73 Space heafing and cooling

95lQ4054 Heat and cold - Mastering the great indoors. A selective history of heating, ventilation and air conditioning Donaldson, B. and Nagengast, B. ASHRAE 1994, 339 pp. The book traces the history of the growth of heating, ventilation, air condi- tioning and refrigerating technology from its beginning to the present day.

95104055 The history and growth of HVAC&R since the 1930s Thornton, R. C. ASHRAE J., Jan. 1995, 37, (l), S68-80. The article describes the advances in domestic refrigerators, commercial refrigeration systems, air conditioning systems, and room air conditioners since the 1930s.

95104056 installations

Maintenance and operation of air conditioning

Schellhorn, M. Tech& om Bau, Feb. 1995, (2), 49-52. (In German) Describes how to maintain and upkeep air conditioning installations from the standpoint of safeguarding the health of the people they serve and conserving energy.

95/04057 Hong Kong

Measurements of luminous efficacy of daylight in

Lam, J. C. and Li, D. H. Proc. Solar ‘94, ANZSES Administrator, PO Box 124, Caulfield East, VIC.3145, Australia. ’ The paper discusses how daylight is recognised as an important and useful strategy in terms of energy-efficient building design. However, daylight is always accompanied by solar heat gain. To achieve and evaluate daylight- ing design, solar radiation and outdoor illuminance data are needed. Describes a measuring station set up at the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong to measure global and diffuse solar radiation and outdoor illuminance.

95/04056 Modellna the solar heat gain reflected from neigh-

95104064 systems

Performance evaluation of thermal energy storage

Akbari, H. and Sezgen, 0. Energy & Buildings, 1995, 22, (l), 15-24. The authors have developed two case studies to review and analyze energy

g. erformance of thermal energy storage (TES) systems in commercial mldmgs. The case studies considered two partial ice storage systems in

North California. For each case, the installation, and operation of the TE zz

compiled historical data on design, system; and also metered data. This

information was further enhanced by data obtained through interviews with the building owners and operators. The performance and historical data of the TES systems and their components were grouped into issues related to design, installation, operation, and maintenance of the systems.

95104065 Performance testing of buildings Fishwick, P. J. and Alamdari, F. BSRIA Technical Note TN. 5195, BSRIA, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire, RC12 7AH, UK, f25.00, 1995, 28 pp. The Technical Note provides a means of assessing the energy and environ- mental performance of buildings and comparing this with design. Describes areas of concern and gives guidance on monitoring and model- ling processes involved, and formalises a test procedure for energy and indoor environmental performance assessment.

95104066 Problems encountered when using Japanese pack- age-unit air-conditioners under United Kingdom conditions y6;!$$an. J. T. and Hewitt, N. J. Int. J. Energy Res., Jun. 1995, 19, (4),

An analysis is given of problems encountered when using air-conditioners specified for warm and wet climates in cooler and dryer ones. Suggestions are made for remedying the defects.

boring structures - Reilly, S. M. et al., ASHRAE Trans., 1994, 100, (2), 835-842. Algorithms based on a ray-tracing programme developed lo calculate the contribution of reflected solar radiation from neighbouring structures to the solar gain in a building is discussed.

95104067 R502/R22 - substitute refrigerant R507 in industrial cooling Konig, H. Kalte, Jan. 1995, 48, (l), 8-11. (In German) The paper discusses the applications of the azeotrope R507 as a replace- ment for the refrigerants R502 and R22.

95/04059 Modeling windows in DOE-2.1E Reilly, M. S. et al., Energy &Buildings, 1995, 22, (l), 59-66. The most recent version of the DOE-2 building energy simulation program, DOE-2.1E, provides for more detailed modelling of the thermal and optical properties of windows. The window calculations account for the tempera- ture effects on U-value, and update the incident angle correlations for the solar heat gain properties and visible transmittance. Initial studies show up to a 35% difference in calculating peak solar heat gain between the detailed approach and a constant shading-coefficient approach. The modelling appr- oach is adapted from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory’s WINDOW 4 com- puter program, which is used in the National Fenestration Rating Council U-value rating procedure 100-91.

95/04060 The new generation Brister, A. Bldg. Serv. CIBSE J., Mar. 1995, 17, (3), 19-23. Describes the design of the new headquarters for the electricity generator PowerGen. The use of night cooling of an exposed concrete coffer and a narrow plan which allows office plates to be predominantly naturally ventilated with openable windows and good daylighting with a central atrium is described.

95104061 Obtaining data for calculating the reliability of dis- trict heating systems Rotsch, D. Fern. Int., Jan.-Feb. 1995, 24, (l), 56-62. (In German) Describes a mathematical algorithm which can be used to obtain the oper- ating and failure rates UP a chstrict heating system from any fault statistics. Provides an actual example and describes the basis of the calculations.

95104062 0 ortunites for the solar design of low rise subur- ban office bui&gs Thomas, L. E. et al., Proc. Solar ‘94, ANZSES Administrator, PO Box 124, Caulfield East, VIC.3145, Australia. Discusses the opportunities for adopting a climate-interactive design appr- oach in response to the needs of thermal comfort and workplace quality. Reports that case studies carried out suggest that internal load levels for equipment and occupants adopted for predesign heat load calculations are over estimated.

95104063 Outdoor design conditions for HVAC system design and energy estimation for buildings in Hong Kong Lam, J. C. and Hui, S. C. Energy & Buildings, 1995, 22, (1). 25-43. Outdoor design conditions are important for heating, ventilating and air- conditioning (HVAC) system design and energy estimation for buildings. A research study on the determination of outdoor design conditions for HVAC applications in Hong Kong is presented. Methods for determining outdoor design conditions are examined and the existing data for Hong Kong are studied. New design developed from the latest weather database compiled for Hong Kong are provided. The characteristics of the Hong Kong climate are studied from the 33-year long-term statistical distribu- tions of its hourly dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures. Significance, properties and proper selection of outdoor design conditions for HVAC design are then discussed.

Refrigeration absorption cycles using an auxiliary

Coronas, A. Applied Energy, 1995, 51, (l), 69-85. The paper describes the principle and application of the high-performance absorption cycle with the circulation of auxiliary fluids for refrigeration. The effects of auxiliary fluids (namely propane, butane and isobutane) on the performances of the refrigeration absorption cycle in single and two- stage systems are discussed for ammonia-water and ammonia-sodium thio- cyanate working fluids. The effects of auxiliary fluids in the generator and in the absorber are illustrated graphically. The absorption cycle aided by compression and auxiliary fluid is also discussed.

95104069 Refrigeration and air conditioning compressors - World trends Ishida, W. JARN, Jan. 1995, 27, (l), 17-64. A special report on refrigeration and air conditioning compressor produc- tion and market situtations. The report is in two parts - World production, Japanese production.

95/0407O Second-law-based thermodynamic analysis of hot- gas, by-pas!, capacity-control schemes for refrigeration and air-conditionmg systems Yaqub, M. et al., Energy, Jun. 1995, 20, (6), 483-493. The automatic hot-gas by-pass technique is applied to reduce the capacity of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems when operating at part load. In this scheme, hot gas from the compressor is extracted and injected into the suction side of the compressor through a hot-gas by-pass valve. Thus, the refrigerant gas by-passes the evaporator and reduces the system capac- ity. In this paper, three hot-gas, by-pass schemes for HFC-13a are dis- cussed and analyzed on the basis of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A comparative study is performed of the schemes in terms of the system coefficient of performance and irreversible component losses. Second-law-based thermodynamic analysis indicates that the total irreversible losses of the by-pass valve increase substantially as the capac- ity decreases.

95104071 Sensitivity analysis of an aqua-ammonia-absorp- tion refrlgeratlon system (AARS) Bayramoglu, M. and Bulgan, A. T. Energy, Jun. 1995, 20, (6), 567-571. The AARS are conventionally operated at high rectifier temperatures above 120°C to produce refrigeration temperatures below O”C, which is the limit for LiBr absorption refrigeration. Cheaply available low-temperature sources such as geothermal heat, solar energy, process waste, or by-product heat may also be used. Solar energy has been proposed for use in the batch processes of small-scale refrigeration units. Low-temperature heat sources impose restrictions on system design. With a simple recess scheme, mod- erate refrigeration may be accomplished; for deep re P. rlgeration, more com- plex schemes including a fractionator with a bottom flash or a dual-column system must be considered. A small-scale AARS system with a simple process scheme operating with low-temperature heat is analysed by using a short-cut design and cost models in an optimization analysis.

266 Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 1995