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5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem11 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

701 Lecture 2

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5/7/10 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

1. Problem/Question:

Develop a question or problem that can be solved through

experimentation.

Develop and work out possible sub problems

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2. Purpose of Research

Make an objective with defined boundaries

for each sub problem

Design experiment for each identified sub

problem

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3. Formulate a Hypothesis:

Predict a possible answer to each sub problem or question.

Example:If soil temperature rises, then plant growth willincrease.

Hypotheses from your field?


4. Experiment

Develop and follow a procedure.

Include a detailed materials list.The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).

This will be your data or Results

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5. Collect and Analyze Results Modify the procedure if

needed.

Confirm the results by retesting.

Include tables, graphs, and photographs.


6. ConclusionInclude a statement that accepts or rejects the

hypothesis.

Make recommendations for further study andpossible improvements to the procedure.

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Be prepared to present the project to

an audience.

Expect questions from the audience.

7. Communicate the Results:


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Research Objective and defining sub

problems in a research project

The goal or objective should be clearly

defined.

Sub problems should be identified

Lets have few examples in this context


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Which particular stress?

Examination stress

Job stress

Any other some painful experience in life

Levels of stress

Performance?

Disease?

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Effects of Different level of stress

on Performance

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Effects of Different self claimed levels

of stress on Examination Performance

Level of

Stress

P

erfor

mance


0 1 2 3

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The results raise new question

Why effects of stress on performance are

biphasic?

How does stress affects performance in a

biphasic manner?


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Caution!

Be careful how you use effect and affect.

Effect is a noun and affect, a verb.

The effects of drug doses on blood pressure.

How does the drug affect the blood pressure?

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Title will not be a questionTo study Biphasic Effects of stress

on performance

Hormonal changes

Changes in neural transmission

Social aspects of the biphasic effects

Mental illness

Drugs that can improve performance

Many others

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Improving devices used in medicine

Many devices as simple as blood pressure monitor or very

sophisticated such as machines for PET may be improvedMarkers of various diseases as simple as blood glucose,

markers for cancer are monitored via electronic

machines.

The improvement may be done at electronic level,

chemical reaction level or mechanical level making the

device more useful

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Back ground Survey is

importantSuppose you decide to investigate the role of hormones on

biphasic response to stress.

You have to collect information on stress hormones i.e. going

to library and doing survey to come up with a way to test this

question.

You have to keeps all information on this topic in a journal.

r eve Fourth level Fifth level

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Formulate a Hypothesis

After doing back ground survey you come up with a

hypothesis.

If level of stress increases level of stress hormonealso increase.

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Hypothesis

The hypothesis is an educated guess about therelationship between the independent and

dependent variables.

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Do you know thedifference between the

independent anddependent variables?

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Independent VariableThe independent, or manipulated

variable, is a factor that can beintentionally varied by theinvestigator.

Level of stress

Drug doses

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Dependent Variable

The dependent, or responding variable, is the

factor that may change as a result of changesmade in the independent variable.

In this case, it would be the level of stresshormone

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Give some examples of dependent and independent variables from your.?

Next is

Making an experimental design or Protocol layout

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Fifth level

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Control Group

In a scientific experiment, the control is the

group that serves as the standard of

comparison.

The control group may be a no treatment" or

An experimenter selected group.

2020


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Control Group & Experimental

conditions

The control group is exposed to the same

conditions as the experimental group, except

for the variable being tested.

All experiments should have a control group.

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Control Group as standardSome times you need to use a standard value as the

control, e.g

Can you give examples of control from your field.?

No stress group as control for hormones

Mild stress group as controls for monitoring

performance

30oC soil temperature as control if it is being used

currently

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Effects of Different level of stress

on hormone level

Little Mild ModerateSevere

Ho

rmonelev

el

Level ofStress2323 Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem

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ConstantsIt should be remembered

keep all other factors the same so that any

observed changes in the level of hormone can beattributed to the variation in the level of stress

Such as age, time of the day, sex, social origin,

nutritional status etc

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Can you think of some otherconstants for this experiment?

Effects of examination stress on performance

Girl or boy

Same class

Any diseaseexclude

Any other stress in life.exclude or keep in other group

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More about Constants

Effects of soil temperature on plant growthfactors to keep constant would be

Nature of soil

HumidityAvailability of water

Type of crop

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Experiment

Write down whole procedure in your journal

Make list of materials and make sure theiravailability.

Get command on some specific procedure if youhave never used it

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Trials

Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the

same conditions in an experiment.

If you are doing chemical analysis (you can or can not do it)

Effect of a drug on some physiological activity e.g BP

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Collect you data (results) in the form of a table

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Performance in the examination

Level of Stress 1 2 3 Mean score%age

Little stress 52 55 58 55

Mild Stress 79 80 86 85

Moderatestress

80 80 86 82

Severestress

40 30 35 35

Marks obtained (%age) Trials

Controlgroup

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Examination performance in differentstress groups

Level of Stress 1 2.. n.. Mean of nsubjects

Little stress 58 58+ 2

Mild Stress 87 87+ 5

Moderatestress

84 84+ 4

Severestress

41 41+ 2

Mean %age score of 3 trials

Controlgroup

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Hypothesis SupportCurious point of your

Research

The data will either support the hypotheses or

they wont.

This may lead the researcher to cycle back to

an earlier step in the process and begin again

with a new hypothesis.

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A test of hypothesesis a method

for using sample data to decide

whether the null hypothesis should

be rejected.

A Test of Hypotheses

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Hypotheses

The null hypothesis, denoted H0, is the claim that is

initially assumed to be true.

The alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is the

assertion that is contrary to H0.

Possible conclusions from hypothesis-testing are

reject H0 or fail to rejectH0.

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Hypotheses

H0 may usually be considered as:

Nothing new or interesting is happening here!

(And anything interesting observed is due to

chance alone.)

Ha is considered the researchers hypothesis.

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ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

DIRECTIONAL, this predicts the direction in which theresults are expected to occur.

E.g. unpredictable noise will increase blood pressure.

A NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS.

This does not predict a direction of outcome.

Music may change stress-induced rise in blood pressure

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Directional & Non directional

hypothesis

One tailed directional hypothesis.

Two tailed non directional hypothesis.

The null hypothesis can also be directional and non

directional.

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Null & Research Hypothesis cont.

Hypotheses about time and problem solving

H0: No relationship b/t time & prob. Solving

Statement of no relationship

Null hypothesis is assumed true unless statistical evidence

indicates rejection

When to reject null?

Criteria: p-values .05

P-value > 0.05

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Meaning of p-value .05 - - - - Fail to Reject H0

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A new Experiment of

research cycle

Level of hormone (Cortisol) in different

stress groupsWork out constants

Get used to procedure

Collect data

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A new question

Previousmild to moderate stress enhances

performance but severe stress decreases it

A new question or hypothesis: smaller increase in

the level of stress hormone increasesperformance larger increases decrease it

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Effects of moderate and high

increases of cortisol on performance

It needs to inject the hormone at two doses and

to look at the performance

Because of ethical purposes this investigation can

not be done in humans

You have to switch over to animal studiesYou may also need to replicate your results in

animals

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It is not the End of youResearch

End

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701 lecture2