was characterised in the communist period by the highest values of average annual growth rate compared to the rest of the country.

Currently, this area shows some demographic problems such as low birth rate (see Fig. 1.), high mortality, demographic aging (see Fig. 2.) and positive migratory balance. Also the paper highlights a number of classifications of the rural areas as a result of geodemographic transformations occurring during the respective period.

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Fig. 1. Evolution of natural growth. Fig. 2. Age pyramid.

Lifestyle - a Predictor of the Population’s Health State in the Upper Basin of the Moldavian Bistriţa

Alexandrina CRUCEANU

“Al. I. Cuza” University of Iași ROMANIA

The present article contains a part of the preliminary results from a study realized in the upper basin

of Moldavian Bistriţa (Vatra Dornei area and other ten villages) regarding the population’s health state and its determinants, study still in process of development. Through the study’s research hypothesis, we aim to identify the type and intensity of the correlation coefficients between the dependent variable The Health State and the independent variables related to the individual’s lifestyle in particular and the local communities in general. More precisely: Is there a correlation between lifestyle and the individual’s health state? The type of approaching the concept analyzed – lifestyle – is both transdisciplinary (medical geography, social, of the population and settlements) and interdisciplinary (psychology, social psychology, sociology), wishing to capture as many “constitutive” and explanatory elements as possible of the phenomenon in question.

The statistical observation consisted (at this stage) in the creation and application of a survey (on a sample of 600 people), in order to get information about the population`s health state (real or declared) and its determinants and for the analysis of the statistical data we employed parametric and non parametric tests of the inferential and descriptive statistics. The objectives of the study (similar to the working hypotheses in our research) focused on: 1.To what degree is the individual’s declared health state (the presence or absence of disease) a determinant and a possible predictor of his own perception of health state? In other words, the fact that one does not suffer from any disease, it automatically implies a favourable (or most favourable) self-evaluation of one’s health state? 2. What are the lifestyle’s variables that can be correlated with the person’s health state and health perception? 3. The residential environment (urban/ rural) requires a different lifestyle that is likely to influence the development of certain medical affections? The results that we expected to identify in this study concentrated on the existence of certain significant statistical correlations/connections between the individual’s health state (both the declared and the perceived one), and lifestyle’s variables.

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Regarding the perception of health state, there were no significant variations between the two

residential areas (urban/ rural), which can be explained in terms of access to education, food or services of the same type. The results confirmed the research hypothesis, more exactly that there is a correlation (with varying degrees of intensity) between the person’s lifestyle and one’s health, but with similarities and differences between health state (presence or absence of disease) and various lifestyle variables. Thus, if variables such as gender, height and weight, sports activities, satisfaction with present job and life, the extent of optimism and etc. seem to be common elements to the two dependent variables (declared health state and perceived), we cannot say the same thing in the case of variables such as age, marital status, education level, alcohol and tobacco, the relationship with the family and peers, resting period, and others, variables differentially correlated to health state.

Conclusion. If, at national and international level, there is a consensus regarding the influence of lifestyle on the population’s health state, our research indicates the degree/intensity and the way in which this postulate is valid for our study area, namely, the upper basin of the Moldavian Bistriţa.

The Issue of Secondary School Education in the Rural and Peripheral Regions of Romania. A Case Study at the Secondary School in Valea Seacă, Satu Mare

County, Romania

Horaţiu POPA-BOTA

“George Bariţiu” National College of Cluj-Napoca ROMANIA

The issue of the secondary school education in the rural and peripheral regions of Romania is very complex.

In case of secondary school education, isolation creates a series of problems that mainly refer to ensuring human resources (qualified teachers), school infrastructure and facilities, information access and other problems, hard to be solved out of a decentralised legislation. Valea Seacă village is situated at the periphery of Romania, in the north-western extremity of the country. The administration belongs to Tarna Mare, Satu Mare County, located at the border with Ukraine, at a distance of 55 kilometres from the closest town, Satu Mare, having a representative dynamics for a rural area, somehow isolated in our country as far as education is concerned.

Ethnicity between Centre and Periphery. The Case of Cluj County, Romania

Grigor P. POP1, Vasile ZOTIC2, Diana-Elena ALEXANDRU2 1 Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

2 Babeș-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

This study aims to analyze the ethnic composition of the inhabitants in Cluj County, by which we highlight the essential traits of population structure, its presence at local and county levels, and distribution in urban and rural areas. Out of the 691,106 inhabitants of the county, about two thirds are located in urban areas (66.32%) in the six towns and cities (Cluj-Napoca, Turda, Dej, Câmpia Turzii, Gherla and Huedin), 33.68% of the total population residing in the rural areas (consisting in 76 communes).

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The study implied a detailed documentation, using data registered at the census of 2011, which

allowed us conclude that 75.37% of the population is ethnically Romanian, the Hungarian ethnic group being accounted for 14.99% of the population, and 3.36% being registered as Roma ethnics. In case of about 5.89% of the total number of people we did not have information available, while 0.49% of the population represent other 19 ethnic groups. Based on the place of residence of the first three ethnic groups, namely Romanian, Hungarian and Roma, our study highlights that the Hungarian population, when settling in the county, they occupied the most favorable areas either urban, commonly located centrally, or rural, fertile lowlands territories, thus “cramming” the local population mostly in the mountain area, areas that our western neighbors constantly avoided.

Transport Peripherality in Iara-Hășdate Basin, Cluj County, Romania

Sandu-Ciprian MOLDOVAN, Titus MAN, Raularian RUSU Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca

ROMANIA

This paper analyzes the spatial structure of accessibility and isolation in Iara-Hășdate Basin. This study uses indexes for accessibility measurement by combining gravity-based models with Place Rank and adapting it to local rural system of settlements. Based on the GIS estimation of travel time, this index evaluates not only the geographical position of a specific community relative to the road network, but also the level of accessibility of rural communities to the social services located in central places. The GIS-based maps indicate the existing disparities (between well-connected and isolated settlements in terms of accessibility to the central places) and the impact of modernized and/or new infrastructure projects on these disparities. The resulting maps can be used as efficient tools for management of infrastructure projects, in development strategies meant to reduce territorial disparities, as well as in territorial planning of Iara-Hășdate Basin.

Accessibility of Central Facilities in the Umland of Alba Iulia City. The case of Rural Mountain Areas

Alexandru-Sabin NICULA1, Ionuţ RUS2, Veronica CONSTANTIN3

1 Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 2 Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

3 Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, Centre Regional Development Agency, Alba Iulia, ROMANIA

This paper reveals the issue of accessibility to central facilities in the rural mountain area as a part of

the umland of Alba Iulia city. The study area comprises 15 territorial administrative units with 1129.75 km2

and 11,309 inhabitants (general density = 10 inhabitants/km2). The present study has been developed in several stages. Firstly, the conducted field investigations provided the opportunity to acquire indispensable data and information, which made possible an accurate identification, inventory and analysis of all sites relevant to the issue of accesibility. The use of ArcGIS 10.2.2. software provided a framework for comprising a database and also enabled the creation of graphic and cartographic representations.

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Also, through using of network analyst instrument it were revealed the territorial accesibility of

centers facilities and it were highlighted the most optimal routes towards it. Furthermore, the endeavour was completed by the submission of certain scenarios regarding city-umland relationships (for example: setting up new factories in rural areas, decline of the great industry in main cities from Alba county and s.o).

To conclude, it appears that the umland of Alba Iulia city does not reach beyond the county limit, as a result of long-term territorial implications concerning the atractiveness of central facilities.

The Revolution of Information Technology and Communication and Impact on Rural Family Education and Environment: Results of an Educational

Innovation in Uruguay between 2009 and 2014

Jorge Ortiz RAMOS, Edinson ALDAO

Rural Development Society Tala, Canelones URUGUAY

Education in rural areas faces a greater number of obstacles compared to urban education, the

restrictions commonly found in developing countries make farmers suffer the consequence of the technological gap between urban and rural areas. Uruguay is located in South America, has a population of just below 3.5: people, and a growing rural exodus of the total inhabitants of the country by 8.2 percent lived in rural areas in 2004, becoming 6.2 percent in 2008. The Rural Development Society Tala (RDST) is an organization of non-profit producers located in the north-eastern state of Canelones, having in its area of influence a total of 4,795 inhabitants according to 2000 data, all rural people. In this context, it begins the draft RDST connectivity, developed through a wireless network of 600 square kilometres to Admission to the Intranet of the organization of personal computers CEIBAL (One Laptop Per Child Program of the National Administration of Primary Education in Uruguay) of peasants' children in primary school and of other partners' personal computers. The aim of this innovative project was to overcome the communication problems between partners and to provide support to students' personal computers in rural schools in the area of influence. It also aims to help alleviate the rural exodus in the region. At this time, work has developed the network, an internal portal with information of interest for the use of farmers' families, besides providing various services oriented productions in the area. Two e-learning platforms were incorporated (ATutor and Moodle) to provide distance learning courses for farmers and other members of their family. A survey conducted in 2011 showed peasants' high adherence to the Intranet by the, as well as greater use of internal portal and other Web sites that provide knowledge to primary and secondary students, also a greater use of e-mail social networks, e-learning platforms (in the area of rural extension), varying from reading weather forecasts, electronic media and information seeking. In the elapsed time, there was observed greater personal development and inter-peasants relationship through new media, improving the interaction and education of their children through the Intranet which decreased the technology gap.

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Environmental reconstruction and preservation in peripheral rural areas

Land Use in the Sub-Carpathian Area of the Cricovul Sărat Basin. Assessment of the Environmental Impact1*

Cristian BRAGHINĂ, Monica-Adriana OPREA, Răzvan OPREA University of Bucharest

ROMANIA

The location of the study area. Metodological aspects. The investigated territory lies in the Sub-Carpathian area of the Cricovul Sarat basin. The altitude range is more than 500 m, between about 180 m, at the border with the Istrita Plain, and 717 m, in the Salcia Hill. In order to rely on statistical data, the surveys were conducted at the level of administrative units. It is the reason why the investigated area (595 km2) exceeds by approximately 15% the area of the Cricovul Sărat basin. The ecological status was analyzed based on 3 environmental indices: the index of naturality, the human pressure index and the environmental transformation index. The employed data were provided by the National Institute of Statistics and they refer to 19 administrative units: 1 town (Urlaţi), with 16 adjacent rural settlements, and 18 communes (Apostolache, Ariceşti Zeletin, Bălţeşti, Cărbuneşti, Chiojdeanca, Cislău, Gornet, Gornet-Cricov, Iordăcheanu, Lapoş, Păcureţi, Podenii Noi, Predeal-Sărari, Salcia, Sângeru, Surani, Şoimari, Tătaru), which include 79 villages (Oprea R., Oprea M., 2013). The analysis was performed for the entire area and at level of administrative units.

Results. The naturality index (NI) is computed as a ratio between the area covered by forest and the total area of the territory and it is a valuable means for assessing the ecological balance of a territory. For the study area, this index has a value of approximately 0.32 at the level of 2010. The naturality index reveals an ecological landscape slightly affected or at the upper limit of ecological balance (Ionescu, Săhleanu, 1989, Necşuliu, 2007). The anthropogenic pressure by agricultural lands points at the agricultural area per inhabitant, thus expressing the way in which the people living on a territory exert their influence on the environment through this category of land fund. This index is computed by using the formula PA = Sagr (the agricultural area in hectares) / N (the number of inhabitants). In 2010, the human pressure recorded a value of about 0.55, which suggested an moderately balanced agricultural landscapes (Necşuliu, 2007).

The largest agricultural areas are found in the Gornet commune (85%), while the smallest ones belong to Cislau (34%).

1 The research was achieved within the framework of a grant offered by the Simion Mehedinţi Doctoral School (Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest), project co-financed through the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, POSDRU/159/1.5/S/133391 Contract.

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The reason for such a distribution resides in topography and soil conditions. We analyzed separately

areas with arable lands, pastures and hayfields, vineyards and orchards. The environmental transformation index reveals the ratio of natural and anthropic surfaces (Maruszczak 1988). It may take several calculation formulas (Manea, 2003, Dumitraşcu, 2006).

The calculation formula used was: ITE = Sp (the forest area) + Sacv (the aquatic area) / Sagr (the agricultural area) + Sc (the built surface). The value obtained in the year 2010 (0,54) indicate anthropogenic influence domination (Pătru-Stupariu, 2011).

Impact of Settlements on the Landscapes of Slavyanka Mountain (South-western Bulgaria)

Atanas KITEV

National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia, BULGARIA

The research area covers the northern slope of Slavyanka Mountain in South-western Bulgaria. The

settlement network includes the villages of Petrovo, Yanovo, Goleshovo, Lehovo, Paril, and Nova Lovcha. The villages have a long history and since their establishment they had an impact on the nature of the mountain. The presence of caves in the area shows evidence of ancient mining. East of Paril village, traces of the early Iron Age period were found.

Archaeological data indicate that Petrovo, Paril, and other villages were formed during the rule of the Roman Empire. Agricultural activities changed depending on social conditions. Studies show that in the period of the 14th to the 17th centuries, pottery and agriculture were highly developed. The breeding of livestock was intensively developed too. More intensive development occurred in the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century, and nowadays this activity continues, even in decreased intensity. In some of the caves, traces of mining activity were found. For example, 5 km east of the village of Petrovo the cave “Rupata” lies. It has two galleries; one is narrow and almost vertical and 45 m deep. It is likely to have been used for the extraction of ore, especially iron. This activity was carried out at the foothills of Slavyanka Mountain until 1960. Particularly serious damage of mountain environment was caused in the mid-twentieth century. Among the most important anthropogenic disturbances is the extraction of marble, carried out in quarries of different size. The quarries are very large near the village of Petrovo and in the eastern part of Slavyanka Mountain. There are large abandoned quarries and a cluster of marble blocks and “dunes” of marble dust. Another aspect of human activity is connected to the forest roads in the mountain.

There are numerous man-made byways and they significantly impact the landscapes. The border line between Bulgaria and Greece is also a linear transformation of the landscapes. The anthropogenic activities have significant impact over the landscapes in Slavyanka Mountain. The mountain itself has several protected areas and the ”Alibotush” Biosphere Reserve is the most notable one.

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Dynamics of the Structuring Vectors for Geographical Landscapes. Case Study: Soloneţ Basin, Suceava County, during 1772-2012.

Viorel CHIRIŢĂ, Carmen BĂDĂLUŢĂ, Viorica NAGAVCIUC

“Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava ROMANIA

As the entire Bucovina region, the Soloneţ basin went through successive of economic cycles,

gradually reflected in the social-interrelational and landscape. The analysis of the structuring components of the landscape such as: roads, villages, forest and mineral resources, generate different vectors of spatial dynamics. According to the history of the region, each economic cycle (dominated by mining, agriculture, forestry, etc.) corresponded to different landscape development rates, dynamically transformed by vectors. In such an evolutionary context, the space-time reporting of rural productive social systems, changed in the region and became sequential accumulation of specific landscape attributes. Isolation and accessibility generated specific socio-economic and spatially reconfigured territories. In shaping the regional differences of the study area, we note that the structuring vectors of the dynamics were mostly influenced by the discontinuous nature of the rural areas in the basin grafted at the contact between landforms (Obcina Mare, Suceava Plateau and Suceava river valley), thus benefitting from complementary resources: forestry, agriculture, mining, salt, generating specific activities reflected in the cultural landscapes of the disperse or dissociated inhabited areas. Cultural identity of this old and authentic rural local universe (Părhăuţi, Todireşti, Cajvana, Pârteşti villages) is complemented by the Polish community (e.g. Cacica Soloneţu Nou, Maidan, Poieni Solca villages). All of these villages have their own dynamics, corresponding to the landscape drawn by the natural landforms where they were established (interfluves, lowlands, forestry areas, valleys).

This study proposes an evaluation of the progressive development of landscapes and their components’ role in shaping the geographical space, by analyzing various cartographic resources: topographic survey of Iozefini (1772), the Austrian maps Dorf die Bukowina (1856), the Austrian maps (1900),the cadastral plans at a scale of 1:5000 (1982), and the aerial photographies (2012).

The multi-criteria analysis of the dynamics of rural areas in the Soloneţ basin outlines emerging lines of landscapes on certain functional tracks, specific evolutionary highlights for vector articulated landscape evolution mechanisms and perspectives on the trends of future rural landscape.

Landscape Transformations in the Rural Areas in the East Upper Thracian Plain (South Bulgaria)

Dimitar ZHELEV, Rumen PENIN

“St. Kliment Ohridski” University of Sofia BULGARIA

The contemporary stage of the natural complexes is a result of the cumulative human impact

throughout the years. This impact has determined the evolution, the dynamics, and the structure of the landscapes. The evaluation of the stage of human impact is an important scientific task for landscape ecology.

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It is not only an issue related to the big urban and industrial regions, but also it fits the rural areas.

Nowadays, the same villages are places of intensive agriculture and drastic landscape transformations. The modified landscapes are called ‘anthropogenic’ in the terms of science. The major natural features (bedrock, climate) are present as well as the influence of the fundamental zonal and azonal laws in nature. In accordance to the stage of manmade transformations, three main categories of anthropogenic landscapes could be outlined: slightly transformed, transformed, and heavily transformed.

There are different approaches to evaluate the human impact on landscapes. One of them is the geochemical research which focuses on finding and differentiation of the pollutants in the contemporary landscapes. Both slightly transformed landscapes (background landscapes) and heavily transformed landscapes are surveyed. Among the prioritized pollutants are the heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd). Detecting and monitoring of the concentration of some chemical elements and their compounds in the landscape components are parts of the environmental monitoring and protection. The main research goals are based on the idea of applying landscape-geochemical methods considering relatively short-term and representative survey of the heavy metals’ concentration in the region. A set of soil samples is collected from different locations considering the stage of human impact in order to provide a meaningful geochemical ‘picture’ of the researched area.

The investigated territory is the catchment of the Sazliyka River (a left tributary of the Maritsa River), which mostly incorporates a big portion of the East Upper Thracian Plain. Higher density of settlement network is a typical feature here as well as high rural population density rate. The catchment includes landscapes on the transition between lowland and mountainous topography under the conditions of intensive agriculture, industry, and transport infrastructure. One of the biggest industrial clusters in Bulgaria is located in the territory. Almost the entire catchment includes landscapes significantly transformed by human activities. There are several small patches of preserved deciduous forests as an environmental remnant from the past. Most of the land is converted into agricultural fields. There are some manmade badlands as a result of the open-cast mining of lignite in the catchment area. All of these human interactions cause a cumulative effect on soils’ properties which can cause a long-term decline of agriculture in the catchment area.

POSTER SESSION

State of the Environment of the Rural Commune, Botoșani County. Space-time and Socio-economic Typology

Maria-Simona CUCIUREANU

„Al. I. Cuza” University of Iași ROMANIA

This paper aims to provide a picture of the Botoșani County integrated regionally by identifying

patterns of basic administrative units. The analysis is centered on the fields of demographics, social and economic inequalities to highlight these areas and rural environment. The study examines the state of the environment in rural Western Moldova in 2002 and 2011 by using statistical data from the Censuses: agricultural and of population and housing.

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The aim of the study is to integrate the Botoșani County at regional level of analytically and highlight

its engagement at the territorial level. Analysis of the final results in demographic patterns, economic and social development, which are made by the standardization of indicators used and demonstration of positive and negative deviations, fixing the profile of each basic administrative units. This study aimed to identify the current status of development and development potential, through the realization of spatio-temporal patterns and socio-economic vulnerabilities and opportunities to highlight the area etc. Rural spaces classification according to specific indicators of demographic, social and economic are designed to embrace the two categories of rural spaces in Botosani: repulsive and attractive. According to statistics, the rurality of the area of study is high, dominating the low growth, but interdisciplinary approach represents a way to generate a new vision of rural space because a rural area may be vulnerable from the demographic point of view, but it can be rich in resources or can have unique features that can be turned into development potential. The typology of rural areas has been achieved through the use of hierarchical ascending classification of the program and have been using Philcarto specific indicators of demographics, social and economic field, so depending on the positive or negative deviations to framing canvas of Botosani at local and regional level. Types of facilities for the years 2002 and 2011 are required to be able to make comparisons, to set a date for the conclusion of important domains of study area and to indicate its prospects.

Western Moldova presents numerous demographic and socio-economic development, rural areas being vulnerable. They are characterized by: a poorly developed technical infrastructure with a minimum of comfort housing; a low degree of training, predominantly those with a middle level of education; demographic vulnerabilities through demographic aging and poorly developed sectors of the economy. Botosani County fit into the general traits of Western Moldavia, having emphasized the negative characteristics of the rural space, because a small number of administrative units is faced with a problem.

Botosani County has the premise of reducing economic gaps by developing agriculture and creating economic competitiveness focusing on modern agriculture. The only problem of this area is represented by the progressive aging population and the large number of departures, which may not be dimmed only by the socio-economic development for the region and stagnation of departures abroad for work.

The Valea Caldă Peripheral Area in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Landscape Evaluation and Evolution Perspectives

Simona Octavia DEAC

Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca ROMANIA

Also known as the Valea Caldă Stream, this watercourse has a length of 14.2 km, it is a left side

tributary of the Someşul Mic River and its hydrographical basin is mostly situated within Cluj-Napoca’s administrative borders. The lands occupied by constructions are grouped in four built up areas belonging to the City of Cluj-Napoca. These areas are known as: Valea Fânaţelor Colony, to the north-east, and Valea Caldă Colony in the south-eastern part of the hydrographical basin. Due to its habitation characteristics and land use, it is a genuine rural corner (as we can see from the images below) that happens to be part of a city.

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This is mainly due to poor connectivity, as the main access in the area is county road no. 109V and two streets from Cluj-Napoca, insufficiently maintained. The distances from the main arteries of the city are relatively short, roughly 5 km from Oaşului Street (in the case of Valea Fânaţelor Colony), but the above mentioned roads have to overcome barriers which severely impede access (the Rîpos Hill - 578.5 m and the Sfântu Gheorghe Hill – 542 m). The landscape is significantly enriched by the existence of a natural protected area - Fânaţele Clujului Botanical Reserve (La Copârşaie, 97 ha, and La Craiu, 2.2 ha), with plant associations typical for steppes, growing on southern slopes. The landslides (“glimee”, “copârşaie” in Romanian) in the area give the landscape a touch of spectacular and uniqueness. This area should receive special attention in each urban planning project.

The topic at hand fits in the current studies of the scientific community related to the issue of the unrestrained expansion of Romanian cities in the last 20 years. The City of Cluj-Napoca makes no exception and the poor land use in the city also has a negative impact on Valea Caldă, with dire consequences. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the geographic landscape of Valea Caldă, based on scientific methodology. Special attention will be given to emphasizing the characteristics of the peripheral area of Valea Caldă hydrographical basin within the administrative borders of Cluj-Napoca municipality.

The specific objectives are: - to present the components of the landscape geographic of Valea Caldă (the substratum, the hydro-

atmospheric, the biotic and the human components); - to analyse the morphology of the terrain (hypsometry, energy of relief, density of fragmentation,

geodeclivity and slope orientation); - to evaluate the landscape based on a correlation matrix and a method employed by Ileana Stupariu

Pătru (2011) adapted to our needs; - to analyse the evolution and development of the area, as reflected in the urbanism and territorial

planning projects. Some of the methods and techniques used are references research, field research, studying 1:25,000

topographic maps, orthoimages from different years, Cluj-Napoca’s General Urban Plans of 1999 and 2012, GIS, and the correlation matrix method. The results of evaluating the landscape of Valea Caldă area are a series of maps depicting landscape morphology, as well as the correlation matrix for the analysed territory, filled in with data from the study.

The conclusions are the following: the Valea Caldă hydrographical basin in Cluj-Napoca corresponds to the concept of “peripheral area”; the area’s geographic potential justifies the implementation of measures for the sustainable development of the entire basin; the urbanism and territorial planning projects do not capitalize this potential.

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Female Emigration. From Rural Romania to the Adriatic Coast: Women on Their Journey between Opportunity and Social Vulnerability. "The Italian Syndrome"

Dino BURTINI

“G. D'Annunzio” University of Chieti, ITALY Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

The twenty-first century can be called the “age of migration”, in fact since the de-colonization and

more markedly since the eighties migration affects the entire planet, qualifying as a global phenomenon. Compared to the past, today prevail new elements and, in fact, in addition to a geographical change of the phenomenon, it has turned its composition, showing a growing feminization. Looking at Romanians’ migration, one can notice that more and more women are creating a migration project, venturing towards the uncertainty of the so-called “trips of hope”, done to improve their economic and social living conditions. In Italy, the greatest number (more than a fifth) of foreigners is represented by Romanians. The analysis that I would like to propose is the result of a study that I did partly researching for my still ongoing PhD at Faculty of Geography of UBB – and partly in collaboration with my professor of “Sociology of cultural and communicative processes” – University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti in Italy, where I also teach.

Specifically, the intervention will cover the migration of women from rural areas of Romania, mainly from the areas of Muntenia and Moldova, including the counties of Bacău, Galaţi, Brăila, Neamţ, and Suceava to Abruzzo. Once they arrive in the country of immigration, a significant part of the immigrant women finds a job in the domestic sector, usually improvising as domestic helpers or carers. These jobs are characterized by the particular conditions of work exploitation, conditions that have somehow been legitimized by the women themselves because of their migration project and the limited time they have to achieve their goals. Moreover, their migration route is also characterized by the constant contact with the country of origin.

One of the most relevant changes that are affecting the migration processes in Italy are identified in the phenomenon of mixed couples in which, in the first place, it will be the identity of the partners to undergo changes. The dominating identity will therefore be born from a process which can open up spaces and borders and in which the different identities brought by the partners will origin the final shared one. Italy is also one of the main areas of destination and port of the flow of prostitution from Romania. The presence of women in the sex trade is very complex and differentiated; the pursuit of such activities can take place in apartments, public or private, or in streets. Its manifestation, on the one hand, can express the will and ability of many women who aspire to achieve fast the Westerly wellness and lifestyle, and on the other hand, in case it is subject to violence and exploitation, it reflects injustice and exploitation already there prior to emigration and sadly present on a global scale.

It is work that outlines the salient features of the experience that characterizes the process of women’s migration. It has been observed that normally migrating women move through strong relational circuits, created by other women who preceded them. Many of them start looking for new life opportunities, in a country where the work is a clear pattern of attraction, to contribute to the maintenance of the family they left back in the country of origin, and earn a better life also for themselves. A special consideration must be made for those women who leave alone, without a strong network of social contacts that can help during migration and integration in the foreign country. These women, the so-called Pioneers, are the same ones that create the networks. Undoubtedly, they are women with strong personality and a great determination, driven mostly by the conditions of their family in their country of origin. They are strongly focused on the economic well-being of their families. The misery and difficulties they face are firmly stood because they are considered a temporary situation.

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Comparing these women, what strikes out are the tenacity and determination that drive them to

accomplish their project, but their simplicity and naturalness make the story of their lives original and full of authentic meanings. This migration of women and mothers often brings with it the drama of a heartbreaking laceration, which sometimes has tragic consequences. Since 2008, according to associations, 40 Romanian children (30 according to official figures) committed suicide.

The pain of the children and their mothers that were forced to move away from home to find a job is identified in what psychologists call the “Italian syndrome”, a severe form of depression that is highly spread among migrants and among their children. These children are the so-called “white orphans” that grow up with their grandparents and are put in bed via Skype by a mother that lives thousands of miles away. “It's a painful burden to take care of the children of the others while your own one is thousands of miles away”, said Silvia Dimitrache, president dell'Adri (Association of Romanian Women in Italy). Approximately 750,000 children in Romania, out of a total of 5 million, have at least one parent working abroad and many of them are aged between 2 and 6; 15% of Romanian households have at least one member who emigrated for work. 80% of the children left home miss their mothers so much to get seriously ill, with heavy consequences on growth and personality. Since 2005, the international medical jargon uses the diagnosis “the Italian syndrome” to indicate a deep and insidious form of depression which puts at risk the health and sometimes the life.

Rural Settlements in the Eastern Poiana Ruscă Mountains: Evolution, Transformation or Decline. Case Study: Ciulpăz, Cutin and Dumbrava

Villages, Romania

Gabriel - Cristian DOBREI, Petrică - Ciprian BODEA, Gheorghe ROŞIAN, Nicolae BACIU


Located at an altitude of over 500 meters in the eastern side of the Poiana Ruscă Mountains, Ciulpăz,

Cutin and Dumbrava are at the sunset of their lives. The constant negative demographic trend was recorded in the last 150 years. The continuous decline in agricultural production and cultivated areas is a silent witness of this phenomenon. This study analyzes three quantitative parameters of the villages evolution: population dynamics, evolution of land use and spatial development. Population dynamics is highlighted by the censuses of 1850, 1880, 1910, 1930, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, and of 2002 (Table 1).

Table 1. Population dynamics.

Village/year of census

1850 1880 1910 1930 1956 1966 1977 1992 2002

Dumbrava 404 453 487 357 108 85 74 54 40

Ciulpăz Data reported at Dumbrava village 85 83 84 60 55

Cutin Data reported at Dumbrava village 86 75 67 43 35

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The evolution of land use and spatial development of the villages was performed with GIS mapping

techniques using sources from 1925, 1980 and 2012. We also used a variety of historical sources to correlate data obtained through GIS planimetry.

Ciulpăz (Erdöhát, Csulpez), attested in 1733, is located in the western part of Dobra Peak at an altitude of 520 meters. The relief is the main factor that determines its poor spatial development, so that all of the households are concentrated within a very small, compact area and with a small elongation trend along the county road which crosses the village. The small number of inhabitants, but also the unfavourable positioning created a relative administrative instability. The village was not officially recognized until 1950 when due to administrative reform there were created three villages (Cutin, Ciulpăz and Dumbrava) from the former village Găunoasa. Secondly the village was part of the Peştișu Mic commune until 1925, then between 1925 and 1950 it was moved to Nandru commune. This situation was fleeting so that of 1950 the village returned to Pestişu Mic commune.

Cutin (Kutti), attested only in the early twentieth century, is located in the north-western part of Ciulpăz at altitudes of over 550 metres in an area largely covered by forest and shrub vegetation. It has the same evolution trend as Ciulpăz with the mention that on the Josefine maps we come across the name Kutti. However, it refers to a toponym not a settlement (“kutti” would mean forest according to some historians). Administratively, its evolution is identical to that of Ciulpăz village.

Dumbrava (Kaunosza, Erdöhát), attested in 1808, is located in the northern part of the Hunedoara Hills, north of the village Ciulpăz. The structure of the village is scattered and we can identify three separate cores of houses. Until 1950, the village was the only one recognized in administrative terms (under the name Găunoasa), but because of the large distance between the different clusters of homes (1-3 km) the decision was taken to split it up in three separate villages (Dumbrava, Ciulpăz and Cutin) for better administrative coordination.

Starting in the 1960s, rural-urban migration increases and the socio-economic state worsens for all three villages so that currently they run the major risk of becoming abandoned settlements. In this context, it is necessary to implement measures to increase the exploitation of natural resources (pasture, wood, berries, and tourism potential). Economic stabilization is the only way to encourage repopulation and avoid the death of these three villages.

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PANEL SESSION 2 Economic activities in peripheral rural areas

Cross-Border Cooperation of Serbia and Romania: the Case of the Project 'Banat 22'

Snežana ŠTETIĆ

College of Tourism, Belgrade SERBIA

Banat is a multinational, multi-ethnic, multi-cultural region that attracts domestic and foreign

tourists and it has its specificities. However, this does not happen in as many numbers as it could. This is exactly one of the reasons for launching the project “Banat 22”. Only in this way it is possible to find optimal solutions, together with consultations and coordination of interests of all stakeholders and to achieve lasting peace and rapid development. This project was created with the aim of cross-border cooperation between Serbia and Romania in the territory of Banat, with the function of tourism development. The basic idea is to create an integrated tourism product that will be able to be placed in the domestic and international tourism market and to withstand international competition. In this way, tourism workers in Banat also want to promote the best tourism sites and events. Compared to other economic sectors, which have or could have impact on the economic development and quality of life for Banat population, tourism can take a special significance. Exactly this role of tourism and strongly emphasized changes imposed by the modern tourism market as well as the increasingly significant impact of tourism on the local population have made it necessary to explore real opportunities of its future development, in order to define guidelines and ensure the appropriate documentation basis for a modern approach to tourism in this tourist destination.

Spatial Determinations in Rural Functional Typologies Differentiations of the Western Part of Botoşani County

Daniela MATEI, Krisztina Melinda DOBAY

“Gh. Zane” Social-Economic Institute, Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch ROMANIA

Rural communities, communes at the contact areas, generally have more favourable conditions for

development (forest, agriculture, etc.). At least theoretically, this leads to, the appearance of villages with above-average growth, at the contact area. Statistically, however, the analysis reveals significant discrepancies of economic activities in 22 communes, located in the area of the double contact: a morphological contact area, between the Moldova Plain – the Suceava Plateau – the Siret Valley and other, and the administrative one (border between counties of Suceava and Botoşani). Just this location of the chosen communes shows large differences between them (e.g. those in the vicinity of an axis of communication and others located at some distances), situation which causes the emergence of regional functional periphery details.

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The natural environment dominated by mountainous in the west of Suceava County, and the hilly

area and plateau in the rest of it, determined the contact area settlements plateau – hilly-plain to benefit from both areas. In addition, the hydrography and accessibility of the area had a significant role as the most important settlements in the region are closely spaced, on both sides of the Siret river. The economic development potential of the rural area in Botoşani undoubtedly depends firstly on the typology of the entire region, and then, on the natural or human resources available for exploitation. The management of resources and their exploitation by various practices has led to rural development of endogenous or exogenous nature. Most of the activities in the sample area are traditional and can be classified as endogenous and intensive (agriculture, forest development, fisheries). These activities formed the basis of the rural economy for generations and are crucial to the rural economy of the settlements in the area of the functional territorial periphery.

The second group of activities generate multifunctional agriculture, regional products and agri–tourism. During different development stages, they determine the occupations that have close links with agriculture and natural resources. The source and continuity of these activities are given by the dynamism and opportunities of contact area and especially near the city of Botoşani and in the diverse and intensely developed rural area of Suceava. This potentiation of development, given the proximity of Suceava, as a prime tourist area, determined an interest for tourism, a sector where Botosani county, even farther than its neighboring counties that have resources, aims to join as a regional pillar. Continuing the classification of activities that form the rural economy of the communes proposed for analysis, we identified a third group, where the functional links with agriculture are still present, but become weaker. It is the existence of non-agricultural activities such as food processing and energy production. Finally, one last type of activity identified only benefits from rural location, having no functional connection with agriculture, such as some industrial sectors and services and tourism, achieved without exploiting rural qualities (such as the recreational park in Cornice).

Metropolitan Management and Agricultural Activities: The City Dictatorship. Case Study: Municipality of Málaga, Spain

Maria Luisa GÓMEZ MORENO

University of Málaga, Málaga SPAIN

Montes de Málaga is a slate massif (the Betic Mountains). Their successive functions (since the 13th

century to present) have been determined by the city of Málaga, as an example of the rural-urban relation in Mediterranean area under organic economy. In this paper:

1. These phases are stated, considering it the origin of the different landscapes and settlement units. 2. The urban planning of Málaga is analysed from the viewpoint of its relationship with agricultural

activities. Our conclusion is that several factors hinder the agricultural dynamism of their inhabitants, getting

this land in a peripheral rural area that is unable to take advantage of the vicinity with Costa del Sol, one of the most dynamic metropolitan areas of the European Mediterranean shore. These factors are:

1. Peasants’ mentality linked to small farm structure and yet anchored in the dependence on wine and dry fruits traders.

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2. Urban planning, which is the only planning that is bound to landowners and ignores how the

agricultural system works. So, this planning focuses on soil or on landscape conservation instead of measures that enhance the processes that really generate both values, dependent on agricultural practices.

Finally, we show the means of evolution of agricultural activities from deprivation to the benefits of market agriculture stemmed from the closeness to Málaga city (about 500,000 inhabitants). In doing so, dependence relationships may be transformed in complementariness ones.

Certainties and Uncertainties in the Romanian Rural Economy and the Need for Restructuring – Case Study: the South-western Region of Oltenia

Mirela MAZILU, Liliana POPESCU, Amalia BĂDIŢĂ

University of Craiova ROMANIA

The need for developing this article came from the analysis of the environment in the South-Western

part of Romania. Oltenia Region has a great touristic potential due to its natural and cultural resources. Along with the great views in Gorj, Dolj, Olt and Mehedinţi, there are also a great number of cultural sites such as monasteries, convents and wooden houses that have been around for many years and are still in good shape.

The traditions are constantly transferred from one generation to another. The whole beauty of nature, history and tradition has to be shown to others, too. The people here are waiting for a chance to develop their rural tourism. Promoting rural tourism and agrotourism in EU countries, including Romania, is based on two main coordinates:

- the supply of a local rural characteristic product, with all the advantages it has; - the development of a European network that provides wider accessibility to all categories of people

who want to become consumers of rural tourism and agrotourism. The coordinates for the promotion of European tourism take into consideration the quality element,

the only argument of success of the two forms of unconventional tourism. Consequently, the experience acquired during the European Year of Tourism and later in the field led to support the creation and marketing of “rural tourism” and “agrotourism” and the inclusion of these two forms of recreation in a European network identifiable by the quality marks of each region or area separately, as is the case with the present study in the South-western Region of Oltenia. Despite multiple metamorphoses, Romania is characterized by a strong rural footprint, the rural population having the highest share in the EU accounting for 44.9% of the population and by a low density of 45.1 inhabitants/km², compared to France 54 inhabitants/km², Italy 64 inhabitants/km², and Germany 100 inhabitants/km². There are also remarkable geographical differences which are significant in terms of population density; most municipalities with fewer than 50 inhabitants/km² are grouped in the western part of the country, compared to eastern and southern areas, where rural communities are predominant, with a population density of 50-100 inhabitants/km². In the European Union, dominant for rural economy is the service economy, with a share of 42.2%, 2% higher compared to the agrifood economy (Table 1).

At present, although there are some positive signs of expanding rural tourism and mountain agrotourism, there are, however, several factors limiting their expansion to the capacity offered by landscape and traditional culture.

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Table 1. Status of rural economy (share of activities).

Limiting (restrictive) factors include: infrastructure (roads, railways, banking services, postal services, fast and safe telecommunication); modest living conditions (not accepted even by the least demanding tourists) offered by most mountain farms; insufficient instruction of householders (minimum knowledge in tourism, quality local and characteristic gastronomy, not knowing a foreign language); tourists’ personal insecurity, etc. The fact that only 0.1 % of the Romanian rural economy comes from agrotourism compared to 4.4% in the EU is an enlightening economic indicator to characterize the state of insecurity of Romanian rural tourism.

Fair Trade’s Attempt to Link Poverty Reduction and Environmental Conservation in the Global South

Rie MAKITA Rikkyo University

JAPAN

Poverty reduction and environmental conservation are two crucial objectives of rural development in the global South. However, realizing both objectives simultaneously remains an open question. One potential answer to this question may reside in the Fair Trade or in the ethical-trade movement in agricultural sector. In market-based natural resource management, conservation is the main goal and poverty reduction is an afterthought. If Fair Trade works as an institution for natural resource management, conservation is used as a means for the end of poverty reduction. Although we tend to deal with the two objectives in rural development in parallel under “win-win expectations”, this paper proposes to view the two objectives as an interconnected means–end relationship. Fair Trade is then situated as an intermediary institution linking the means and end. Under the Fairtrade certification (issued by Fairtrade International), environmental conservation can be embodied through sustainable farming practices and the use of raw materials from sustainable resources. Fairtrade’s mechanisms for poverty reduction – access to specialized export markets, guaranteed minimum prices, Fairtrade premium, and organic price premium in the case of Fairtrade-organic double certification – are expected to function as incentives for participant farmers to protect their environmental resources (see Figure 1). This paper attempts to develop this relationship from a theoretical to empirical concept through three case studies on Fairtrade-related producer cooperatives: (i) an association of small farmers organized in Kerala, India for the acquisition of Fairtrade and organic certifications, (ii) a Fairtrade-certified association of cotton farmers pursuing organic certification in Andhra Pradesh, India, and (iii) a double-certified sugarcane producer cooperative organized by land reform beneficiaries in the Philippines.

Romania (%) EU (%)

Agriculture 60.5 14.1

Food industry 15.8 20.5

Tobacco industry 1.7 3.2

Fishery 0.1 2.5

Agrifood economy (78.1) (40.3)

Forestry economy (6.3) (8.2)

Mining industry 2.6 4.1

Manufacturing industry 3.1 5.2

Industrial economy (5.7) (9.3)

Agrotourism services 0.1 4.4

Other services 9.8 37.8

Service economy (9.9) (42.2)

Non-agricultural economy (21.9) (59.7)

TOTAL 100.0 100.0

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Even if the building of the means–end relationship was intended in all these cases, the three cases

showed different means–outcome paths respectively. Drawing on primary data collected between 2008 and 2011, the three cases were compared in terms of (a) indirect benefits from the means, (b) unexpected burdens Fairtrade certification brought, (c) access to other income-generating opportunities not related to sustainable production practices, and (d) farmers’ consciousness of natural resources.

Objectives Relationship Implementation

Poverty Reduction End of environmental conservation

Linkage Intermediary institution Fair Trade mechanismsExport to specialized markets; guaranteed minimum

prices; Fair Trade premium; (organic price premium)

Environmental Conservation Means of poverty reduction Requirements for certif icationOrganic or sustainable farming practices; use of

raw materials from sustainable resources

Fig. 1. Fair Trade certification process.

The comparative analysis of the three cases suggests two general conditions for realizing the means–

end relationship. First, the end (poverty reduction) for small and marginal farmers should be designed not only as increase in income but also as the reduction of tangible and intangible burdens imposed on them. Second, small farmers compare several accessible means (environmental conservation and other income-generating opportunities) to pursue the end; only when Fair Trade-supported production entailing sustainable production practices can be compatible with other means do farmers incorporate the sustainable production practices into their livelihood strategies. To make the means–end relationship work, supporting practitioners need to reduce accompanying costs or burdens and provide some mechanism for allowing participant farmers to make sustainable production practices compatible with other economic activities.

Towards a Performance Management of the Subsistence Households in the “Branciog” (Eutricambosoils) Area of Brebu Commune – Prahova County, Romania

Mihai BERCA1, Valentina Ofelia ROBESCU2, Roxana HOROIAŞ3

1 Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agronomice şi Medicină Veterinară, Bucharest, ROMANIA 2 Universitatea Valahia, Târgovişte, ROMANIA

3 Agrovet SA, ROMANIA On a eutricambosoil type soil in the area of Brebu commune, Prahova, landholders (farmers) using local varieties of corn (local populations) and monocultures extended up to 10 years, even under favourable moisture conditions do not obtain more than 1,050 kg corn/ha, with about 9.5% protein.Taking into account the fact that by feeding only with corn grain the consumption is of 10/1, it means that the entire corn yield produced on one hectare is used for the nutrition of one pig in 2 years time. For this reason, through the present paper we set the objective of conducting some research in the inhabited area of Brebu commune – Prahova, in which it was shown that by abandoning the monoculture and the corn local varieties and by introducing a crop rotation system with ameliorative preceding plants, such as peas and alfalfa, as jumping field, and of some performant hybrids, the yield was increased up to 5,500 kg corn/ha.

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With this quantity, in the CPVM use conditions, 16 pigs can be raised and a net income/ha of over

11,000 lei (2,000 Euros) may be obtained. They decided not to use synthesis chemical fertilizers. In order to replace them, they built an ecological hole of compost fermentation, where through the mixture of the manure from different species, of the household and agricultural land remnants, they obtained a compost with 6-8% N, which means that at a dose of 25 t/ha it was enough to supply the plants with nutrients and to force the householder to an advanced greening of the household and of the lands.

Fig. 1. Influence of the preceding plant and of the variety in the presence of compost in dose of 25 t/ha – Brebu, 2001-2011

In the presence of manure, yields are increasing according to the behavioural dynamics in Fig. 1. However, the local variety does not react significantly nor to the ameliorative preceding plants, neither to potato. The hybrid, instead, reacts strongly, increasing the yield to 56 q/ha, which quantity is convenient to any farmer in the area. Having all these examples in the present research, it is easy to conclude that it is necessary for the current technologies of the eutricambosoil soils to be urgently changed.

Subsistence and Semisubsistence Farming in Romania. Regional Profiles

Valentin-Mihai BOHATEREŢ “Gh. Zane” Social-Economic Institute, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch

ROMANIA

The reconfiguration of the Romanian farming profiles by enforcing new legislation on land, by adopting private ownership of land, and by reconsidering the meaning of market economy-specific farms based on private property, on entrepreneurship and on free non-directed agricultural markets, has radically changed the structure of farms and generated characteristic typologies in different areas, where crop farming and animal husbandry are practiced to a certain extent, depending on the specificity of the area.

In this respect, general agricultural censuses (2002 and 2010), structural agricultural surveys (2005 and 2007), as well as people and dwelling counts (2002 and 2012) provided a significant amount of information which, given the high number and diversity of the aspects tackled and the analytical description of specific indicators and indices, allows the selection, analysis, assessment and design of farming structures specific of each Development Region, which had a different evolution. Thus, when examining these data, one finds that in 2010 subsistence and semisubsistence farms (i.e. agricultural undertakings of under two hectares of farming land each) made up 70.9% of the total farms in Romania, whereas the area of agricultural land covered by this type of agricultural undertakings made up only 11.3% of the country’s farmland. At the same time, this agricultural land is able to provide by itself food for 33.5% of the total population of Romania.

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Subsistence and semisubsistence farms, the agricultural land of which does not exceed two hectares

each, are obviously self-sufficient, as they grow enough food to feed most of the rural population and at the same time generate more products that peasants sell either at the market, or directly to consumers, by home delivery.

There is a wide range of subsistence and semisubsistence farms depending on the crop farming/animal husbandry ratio, which differs greatly among the various Development Regions, each with its specific requirements.

The conclusions of our research help us draw the broad picture of the types of subsistence and semisubsistence farms in regional dispersion, set against the more general national background. They also enable us to reveal the economic and especially social importance of these types of agricultural undertakings or of individual farms, the farmland area of which does not exceed two hectares. They actually correspond to the traditional peasants’ households, which are numerous but own little land.

Organic Farming as an Element of Multi-Functional Development of Rural Areas in Poland. The Case of the Małopolskie Voivodeship

Agnieszka GIL, Pawel STRUŚ

Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Krakow POLAND

Poland is a country which is strongly differentiated in terms of the size of agricultural farms, as well

as of the efficiency of agricultural activity. In the case of many of its regions, accounting for nearly half of the area, small, family agricultural enterprises prevail, which are struggling to adapt to the conditions of market economy after the political changes in 1989. Those enterprises have considerable land resources and a significant potential of work force at their disposal. In the areas where the situation of agricultural farms is difficult, one is searching for various ways for multi-functional development of both the agriculture itself, as well as of the non-agricultural economy, allowing, first of all, to use more effectively the existing human resources in the countryside. Thanks to the funds provided by the European Union and to the financial support from the Polish state, there have been many programs created serving the development of both the agriculture itself, as well as the activation of the rural areas by means of diverse forms of non-agricultural activity. This work attempts at presenting one of the forms for the activation of rural areas, which is connected to the development of agricultural farming within the Małopolskie Voivodeship, in which there are nearly 284 thousand very small farms (that is around 13% of all farms in Poland), whose average size is approximately 3 ha. They account for 4% of the country’s land resources and for 11% of the agricultural work force. More and more of these enterprises are trying to transfer their activity to ecological ways of food production. They are mainly counting on selling their products in the City of Kraków – the capital city of the region, which is inhabited by 750 thousand people – and in tourist centres and sanatoriums located in the area of the Carpathian Mountains. In 2012, in Poland, there were nearly 18.2 thousand organic farms, over 1.9 thousand of which were located in the Małopolskie Voivodeship, which accounted for 11% of their total number in Poland. Most of them were founded in the southern part of the region, in mountainous provinces: Nowosądecki, Limanowski, Nowotarski, and Gorlicki that are areas with considerable work force resources and which lack local, non-agricultural job markets. A considerable number of them is also to be found in the vicinity of the city of Kraków.

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A part of the farms which exist in the voivodeship was the subject of detailed poll questions, which

were to indicate their main problems referring to their current activity and to determine the prospects for such enterprises in the context of their participation in the local food chains. During the study it was stated that one of the most serious barriers for their development are demand-related limitations, which are directly linked to relatively high prices of organic fruit and vegetable. However, this is not the main reason why the demand of organic products is limited, since premium pricing of those products is not high and accounts for 0% to over 100%. What seems to be more significant in the view of the conducted study is the low effectiveness of the distribution system. It can be illustrated by the shortcomings of effective solutions in the field of building distribution channels. The most successful sales occur in the case of those farms which are located close to the outlet market, that is Kraków. The future of organic farms is not entirely clear because experts claim that after the period of their responsibilities towards the European Union farmers may return to traditional farming forms. The Polish law also turns out to be an obstacle for their functioning, since it is very restrictive and does not allow processing the products in the same place where they were produced. Will organic farms succeed in finding their permanent place on the new market of the EU? It seems certain because the market of organic food continues to be a niche sector, and the demand for the organic food is still increasing. Organic farms located in the Małopolskie are mainly small, traditional farms, in which cultivation is based on natural fertilizers, and products are usually sold directly in those farms. Due to an insignificant diversification of organic products and their small amount, organization of market groups is difficult. Therefore, in the case of small organic farms, the basic way to sell has been to sell directly from the farm and at markets and it will continue to function that way.

Disparities in Rural Economic Functionality. Case study: Botoșani County

Maria-Simona CUCIUREANU „Al. I. Cuza” University of Iași

ROMANIA

The economic functionality of rural communities is important in order to highlight their economic peculiarities. The study aims to identify the economic disparities in Botoşani County, they achieved by excluding urban space and using methods of statistical analysis to highlight correlation indicators and types of rural areas from the economic point of view. Economic disparities indicate the the inhabitants’ standard of living in the area under study and main activities, thus indicated poor areas, poorly developed economically. The problem regarding global disparities is increasing due to differences between developed and less and development policies are being initiated to reduce disparities. There have been major changes in the global economy because economic disparities emphasizes the gaps in each country.

Identifying economic disparities in rural areas was carried out by calculating indicators: Herfindhal concentration and specialization in industry specialization index, then ascending hierarchical classification method was used using a significant number of indicators to achieve a typology of rural areas based on: employees of the tertiary sector, the land occupied by agricultural activities, the number of animals is indicated poor areas of the county analyzed. Cartographic analysis will highlight economic disparities and function spaces economically, their concentration and intensity, especially for a study that relevant and objective were excluded cities (Darabani, Săveni) and municipalities (Botoșani, Dorohoi) in the division administration in 2003, as they would be attracted large amounts highlighting economic situation concentrated in urban areas, while rural areas would have been a precarious economic situation, rural-urban gap has a negative image for the countryside.

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Economic disparities in Botoşani County highlights the rural vulnerablity from the economic point of

view. In most rural areas there are no is employees, which is a disadvantage for rural areas, rural development being provided by them in the first place. A significant number of employees are in towns that became cities in 2004 (Flămânzi, Bucecea, Ştefăneşti), but also in more developed villages close to urban areas or in areas with natural resources that have developed industry.

Also at the level of agro-livestock stands a practice for subsistence agriculture, there isn’t a clearly specialized for one type of crop or breed of animal. However, there are in some comunities the perspectives for development through modern agriculture because there are large areas of farmland, and through development policies and the support of modern agriculture practices some rural areas can develop.Economic functionality in the area of study shows a reduced development, small population and rural-urban relationship favoring settlements in proximity to urban areas have a more developed economy. Such economic disparities in rural areas underdeveloped reveals a poorly developed county, with multiple economic failures, that can be reduced by implementing rural development policies and by valueing natural resources.

Rural versus Urban. The Economic Performance of Romanian Counties

Bogdan-Nicolae PĂCURAR Babeș-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca

ROMANIA There has been a great body of scientific literature which champions the view that a country’s (or a region’s) prosperity relies on its cities, on their economic performance, on their ability to innovate, and on their innate vitality. Edward Glaeser refuted the great Mahatma Ghandi when he wrote that India’s future lied not in its villages, but in its cities, as there was a near-perfect correlation between urbanisation and prosperity. On average, as the share of a country’s population that is urban rises by 10 percent, the country’s per capita output increases by 30 percent. Per capita incomes are almost four times higher in those countries where a majority of people lives in cities than in those countries where a majority of people lives in rural areas. Glaeser is not alone when it comes to this view. Renowned economists like Vernon Henderson or Paul Krugman have stated that urbanisation and economic growth go hand in hand, especially in developing countries. Furthermore, Bruce Katz believes that urban and metropolitan areas are the ones that will fix and even save the economy. Institutions such as The World Bank and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme see urbanisation as not only inevitable, but as a powerful force for economic growth and poverty reduction, and that the economic future of countries is tightly connected to the city environment. But what does that mean for rural areas? Does it imply that villages and rurality indicate stagnation and even economic regress, while cities are the answer for our growth? We intend to see whether such a situation is cogent for Romanian counties. To be more precise, we aim to correlate the degrees of urbanisation and rurality to the gross domestic product (GDP) of Romanian counties and ascertain the notion that, in Romania, urbanised counties are better off economically than rural counties. For this, we resorted to data from the 2013 Statistical Yearbook regarding county GDP and population living in urban and rural areas. After crunching the numbers, we noticed a positive correlation between the degree of urbanisation and county GDP in the sense that urbanised counties show higher GDP than the national average, while rural counties show a slightly lower GDP, thus proving that Romania and its counties follow a global trend of strong urban powerhouses that economically dominate rural areas. In conclusion, we concur with Edward Glaeser’s urban optimism and believe that, while rural areas show us who we truly are, cities show us where we are all heading.

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Policies and Practices for the Development of Peripheral Rural Areas

Challenges for Regional, Local and Sustainable Development in Public Policies Design in the Brazilian Biodiesel Territories

Arnoldo SANTOS DE LIMA

University of Brasília, Centre for Sustainable Development, Brasilia BRAZIL

The main purpose of this paper is to identify convergent characteristics amongst the concepts of

regional, local and sustainable development and to analyze the challenges for the Brazilian public policies to appropriate its concepts in territories and rural spaces. The methodology consists, first, in classifying the common aspects found in the literature on regional, local and sustainable development (see Table 1), and then in discussing the challenges to implement its perspectives and arrangements in two public policies: the Brazilian Biodiesel Program and the Brazilian Program for Sustainable Development of Rural Territories. The main characteristics of the first and second generation group of regional development were closely attached to analyze the comparative advantages and how to explore a particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity cost. Authors were concerned with spatial allocation criteria like the formation of industrial clusters, agglomeration economies, size and location of human and agricultural settlements. On the other hand, the third generation group of regional development brought to the debate the competitive advantages and how attributes or a combination of qualities could outperform underdevelopment conditions by investments in education, research, technology, cooperation, and innovation. Local and Sustainable Territorial Development was especially linked to the Governance concept in which the decentralization of state, subsidiarity, participation, empowerment, ownership, accountability and bottom-up/top-down decisions are perceived like important criteria to reach an effective development. In Brazil, biodiesel and territorial policies are embedded by third generation regional development and local/territorial development concepts.

The Biodiesel Poles and Territorial Councils (see Fig. 1) were designed to create a new political and organizational structure for rural spaces based on the articulation of social actors and stakeholders involved in biodiesel production: farmers, agroindustry, cooperatives, associations, rural labour unions, universities, research agencies, financial agencies, non-governmental agencies, federal, state and municipal governments. Both policies were designed to implement technology, investments, cooperation, research and innovation, and simultaneously include all aspects of local/territorial governance.

Research results pointed that some socioeconomic and environmental advances occurred with this new concepts of development but the level of dissipation between policies and fragilities in their execution are pushing them far from achieving its objectives. In some Rural Territories, there are risks of cooptation that overcome cooperation; socioeconomic interests prevail against an environmental precaution. Unequal participation and cooperation amongst social actors are real. The level of empowerment and ownership of small scale farmers is still a challenge of an effective regional and sustainable local development for Brazilian rural territories.

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Table 1. Regional, Local and Sustainable Territorial Developments main concepts.

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL & SUSTAINABLE

TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENTS

First Generation Group

Second Generation Group

Third Generation Group First Generation Group

CHARACTERISTICS

Distance and area, Transport Costs

Sectoral Interconnections, Agglomeration Economies

Externalities, Dynamics, Technology, Innovation, Competitiveness

Decentralization, subsidiarity, participation, empowerment ownership, accountability, bottom-up/top-down decisions

AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTIONS

Von Thünen (1826): Isolated State

Perroux (1955): Growth Poles

Piore e Sabel (1984): Industrial Districts

Haesbaert (1997): Territories – Space and Power Relationships Augusto de Franco (1998): Local, Integrated and Sustainable Development

Weber (1909): Industrial Location Theory

Gunnar Myrdal (1956): Circular and Cumulative Causation

Storper e Scott (1988): Industrial Organization

Bryden & Hart (2001): Dynamics of Rural Areas – DORA

Christaller (1933): Central Places Theory

Hirschman (1958):

Backward and Forward Linkages

Krugman (1991): Increasing Returns

Cazella, Bonnal & Maluf (2009): Territorial Dynamics, Collective Projects and Territorial Construction

Lösch (1940): Spatial Order of Economy / Isard (1956): Location and Spatial Economy

-

Porter (1993): Diamond Model GREMI: Innovative Environments

Favaretto (2011) Rural Sustainable Development

Fig. 1. Challenges for Regional, Local and Sustainable Developments in public policies design in Brazilian biodiesel territories.

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Revival of Cadastre and Agricultural Land Management – Determining

Factors in Rural Area Development

Ion BOLD1, Ioana-Raluca CORPĂDEAN2, 1 Academy of Romanian Scientists, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences “Gheorghe Ionescu-

Sisesti”, Bucharest, ROMANIA 2 Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

Given the diversification of property forms and land use (after 1989), cadastre and agricultural land

management have gained a crucial role in the process of knowing and using land resources. We present in this paper the evolution/involution of these activities, as well as possible revival solutions as a prerequisite for the development and modernization of agriculture and rural space in compliance with the national strategies and policies integrated in the Common Policy of the EU for the sustainable development of the agricultural and food sector and of the rural space, with a view to the accomplishment of viable agrarian structures.

Development Policies Addressing Rural Peripheral Communities. A Proposed Approach for the Land of Maramureş, Romania

Mihaela VRABETE

Babeș-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca ROMANIA

The peripheral communities are a painful and expensive issue for their countries. The physical

accessibility is expensive, but the same is to loose valuable identity which, in isolation, was well preserved in many cases. The paper looks from this perspective to Tara Maramuresului, County of Maramures, Romania.

The paper articulates some aspects such as: What could be done in the context of periferability? Is there a package of policies to address the peripheral pressures and consequences? Who are the actors and what are the resources? Have the local communities fight alone for themselves? Which are the losses in case of non-action? What do others do? Maramureş County is spatially divided into two parts by the Gutâi and the Ţibleş Mountains – its Northern part, bordering with Ukraine, overlapping the Eastern EU border, being almost totally isolated. The wild beauty of the region, the wonderful wooden architecture, the fabulous traditions and the gifted communities are so far away from their country, from Europe. The Maramureş County development strategy focuses on the development of Baia-Mare Metropolitan Area, some Local Action Groups, and seems to leave aside the northern part of this territory. The regional access infrastructure and the territorial cohesion policy (expressed more by the Regional Operational Program rather than by the National Spatial Development Strategy) and the vicinity with Ukraine do not help much to overcome the physical barriers and the sound development of this area. The national territorial plans show a significant range of potential development opportunities for the Land of Maramureş, based on its richness: wood and furniture, agro-food, creative industries, tourism and spa facilities. The Competitiveness Operational Program and the National Rural Development Plan are in preparation and aim to articulate their approaches in order to support the economic development, especially the local development initiatives. On the other hand, the Regional Operational Program aims to strengthen the urban-rural cooperation.

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Fig. 1. The map of Maramures County (Source: Internet).

Fig. 2. The main road transportation routes in North-western region in 2008 and the daily average load (Source: The North-West Region Development Plan 2014-2020).

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Fig. 3. The increase of territorial competitiveness (Source: The Spatial Development Strategic Concept– Romania 2030).

Fig. 4. Spatial Development of the Vișegrad Group 4+2 Member States (Source: Common Document regarding Spatial Development of the Vișegrad Group 4+2 Member States).

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There are also additional hopes such as: the food crisis, the increasing demand for thematic and

identity tourism, the Eastern Europe partnership with the former socialist countries. This paper will try to provide some answers to questions such as: What could be done in the described context? Is there a package of policies to address the peripheral pressures and consequences? Who are the actors and what are the resources? Have the local communities fought alone for themselves? Which are the losses in case of non-action? What do others do?

Challenges Induced by Integrated Development in Mountainous Areas of Bukovina and Neamţ

Viorel CHIRIŢĂ1, Daniela MATEI2

1 “Ștefan cel Mare” Unversity of Suceava, ROMANIA 2“Gh. Zane” Social-Economic Institute, Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch, ROMANIA

The integrated development of mountain areas is one of the provisions set by the Strategies for the

period 2014-2020. Specific mountain areas activities are often approached sequentially (either as part of an economic branch, or categorized by area according to their development potential– mountain, slope) or are put into practice particularly as mountain tourism, forestry, organic farming in mountain area. At the same time, good practices from different European mountain areas including Romania, comprise a component of integrated regional development. The particularities of the mountain areas require that functionality depends on the specific territorial systems (mountains, inter-mountain lowlands, corridors or complex regions), alike those integrated into the IUCN as Natura 2000 sites or as complex protected areas.

The integrative approach of functional development prospects of the mountain was conditioned by: - different perspectives of approach the mountain massifs-units with a relatively high degree of

spatial homogeneity by local, county, national or regional; - wingspan development mechanisms foreshadowed the Local Action Group – LAGs, in Suceava and

Neamt counties; - the current issue of the development of basins and lowlands/geographic areas adjacent countries

affected equally by economic restructuring; - mountain roles upon the additional space and different functional estate; - differences in accessibility and complementarities of development. Many of the mountain areas dysfunctions occur due to creation of a diversity of artificial barriers in

integrated development, from the morphological level to the territorial discontinuity, but, most often, are not relevant in the development of a future integration. Frequently mountains units are crossed by administrative boundaries that divide them into artificial areas with different perspectives of socio-economic development and with different visions of development, even if there is the national strategic, tourism, economic or accessibility. Also, the accessibility of the mountain is translated by the existence or not edified the transposition of main transport axes at regional or national level. The analysis performed subsumes the role of these transport routes in mountainous area disjunction, in its various degrees of accessibility (good accessibility, medium, isolated etc) case studies on Rarău and Călimani Massifs. Thirdly, mountains are often protected areas tributary to diverse functionalities or disperse territories, or even to a nature reserve (national or natural parks).

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The role of these areas in the integrated development increases, while some of them benefit from

Master Plans, proving that the integrated analysis of the phenomenology related to the environmental preservation should be followed, eventually becoming models for other specific activities mountain areas, such as those in northern Moldova. The issue lies in the need for wider local development perspectives, namely the Local Action Groups (LAGs) that are a landmark of the mountain integrated development. Beyond these, the associations of local administrations of villages located in mountain areas or other already acknowledged in the lands (i.e. Dorna, Maramureș, etc.) add value to the strategic perspectives of the communities in these areas for the period 2014-2020.

Annexation of Rural Areas in Western Europe after the Second World War, The Dutch Case: A Successful Colonization

Jan G. SMIT

Radboud University of Nijmegen THE NETHERLANDS

After the Second World War as Nazi Germany had lost the war, large parts of Germany on the

eastern side were cut off from the country. On the initiative of the former Soviet Union a lot of borders have changed their location, most countries east of Germany became smaller. Only the Soviet Union was larger than before. Owing to the border changes, peripheral parts of countries changed. Most of that kind of border changes took place in Eastern Europe, but west of Germany a lot of plans existed; still - in this respect the situation differs from Eastern Europe - most changes were only small.

Fig. 1. Dutch Annexation Plans of Germany after the

Second World War.

The largest difference between east and

west was that in the east the Soviet Union took the initiative of annexation in order to enlarge their influence. In the west there was not such a central initiative, because of the different geo-strategic position of most allied forces against Nazi Germany. Only some of the countries adjacent to Germany wanted to extend their territories as a measure of compensation, especially Belgium and The Netherlands. The annexation plans of Belgium had only modest character, the Dutch wanted to annex large surfaces of the western part of

Germany, most of them had a rural character. In this paper I want to analyze the plans since 1945 and its final realization in 1949. I also will indicate the policies of the Germans in order to avoid the realization of the plans, especially the German colonization policy in the border regions, and in what way these policies were successful to prevent the annexation and peripherisation of the threatened areas.

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The UniDorf-Concept of Neubrandenburg University. Best Practice Examples of University Engagement for Local Development in Peripheral Regions of

Mecklenburg -Vorpommern

Christian HERKT University of Applied Sciences, Hochschule Neubrandenburg

GERMANY

Peripherization and depopulation are major challenges for sustainable rural development in Europe. Concerned regions, many situated in eastern parts, but also in north-eastern Germany are struggling with a downward spiral of economic structural change and socio-demographic decline. Research and experiences show that area-based partnerships and comprehensive approaches are most effective for sustainable development by facilitating joint learning processes which strengthen economic and social life in rural areas. Such partnerships can generate voluntary commitment, increase the co-ordination and effectiveness of regional policy, improve the design of national and European policy, and encourage the identification of new opportunities for economic activity. Higher education institutions as facilitators can support and reflect regional transition processes with expertise and act as catalysts for new ideas, analyses and policy options. Thus, they can take up further responsibilities and promote new concepts of engagement for the development of their region and its communities. Such activities are often referred to as the “third mission” of universities in addition to classical research and teaching. For years, Neubrandenburg University has been actively engaged in regional development, which is reflected in its mission statement by its interdisciplinary research focus area “Structural change and sustainable redevelopment of rural areas” and in its respective teaching activities. Best practice examples are the projects based on the UniDorf-Concept which has been part of the curricula for many years. It was developed and tested by the District Vorpommern-Greifswald in Cooperation with Neubrandenburg University within the framework of the German federal program “Lernen vor Ort” as an instrument for regional development starting at the local level.

Increasing the Competitiveness of the Agricultural Sector by Setting up of Young Farmers. The Case of Moldova, Romania

Alina-Mirela MARCU

“Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi, ROMANIA

Among the modernization processes present in rural areas, we can identify the measures designed to improve knowledge and human potential. Considering the rural community as a group with a relatively strong cohesion determined by social and economic interests and imposed by life in common from generation to generation, we intend to analyze the development of agricultural holdings located in the possession of young farmers in Moldova, after the accession of Romania to the European Union. Thus, it was necessary to take into account the implementation of Measure 112 “Setting up of young farmers”, developed by the National Rural Development Programme 2007-2013. The financial grant awarded under this measure was addressed especially to farmers aged up to 40 years, individuals or legal persons, involved in farming activities.

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This measure targeted improving the income of agricultural holdings led by young farmers by

increasing the number of farmers which began for the first time an agricultural activity as heads of holdings as well as encouraging them in making investments. In addition, it supported the process of modernization while promoting environmental protection, hygiene and animal welfare, and safety at work. Thus, the changes in the social structure of rural communities showed a priority in increasing the quality of life in Moldova, as well as the gradual change and better lifestyle, by developing agricultural holdings, which mainly produce agricultural products. Also, the changes which occurred in the social structure dynamics were developed simultaneously with increasing the competitiveness of the agricultural sector.

Alternatives for Small Conventional Rural Communities through the Example of the Gyűrűfű Ecovillage

Dániel ERDÉLYI1, Béla BORSOS2, Krisztián RITTER3

1 Szent István University of Gödöllő, HUNGARY 2 University of Pécs, Institute of Geography, HUNGARY

3 Szent István University of Gödöllő, Institute of Regional Economics and Rural Development, HUNGARY

The unfolding ecological crisis highlights the deepening conflict between human built social/technical systems and ecosystems. A solution may be found through the holistic approach of bioregionalism in which rural communities could maximize the usage of their ingenious resources at the expense of depending more on the national supporting systems. Combining the knowledge and experience of ancestors with modern technologies, inhabitants of eco-villages might be able to utilize their own abilities and the capacity of their environment within the framework of sustainability. One of the best examples is the Gyűrűfű initiative in Zselic, a region in South-West Hungary. Several families joined the project seeking their way unto self-maintenance in a region whose ecosystem is one of the closest to its original natural form. The research covered in the presentation synthesizes and displays information through time-series satellite images and thematic maps. The legal framework of strict settlement regulations is analysed against the alternative spatial development concept using interviews with “ecovillagers”. Actual achievements, perceptions, past experiences and future expectations are put in perspective to offer certain recommendations to disadvantaged small conventional communities in Zselic fighting against the negative trends of rural regions. The main issue to be covered is how the lessons learnt from a relatively successful rural eco-village can be disseminated to the surrounding region and which aspects may be of use to conventional settlements around it.

Limba Village, Alba County, Romania. A Community Development Model for Peripheral Villages

Viorel STĂNICĂ

Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

Community development is the process through which a local community strives to achieve the improvement of living conditions, by means of the voluntary and planned involvement of its members.

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This process is based mainly on the use of internal resources, on the development of the community’s

own action capacity, and on the use of social capital and of common values. Community development covers all aspects of the development process, ranging from economic, to social, spatial, etc. The cultural dimension may be added as well, meaning the respect for the cultural specificity of the place, acknowledgement of the identity based on traditional elements and cultural features, and awareness regarding the uniqueness of a place in a broader cultural context.

The rural realm in Romania does not abound in examples of positive community development and the literature is mostly focused on case studies of villages in Transylvania or in other areas which have previously been inhabited by German populations and were therefore influenced by their communitarian behaviour. Limba is a peripheral village which is part of the Ciugud commune, Alba County. It is located at the end of the Secaşelor Plateau, in the Mureș Meadow, 10 km from the city of Alba Iulia. Limba village offers an excellent community development model, which is even more interesting because it does not seem to be affected by external influences.

The inhabitants of this village are involved in a process of community empowerment, which operates in a bottom-up manner, which aims at increasing the quality of life and at transforming the village into a true community. The residents, who have formed a local association (over 80% are part of it), are heavily involved in processes which aim at creating a vision for the future development of the village, strategic planning, implementing various community wide actions for improving infrastructure and for preserving local traditions. This paper is based on field research. It endeavours on the one hand to emphasize the link between social capital (all of its forms) and the development of the community, and, on the other hand, to offer a set of best practices in the field of community development of rural peripheral communities in Romania.

Analysis of Rural Areas from the Periphery to the Periurban of Cluj County, Romania

Marcel Lucian POPA

Babeș-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca ROMANIA

Assumption. Countryside evolutions are influenced by development policies at the regional and the

national level and by sectoral policies of the European Community (EC). These policies have a major impact and change the dynamics of economic activities, of demographic structure, of occupational proportions and, by default, the attitudes of rural communities.

Methods. We used the statistical method to obtain quantitative information from INSSE, and results were centralized and processed with Microsoft Office – Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS which were both helpful in obtaining data and qualitative information. We used the analysis (method) connected with information obtained from maps and archives of the real estate market. Cartography was conducted using GIS QGIS 2.0 Dufour, to highlight the representation in terms of plan-spatial positioning.

Objectives. These were the dynamics analysis of the rural space, the identification of points of convergence and divergence from the peripheral rural space to the periurban one.

Contents. Dynamics and trends in rural areas are also related to the existence of important infrastructure projects.

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Development around the industrial park in Jucu, building a part of the Transylvania highway (about

45 km), and the periurban expansion determined changes in the population’s occupational structure and economic growth, with contradictory contributions, by increasing transportation flows, but also reducing the number of traditional routes between villages, modifying the usual grazing places, or reducing the passageways for medium and large fauna (e.g. wild bears, deers) and generating major changes in those rural communities. Migrations and commuting from rural areas occur in an unequal manner, the most benefiting areas being in the path of transport vectors, especially national roads. We found also the phenomenon of polarization and reverse migration, especially of the capital from the urban area to villages, with investments based on relocations, on new functions in rural areas, especially in the activities of the service industry, including recreation (golf courses, themed farms) and rural tourism. In contrast, there are areas which represent the periphery of the rural space, where development is found deficient, based on more specific elements such as the specific natural environment, the lack of infrastructure, few or reduced intensity functions of rural space, elements of quantitative and qualitative demographic composition, and distinctive factors such as ethnic belonging, religion or community traditions. Analysis of the real estate market for agricultural land and land homes in villages (construction yard) correlate with information provided by the statistical data, identify the components that influence value (natural conditions, economic potential, and demographic structure). The information obtained, transposed into thematic maps, reinforce these judgments. Also, there is a shift toward farming larger land plots in areas where merging is suitable for efficient agricultural exploitations, which represents a change from traditional agriculture in the area.

Conclusion. Rural space is now in an accentuated and unbalanced dynamic change, based on relationships established of polarized economic activities.

Capacity of Food-crop Production under Agriculture and Rural-based Development in Central Java, Indonesia

Waridin and Indah Susilowati

Diponegoro University

INDONESIA

Agriculture still plays an important role in the Indonesian economy. It account for more than 15% of the Gross Domestic Product. Nevertheless, this sector avails for more than 35% of labour employment. With more than 240 million people and a majority depending on food-crop (especially rice) as a single food-source, the country faces a challenge on food availability as well as its sustainability. A strategy for improving food-production needs to consider the potency of local-based resources. This paper describes the capacity of food-crop production for improving regional food security. It also identifies agriculture and rural-based development implemented in Central Java for supporting food production and its security. The results of the study might help in formulating a proposed model to improve food crops production in supporting food security under agriculture and rural-based development. The case study was conducted in districts which share important roles for agricultural (especially food-crop) production in Central Java, Indonesia. Data were collected from farmers, officers from agriculture-related institutions, and other stakeholders.

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The results show that the Central Java Province has the capacity for food crop (rice) production in

order to secure food availability, distribution, and accessibility for people in the region. It has a moderate level of food security for products, and surplus of production is distributed to other regions within the country. However, other food crops are still facing shortage of supply because of lack of production. It requires a commitment from government and stakeholders for improving capacity building on agricultural and rural-based development.

Impact of Rural Economy towards the Urbanisation of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, India

Mery BISWAS

Presidency University, Kolkata INDIA

The present research work is concerned about the feedback of rural economic behaviour and

development towards the urbanization of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, India. Regarding rural segments and wings of development strategies, the belt of Himalayan foothills of West Bengal concerning Jalpaiguri district play an important role in the recent decade of the 21st century. This area being a part of piedmont, well drained sloping zone of foothills, the rural areas were developed in some major to minor economic bases. These areas are known as one of the major tea industrial areas of West Bengal from the British period. There are 200-250 tea gardens where the other economic branches like agriculture, business and the service sectors are very scarce. Within the entire area, two main urban nodes were developed after Independence: Jalpaiguri in west and Alipurduar in east. Besides, tea and timber industries are well furnished, but deforestation nowadays has become restricted as it leads directly towards soil erosion and huge sedimentation, river bank erosion and indirectly floods over a vast area of the district. Very recently, after 1990s, other small urban nodes had developed like Odlabari, Malbazar, Nagrakata, Jaigaon, Birpara, Madarihat, etc. Actually, for the time being, due to population growth, the market area and several service sectors developed and technological advancement, help to agricultural upgradation solving the irrigation problems in rabi period through minor water resource management both by Govt. and non-Govt. agencies. People awareness and advancement of accessibility, some college, industries have also been developed e.g. at Matiali hat unused wood fragments are used for show piece making and in 2013, December, those inventors come to Calcutta Gramin Mela for exhibition. It also depict the development of knowledge that how they may prepare their works in a megacity. Besides there, the urbanization have hierarchically deformed by the aggrisine upgradation of tourism industry which leads to the construction of hotels/lodges/guest houses in well connected and well facilitated centres like Jalpaiguri, Malbazar, Alipurduar, etc. The growth rate of population is also going to high and all kinds of urban facilities are becoming easier. So, the above all discussion help to come in coined up the thoughts and ideas that how one area may developed through some urban nodal development in rural bases of economy.

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Land Utilization Pattern, Land Use Management & Development in Rural Landscape - A Micro Level Case Study of a Fluvial Environment, Sikkim, India

Bedhas Ujjwal MANDAL

University of Kolkata INDIA

The present paper focuses on the changing land utilization status, its effect on the agriculture-based

rural society, situated on the fluvial environment of Sikkim which has been strongly influenced by the elevation, climate and mountainous terrain, especially in the field of agriculture and tourism. In the micro level case study of the Kalej Khola basin, forest is the main land use covering around 50% of the geographical area followed by agriculture, settlement, barren/waste land and so on and land utilization diversity is confined to altitude less than 2,000 m. But, with the growing socio-economic demand of an increasing population in this rugged terrain, land use planning is necessary with a systematic assessment of the physical, social and economic factors in such a way so as to encourage and assist land users in selecting options that increase their productivity with sustainability and meet the needs of society. The planning decision should be scientific because of the uneven distribution of land potential of soil, government policies, and of the landowners’ priorities. Therefore, planning decisions for implementation should be based on compromise among several interests without risking the principles of land capability, sustainability and environmental security for agriculture, forests, horticulture, grasslands, commercial development, infrastructure facilities, and others. Swift et al. (1994) considered that the goal of sustainability of agriculture can be achieved through participatory research which involved the full participation of farmers as a part of inter-disciplinary teams to identify the research problems jointly which could reorient research needs to achieve the desired results. Specifically, agricultural development with modern agricultural techniques is the backbone of economic development in the rural landscape of this small river basin like others in Sikkim state. Ecologically suitable, scientific and sustainable methods should be adopted to achieve the goal. In socio-economic terms, there is great potential for the development of commercial production of crops on the slopes. Tourism is the other significant part for land use planning which has vast scope to develop here. It mostly depends on transport and basic infrastructural development. These components should be developed maintaining the ecological sustainability of this landscape. The development of roads, power plants, schools, health centres, commercial centres and adaptation of ecologically suitable modern techniques with a changing land utilization scenario are the basic needs of the people. These types of land use management and developmental approaches gradually offers this Sikkim Himalayan terrain the best way to develop the rural socio-economic status in a sustainable manner.

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Social Ecology Condition of Hinterlands that Have Oil and Gas Resources (Social Mapping Study in South Sumatra-Indonesia)

M. Yamin HASAN, Nurilla Elysa PUTRI

Sriwijaya University INDONESIA

The aim of this study is to identify the social ecological condition and get a result to create the

concept of community development in the area. The research method in this study is social mapping with the Observation method, SWOT analysis, and Diagram models. A sample of this study was chapter in three districts in South Sumatera: Muara Enim district, Musi Rawas District and Prabumulih City, with one village in each district or city. Our observation method is used to identify the social ecological condition, by formal survey, focus group discussion (FGD), and in-depth interview with many actors in every village. Then we used the SWOT analysis to create the concept of community development and we used diagram models to show the linkages of potential, problems, and recommendation from this study. The results of this study show that social condition in three village more similar that identified by human resources are: ages, education, health, skill and occupation. Financial resources are: accessibility, mechanism, income, economic institution and also natural resources and public infrastructure resources. The ecology conditions are showed by forest, land, river, water source, and mining resource. This study shows that the ecological conditions are in decline and deficit, it cause by population increased in this area, mining exploration, and land conversion for other uses beside farming. The results from SWOT analysis give recommendation for what community development can do in this hinterland; the recommendation covered the economic development program, the infrastructure program, the environment program, and the culture program. This recommendation was taken from focus group discussion and in-depth interview that we arranged in this hinterland area. There are many programs as people need that we can get from our observed activity. And another result we can get more information about networking map between actors in the village study, there are positive and negative relation between them, and also relation between actor and company mining. From this study we can get more information about power and interest many actor of institution are provide in this area, and by this result we can determine who is the person and what institution can be do the community development program. Finally the diagram models describe the flow of community program that will be do in this hinterland area, and how to describe the linkages of potential, problem and the solution become many program for community development.

Culture and Development of Rural Mountain Regions

Mortaza TAVAKOLI University of Zabol

IRAN

Achieving sustainable development in mountain areas require special procedures and policies that are based on the full participation of mountain people and on local knowledge. Special procedures and policies of the Environmental Protection of Mountain are so crucial. About a quarter of the world are arid mountains. There are no reasons related to the specific procedures and Policies of Mountains. One important cause is that the mountain people are often away from political consideration.

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In other words, most mountain people are poor and cannot get their voices heard by policy makers.

At the same time, the population is scattered in a large area and inaccessible. Mountainous areas have physical barriers and are isolated from each other and from downstream. Most mountain people who are distant from the political system are unfamiliar with formal methods of organization in order to create political change. For the sustainable development of mountain areas should be established procedures and policies to recognize the rights of local communities. Local communities should be involved in decisions to use local resources and authority to implement their decisions. Culture definitely regulates our lives by unconsciously shaping our attitudes, values, goals, behaviour, or personality. Development however, is a more inconclusive concept with its social, political and economic facets. It is the qualitative and quantitative positive transformation of the lives of a people that does not only enhance their material well-being but also ensures their social well being, including the restoration of human dignity. Culture is very important and a bridge to development. Culture has a fundamental function in sustainable development. Cultural and environmental potentials of rural areas are very good, but must be recognized and exploited. Therefore, this study seeks to identify key elements and strategies that are important to be used for including mountains that are isolated by physical and human factors. This study sought to identify solutions that are compatible with the respective culture and environment, leading to increased employment and well being for the inhabitants of the mountain.

Special Districts Local Governance Performance Evaluation as Peripheral

Rural Areas Management Development

Atieh Mahmoudi MOZAFAR1, Narges PARTANI2, Gholamreza Kazemian SHIRVAN3, Mohammad Ali KAMRAVA4

1 University of Tehran (Department of Urban Management, Faculty of Urbanism), Tehran, IRAN

2 Ministry of Education, Department of Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, IRAN

3 University of Allame Tabatabaei, Tehran, IRAN

4 University of Tehran (Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Urbanism), Tehran, IRAN Urban poverty increase is one of the popular challenges of urban management in developing countries

which increase due to population growth rate and threats urban sustainability. Governances have tried to control and manage this phenomenon. Some of them were successful and some actions caused its resonance and crisis. This research investigates the informal settlements crisis as an urban poverty symbol and its consequences, through an innovative approach to solve the problem in Bojnord, the Capital of the Northern Khorasan Province of Iran. Facing to a kind of special districts which is habitat of informal settlements in rural texture forms that are destination for marginal rural migrants, led the Bojnord Urban management authority to establish the local governance (that called Mehr Local Governance - MLG) to implementation the integrated urban management there. The aim of this research is the assessment of a new kind of local governance (MLG) performance during its history and establishment until now (about 6 years). A hybrid assessment method applied to evaluation including the combination of SWOT and AHP in a multi criteria method. The research focused on targeted neighbourhoods and investigated the new effective strategies of MLG in Iran.

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POSTER SESSION

Relation between Rural Areas and Cittaslow

Agnieszka JASZCZAK, S.O.CANSIZ University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

POLAND

Cittaslow movement is one of the recent and innovative development approaches based on improving quality of life, protecting environment, physical structure, culture as well as customs and traditions while developing small towns. This different thinking way about development comes with a question: is it possible that Cittaslow movement also affect surrounding rural areas?

Rural areas connected to Cittaslow towns distinguished by special characteristics of landscape are varied spatially, which is conditioned by different agricultural, demographic as well as functional structures, and levels of investment. They reflect the distinctive features of culture, traditions, customs, and affect the sense of identification with the landscape of the community which it resides. Peripheral rural areas play a very important role in the development of towns belonging to the Cittaslow network. To investigate how rural areas take a part in the mentioned network, different Cittaslow towns and connected villages were selected from two different countries (Poland and Turkey).

This investigation is based on data gathered from map analyses and local questionnaires. Due to the importance of rural areas and to the potential of Cittaslow movement, it is highly expected from this study to find out what kind of development steps can be taken to link Cittaslow towns and surrounding villages better. This article focuses on the natural and the cultural, as well as on the social potential of rural areas in the selected regions in Poland and Turkey. It is important to define the relation between villages and towns under the effect of different cultural, social, historical backgrounds but which belong to the same Cittaslow network. We compared the regional characteristic features and we defined the directions for the development of rural areas. Finally, we elaborated prospective scenarios for selected areas.

Rural Development in the Context of Functional and Program Changes in Agriculture – the Case Studies of Ostfriesland (Germany) and

Warmia and Mazury (Poland)

Jörg DENEKAS University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

POLAND Rural areas in Europe are spatially differentiated, situation which is conditioned by the different agricultural, demographic and functional structures and the level of investment. Their character is changing in accordance with the agricultural production (Denekas et al., 2014). The main goal of our research is to analyse the current situation of rural development in the context of functional, economic, and social transformations in two European regions – Ostfriesland (Germany) and Warmia and Mazury (Poland).

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In the Ostfriesland region, shaping the agricultural landscape over the centuries has been

subordinated to agriculture and water management, while the Warmia and Mazury region historically has an agricultural character with recognizable recreational function, especially in areas adjacent to the Great Masurian Lakes (Jaszczak 2013). The study compares the characteristic features of farms in both regions, as well as the method of production and the degree of change in agriculture and in rural areas, as result of, inter alia, the introduction of the agri-environmental program. Additionally, we defined some useful guidance in the direction of agriculture and environmental protection.

Contemporary Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Studies on Development Models of Peripheral Areas

Plamen PATARCHANOV

“St. Kliment Ohridski” University, Sofia BULGARIA

The regional imbalance in the development of the territory is a major structural feature of many parts of

the world and Europe. The enlargement process of the European Union continues to deepen the differences in its geographic area as a whole and in the individual Member States. There is a constant increase in the number and type of problem areas for which it is necessary to be conducted targeted policy set on adequate to the current situation theoretical scientific basis. A primary task of the regional science becomes the study of imbalances in socio-economic development especially in peripheral areas where they are most pronounced. The implementation of both the classical and the alternative approaches and methods of regional analysis is a guarantee for an objective evaluation of the real picture in these areas. The conduct of comparative regional studies based on integrated indicators, contributes to a differentiated approach to the organization and management of their territory. On this basis, the generation of favourable conditions for better use of local resources in the periphery of the different spatial levels will allow expression of their advantages in implementing structural reforms in these areas and creating working models for their future sustainable development. The better "embed" of the peripheral areas in the organization of national and community territory is an essential element of the implementation of European cohesion policy, by which to permanently change their limited role of resources (raw materials, labour) and a market of products and services of the centre.

Demo-Economic Characteristics of the Rural Areas on Ploiești-București-Giurgiu Axis

Cristian TĂLÂNGĂ, Daniela ZAMFIR, Ilinca-Valentina STOICA

University of Bucharest The Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Researches on Territorial Dynamics, Bucharest

ROMANIA

In the context of updated national spatial plan and territorial strategies, at different hierarchical levels, there were launched proposals concerning polycentric development, creating integrated poles of urban development or triggering certain territorial axes with a role of activating regional and local development.

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For this purpose, Ploiesti-Bucuresti-Giurgiu axis is intended to be and it will be a structure-building for the

Southern Romania due to the fact that it has a varied economic potential, but with an uneven geographic distribution. This scientific paper is intended to assess demographic and economic elements of the rural space associated to this axis in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses for establishing a territorial planning with a zonal structure view. The approaching methodology of the problems meets the necessary requirements entitled by the territorial planning and it is based on information processed in the statistical sheets of the localities and the data obtained both by the National Trade Register Office and on the basis of a series of observations on the field. From the demographic point of view, it is an obvious uneven distribution with higher concentrated areas around the Capital and the municipality of Ploiesti, considered to be an integrated pole of urban development. The undertaken analyses underline two distinctive areas: one situated in the northern half of the axis with positive elements of the standardized indicator of the demographic potential, and the second one situated in the southern half with decreasing values of this indicator, resulting in a differentiated approach of the two axis subunits, trying to diminish the negative tendencies in the demographic development. The economic characteristics are analyzed by the agricultural potential and by the economic potential indicator, calculated on the basis of the standardized values for the characteristics of the companies grouped in the three sectors of activity (primary, secondary and tertiary). It is observed a high share of the territorial administrative units with a low economic potential. The localities situated along the main roads and those around the city of Bucharest include the highest values concerning the economic potential. The existent territorial differences involve elaborating a development strategy based on a close cooperation between the rural space and the three poles of development for improving the positive elements and adjusting the negative ones.

Planning Strategy for Golf Course Development in Rural Areas: the Case of "Transylvania Golf Club”, Sânpaul Village, Romania

Virgil I. GANEA1, Octavian DAMIAN2 1 Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA

2 „Transilvania” Golf Club, ROMANIA

This paper is a case study on a development project towards leisure tourism (golf) in rural areas that can be applied in other rural locations. Thus the main objective is to highlighting geo-information strategy and steps to follow in implementing such a project. Based on the latest findings and statistics on the implementation of golf as a sport in Romania, it has been found that it is more accessible and cheaper to promote than swimming, handball and other traditional sports. In order to achieve this research, we examined both documents for the construction of a golf course and legislation. I also observed and studied the steps of building a golf course Sânpaul and its social and cultural consequences. This paper argues by reference to the spatial planning model of the "Transylvania Golf Club” from Sânpaul that any village or small town can afford to arrange and facilitate an infrastructure for learning and practicing golf. More than that, rural regional planning practice towards recreational sports will have social impact in terms of the population structure, and retraining. Therefore we expect that this form of spatial planning to ensure a space approved for golfing, to attract the organization of official and international competitions, to foster the creation of jobs and retraining for tourism and leisure and to initiate and promote programs of youth golf instruction towards students and schoolchildren. Also, building a golf course can inspire investors and raise funds for community development, and to positively influence agro-tourism.

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Comparative Analysis of the Use of Raster and Vector Data in the Process of Optimizing the Spatial Planning in Rural Areas

Dominika STRUMIŁŁO-REMBOWSKA1, Iwona CIEŚLAK1,

Katarzyna PAWLEWICZ2 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Cadastre and Spatial Management, Faculty of

Geodesy and Land Management , POLAND 2 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Planning and Spatial Engineering, Faculty of

Geodesy andLand Management , POLAND

Rural areas are unique systems of individual and interdependent features. These features refer to the suitability of the area and are the criteria for optimization. Their multitude makes the management of rural space a continuous and dynamic process of great significance. The instrument of this process is spatial planning determining the final development and land use. Particularly important in this process is the selection of geodata, as a direct indicator of the directions of land use. Digitization of spatial data, the underlying generated geographic information system (GIS) seems to be extremely useful in the process. The ability to analyze the information gathered by the addition of simple queries to databases enables us to understand the accuracy of what may occur in the spatial distribution of phenomena, which in turn allows making planning decisions. Still, it remains difficult to determine which of the features stored in the system is a key planning information. The study shows an example of a hybrid method of analysis and selection of geodata necessary to optimize the process of spatial planning with the use of vector maps. Thanks to this method, which is based on collecting data from raster maps, it becomes a lot less time-consuming and laborious and the results of analysis can successfully fund information systems. The analysis proved to be an effective and important tool to achieve the effectiveness of a hybrid method in the process of optimizing.

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PANEL SESSION 3

Tourism – alternative economic activity in peripheral rural areas

Eco-agritourism as an Alternative Form of Economic Activity in Peripheral Rural Areas in Poland

Barbara MAĆKIEWICZ, Ewa KACPRZAK

Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Poznań POLAND

One of the forms of broadly understood rural tourism is eco-agritourism - agritourism - conducted on farms which, apart from accepting guests, also produce certified ecological food. It seems that especially in the case of peripheral rural areas, often possessing unique natural and cultural qualities, it is this form of tourism that can be an important line of their development. The present paper seeks to verify this hypothesis. To examine the level and characteristic features for the development of eco-agritourism in peripheral rural areas in Poland, we used the results of a survey research and source materials obtained from the Agricultural Advisory Centre at Brwinów and from the Polish branch of the European Centre for Ecological Agriculture and Tourism (ECEAT Poland). The spatial range of the research embraced the voivodeships of the so-called “Eastern wall”, implementing the Operational Programme of Development of Eastern Poland for the years 2007-2013, such as Lublin, Subcarpathia, Podlasie, Świętokrzyska Land, and Warmia-Mazuria. The time span of our research also covered the period 2007-2013.

Challenges and Prospects of Rural Cuatro Cienegas Valley, México. Tourism, Production or Sustainability

Lorenzo Alejandro LÓPEZ BARBOSA

Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University, Coahuila MÉXICO

Rural societies are constantly recreating, reinventing and transforming, especially when the socioeconomic context promotes the exclusion, marginalization, exploitation and degradation of natural resources that allow the subsistence of the peasant societies. The persistence and resistance (maybe resilience) of peasant societies is the result of its ability to adapt to changes and generate new strategies that allow conditions favour their social reproduction and maintenance of social practices and its territories; so integration alternatives emerge in even transition spaces, whether periurban, urban, are linked to tourist centres, clusters, etc., that promote a complex reconfiguration of territories, diminishing the separation between urban and rural spaces. One of the most valuable wetlands in North America, the Cuatro Cienegas Valley, ubicated in the northern region of Mexico, offered the experience to show trends, expressions, obstacles, challenges and prospects with the peasant groups who live there.

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Expressions from rural tourism, defence of territory, development of social processes to promote

conservation of natural resources, productive reconversion, and the governance of common resources, show a complex and sometimes contradictory social network that reconfigures territoriality, identity and livelihoods of the peasants in the region, who built to ensure social reproduction and defend their natural resources. In this presentation, we described the main alternatives for the residents of the region. A project from rural tourism is highlighted; we also discussed the process for gathering of candelilla wax where a natural high commercial value is obtained; we also described the formation of groups from young entrepreneurs who make up a group of local tour guides; we delved into the study of the struggle to maintain traditional activities such as livestock or collecting wood to produce charcoal mesquite in the midst of processes to build a governance of common resources such as water, wetlands or grasslands, which disputed attention against serious scientific studies about the origin of life and the protection of endemic species of flora and fauna.

We concluded that the confluence of external agents had been crucial, especially to promote the conservation of natural resources, but had also created tensions, disagreements and conflicts. Undoubtedly, the peasants in the region reconfigured their cultural and production practices and especially its territory. The analysis of this experience, invites us to rethink the approaches, methods and elements that constitute the promotion of local development, the interpretation that the people constituting the territory give the processes of change and the urgent need to rethink the role that promoters, extension, public officers, researchers and scientists have for the peasants of the region and also the ways in which negotiation is constructed, the building of consensus, agreements and how they determine the future of a territory and of the people within it. Understanding the complexity of local development, allows identifying the elements that best contribute to the achievement of the objectives and challenges that rural development involves.

Dimensions of Integrated Tourism – Case Studies of Selected Villages in the Border Territory of Serbia towards Romania

Snežana ŠTETIĆ1, Sanja PAVLOVIĆ2, Sara STANIĆ3, Dario ŠIMIČEVIĆ4

1 College of Tourism, Belgrade, SERBIA 2 University of Belgrade, SERBIA 3 University of Belgrade, SERBIA

4 College of Tourism, Belgrade, SERBIA Integrated rural tourism provides new opportunities for the development of underdeveloped regions or villages and for local clusters. It is defined as tourism explicitly associated with economic, social, cultural, natural and human resources and with the localities in which it takes place. In this context, it is significant to single out all the dimensions that include all the elements of an integrated tourism product and refer to the networking of all stakeholders, the level of tourism development in chronological and geographical terms, endogeneity, sustainability, rootedness, complementarity, and empowerment of the entire sector. These dimensions, as well as trends and levels, can be tracked over time and spatially compared.

In this paper, conclusive research has been applied, while in terms of data character this is a qualitative research. Data sources are secondary and external, because, among other things, the reports of Wealth of Diversity Project have been used. The presentation of different cultures in Vojvodina and the Danube River Basin causes the creation of unique products based on authenticity.

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The paper is based on the case studies of selected villages in the border regions of Serbia to Romania.

In various social situations, logical analysis is used; the nature and manifestation forms of integrated tourism are explained. Similarities and differences among the dimensions of integrated tourism in the villages covered by the above mentioned project were ascertained by the comparative method. The comparison was carried out in different areas, without chronological comparisons and based on the data empirical origin. The degree of spatial resolution built into the methodology allows us to test the hypothesis that integrated rural tourism is conditioned by local resources, opportunities for political and social cultures and that it has the role of operational monitoring. Integrated Rural Tourism provides a greater likelihood of coordination and institutional policies for rural and regional development, encouraging partnership and associating. Numerous factors affect the implementation of integrated tourism in rural areas, and the examples of analysed villages in this paper show that their peripherality is not restrictive.

The Rural Land of Maramureș as a Supplier of Regional Identity Elements in the Process of Designing Geobranding Strategies

Marin ILIEȘ, Ștefan DEZSI, Gabriela ILIEȘ, Silviu BUMBAK

Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca ROMANIA

Having as a reference the European Union’s slogan “unity in diversity”, both member states and their inner regions are looking for clean-cut elements that can straighten their position on the continental structure matrix. In Romania, along the Carpathian Mountain chain, those territories known as “lands” prevalently have a strong rural identity. The Land of Maramureș, one of the largest and most representative regions of this type in our country, has a well-defined regional identity, diffused even at a continental level and composed almost entirely from elements that are characteristic to a rural environment. Through the implementation of a research project focused on defining the essence of regional identity in the Land of Maramureș, a series of strategic mechanisms have been developed, that can successfully be used in geobranding activities. Under the pressure of globalization, the research project became an absolute necessity, especially for the process of operating activities in the tourism sector, but also for stopping the phenomenon of identitarian dilution. The results of the project are already being implemented by direct beneficiaries.

Tourism Development in a Rural Periphery. Case Study: The Oltenian Subcarpathians

Antoaneta-Carina POPESCU

Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA The University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, SET, Pau, FRANCE

Right from the start, rural areas are considered to be in a peripheral position in comparison with urban centres. Dichotomies such as centre-periphery and urban-rural exist because rural areas have always been judged to be less developed, innovative, attractive, densely populated, accessible, etc. than the urban areas that polarise fluxes (human, capital, information) due to their sector diversification.

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Peripherality can be analysed in terms of distance, dependence, distinctiveness and discourse (Ferrão

et al., 2007:70). Regional studies (Von Thünen: 1842, Christaller: 1933, Loesch: 1954, Isard: 1956) have associated the concept of periphery with the distance from a given location, basically a place which is considered central in terms of markets, communication, access to information and services provided. Consequently, the idea of dependence of the rural space arose as a result of the limited number of services available, of the low incomes, of the predominantly agricultural economic function, of the patterns of human settlement and land use. However, the understanding of peripheral territories’ functions is more complex than the simple dependency on a centre that dominates and exploits its periphery. The interdependences between centres and peripheral regions as well as among different types of peripheries (dominated periphery, abandoned periphery, pleasure periphery, artificial periphery, etc.) have developed from a geographic perspective which identifies peripherality with distance and remoteness, or from an economic perspective which considers peripheries as labour reservoirs and raw material deposits.

Tourism has shed a new light on the concept of peripherality. Remoteness, naturalness, culture authenticity, vernacular architecture and gastronomy have become products sought for by tourists. Periphery in tourism discourse appears as an opportunity to be discovered and used accordingly, especially for the development of niche tourism products. Hence, difference and local distinctiveness are crucial for a region in order to gain and maintain a competitive advantage over other destinations of the same type.

Tourism - Development Vector in the Rural Areas of the Maramureş Mountains

Mihai HOTEA, Gabriela ILIEŞ, Alina SIMION, Nicolae HODOR, Nela ŞTELIAC


The Maramureş Mountains are located on the northern border of Romania and, due to their remarkable natural potential, they have been included in the Maramureş Mountains Natural Park. This represents a protected area established in 2005 in order to preserve the landscape and the local traditions, to protect the natural, spiritual and cultural heritage of the area and to encourage sustainable tourism. If in the past the access to this area was rather difficult because it was located on the border with the former Soviet Union, nowadays the access is much easier, even though the Maramureş Mountains represent the frontier of the European Union. This paper attempts to make an analysis of the tourism in the area by taking into account several factors which shape the perspectives of development. The natural and anthropogenic tourism potential, as well as the accommodation facilities that have appeared over the last years, correlated with a better promotion of the area may contribute to the development of a qualitative tourism which would be able to engage a large percentage of the population. Although there are some weaknesses and risks, the area has both internal resources and favourable opportunities; therefore the prospects of tourism in the rural area of the Maramureş Mountains are particularly favourable. As the EU funds, which are received by various tourism projects increase, this will lead to the development of a sustainable tourism in the area.

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Geographical Peripherality Consequences on Tourism. Attraction Bonus or Accessibility Deficit?

Bogdan IBĂNESCU

“Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi ROMANIA

The aim of the study is to identify the impact of geographical peripherality on tourist destinations, especially on the rural ones. The area of study is the rural part of the Moldavia region in Romania, a space confronted with a triple peripherality (national, international and a frozen urban-rural relation). Almost all tourism travels are related to and dependent on accessibility regardless of its dimension (distance, time or cost); the bigger the accessibility, the bigger the chances of attracting a consistent mass of visitors. From this point of view, the peripheral destinations are often at risk, because of lack of accessibility, which can lead to an unprofitable tourism activity. However, the accessibility dependence is becoming more subtle when the tourist destination is in a rural area. Rural tourism is often identified with peripheral features (remoteness, isolation, insularism, tranquillity), which become suddenly appealing. Our research aim was to identify which consequence of geographical peripherality is more prominent in the Moldavian rural space and how tourists are responding to the peripheral features. The results showed unanticipated and unusual behaviours. The tourists’ behaviours in rural destinations are partially different from the needs anticipated through the scientific literature and even more different than the products offered by promotional campaigns. The study identified four different categories of destinations depending on accessibility and on tourism attractions in rural peripheral areas.

Incoming Tourism - The Primary Factor for the Development of Disadvantaged Rural Areas (The Case of the Republic of Moldova)

Petru BACAL, Tatiana BREGA

Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Chișinău REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

In this article we tackle the importance of the incoming tourism for the sustainable development of the rural space and for the revival of its deprived areas. Central attention is given to the promotion and exploitation of the valuable ecotourism objectives, of rich ethno-cultural heritage. We identified and analysed the main socio-economic and environmental problems of the deprived rural areas and developed recommendations for their mitigation by developing incoming tourism in those destinations. We also elucidated the main difficulties for the development of incoming tourism in rural areas and we proposed a solution for its reduction and elimination. At present, the natural resources from the rural space are used only in agriculture or in the food industry. This way, incoming tourism becomes one of the many solutions for economic development in the rural space. Promotion of incoming tourism must become the main objective of customs authorities, of tourist and transportation authorities and enterprises, of the regional and local public authorities. The tourist routes are an efficient way to popularize and develop the disadvantaged rural area through increasing the tourist encashment to the destinations.

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However, because of the general economic underdevelopment level, the infrastructure for

accommodation and leisure tourism industry in rural areas is poorly developed, with insignificant effects on the local economy. The existing road network built during the Soviet period is intended to establish the link between urban and industrial centres and often bypasses valuable tourist attractions. The majority of natural tourist attractions are missing marked paths and trails marking is insufficient, and accommodation and recreation facilities almost missing. Most of accommodation objectives are the rest camps for children, which are not intended for receiving and serving foreign tourists. At the same time, it enhances the negative demographic processes (depopulation and aging of communities), the anthropogenic pressure on the environment had a dangerous increase, manifested by degradation of landscapes, loss of biodiversity, increased soil erosion and landslides, and massive pollution of water sources. In context of the EU integration, the Republic of Moldova needs to capitalise the European partners' support for the development of rural tourism and to satisfy tourists' curiosity by offering specific services, an attractive price, this way contributing to the recovery of disadvantaged rural areas.

Sustainable Tourism in Putna Vrancea Nature Park, Romania

Cătălin Mugur IORGA Edmond Nicolau Technical College, Focșani

ROMANIA

Tourism in protected areas produces benefits and costs. These effects interact often in complex ways. It is the responsibility of the protected area planner to maximise benefits while minimising costs. Potential benefits of tourism in Putna Vrancea Nature Park could be the following: enhancing economic opportunity, protecting natural and cultural heritage, and enhancing the quality of life. There are some trends affecting the planning of tourism in Putna Vrancea Nature Park such as rising educational levels and demand for travel, an ageing population, changing roles of women, importance of service quality, advances in global communications and information technology. But, above all, we must not forget the negative impacts of human use on environment and environmental risks from tourism.

Tourism and Its Place in Development Strategies of the Suburban Zone of Krakow, Poland

Barbara MAĆKIEWICZ1, Renata RETTINGER2

1 Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Poznań POLAND

2 Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Kraków POLAND

The shaping of the metropolitan functions in the metropolises emerging in the country leads to the

creation of defined spatial-structural orders in which one of the most important issues is the character of the spatial connections between the central city and the metropolitan area.

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The last twenty years have brought a lot of changes in the functions of the areas surrounding the

central city. The suburban area of Krakow consists mainly of rural areas which currently have new, non-agricultural mostly tourism-related functions. The reason for this can be seen mainly in the extraordinary valuables of the natural environment and the communication availability of the area as well as the equalization of the industrial differences between Krakow and its direct surroundings. The study focuses on the issue of the tourism function in the suburbs of Krakow, especially in the Northern part, which will be analysed as an incoming tourist region for the inhabitants of Krakow. The study will also analyse the conditions for weekend tourism development, as well as its volume and structure. The functions of tourism will be discussed both from the demand perspective and from the supply one.

The Stimulating Offer of Rural Tourism in Buda Village, Berzunţi County. Possibilities of (Re)Adaptation of Modern Tourist Preferences

George GAMAN1, Puiu NISTOREANU2

1 Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre of Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA 2 The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, ROMANIA

In a traditional way, rural areas have always been associated with agriculture, but lately, rural tourism, considered as an economic development alternative, has gained more and more confidence, coinciding with a potential salvation strategy of rural areas which are falling off.

Fig. 1. Tourist attractions nearby Buda village.

Considering the fact that the village taken into

study, like most of other Romanian rural settlements, faces problems like depopulation and accelerated aging of local community, being unable to sustain an optimal agriculture, depletion of agricultural income caused by shortcomings of the industrialization process, the present paper aims to highlight the chances of rural tourism implementation, its possible effects and to realize a stimulatory offer (which can include visits not only to the local attractions, but also to those situated in proximity), readjusting it to modern tourist preferences, through a rigorous analysis of the primary and the derived tourist offer by means of graphic and cartographic materials, through a survey which aims to reveal the local community perception over rural tourism and by making some correlations which can show the way that tourism resources exploitation helps the local community.

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The Mureş Defile. Planning and Capitalization of the Tourist Potential

George-Bogdan TOFAN Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca

ROMANIA The Mureş Defile, also known in the geographical literature as the Topliţa-Deda Defile or the Upper Mureş Defile, is mostly situated on the territory of Mureş County, having a total length of 38 km (between Vâgani, a settlement part of Topliţa, Harghita County and Bistra Mureşului, village belonging to Deda Commune, Mureş County), dividing the volcanic massifs of Căliman and Gurghiu, under the name of the Topliţa-Deda Defile Landscape Reserve. Rural tourism and agritourism are activities that generate additional income, offering the possibility for rural space development, due to unique landscapes, vast semi-natural areas, local hospitality, as well as due to the preservation of customs, culture, and cuisine, which can be favourable premises for the development of this sector. Gifted with a rich touristic potential, defined by a variety of natural and man-made elements, The Mureş Defile is among the areas of great attractiveness at national and international level. Its tourist potential, seen as an economic activity, is still in an incipient stage and is comprised of a wide array of resources and natural and man-made tourist sites, with a poorly developed infrastructure. The settlements from the area (Stânceni, Lunca Bradului, Răstoliţa) are starting points for numerous tourist trails. In this space, tourism has favourable development conditions, since the area has a diverse touristic potential, with natural and man-made components, that are original, that have their own history and traditions, which can become viable alternatives and forms of tourism capitalization. Modernization, development and innovation are badly needed for the tourism of the area, coupled with the creation of modern and competitive touristic services, and the necessity to create touristic information desks. Alongside proper tourist infrastructure, communication routes heavily contribute to this matter, as they guide and channel touristic flows. Considering the transport infrastructure that crosses the Mureş Defile, characterised by diversity (railway, national and European road, and forest roads), we emphasize its advantageous position, which determines a high degree of accessibility, but which requires, at the same time, major improvements.

Creative Tourism Potential in the Peripheral Rural Areas of Satu Mare and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Counties

Cătălina-Maria BOTA


Peripheral border areas are generally considered as economically disadvantaged; nevertheless, their position becomes a favourable premise for the establishment of cross-border relations. This is also the case of the Romanian – Hungarian borderline, namely of the two adjacent counties of Satu Mare and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, often confronted with similar problems (social, environmental, employment), sharing their values in a cordial and, at the same time, competitive manner.

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An oportunity for economic development in the region is tourism, especially in certain peripheral

rural areas which preserve authentic values, despite the permeation of modern influences. Thus, the aim of this paper is to emphasize the link between creativity, tourism and rural areas, assessing the creative tourism potential as a new and effective means for development. The study focuses on ten settlements, situated in the proximity of the borderline, where tourism has found enough creative values to support the involvement of tourists in creative activities.

Table 1. Examples of creative tourism development in Satu Mare and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg counties.

Location Creativity basis Brief description of the creative activity

Beltiug local wineries tasting events, wine-blending courses

Medieșu-Aurit Zetea distillery and workshops tasting events of the Zetea plum brandy

Vama The Potter's House process of producing ceramics in the specific style of the Land of Oaș

Turț traditional distillery, strawberry plantations, orchards

presentation of the brandy production process, tasting events

Huta-Certeze shepherding agricultural and pastoral practices

Penyige Lekvarium Museum cooking courses, jam recipes

Panyola traditional distillery local brandy tasting lessons, traditional cooking classes

Túristvándi local technologies for producing herb cures classes for herb collection and producing natural cures (herbal teas and ointments)

Tarpa traditional distillery, the Plum House local brandy, marmalade and dried fruits tasting lessons

Beregdároc local crafts hemp and flax traditional processing, waving

Tourism in the Rural Peripheral Areas of Maramureș and Chioar Lands, Romania

Valeriu Mircea VANA, Mirela Carmen SIMION


This paper presents quantifiable data of the quantitative and qualitative order of the tourism phenomenon, above the two areas of Maramures County: Cavnic town, Sisesti and Copalnic-Manastur villages on the Cavnic Valley, in Chioar Land situated in the rural peripheral area and the climatic health resort of Ocna Sugatag, Giulesti and Desesti villages situated on Mara's Valley having a major role in the rural area of Maramures Land. The objective target is the development and the boost on the tourism phenomenon of Cavnic's and Mara's Valleys using the quantitative and qualitative research methodology, establishing in Cavnic Valley a rural peripheral area of Chioar Country and some tourist-related activities found on Mara Valley in Maramuresului Country. Cavnic Valley used to be a mine field once in Chioar Land where the main economic activity known by the locals for its development is tourism. The Traditional, preserved well on Mara Valley, has a big effect on the tourist activities held in its villages, having profitable and personalized products and services. Cavnic Valley situated at the intersection of Maramures, Chioarului and Lapusului Lands does not have a common local identity because of the presence of Cavnic City that gives a modern characteristic of this important area in this valley.

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We have done this study in order to obtain quantifiable data about the tourist demand and supply,

new data on tourist movement, satisfaction of tourists, as well as the link between supply and demand, and the results of this hard work have seemed to be very interesting. Through this study we wanted to see the similarities and differences between the two subdivisions of the regions of this land, located in different ethnographic areas, Cavnic's Valley in Chioar Land and Mara's Valley in Maramures Land, comparing the traditional with the modern found in these two valleys. Even if Cavnic Valley is situated in that rural peripheral area and Mara Valley has a relative central position, this study has gathered plenty of similarities and differences between these two. By processing the large amount of data in the field many useful results were gathered in the development of specific strategies and the creation of tourist products, establishing new arrangements that contributed to the development of the tourism phenomenon, offering great economic benefits benefits for the locals. The methods used are methods for determining the target objective of respecting the rules of SMART, the methods of prospecting, data processing methods, cartographic, graphic, interview and observation methods of analysis.

Event Tourism and Online Promotion – Reliable Pillars for the Tourist Image of Rural Mountain Area in Cluj County

Bianca Sorina RĂCĂŞAN

Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Cluj-Napoca ROMANIA

The success and notoriety of a tourist event depends, to a large extent, on its visibility within the

tourism market, or, in other words, on the promotional strategies with undeniable implications on tourist flows. Nowadays, the Internet has become one of the most important communication tools and the active promotion that some events benefit from prove that more and more tourism marketers understood this and took advantage of the online facilities. This is also the case of some events unfolded in the rural mountain area belonging to Cluj County whose online appearance mediated the exploitation of that tourism potential component consisting of human activities with tourist function. This paper focuses on analyzing the cultural and recreational tourism supply of the study area in the way that it is presented on different websites, in order to get a glimpse of its tourism image.

Fig. 1. Events typology based on forms of tourism and unfolded activities in the rural mountains area, Cluj County.

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The main objectives are the identification and inventorization of the events endowed with tourism

attractiveness, their distribution within the examined territorial-administrative units, and their categorization based on criteria such as: present stage, temporal distribution, importance, information sources, involved tourism forms, and stages within the tourism life cycle. Given the fact that this research is a quantitative one, the methods which were used (observation, analysis, statistical and cartographical ones) mediated the results for each objective and highlighted some realities such as: best events representation in Băişoara, Beliş and Gilău, the prevalence of events unfolded during summer (in August), the dominance of local and national interest exhibitions, the existence of seven different types of websites used for promotion, the most popular present activities (winter sports competitions, festivals, traditional celebrations) and the best contribution of the events included within the growth stage in the tourism life cycle (events which have gathered less than 10 editions). Based on these results, not only a general framework of the tourism supply (in terms of events) was provided, but also suggestions for supply diversification, filling event gaps (territorial-administrative units which lack events) and new ideas for future research were delivered under the title of limitations.

Digitization of the Cultural and Religious Heritage of Maramureș Land, Romania. Case study - Rozavlea Village

Mirela Carmen SIMION


"And where else on earth can be closer to heaven, if not in the Maramureş Country, a Godly realm

of beautiful, chiseled in stone and wood, but deeply steeped in myth and history.” (Andrei Pătraşcu, Maramureş Land - a treasure trove of history and Romanian culture, cited by Mirela Simion, dissertation paper 2014). Digitizing cultural heritage refers to the dynamics and trends in interdisciplinary context in the area that includes the philosophical, social, cultural, economic and managerial aspects and consequences of cultural heritage management and environmental technology. Given the scarcity of research in relation to the increasing importance of digitization education, the goal of this project is to promote tourism as an economic activity in rural area, namely of Rozavlea in Maramureş Country along with existing cultural and religious heritage. Preparation of digitized cultural and religious material represents an important resource for cultural tourism religious and national creative, but also peripheral in the same time. Digitization and online accessibility of cultural context, contributing to economic growth and tourism, as well as to the achievement of the single market, by increasing the demand for digital products and services in new and innovative online, but also the complexity of the activity in Romania and worldwide requires a thorough approach for the purpose of knowing the main trends in the evolution of the tourism phenomenon but also for the economic development of rural areas in the country the regime existing peripherals. It is noteworthy that the cultural heritage is closely related to the concept of value, which is taken into account in two dimensions. Field of interest (from local to global) and special area of contribution (historical, aesthetic, ethnological, anthropological). Digitization and digital preservation has created further jobs in innovative fields such as eye-catching 3D, 3D processing tools for digitization of text or for the conservation of audio-visual material. It is estimated that around 20% of Europe's collections have been digitized so far.

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The use of structural funds to co-finance the activities of digitizing may help the regions play a key

role in contributing to the objectives of the EU in promoting cultural diversity and creative content for jobs and economic growth to outlying rural areas. Regions wishing to invest structural funds in digitization of cultural heritage should take account of the evolution of the material types of cultural and religious heritage available in their region and in the way that might be useful after digitizing. These materials can serve as input or to stimulate innovation or other forms of specialization (for example, educational or cultural tourism).

"Maramureş Country can be called in different ways. To be known, it's not just need a look and a few albums, maps and catalogues. To understand it, it takes a soul. And the soul of this place, are its people".

Which Type of Tourism Resource Induces Larger Tourist Affluence? A Statistical Model Based on Tourism Potential Evaluation

Bogdan IBĂNESCU

“Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi ROMANIA

This study aims to identify, by using a statistical model, which type of tourism resources attracts more visitors and is thus more suitable to be used in peripheral tourism products campaigns. To lower the handicap of reduced accessibility, peripheral areas often try to put forward their tourism resources, both natural, like unspoiled nature, mountain peaks, natural reservation, and/or anthropogenic (cultural) ones, like old churches, historical places, and traditional activities. Even if both types of resources are based on the same tourism cliché about peripheral areas (contradiction with urban, polluted, artificial spaces) and they are targeting approximately the same clientele, each represents a different set of products and has, implicitly, a different impact. The question is which one, between the natural and the anthropogenic resources, should be emphasised when promoting a peripheral tourist destination. For our study we used databases from the Spatial Planning of the National Territory (PATN), section “Tourist zones” (tourism potential evaluation) and from the National Institute of Statistics, section “B.16 Tourism”. We identified the peripheral areas in Romania and we used hierarchic regression models to calculate the impact of each type of potential category. The results are reinforcing the capital role of accessibility for tourism development, even for high profile peripheral destinations. However, as far as tourism resources are concerned, we observed that the place of anthropogenic (cultural) tourism resources is slightly different in our model depending on the introduction or exclusion of urban areas.

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Traditional vs. Modern in Peripheral Rural Areas

Seasonal Peripheral Settlements of Rodna Village between the Traditional and the Modern

Mircea Leontin MUREŞIANU


A mining and agripastoral settlement, located on the Superior Valley of the Someşul Mare, at the

contact point between the Rodnei Mountains (North) and the Bârgăului Mountains (South), Rodna, was characterized, even from the old days, by the existence of a permanent hearth at the basis of the depressionary micro-basin carved by the river by means of differentiated erosion between the above-mentioned mountains. Along with population growth and, implicitly, the increase in the geodemographic pressure on the small agricultural space, the householders of the place started to create small seasonal households used both during summer for hay harvest (scything) in the mountain and pastures and during winter hibernation of animals (especially sheep and goats) with the food harvested during the summer.

The three great natural units of the administrative space of Rodna (the interfluves between the Someşul Mare and the Izvorul Băilor and the Anieş, from the Rodnei Mountains and the interfluves between the Someşul Mare and the Ilva in the Bârgăului Mountains) host 429 seasonal households that generate an extended dispersed settlement in the proximity of the mixed central village (dispersed and nucleated) as part of the cultural-traditional landscape of the places. Inhabitants called these households “field houses” (case în câmp) (for the Romanians living in the mountain areas the field represented any surface that provided the daily food). 21% keep the traditional line (wood and shingles being the basic raw materials), the rest using the great variety of modern materials (bricks, arch bricks), zinc coated sheet, asbestos cement, eternity roofing, tiles, etc. The cultural landscape of the field houses is composed of over 1,500 huts, the smallest and most rudimentary shelters used during the summer as refuges in times of difficulty and set up of spruce and fir wood. The ridges of the great morphogeographic units of Rodna wear the seal of seasonal settlements in their full dynamic and adaptation to the new and resistant and building materials, leaving the passers-by in the nostalgia of traditional households near extinction.

Village Thematisation as a Chance for the Socio-Economic Development of Rural Areas

Magdalena SZCZEPAŃSKA

Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań POLAND

Thematisation is a response of towns and villages to changes taking place in the economy. Towns experiencing a decline of industry and villages experiencing a decline of agriculture seek new foundations for their development. A thematic village is one whose development is geared to a leading idea, theme, and identity.

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As a result, the village becomes distinctive and one of its kind. Seen against other villages in a similar

initial state, a village following a specified path or theme of development grows better in economic and social terms. Making a village thematic is one of the ways of introducing it to the new economy in which experiences and services connected with a local tradition are increasingly important. It is a way for the village or for the individual farms to prepare an innovative offer at minimum cost. A new specialisation of the village disrupts the old order, changes the pattern of social roles, but also makes it face the risk of failure and of all problems that an economic activity involves. This paper seeks to find a new specialisation for a village that draws on the local resources of the cultural landscape (e.g. a butcher's shop, a distillery) and on traditional methods of farming with the use of forgotten crops, while restoring traditional forms of the agricultural landscape (e.g. mid-field shrub and tree clusters, orchards, avenues, flower and herb gardens). The project foresees the creation of a thematic village on the basis of a cooperative form of food processing (e.g. production of cured meets and cheeses, honey and alcohols, dried herbs, cosmetic components) and of craft services (e.g. woodcarving, basketry, carpentry, ceramics). The idea of the project is to design a model, a showpiece village of an educational character that would also be a regional tourist product.

Management of Settlements and Resources in Peripheral Rural Areas

Geographic and Economic Aspects of Using Water Resources in the Dniester Basin (The Sector in the Republic of Moldova)

Petru BACAL

Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Chișinău REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

According to the water management indices of hydrographical basins, the Dniester basin contributes

with 96% of the total volume of captured water. About 85% of the total volumes of captured water are from surface sources. In addition, over 80% (615 million m3) of surface waters are captured by enterprises in Transnistria, including 553 million m3 (76%) by CET Dnestrovsk. On the right bank of the Dniester, are captured 116 million m3, including 80 million m3 in Kishinev. Only in the Dnestrovsc Kishinev and Soroca over 90% of the captured water comes from surface sources. In the other localities, including Tiraspol and Bender, groundwater is captured, and the Dniester river and its tributaries had only the function to receive polluted waste water. In spite of the large area and the big number of crossed localities, the Raut River (main tributary of the Dniester) accounts for only 2.7% of the captured waters and 1.8% of used waters in the Republic. Over 80% of the water consumption of this basin is provided by groundwater sources. The Basin of the Bic river contributes with 1% of the total volume of captured and used waters, from which almost all water (98%) is provided from underground sources. In the Botna River Basin are captured only 2.5 million m3 including 2.0 million m3 from groundwater sources. Over ¾ (579 million m3) of captured water from the Dniester river basin are used for technological purposes by industrial enterprises, especially by energetics. The role of food and agriculture is much lower, except of Criuleni, Anenii-Noi and of Ştefan-Vodă, with traditional irrigated, but partially destroyed agriculture. In the basins of the Raut, the Bâc, and of the Botna rivers, the share of water used for technological purposes is significantly lower than that of the water used for domestic and agricultural purposes.

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The Characteristics of the Human Habitat in the Mureş Defile

George-Bogdan TOFAN Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca

ROMANIA The habitat component of the Mureș Defile is almost entirely rural, including 11 rural settlements grouped in three communes, plus the village of Bistra Mureșului (Deda commune), and Vâgani, part of the Town of Topliţa, which is actually a rural settlement. This analysis focuses mainly on three communes (Stânceni, Lunca Bradului and Răstoliţa), starting with the sketching of a settlement hierarchy for the localities that make up the regional microsystem of the Mureș Defile, represented by two systems (Topliţa and Reghin), which have their own subsystems (Stânceni and LuncaBradului, for Topliţa, and Răstoliţa and Deda, for Reghin), fact that enabled the identification of specific typologies for this area. In terms of the numerical evolution and home dynamics in the area, of the last decades, there was a slight increase in the number of homes, which was not caused by population growth, but by population needs and increase in comfort requirements, as well as by higher incomes, in some situations, due to the migration of a relatively small population segment abroad, for work. The settlement network was strongly influenced by the natural elements (relief, hydrography, topoclimate, forested areas and swamps, etc.), human communities adapting their habitats according to the above mentioned elements, which, has in time led to a strong and permanent relation between the spatial organisation of settlement and its hearth. Alike to the adjacent areas, this territory was and still is one with a civilisation influenced by the existence of forests, a fact reflected in the constructions and architecture of the areas. The origins and development of settlements' are firmly based on the existing natural, historical and economic factors, the most prominent being socioeconomic, more exactly on the existence of large tracts of forests, which led to the development of logging industries, also facilitated by Mureș River, that allowed the growth of the most intensive industrial rafting operations in Romania (L. Someșan, 1938). To this, we can add the hayfields and the pastures that favoured animal breeding, which is a secondary activity for the people living in the area. The rurality of this microsystem is proven by its structure, comprising several villages acting as commune residences (three villages) and other smaller villages, hierarchically structured and characterised by relations of interdependence with one another.

Preveciori Village (Băuţar commune), an Endangered Mountain Settlement at

the Periphery of Caraș-Severin County, Romania

Daniel-Reimund TODOR Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca

ROMANIA

Because of its localization in the southern half of Romania, in an isolated and hardly accessible area of Poiana Ruscă Massif (the north-eastern side of Caraș-Severin County, on the border with Hunedoara County), the Preveciori village represents a typical example of a scattered mountain settlement with an uncertain socio-economic and demographic future and in which man is in communion with nature, resembling from this point of view the hamlet (crâng) type villages in the Apuseni Mountains, with those in the Land of Pădureni (Ţinutul Pădurenilor), with which it borders or with the rural settlements in the Cerna Mountains (Cornereva commune).

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Apart from the fact that it does not have any utilities (electricity, tap water, sewerage, natural gas

network, landline, cable television) or any public interest endowment (church, school, shop, etc.), Preveciori had always a small number of inhabitants. While at the 1966 census, the settlement had 82 inhabitants, in 2011 only one person was registered having stable domicile in this village, his basic occupation being animal breeding (goats, horses). Thus, the purpose of this paper is not only to make a general geographical presentation of the Preveciori village, but also to come up with some viable solutions for the prevention of its permanent abandonment and of its disappearance from the map of Romania or from the Romanian rural landscape.

Tourism entrepreneurship opportunities in peripheral rural settlements of Tehran Metropolitan Area

Hamdollah Sojasi Qeidari1 , Tahereh Sadeghloo1, Narges Partani2

1 Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad IRAN

2 Ministry of Education, Khorasan Razavi Department, Mashhad IRAN

Nowadays diversification of the rural economy through entrepreneurship development is considered by

planners and researchers. Tourism industry is one of these new economic opportunities that are quickly growing because of increasing global needs. The rural area, because of its tourism potential and beautiful nature, can be considered as one of the tourist centres. Among available tourism opportunities in the rural area, natural attractions (rivers, mountains, plain and deserts) original landscapes and appropriate weather improve the conditions for the development of different types of ecotourism in rural areas, rather than the other aspect of tourism, that valley ecotourism is one of the most attractive of them. This phenomenon becomes more important especially in the peripheral rural areas of the big cities. Therefore, a variety of ecotourism opportunities in these spaces is the source of new employment opportunities and also provides the provisional places for avoiding a machined urban life. It will be the powerful procedure for sustainable economic efficiency, without any environmental destruction, and for improving vital resource protection in rural areas, based on an entrepreneurial approach. It may be cause to economic development and sustainability of peripheral rural area of big cities and empower Inter-regional relationships between rural and urban spaces for attracting the urban over income and opportunities into rural. Thus, the recognition of tourism entrepreneurship opportunities through a qualitative methodology in the peripheral rural areas of Iran metropolises from tourism enterprise owners is the main purpose of this study. Based on results, ecotourism creates the entertainment, service, production, and commercial new opportunities in peripheral rural areas.

Role of Tourism in Fayoum City Development

Manal A. Hossain Fayoum University

EGYPT

Fayoum city is located 100 km south-west of Cairo, the capital of Egypt, and it is considered one of the oldest cities in Egypt, the earliest settlements in Fayoum dating back some six and a half thousand years.

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The Fayoum, known as “Payom” in the hieroglyphic, which means “the lake”, is nearby lake Fayoum

also known as “Shedt”, as it was named “Per Sobek” (meaning the house god Sobek “the crocodile”). The city is considered one of the most important cities in the Greek andRoman period and even well known in the Coptic and the Islamic period. The city has several archeological sites, some of them dating back to the prehistoric period such as “waddi el hetan”: the whales’ valley.

There are also the pyramids, temples, tombs, houses, and mosques dating back to different periods. In addition to Fayoum, there is a green oasis located in the western desert, a famous bird watching siteandalso an agricultural community still using the traditional tools such as water wheels, which are no longer used in many other places now. The Fayoum city is also well known for the pottery industry.Despite of itshistory, the great number of these archeological sites in Fayoum city and it is traditional environment; it is not attracted large number of tourists. This paper, after explaining the importance of some of these sites, tries to deal with the reasons of this small number of tourists comparing with other historical cities in Egypt such as the Luxor and Aswan. In addition, it will discuss the tourism as one of the solution to improve the city economic especially the city considers one of the modest and poorest governorates in Egypt with few sources of income and employment.

The effects of tourism development on local community identity in Gorgan City, Iran

Tahereh Sadeghloo1, Hamdollah Sojasi Qeidari1, Narges Partani2

1 Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad IRAN

2 Ministry of Education, Khorasan Razavi Department, Mashhad IRAN

Tourism development in rural areas has been introduced as a one of the basic needs for rural economic

diversification and tourist’s recreation. The tourism industry causes the transmission of financial and monetary resources to rural areas by means of tourism potential that creates employment and entrepreneurial opportunities. In addition to the financial resource, tourists enter an external culture to the rural environment. Thus, with tourism development and tourist’s entrance to rural areas, the context of rural identity changing will be provided in different aspects. Rural identity changing in developing countries is more present than in developed countries and it often observes the economic, social, and the cultural dimensions. Therefore, in this study, the main goal is the identification of most important changes through tourists' presence in rural areas, especially in peripheral rural Iran, by using a Quantitative Methodology. Findings show that these changes in the cultural and the social dimensions are the most important. The result of these changes on rural architecture, on the socioeconomic relationship and rural livelihood is more obvious.

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POSTER SESSION

Tourism as a Sustainable Solution for the Development of Peripheral Rural Areas in “The Land of Beiuș", Bihor County, Romania

Anamaria Liana LĂZURAN (GIURĂU), Mihaela UNGUREANU

University of Oradea ROMANIA

The present study aims to highlight the remarkable tourism potential of the Land of Beiuş in Bihor

County seen as a source of economic development for the peripheral rural spaces within its area. The study consists of three parts: a part of theoretical support to emphasise the features of the peripheral rural spaces, the identification of the peripheral rural spaces, and the inventory of the natural and anthropogenic tourist resources in the Land of Beiuş and their capitalization through tourism.

The standing arguments for choosing this geographic area and mental space are: the diversity and the great value of both natural and anthropic resources and the good preservation of traditions and customs. Natural tourist resources are mainly located in the mountains and the anthropogenic ones are concentrated within the depression area. Still, the rich touristic dowry is insufficiently exploited because of the absence of a proper tourist development strategy and of the poor technical and tourist infrastructure. These negative aspects are maintained by the natives’ low information of the heritage they possess. Therefore, it can be stated that the poor economic development of the rural space and the appearance of the peripheral areas in the Land of Beiuş are a consequence of bad strategies for territorial development. Tourism is a “real option”, a sustainable solution for the future development of the peripheral areas in the Land of Beiuş.

Tourism Development in Arseni Village, Gorj County, Romania

Claudia-Elena TUDORACHE Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca

ROMANIA

The landscape of Arseni Village, Gorj County, Romania, is an important element for the future development of this area. Situated in a place of extremely valuable landscape, it also has an important forestry fund. Winter snows are also a crucial element in establishing and developing winter sports in the mountain area of the village. During summer, the village may be a starting point for hiking. Access to the area, by road and by rail, offers advantages by being able to channel tourists. Space development will lead to a harmonious evolution following the sustainable development principles which can amplify earnings for the inhabitants of this area. The sub mountainous ambience, with low pollution levels, is again helpful by tapping into natural and ecological products. Mountain bike races can be organized on forestry roads in wooded, shaded areas. In terms of the local crafts industry, it can use the features specific of this area and the local cuisine. Each year, people try to develop the area touristically and the area receives funds from grants and other sources. The location of future tourist infrastructure such as ski slopes and camping areas may follow the path that ascends the Parângul Mare peak. Modern infrastructure, such as paved roads and public utilities, is crucial and will be implemented through a sound tourist plan.

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V. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

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Nr. crt

Last name/ First name

Title Affiliation Country E-mail

1 ALEXANDRU Diana Elena

Dr. Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca

Romania [email protected]

2 BACAL Petru

Dr. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova

Republic of Moldova

[email protected]

3 BERCA Mihai

Prof. Dr. University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine


4 BOC Emil

Dr. Cluj-Napoca City Hall Romania [email protected] [email protected]

5 BOHATEREŢ Valentin – Mihai

Dr. Senior Researcher

“Gh.Zane” Economic and Social Research Institute, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch


6 BOLD Ioan

Prof. Dr. Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences “Gheorghe Ionescu-Sisesti” (ASAS)

Romania -

7 BOTA Cătălina-Maria

PhD Student

Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca


8 BOYADZHIEV Veselin

Prof. Dr. “St. Kliment Ohridski” University of Sofia

Bulgaria [email protected]

9 BRAD Stelian

Prof. Dr. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca


10 BRAGHINĂ Cristian

Prof. Dr.

University of Bucharest, Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Researches on Territorial Dynamics


11 BREGA Tatiana

PhD Student

Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova

Republic of Moldova

[email protected]

12 BUMBAK Silviu

PhD Student



13 BURTINI Dino

PhD Student

University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti, Babeş-Bolyai University

Italy [email protected]

14 CHIRIŢĂ Viorel

Dr. “Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava


15 CÎRCIUMARU Elena- Irina

MA University of Bucharest Romania [email protected]

16 COMAN Diana

Cluj County Council Romania [email protected]

17 CRUCEANU Alexandrina

PhD Student

Al. I. Cuza University of Iaşi Romania [email protected]

18 CUCIUREANU Maria Simona

PhD Student


19 CZERNY Andrzej

Prof. dr. University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska

Poland [email protected]

20 CZERNY Mirosława

Prof. dr. University of Warsaw Poland [email protected]

21 DEAC Simona Octavia

PhD Student



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22 DELGADO VIÑAS Carmen

Prof. Dr. University of Cantabria Spain [email protected]

23 DENEKAS Jörg

PhD Student

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn


24 DEZSI Ştefan



25 DOBAY Krisztina Melinda

Dr. “Gh. Zane” Economic and Social Research Institute, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch


26 DOBREI Gabriel – Cristian



27 ERDÉLYI Dániel

MA Student

Szent István University, Gödöllő Hungary [email protected]

28 FĂRCAŞ Dumitru

Dr. Honoris Causa

Gheorghe Dima Music Academy of Cluj-Napoca

Romania -

29 GAMAN George

PhD Student



30 GANEA Virgil



31 GIL Agnieszka

MA Pedagogical University of Cracow - Institute of Geography


32 GIURĂU Anamaria Liana

PhD Student

University of Oradea Romania [email protected]

33 GÓMEZ MORENO Maria Luisa

Prof. Dr. University of Málaga Spain [email protected]

34 HASAN Yamin M.

Dr. Sriwijaya University Indonesia [email protected]

35 HERKT Christian

MA Hochschule Neubrandenburg – University of Applied Sciences

Germany [email protected]

36 HODOR Nicolae



37 HOREA-ŞERBAN Raluca-Ioana

Dr. Al. I. Cuza University of Iaşi Romania [email protected]

38 HOSSAIN Manal A.

Dr. Fayoum University Egypt [email protected]

39 HOTEA Mihai



40 HURLEY Peter

President/ Founding member

the Intercultural Association of Traditions

Ireland [email protected]

41 IANOŞ Ionuţ Lucian

PhD Student



42 IBĂNESCU Bogdan

PhD Student


43 ILIEŞ Marin

Dr. Babeş-Bolyai University Romania [email protected]

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44 IONESCU Ion I.

Prof. Dr. Al. I. Cuza University of Iaşi Romania [email protected]

45 IORGA Cătălin M.

Prof. Edmond Nicolau Technical College


46 IRIMIE Vicenţiu Mircea

Ec. Deputat Romanian Parliament Romania [email protected]

47 JASZCZAK Agnieszka

Dr. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn


48 KACPRZAK Ewa

Dr.

Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management


49 KAETHER Johann

Dipl. Eng. University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg

Germany [email protected]

50 KITEV Atanas

PhD Student

National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences


51 LÓPEZ BARBOSA Lorenzo Alejandro

Dr. Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro

Mexico [email protected]

52 LUPOIU Oana Georgiana

PhD Student



53 MAĆKIEWICZ Barbara

Dr.

Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Managemen


54 MAKITA Rie

Dr. Rikkyo University Japan [email protected]

55 MAN Titus



56 MARCU Alina-Mirela

PhD Student


57 MARDALE Iuliana-Valentina

PhD Student

University of Bucharest Romania [email protected]

58 MATEI Daniela

Dr. Senior Researcher

“Gh. Zane” Economic and Social Research Institute, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch


59 MAZILU Mirela

Prof. Dr. University of Craiova Romania [email protected]

60 MIHACEA Ion

Prof. Cluj County School Inspectorate Romania -

61 MOLDOVAN Sandu-Ciprian

PhD Student



62 MOZAFAR Atieh Mahmoudi

MA Student

University of Tehran Iran [email protected]

63 MUREŞIANU Mircea

Dr. Babeş-Bolyai University Romania [email protected]

64 NEAG Ioan

Ec. Chief Administrative Officer

General Administrative Directorate, Babeș-Bolyai University


65 NICULA Alexandru-Sabin

PhD Student



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66 PARTANI Narges

Mrs. Ministry of Education, Khorasan Razavi Department, Mashhad

Iran [email protected]

67 PATARCHANOV Plamen

Dr. “St. Kliment Ohridski” University of Sofia


68 PAVLOVIĆ Sanja

Dr. University of Belgrade Serbia [email protected]

69 PĂCURAR Bogdan-Nicolae

Dr. Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism, Babeş-Bolyai University


70 PENIN Rumen

Prof. Dr. “St. Kliment Ohridski” University of Sofia


71 PETREA Dănuţ

Prof. Dr. Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca


72 POP Grigor P.

Prof. Dr. Em.



73 POP Ioan-Aurel

Acad. Prof. Dr.


Romania [email protected], [email protected]

74 POPA Marcel Lucian

Eng. PhD Student



75 POPA BOTA Horaţiu

Dr. “GEORGE BARITIU” National College, Cluj- Napoca


76 POPESCU Antoaneta-Carina

PhD Student

Babes-Bolyai University, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, France

RO/FR [email protected]

77 PUIU Viorel



78 QEIDARI Hamdollah Sojasi

Dr. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran [email protected]

79 RAMOS Jorge Ortiz

Agronomist MA

ICT Extension and Development. Rural Development Society Tala

Uruguay [email protected]

80 RĂCĂŞAN Bianca Sorina

PhD Student



81 RETTINGER Renata

Dr. Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Geography


82 SADEGHLOO Tahereh

Dr. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran [email protected]

83 SANDOR Iosif

Prof. Dr. Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca


84 SANTOS de LIMA Arnoldo

Dr. University of Brasília, Center for Sustainable Development

Brazil [email protected]

85 SALANŢĂ Claudiu

Dipl. Arch. Cluj County Council Romania [email protected]

86 SEMCZUK Marcin

PhD Student

Pedagogical University of Cracow - Institute of Geography


87 SIMION Mirela Carmen

MA Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca


88 SMIT Jan G.

Dr. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen The Netherlands

[email protected]

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89 STĂNICĂ Viorel



90 STRUMIŁŁO-REMBOWSKA Dominika

Dr. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn


91 STRUŚ Paweł

Dr. Pedagogical University of Cracow - Institute of Geography


92 SURD Vasile

Prof. Dr. Em.



93 SZCZEPAŃSKA Magdalena

Dr. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań


94 ŠTETIĆ Snežana

Prof. Dr. College of Tourism Serbia [email protected]

95 TAVAKOLI Mortaza

Prof. dr. University of Zabol Iran [email protected]

96 TĂLÂNGĂ Cristian

Prof. Dr.



97 TODOR Daniel-Reimund

PhD Student



98 TOFAN George-Bogdan



99 TUDORACHE Claudia-Elena

PhD Student



100 ŢĂRUŞ Raisa

PhD Student



101 UJUPAN Alina Stefania

Member of Cabinet of the Commissioner Dacian Cioloş

Agriculture and Rural Development, EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Bruxelles [email protected]

102 VANA Valeriu Mircea

MA Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca


103 VESELINOVA Neli

PhD Student

“St. Kliment Ohridski” University of Sofia


104 Vrabete Mihaela

Dipl. Arch. PhD Student



105 ZHELEV Dimitar

PhD Student

“St. Kliment Ohridski” University of Sofia


106 ZOTIC Vasile Dr. Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca


107 WARIDIN Waridin Prof. Dr. Diponegoro University Indonesia [email protected], [email protected]

Documents

© 2014 Coordonatorii volumului. Toate drepturile rezervate.rsld.conference.ubbcluj.ro/docs/CR_2014.pdf · Cluj-Napoca - Izvoarele - Jidvei - Cetatea de Balt ROMANIA