75 Am. Jur. 2d Trespass

American Jurisprudence, Second Edition Database updated August 2011

Trespass

Jack K. Levin, J.D. and Lucas Martin, J.D.

Trespass

Summary

I. General Principles

A. Definition and Nature

Research References

1. Definition

2. Nature of cause of action

3. Relationship to condemnation

B. Generally Applicable Elements

Research References

4. Affirmative act interfering with possessory rights

5. Intent

6. --Intent to cause injury

7. --Effect of mistake of law or fact

8. --Reckless, negligent, or ultrahazardous conduct

9. Force

10. Injury or harm

II. Particular Types of Trespass

A. Trespass to Chattel

Research References

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11. Definition and nature

12. Distinction from conversion

13. Requisites of liability

14. Proper possessor's actual or constructive possession

15. Intentional dispossession

16. Intent to use or intermeddle with chattel

17. Extent of harm or deprivation

B. Trespass to Real Property

Research References

1. In General

18. Nature of tort

19. Continuing trespass to real property

2. Elements

a. General Requisites

20. Generally

21. Intent to enter

22. --Casual or unintended entry

23. Place of intrusion or invasion

b. Nature of Intrusion

24. Generally

25. Indirect force

26. Substantiality of intrusion

27. Physical and tangible intrusion

c. Plaintiff's Possession

(1). In General

28. Generally

29. Time of possession

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(2). Actual Possession

30. Acts constituting

31. Significance of title

32. Possession without right

(3). Constructive Possession

33. Generally

34. Significance of title, generally

35. Equitable title

3. Particular Acts or Omissions

a. Entry by Persons or Failure to Leave

36. Failure to relinquish possession

37. For purpose of transacting business

38. For recreational purpose

b. Failure to Remove Object

39. Generally

40. Effect of tortious placement

c. Invasion of Matter Onto Property

41. Generally

42. Particulate and polluting matter

43. Floods

44. Structures

45. Noise or vibrations

46. Shooting

47. Other types of objects

C. Trespass Ab Initio

Research References

48. Generally

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49. Requisites of liability

50. Liability for tortious conduct after entry on land

51. Liability for tortious conduct after privileged dealing with chattel

III. Persons Liable

A. In General

Research References

52. Definition of trespasser

53. Particular persons

54. For continuing trespass

B. Multiple Persons Liable as Trespassers

Research References

55. Generally

56. Joint tortfeasors

57. Ratification of trespass

C. Vicarious Liability Based on Relationship to Trespasser

Research References

58. Employer and employee

59. Business entities and associated persons

60. Principal and agent

IV. Defenses

A. Overview

Research References

61. Generally

62. Title and right to possession

63. Possession under easement

64. Plaintiff's fault or assumption of risk

65. Infancy

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66. Laches or limitations

67. Estoppel

B. Privilege

Research References

1. In General

68. Generally

69. Necessity

70. To abate nuisance

2. Consent or License

71. Generally

72. Who may consent

73. Implied consent

74. Scope of consent

75. --Conditional or restricted consent

76. Invalidation of consent by mistake, misrepresentation, or duress

77. Termination or revocation of consent

3. Authority of Law

78. Law enforcement officers

79. Other persons

4. To Remove Object from Land

a. By Owner of Personal Property

80. Property there with prior consent of possessor of land

81. Property coming on land other than with actor's consent or fault

82. Necessity of demand

b. By Possessor of Land

83. Generally

84. Right to enter other land to return item

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85. Degree of care

V. Remedies; Damages

A. In General

Research References

1. Common Law and Equitable Remedies, Generally

86. Generally

87. Remedy of assumpsit

2. Remedy for Continuing Trespass

88. Generally; injunctive relief

89. Factors in determining appropriateness of injunction

90. Successive actions

B. Damages

Research References

1. In General

91. Generally

92. Assessment and review of damages

93. --Effect of finding of trespass without award of damages

94. Mitigation of damages

95. Effect of mistaken belief in authority

2. Measure of Damages

a. In General

96. Injury to property and persons, generally

97. Significance of injury as permanent or temporary

98. --Measure of permanent injury

99. --Measure of temporary damages

b. Damage to Real Property

(1). In General

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100. Generally

101. Determination of applicable measure

102. --Plaintiff's election

(2). Diminution in Value

103. Generally

104. Factors in determining diminished value

105. --Loss of rental or usable value

106. --Destruction of trees or shrubbery

(3). Cost of Restoration or Repair

107. Generally

108. Significance of uniqueness of land

c. Damage to, Loss of Use of, or Destruction of Chattel

109. Generally; diminution in value

110. Loss of use; time

3. Particular Types or Elements of Damages for Trespass

a. Actual and Nominal Damages

111. Generally

112. Nominal damages

b. Consequential Damages

113. Generally

114. Injuries to persons

115. --Physical injury

116. --Mental and emotional injury

117. Interest

118. --Incidental expenses; litigation fees and costs

c. Punitive or Exemplary Damages

119. Generally

http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f5e50b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f5e53b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f5e56b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f5e59b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f5e5cb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f5e5fb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f5e62b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f5e65b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f5e68b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8542b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8548b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f854bb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f854eb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8551b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8554b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8557b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f855ab27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8560b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8563b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8566b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000

120. Prerequisite of actual damages

121. Elements of conduct warranting punitive damages

122. --Conduct attributable to human failing distinguished

123. Assessment of damages

d. Statutory Provision for Multiple Damages or Penalties

124. Generally; purpose

125. Applicability of statutes

126. --As affected by willfulness or intent

127. Limitations on award

4. Proof of Damages

128. Generally; sufficiency of proof

129. Proof of actual pecuniary loss

130. Proof of nonpecuniary loss

131. --Proof of punitive or exemplary damages

VI. Criminal Liability

A. In General

Research References

132. Common law and statutory offense distinguished

133. Municipal authority to penalize trespassers; ordinances, generally

134. Degrees of trespass; lesser-included offenses

135. Purpose of statutes

136. --Substitute for civil remedy

B. Application of Statutes

Research References

1. Construction of Terms

a. In General

137. Generally

http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8569b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f856cb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f856fb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8572b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8575b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833f8578b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac51b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac54b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac57b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac5ab27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac5db27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac60b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=144865&cite=UU(I833fd393b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac63b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac66b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac69b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac6cb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac6fb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=144865&cite=UU(I833ffa7bb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac72b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000

138. Exemptions from statute

b. Constitutionality

(1). In General

139. Generally

140. First Amendment rights

141. --Exercise on private property

142. --Exercise on public property

(2). Vagueness of Terms

143. Generally

144. Remain

145. Lawful order

146. Knowing, license, and other particular terms

2. Requirement of Notice or Warning

147. Generally

148. Manner of giving notice or warning

149. --Time of notice or warning

150. --Who may give notice or warning

3. Requirement of Knowledge or Intent

151. Knowledge

152. Intent

153. --Requirement as to general or specific intent

154. --Effect of claim of right, license, or privilege to be on property; mistaken claims

4. Defense of Necessity or Justification

a. In General

155. Generally

156. Elements of necessity

http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac75b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac78b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac7bb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac7eb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac81b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac84b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fac87b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd360b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd363b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd366b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd369b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd36cb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd36fb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd372b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd375b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd378b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd37bb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd37bb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd37eb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000http://campus.westlaw.com.proxy.lib.ilstu.edu/find/default.wl?sr=TC&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLW11.07&db=140172&cite=UU(I833fd381b27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2)&findtype=l&fn=_top&mt=CampusLaw&vr=2.0&pbc=DA010192&spa=000577844-2000

157. Choice of evils and competing harms

b. Harms Encompassed

158. Generally

159. Protest of political or moral issue

5. Conduct Prohibited

a. In General

160. Generally

161. Breach of peace

b. Unauthorized Entry

162. Generally

163. Structure or building; dwelling place

c. Unlawful Remaining

164. Generally

165. Public or quasi-public property

6. Statutory Prohibitions As to Particular Property and Premises

a. Trespass on Federal Lands and Federally Regulated Facilities

166. Federal lands; nuclear power facility

167. Military installation

b. Trespass on School Premises

(1). In General

168. Generally

169. Particular conduct

(2). Constitutionality

170. Generally; police power

171. Equal protection

172. Due process; notice and hearing

173. First Amendment rights

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VII. Practice and Procedure

A. In General

Research References

1. Limitation of Actions

174. Generally

175. Continuing trespasses

176. --Effect of permanency of offending structures

177. --Applications of particular statutory time periods

2. Jurisdiction and Venue

178. Jurisdiction

179. Venue

B. Pleadings

Research References

1. Declaration, Petition, or Complaint

180. Generally

181. Pleading statutory and punitive damages

182. Criminal complaint; indictment or information

2. Plea or Answer

183. Generally

184. Pleading affirmative defenses

185. Pleading counterclaims; setoff

C. Evidence

Research References

1. In General

186. Generally; presumptions

187. Sufficiency; circumstantial evidence

2. Burden of Proof

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188. Generally

189. Damages

190. Statutory elements of criminal trespass

191. --Showing of trespass on public property

3. Admissibility

192. Generally; parol evidence

193. Character of parties

194. Attendant circumstances

195. Testimony of party

Correlation Tables

Correlation Table

75 Am. Jur. 2d Trespass Summary

American Jurisprudence, Second Edition Database updated August 2011

Trespass

Jack K. Levin, J.D. and Lucas Martin, J.D.

Correlation Table Summary Scope: This article discusses the law of trespass in its broad aspects, including elements of, and particular conduct constituting, trespass. Also discussed are particular types of trespass, persons liable for trespass, defenses, remedies, damages, criminal liability, and matters of practice and procedure with regard to actions for trespass. Federal Aspects:

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Discussed in this article are federal statutes prohibiting trespassing upon military installations. Federal statutes forbidding trespass upon national forest, park, and other public lands, Indian lands, and nuclear power installations are also briefly mentioned. (See the statutory references below for U.S.C.A. citations, and the treated elsewhere note for related matters, such as federal court jurisdiction and venue in trespass cases.) Treated Elsewhere:

Abatement of action in trespass, see Am. Jur. 2d, Abatement, Survival, and Revival 77 Abortion clinic, trespass against, see Am. Jur. 2d, Abortion and Birth Control 110 Adjoining landowners, trespass by landowner or trees and bushes, see Am. Jur. 2d, Adjoining Landowners 10,

19, 26 Admiralty jurisdiction over trespass claims, see Am. Jur. 2d, Admiralty 58, 79 Adverse possession, availability of owner's remedy in trespass as requisite to, see Am. Jur. 2d, Adverse Possession

15; notice to owner that trespass is occurring, see Am. Jur. 2d, Adverse Possession 65; stranger's trespass as affecting continuous adverse possession, see Am. Jur. 2d, Adverse Possession 93

Animals, trespass by, see Am. Jur. 2d, Animals 48 to 70, 123 to 133, 151 to 155 Arson not established if only a trespass, see Am. Jur. 2d, Arson and Related Offenses 7 Assignee for benefit of creditors' right to bring action in trespass, see Am. Jur. 2d, Assignments for Benefit of

Creditors 96 Assignment of cause of action for trespass, see Am. Jur. 2d, Assignments 72 Bailments, trespass actions in cases involving, see Am. Jur. 2d, Bailments 206 to 211 Blasting, trespass by, see Am. Jur. 2d, Explosions and Explosives 168 Boundaries, judicial determination in trespass action, see Am. Jur. 2d, Boundaries 96 Breach of peace, criminal trespass by, see Am. Jur. 2d, Breach of Peace 10 Cemeteries, right of to maintain trespass action, see Am. Jur. 2d, Cemeteries 47 to 50 Civil rights provisions on public accommodations, effect on trespass charges, see Am. Jur. 2d, Civil Rights 223 Computer system, trespass against, see Am. Jur. 2d, New Topic Service, Computers and the Internet 70 to 73, 91 Cotenants, trespass as remedy between, see Am. Jur. 2d, Cotenancy and Joint Ownership 87; joint action in

trespass against third person, see Am. Jur. 2d, Cotenancy and Joint Ownership 109 Cutting of timber as trespass on private lands, see Am. Jur. 2d, Logs and Timber 95 Dead bodies, trespass with respect to, see Am. Jur. 2d, Dead Bodies 74 Easements, trespass on, see Am. Jur. 2d, Easements and Licenses 107 Effect of First Amendment on trespassing statutes, see Am. Jur. 2d, Constitutional Law 521, 534 Ejectment being in the nature of trespass, see Am. Jur. 2d, Ejectment 1; as including an action of trespass for

mesne profits, see Am. Jur. 2d, Ejectment 50 Eminent domain, award's effect on prior trespass claims, see Am. Jur. 2d, Eminent Domain 628; choice of

remedies, see Am. Jur. 2d, Eminent Domain 720; trespass as remedy for wrongful taking, see Am. Jur. 2d, Eminent Domain 756

Energy, company's liability to injured trespassers, see Am. Jur. 2d, Energy and Power Sources 251, 252, 309, 310

Equity, repeated or continuing trespass as ground for invoking, see Am. Jur. 2d, Equity 26, 27, 53 Federal courts, jurisdictional amount in trespass case, see Am. Jur. 2d, Federal Courts 1189; venue in trespass

case, see Am. Jur. 2d, Federal Courts 1364 Ferries, trespass consisting of unauthorized use of land for ferry landing, see Am. Jur. 2d, Ferries 26 Gas and oil interests, trespass on, see Am. Jur. 2d, Gas and Oil 15, 317, 319, 328, 329, 338 Highways, trespass on abutting owners' land, see Am. Jur. 2d, Highways, Streets, and Bridges 214; trespass by

removing trees or shrubs, see Am. Jur. 2d, Highways, Streets, and Bridges 216; right to travel on adjoining land without committing trespass, see Am. Jur. 2d, Highways, Streets, and Bridges 224

Homicide not justified by defense against trespass, see Am. Jur. 2d, Homicide 118, 177 Injunctive relief against trespass, generally, see Am. Jur. 2d, Injunctions 100 to 117 Labor laws, effect on trespass laws, see Am. Jur. 2d, Labor and Labor Relations 556

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