Abandon All Hope (MUD), 188–9abstract spatialization, 38Academic Map of the UK, 124–7academic papers, semantic analysis of, 143Active Worlds, 204, 212Adams, Paul, 178–9aesthetic appeal of images, 10affinity, strength of, 158aggregation of data in maps, 4Alcatel Submarine Systems, 22AlphaWorld, 195–209, 214, 233Amir, Elan, 38Anders, Peter, 191Andrews, Keith, 139Anemone, 108–10Animal Logic, 236Antarcti.ca, 123AOL, 76Apple Computer, 80–1, 134–5arc–node topology, 18, 22, 30Arkady, 188Arneson, Dave, 181ARPANET, 16–19, 155Artificial Intelligence Lab, 115artistic values, 8AS Core Internet graph, 47ASCII text MUD maps, 184–5Astra SiteManager, 96–7asynchronous media, 155AT&T, 18Atari, 223

Index 263

Index

bandwidth, 10–11, 22Baran, Paul, 17Barr, Charles B., 12Bartle, Richard, 181Battlezone, 223BayMOO, 190–1Bellovin, Steve, 164Berners-Lee,Tim, 79BITEARN, 26–7BITNET, 76Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), 17Borges, Jorge Luis, 114, 251Bray,Tim, 123, 144, 147Britannia, Map and Grand Atlas of, 220–1British Legends, 181broadband data transmission, 22bulletin boards, 158, 164Burch, Hal, 42Burchard, Paul, 101Burden, Peter, 124

Cable & Wireless, 14–15cable layouts in buildings, 20–1Card, Stuart, 102, 136Carroll, Lewis, 251Carta network drawing tool, 38Cartia Inc., 119category maps, 115CAVE environment, 61Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) database, 5Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, 97

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CERN, 76, 79CESNET, 34–5Chat Circles, 7, 174–7, 258Chen, Chaomei, 143Chen, Hsinchun, 115Cheswick, Bill, 42, 47Chi, Ed, 102Chicago Tribune website, 98–9choropleth mapping, 25Cichlid toolkit, 50Claffy, K., 37Clark, David D., 114Clarke, Graham J., 188“clickable maps”, 124Cobot, 192–3Collaborative Virtual Environment, 140communities in cyberspace, 154CompuServe, 76, 181computer games, 214–25cone-trees, 102–3connectivity, 24–5, 42, 136ContactMap, 155–7content classification, 164, 167Conversation Map, 164–7“conversational landscape” tool, 177Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA),

33, 47–9Cross Post Visualization, 170–1Cugini, John, 104CultureMap, 246–7Curtis, Pavel, 192CUT (content–usage–topology) analysis, 102CWUSA, 47CyberAtlas, 250cyberpunk, 229–30, 234

Dahlström, Gunnar, 224Damer, Bruce, 195Dashboard, 168–9data flows, geography of, 52data mining, 168data portraits, 161data quality, 6December, John, 75–7Deck, Andy, 246

Defense Communication Agency, 18Digital Landfill, 240–1Discworld Atlas, 186–7disk-trees, 102domain name maps, 28–9Donath, Judith, 158, 174, 177Doom, 222–3D+CON/trol, 248Dungeons and Dragons, 181Dynamic Diagrams, 80, 88–94

ecological fallacy, 5, 258Eick, Stephen, 58Elam, Gunilla, 238Electric Sky map, 250electron shells, 171Ellis, Jim, 164email, 155–6EQ Atlas, 218–19Ericsson Medialab, 238Essex University, 181ethics, 7ET-Map, 115–17, 123, 246EverQuest, 214–19Exploratory Data Visualizer, 98

Fenner, Bill, 37Feynman diagrams, 155–6fiber-optic cable, 22–3FidoNet, 26–7, 76Fiore, Andrew, 168fisheye sitemaps, 84“focus plus context” technique, 84Foote, Ken, 7Fork Unstable Media, 131Foy, George, 229FrontPage 98 Explorer, 97Fry, Ben, 107–8, 245FurryMUCK, 188

GEnie, 76Geomview, 101Gibson,William, 131, 229–30, 233, 235Gill, MacDonald, 14Global Information Network as Genomorphic Architecture

(GINGA), 254–5

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Gopher, 76Graz University of Technology, 139“Great Circle” map, 14–15Guggenheim Museum, 250Guha, Ramanathan V., 135Gygax, Gary, 181

H3 layout algorithm, 101Harmony information landscape, 139Hayward, Nigel, 20Heubner, Donald, 7Hoffman, Eric, 37Holtzbrinck Corporation, 94–5Hong Kong, 44–5host computers, 26–7HotSauce, 134–5HTML code, 241Hudson-Smith, Andy, 204, 211–12, 241Huffaker, Brad, 33hyperbolic space, 48–50, 101hyperlinks, 101, 111–14, 144HyperSpace Visualizer, 111Hyperwave, 139Hyun,Young, 48

IBM, 97id Software, 223identity, personal, 154ie4D, 251–4information space, 76–7, 114

three-dimensional, 136, 139, 143infrastructure census maps, 24–5infrastructure of cyberspace, 10–11, 17, 24–5instant messaging, 76Intel, 120–1interactive maps, 33–4, 40–1, 48, 58, 75, 88, 120, 123, 178International Telecommunications Union, 5Internet, the

congestion on, 67geographical diffusion of, 24–5infrastructure of, 17, 25mapped as abstract space, 42network maps of, 4, 26–7, 31–2number of users, 2origins of, 18

traffic flows, 52–3, 56–9uses of, 10

Internet Average monitoring system, 67Internet Explorer, 79Internet Mapping Project, 42Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, 28, 249Internet service providers, 30–1, 44–7Internet Weather Report (IWR), 66–7, 70interpretation of images, 8intranets, 76Inxight Software, 84Ippolito, Jon, 250Isbell, Charles Lee Jr, 192

Jackson, Shelley, 83Jevbratt, Lisa, 251Johnson, Brian, 120

Kahn, Paul, 80Kearns, Michael, 192Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), 115Koutsofios, Eleftherios, 192Kunark Mapping Project, 217

Laboratory for Immersive Environments, 254LambdaMOO, 192–4Landweber, Larry, 25–6Lenk, Krzysztof, 88Lexis-Nexis archive, 84Linkie, 246–7liquid architecture, 254Lisowski, Michael, 191listservers, 158logical adjacency models, 191Loom, 164–5Lufthansa, 130–1luminosity of websites, 144Lycos, 76Lyman, Peter, 155

mailing lists, 158Map of the Market 120–1, 172Map Shop of Norrath, 217Map.net, 122–3, 144–7, 258MAPA package, 88–90Mapnet, 32–3

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Mappa Mundi magazine, 86–7mapping

future directions for, 258power of, 3–4distortion involved in, 4see also spatialization

Mapuccino, 96–7marketing maps, 4, 14, 30–1, 151Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab,

108–10, 158Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Game (MMORPG),

214, 220The Matrix, 234, 236–7Matrix.Net, 26–7, 67Matsumoto, Fumio, 254MBone, 36–8, 101MCI WorldCom, 30MediaMOO, 190–1Mercator projection, 4Mesh system, 79message threads, 167–8Meta-Content Framework, 135Microsoft, 120Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, 5Monmonier, Mark, 3Morse, Samuel, 12Mosaic browser, 61, 79–80, 144MUD object-oriented elements (MOOs), 180, 214MUDs, 181–4multicasting, 37“Multimedia Gulch”, 28multi-user dungeons/domains (MUDs), 180–95Munzner,Tamara, 37–8, 48, 101MUSE (company), 181Mutual Fund map, 120my body sitemap, 83

Napier, Mark, 241Nardi, Bonnie, 156–7National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), 61, 79Nature, 90–1Netmap, 52Netscan, 161, 164, 168–72Netscape, 79, 92–3Network Wizards Internet data, 5

networking of computers, 17–19Neuromancer, 230–1New York, 10

Stock Exchange, 143–4newsgroups, 164–72NewsMaps, 118–19, 258NicheWorks, 98NORDUnet, 68–9North, Stephen, 192Novak, Marcos, 251–3NSFNET, 56–7nuclear threat, 17, 58

1:1 project, 248–9Open Directory, 123–4, 147Organic Information Design, 106–7Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

(OECD), 5

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 119Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 84, 102, 136, 192Parasite, 155–6Paschalis, George, 191PathFinder networks, 143PeopleGarden, 158–62PhoenixMUD, 184–5“piano-roll” display, 168–9ping data, 67Plankton, 40–1Plumb Design, 132Porsche website, 84–5Potatoland, 240–1Princeton University Cognitive Science Laboratory, 132privacy, 7Prodigy, 76PSInet, 47

Quake, 76, 223–5Quarterman, John S., 26Qwest, 47

radar graphs, 70–1Rhizome forum, 128RIOT, 242–3

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Ritson, Henry, 30Roelofs, Greg, 202, 208

Sack,Warren, 167San Francisco, 10, 28–9satellites, 20–3SaVi software, 22–3Scholtz, Jean, 104science fiction, 229SciFi channel, 151Sealer, Susan, 191search engines and directories, 76, 246SeeNet3D, 58self-organized equilibrium, 111semantic constellations, 143semantic networks, 167“sensitive maps”, 124–5shareware, 223Shelton, Christian, 192Shneiderman, Ben, 120, 172Shredder, 240–1Silicon Valley, 10, 28, 30Site Lens maps, 84site maps, 80–4

fisheye type, 84interactive, 88spatialized, 82

SiteBrain, 86–7skitter, 47–9“skyscraper” maps, 61–2SmartMoney.com, 120Smith, Marc, 7, 164, 168Snow Crash, 232–3social interaction, 154–5, 161, 167–8, 174, 192, 196, 258spam, 62spatialization, 2–8

abstract, 38of chat, 178–81experimental methods of, 75hyperbolic, 101of hyperlink structures, 114of information, 75of large sections of the Web, 143of mailing lists, listservers and bulletin boards, 158of newsgroups, 164of online communication and interaction, 154

spider graphs, 167Spiral interface, 128–9“Sprawl” trilogy, 230, 233Standage,Tom, 12Stanford graphics group, 100–1Stanford Research Institute, 17Staniforth, Daniel, 187Staple, Greg, 70STARRYNIGHT interface, 128–9Stephenson, Neal, 229, 233Sterling, Bruce, 229stock-market information, 120, 143streaming media, 76Swiernik, Michael A., 218synchronous media, 174

task-tunable information space, 136telecommunications networks, 14–15telecommunications traffic, 54–5Teledesic satellites, 20–3TeleGeography, 54–5, 70–1telegraph links, 12–13teleports, 212–13Telstra network, 33Ten-155 network, 33Tendril sculpture, 244–5TheBrain Technologies Corporation, 87ThemeScape, 119Thinkmap, 1323-D Trading Floor (3DTF), 143–4three-dimensional images, 34–7, 48–51, 101, 107–8, 111–12,

131–2, 135–6, 139, 144, 147, 151, 210–11, 223Thurman, Robert, 22time, mapping cyberspace in relation to, 70–1Tomlinson, Ray, 155traceroutes, 62–5treemaps, 120, 171–3Tron, 234–5Trubshaw, Roy, 181Truscott,Tom, 164Turrittin,Tom, 188

UBUBU, 150–1Ultima Online, 220undersea cables, 22–3

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universal resource locators (URLs), 246University of Arizona, 115University of California, 17University College, London, 20, 28University of Illinois, 144University of Utah, 17updating of maps in real time, 62Usenet, 52, 164, 168–73UUCP, 26–7, 76UUNET, 30–3, 47

Valence, 107van der Meulen, Pieter, 201–2, 208Varian, Hal, 155vBNS network map, 50–1“very large scale conversations” (VLSC), 167Vevo mapping, 208–9Vilett, Roland, 204, 208virtual reality, 61, 111–12, 143, 195Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), 34–7, 143“visibility” of websites, 144Visual Net, 123Visual Thesaurus, 132–3VisualRoute, 62–5, 258VisualWho, 158–9VISVIP mapping, 104–5Vollaro,Thomas, 191VR-VIBE data space, 140–1

Wachowski, Andy and Larry, 236WAIS, 76Walker, John, 230Walrus software, 48Warner Brothers, 151Warriors of the Net, 234, 238–9Wattenberg, Martin, 120Web Analysis Visualization Spreadsheet (WAVS), 102Web caches, 41Web Crawler, 76Web Ecology and Evolution Visualization (WEEV), 102Web Forager, 136–7

Web Stalker, 242–3WebBook, 136WebFan, 158, 161–3WebPath, 112–13website planning maps, 90, 93–5websites

evolution over time, 102linking to, 258mapping of traffic through, 104–8number of pages on, 2“visibility” and “luminosity” of, 144visual management tool for, 97see also site maps

Webviz, 101Williams,Tad, 229Williston, John B., 223Wolfenstein 3-D, 223Worfolk, Patrick, 22World Bank, 5World Wide Web

origins of, 79bird’s eye view of, 114structure of, 144users’ trails through, 112–13see also websites

WorldNet thesaurus, 132WWF wrestling, 151

Xerox, 84, 102, 136, 192Xiong, Rebecca, 161–2X-Men, 151XML standard, 123

Yahoo!, 76, 87, 115, 144Yell Guide, 82Young Hyun, 48

Z-form diagrams, 88–91“ziggurats”, 144, 147zip codes, 28Zook, Matthew, 28

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