8.2 A CHANGING SOCIETY Grade 8 United States History – Mrs. Stock – Wellwood Middle School Brooklyn Bridge. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest

8.2A CHANGING SOCIETY

Grade 8 United States History – Mrs. Stock – Wellwood Middle School

Brooklyn Bridge. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/115_2816517/1/115_2816517/cite

http://quest.eb.com/search/115_2816517/1/115_2816517/cite

Putting Things into Perspective:• Key Idea:

– Industrialization and immigration contributed to the urbanization of America. Problems resulting from these changes sparked the Progressive Movement and increased calls for reform.

Industrialization ImmigrationRapid

Urbanization

Smoking Steel Mills In Sheffield. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/300_351607/1/300_351607/cite

New York City. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_2020300/1/139_2020300/cite




Investigating How Industrialization Created a New Urban Culture

Time Period• Turn of the 20th Century

Historical Context• Post-Reconstruction Era• New Industrial

Revolution spurred by innovative technologies & expanding RRs

• Mass migration of Southerners and foreign IMMIGRANTS to the CITIES in search of JOB OPPORTUNITIES

Late 1800s – Early 1900s

Ford assembly line. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1911942/1/139_1911942/cite


INDUSTRIALIZATION’SCOMPELLING QUESTION

Is progress always beneficial to society?

Guiding Questions

• As we investigate the impact of the New Industrial Revolution on the United States continually ask yourself …

• How did the industrialization of the United States change the economy, society, and politics of the nation? New York, subway, Opening 1904. Photo. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015.



Analyzing Flow Charts

INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Resulted from abundant natural resources, improved technologies, and expanding rail lines.

BIG BUSINESS

• Wealthy businessmen prospered at the expense of their labor force.

• Poor working conditions.

DEVELOPMENT of LABOR UNIONS

• Fought to improve working conditions - higher wages, shorter hours, safety regulations

INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Sparked a need for workers to fill job opportunities.

INFLUX in IMMIGRATION to the United States

• Hopeful Americans and optimistic Eastern European, Asian, and Mexican immigrants seek employment.

RAPID URBANIZATION

• Growth of cities results in poor living and working conditions for many families.

REFORM MOVEMENTS

• Reformers challenge government to regulate big business and improve the lifestyles of US citizens.

THE NEW URBAN CULTURE!

Why Industry Boomed

IDEAL CONDITIONS

• Access to vast amounts of NATURAL RESOURCES– Coal - Copper– Iron - Lumber– Lead

• New Technologies• Favorable government

policies– Land Grants– Subsidies– High Protective Tariffs on

imported goods

Copper mine, Arizona, USA. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1229726/1/132_1229726/cite


STEEL• Development of the• STRONGER steel at a LOWER price• Steel mills spring up across the Midwest; Pittsburgh becomes the nation’s steel capital• Steel Tycoons:– Andrew Carnegie– J.P. Morgan

BESSEMER PROCESS

Henry Bessemer. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/115_2748302/1/115_2748302/cite


Bessemer Process / Woodcut / 1886. Fine Art. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_130839/1/109_130839/cite


Steel Works Pittsburgh / Photo / 1903. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_158988/1/109_158988/cite

Steel Works. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/115_897197/1/115_897197/cite

Pittsburgh Steel Mills




OIL

• Titusville, PA (1859)• Exciting new source of

ENERGY discovered• Refined crude oil used

as lubricants for machines and ultimately GASOLINE!

• Oil Tycoon:– John D. Rockefeller

19th century oil well boring rig. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1246832/1/132_1246832/cite



The Excitement of Black Gold

RAILROADS

• Through the creation of RR networks, large companies CONSOLIDATED small businesses and eliminated competition– Lowered costs– Increased efficiency– Faster travel and shipment

times

• Allowed RRs to set high prices• Angered small farmers• RR Tycoon:

– Cornelius VanderbiltMontage of US trains. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015.



INNOVATION STATION

Edison's Menlo Park Lab. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_2013766/1/139_2013766/cite

Edison’s Invention Factory

Thomas Edison, US inventor. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/132_1254570/1/132_1254570/cite



Communication Revolution• 1876 – A.G. Bell invents the

telephone• Most valuable PATENT ever

issued• Revolutionized business communication

G. Bell, Portrait photo c.1917.. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_126717/1/109_126717/cite

Alexander Bell, Photo 1892. Photo. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_236386/1/109_236386/cite



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Typewriters, L to R: Lambert, produced by Gramophone and Typewriter Co., c. 1900, Columbia, the first with differential spacing, 1886, Blickensderfer, 1893-1910. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/170_2983552/1/170_2983552/cite

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Trains! Planes! Automobiles! (& the Assembly Line!)

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Seats and Engine of a Wright Brothers Airplane. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015.


The Wright Brothers



First Flight at Kitty Hawk, NCFirst Flight by Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015.



Henry Ford. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1942709/1/139_1942709/cite

An Assembly Line at the Ford Motor Company, c.1910-20 . Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015.


Cost Effective, Mass Production of the Car!



HOMEWORK CHECK!!Chapter 18 Section 1

• What did the country have that allowed for growth in industry?– An abundance of natural resources– Favorable government policies such as land

grants and subsidies ($, benefits) to RRs– High tariffs on imported goods (encouraged

consumers to buy American made goods)– New innovative technology

HOMEWORK CHECK!!!Chapter 18 Section 1

• Explain how the Bessemer Process created a steel boom.– The Bessemer Process created stronger steel

(from iron ore) at a lower cost. – Steel could now be mass-produced quickly and

cheaply.– As prices dropped, production output increased– The backbone of RRs, shipping, and cities– Steel = ANDREW CARNEGIE


• Explain why oil became a valuable natural resource.– Refined oil was used as machinery lubricants,

kerosene (burns but does not explode), and eventually gasoline.

– Oil = ROCKEFELLER


• What is a “network” and how did railroad owners seek to eliminate competition?– A network is a series of rail lines connected

together– RR networks began to link Eastern and Western

cities to one another– To eliminate competition, RRs consolidated

(combined) small lines, offered rebates (discounts), and fixed rates

– Think TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD


Edison’s Invention Factory• Electric light bulb• Phonograph• Motion picture camera• Edison opens 1st electric

power plant in NYC

Communications• Alexander G. Bell’s

telephone revolutionized business.

• Created the American Telephone & Telegraph Co.


The Home and Office• Typewriter invented by C.

Shoales made office work faster and cheaper.

• Lightweight camera invented by G. Eastman allows ordinary people to record their lives on film.

Transportation• Henry Ford introduces the

use of the assembly line to mass produce the automobile– Faster production at a lower

cost made the product available to millions!

• The Wright Bros. invent the 1st gas powered airplane


• Explain how American life changed as a result of these inventions.– More convenient, close connections between distant people

and places, able to respond to another’s needs at a faster rate

• Why would you want a government patent for your invention?– It gives the inventor the sole right to make and sell an invention

• Explain why mass production and the assembly line revolutionized transportation.– Producing numerous cars at one time was cheaper and faster. It

made the car available to a large number of people because it was now more affordable.

So What Exactly is a Patent?

• A property right granted by the government to an inventor for a NEW, USEFUL, and NON-OBVIOUS invention.

• Allows inventors to prevent others from MAKING, USING, or SELLING their inventions without permission for a LIMITED TIME, in exchange for sharing the details and instructions of their inventions with the public.


• It’s a way to PROTECT YOUR IDEAS!! (intellectual property)

• An invention must be NOVEL, USEFUL, and NON-OBVIOUS to be granted a PATENT in the US (by the US Patent & Trademark Office)– Novel: the invention is different from all other inventions– Useful: the invention works and has a purpose– Non-Obvious: invention is different enough from all other

inventions that it would take more than common sense to combine ideas to make that invention


• Turing ideas into inventions has helped humans to survive and our world to evolve!

• In your groups discuss the following:– Why do people invent?– Why are patents important?– Can you think of any reasons why someone

might not want to get a patent?

Think About It…

• What conditions spurred the growth of industry?

• What inventions changed American society?

BIG BUSINESS• What do these two images have in common?

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Oil Well. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/115_871932/1/115_871932/cite



The New Industrial Revolution & the Income Gap

Business Owners

• Unscrupulous (dishonest) business tactics

• Little contact with employees

• Motivated by the desire to earn huge profits at the expense of their employees

• Known as Robber Barons

Laborers

• Confronted by dangerous working conditions

• Long hours• Low pay• Many were women &

children

Child labor. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1909112/1/139_1909112/cite


Business Expansion & Organization

• The “brains” behind a business is the ENTREPRENEUR– Risk-taker, money-maker – Capital =$$$

• Businesses boomed with the creation of CORPORATIONS– Businesses run by a group of stockholders who only risked

the amount of money they invested• Banks thrived by lending corporations huge amounts

of capital (loans)– J.P. Morgan (railroad and steel industry tycoon)

Business Expansion & Organization

• How did the government’s approach to business impact it’s expansion at the turn of the 20th century?

Business OrganizationMONOPOLY• Company that controls most

or all businesses in a particular industry

TRUST

• Group of corporations run by a single board of directors

A.Carnegie in his library / 1905. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/109_106467/1/109_106467/cite

Finance and Economy - John D. Rockefeller. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015.




Is Big Business Good Business?

Supporters / Advocates

• Believed big business positively impacted the economy & created jobs

• Viewed the business elite as “Captains of Industry”

• Supported limiting costly competition

• Lower prices allowed American consumers to afford more goods

• Believed in Social Darwinism “survival of the fittest”

Critics• Threat to free enterprise

and capitalism• Viewed the business elite as

Robber Barons • Unfairly eliminated

competition• Believed business leaders

used their power & wealth to influence politicians

CAPITALISM – economic system in which wealth is PRIVATELY OWNED

Analyzing Political Cartoons

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_oil_octopus_loc_color.jpg

Analyzing Political Cartoons

The Helping Hand https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/

You Be the JudgeCaptains of Industry• Business leader whose

means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way.

• Examples include:– Increased productivity– Expansion of markets– Providing more jobs– Acts of philanthropy

Robber Barons• Disparaging term used to

describe a powerful 19th century businessman or banker who used questionable or unethical business practices to become powerful or wealthy

A wealthy person who gives money & time to help make life better for other people

The Great Philanthropists - Andrew Carnegie. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/158_2438124/1/158_2438124/cite

Cornelius Vanderbilt / Photo. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015.


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INDUSTRYACTIVITY!




ANDREW CARNEGIEHow he ACQUIRED his wealth

Various Business Ventures – RR, coal, iron, oil Steel Production

Name of Company Carnegie Steel Company (Pittsburgh, PA)-example of a monopoly

How he TREATED his workers

Famous Homestead Strike (1892) ended in the steel union workers defeat

How he SPENT his money

How he DONATED his money

PHILANTHROPIST (public libraries, research in science, education, world peace)Eventually gave away more than $350 millionFamous for “The Gospel of Wealth”Carnegie Hall (NYC concert venue)

ROBBER BARON or CAPTAIN of INDUSTRY?

J.P. MORGANHow he ACQUIRED his wealth

Financier (wealthy banker) – railroadsVertical integration of companies

Name of Company U.S. Steel Corporation, General Electric, J.P. Morgan & Co.



Art collections



John D. Rockefeller

How he ACQUIRED his wealth





Dangerous Working Conditions

Long Hours – Little Pay

Women & children working in textile mills.

Child Labor. Photography. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. Web. 7 Sep 2015. http://quest.eb.com/search/139_1911809/1/139_1911809/cite

SWEATSHOPS: manufacturing workshop where workers toil long hours under poor conditions for low pay.


Contaminated Working Conditions

Child Laborers

All images from Britannica ImageQuest

Think About It…

Industrialization

Rise of Big Business

Dangerous working

conditions

THE NEED FOR ????

The Labor Movement

• In response to shifts in working conditions, laborers organized and employed a variety of strategies in an attempt to improve their conditions.

• Labor Unions – organized groups of workers uniting together for the purpose of better working conditions

• GOALS– Safer working conditions– Higher wages– Shorter hours

Early Labor Unions

KNIGHTS of LABOR• Led by Terrence Powderly• Admitted women, African

Americans, immigrants, and unskilled workers

• Public rallies used to gain public support

• Involvement with violent labor disputes caused the public to distrust unions

AMERICAN FEDERATION of LABOR

• Led by Samuel Gompers• Became the leading union

in the country• Admitted only skilled

workers– Costly to train replacements

• Collective bargaining used to gain public support– Negotiating with

management

Labor Union Tactics

• Strikes• Rallies• Collective Bargaining – unions NEGOTIATE

with management for workers as a group

• Which method do you think would be the most effective and why?

Famous Labor StrikesWho:

What:

Where:

When:

Why:

How the government responded:How the public responded:

“Innovations Bellringer” – Name that Invention!• Use the following clues to help you figure out what many consider to be some of the most

important inventions in history!

– The “Old School” internet/mass production/ helped spread new & controversial ideas

– “Old School” GPS/ navigation before Google Maps existed!– No longer had to pay in gold & silver / important to the birth of

credit cards and electronic banking– I’m responsible for the construction of modern cities, cars, railroads,

bridges, and so much more!– Thanks to me, night could turn into day!– My series of dots and dashes helped pave the way for worldwide

communication and even sparked the idea of the telephone!– Thanks to my discovery and love of mold I saved the lives of

thousands of soldiers during WWII!– My basic principle of energy-into-motion set the stage for later

innovations like the internal combustion engine and jet turbine.

Documents

8.2 A CHANGING SOCIETY Grade 8 United States History – Mrs. Stock – Wellwood Middle School Brooklyn Bridge. Photographer. Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest