9.1 Manipulating DNA Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 17 Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering Essential Question: 1.Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a

9.1 Manipulating DNA•Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 17

•Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering

•Essential Question:

1.Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone?

2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

9.4 Genetic Engineering

1. Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone?

KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.


Click and Clone Questions

1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone?

2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?

3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?

4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?

Please copy down the questions on p.16. Leave room for the answers.


KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.

CC= Copy Cat or Carbon Copy


Entire organisms can be cloned.

• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism.

CC- The first cloned cat

Born Dec 22, 2001 after 86 unsuccessful tries


• Cloning occurs in nature.

– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)– Identical twins


• Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer.

– nucleus is removed from an egg cell– nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is

implanted in the donor egg


Clone Mimi the Mouse

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/




2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?

3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?





• Somatic cell and egg cell

2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?• 3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor,

and surrogate mother (who carries the baby)

3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?• The somatic cell donor and the clone


• No. The behavior may be very different from the original.


Ch. 9 Study Guide

• Please get a Ch. 9 Study Guide and an Eyes of Nye: Cloning Worksheet

– Study Guide due Friday- NO LATE SGs accepted!– 16 ?s on test– Focus on ***Starred*** parts


Review


In 1996 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try.

Dolly and her lamb Bonny

MEET DOLLY

•She was derived from a mammary gland

•She was named after Dolly Parton

Did you know?


Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012:


• benefits

– organs for transplant into humans– save endangered species

• concerns– low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)– clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal– decreased biodiversity


Issues with Dolly

•She developed and grew normally, but she had health problems

•Did not live as long as typical sheep


Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry friend will be disappointed…

May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have health issues, and a shorter life span.

*CC does not have the health issues normally associated with other clones.


Cloning in movies and books

The Island (2005)

•People on the island are told what to eat, wear, and how to act.•They are clones. Held prisoner to be used for spare parts or as surrogates

The Boys from Brazil

•After WWII, Nazis create 94 Hitler clones in hopes that one will grow up to be like the original Hitler and create a fourth Reich


The Eyes of Nye: Cloning

• Please answer the questions as the video plays

• You will be writing an essay about EITHER

– Genetically Engineering humans (think GATTACA)Pros/Cons

OR– The ethics behind cloning humans

Pros/Cons


Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning

• Benefits of cloning (full organisms or only genes)?• Concerns of cloning?

• Discuss the PROBLEMS with cloning humans.– Think success rate– Health of clones

Be ready to share out with the class


The Clone AgeWhen watching the video, please consider the advantages and disadvantages of cloning humans.

•Religion•Medical advances•Ethics•Health of human clones


1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature?

2. What are a few of the concerns with cloning?

3. Please write a paragraph explaining the pros and cons of human cloning in your opinion.

The Clone Age Questions


The Clone Age Answers

1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature?

2. What are a few of the concerns with cloning?

– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)– Identical twins

• low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)• clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original

animal• decreased biodiversity

9.1 Manipulating DNA•Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 19

•Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering

•Essential Question:

1.Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms.

2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules


1. Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms.

9.1 Manipulating DNA

Divide pg. 18 into 3 sections


Open your biology book to page 225, and on the top section of pg. 18 write a paragraph explaining how genetic engineering is responsible for making this mouse glow.


• The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result the mouse cells produce the same protein.


Table Talk

• What do you think genetic engineering involves?– Examples?

• What sorts of things can we genetically engineer?– Plants– Animals– Bacteria


• Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from one organism into a different organism.

– Possible because the genetic code is shared by all organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides A,T,C,G)


• Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA which is DNA that contains genes from more than one organism.

Foreign DNA

Original DNA

Draw/label /color code on pg. 19 (small)


(bacterial DNA)

• Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant DNA. Plasmids are closed loops of DNA found in bacteria

1. restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA

2. foreign gene inserted into plasmid

3. Plasmid put into bacteria

4. Bacteria will multiply

–*Result: New proteins will be expressed in the bacteria!


Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits!

• A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.


Jurassic Park Questions

• Why does Dr. Grant need a drop of blood from Dr. Grant?

• What is inaccurate about the cloning of Dr. Grant?

• How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?

• What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)

• Do we need a surrogate?

• Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?


• Why does Dr. Grant need a drop of blood from Dr. Grant?

• To extract DNA from

• What is inaccurate about the cloning of Dr. Grant?

• A real clone would not be the same age, it would be a baby

• How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?

• They fill in the “gaps” in the dinosaur DNA with frog DNA

• What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)

• They use unfertilized ostrich eggs (This is why there is no need for a surrogate.

• Do we need a surrogate?

• No. Just the egg donor (ostrich) and DNA from the animal

• Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?

• They were all female.


Divide the rest of pg. 19 into 3 sections: (Tree Map formation)

TransgenicBacteria

TransgenicPlants

TransgenicAnimals

• What are they produced for?• Real life Examples


• Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions.

– *The hope is to treat/cure diseases in humans– Hard to produce!

– Must get a fertilized egg-insert the foreign DNA back into female

– Only a small % of these will mature normally– Only some will be transgenic


• The animals that are transgenic will have the foreign gene as part of their DNA

• *Gene will be in ALL of their cells, including the sperm/egg, and therefore they can pass it on to their offspring


• Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce many useful chemicals

– Cancer drugs– Pesticides– Insulin

*Ex: Insulin is made by introducing human recombinant DNA into a plasmid allowing it to multiply

• It is then collected and used to treat people with diabetes


*Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners

• Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener– Diet soda– Sugar-free gum and candy– Sugar-free desserts– Sugar-free condiments


Transgenic plants

– transgenic bacteria infect a plant– many crops are now genetically modified(GM)

– Ex: resistance to frost/diseases/insects

***In order for plants to “pass down” the genetic trait to their offspring they must be sure that the gene is present in the seed of the plant!***


• Farmers use pesticides to get rid of “pests”• Farmers use herbicides to get rid of weeds

– If we spray a “herbicide” on a crop full of weeds what might happen?

– Scientists have developed genetically engineered plants that are resistant to the herbicides


• Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic engineering.

– possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods– possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and

biodiversity


Draw a double bubble map comparing and contrasting cloning and genetic engineering. Give examples.


CloningGenetic

Engineering

Changes DNA to give it new traits

Genetically identical copy of a gene or

organism

Mouse that has jellyfish

DNA

Biotechnology

May involve manipulating

DNAWeather/drought

resistant fruits and veggies

Dolly the Sheep, CC

the cat

Uses nuclear transfer

Documents

9.1 Manipulating DNA Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 17 Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering Essential Question: 1.Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a