6.9 & 7.36.9 & 7.3

Cloning Cloning Reproduction in Flowering PlantsReproduction in Flowering Plants

CloningCloning

Cloning is the process of forming identical Cloning is the process of forming identical genetic offspring from a single cell.genetic offspring from a single cell.

It is a natural process that happens daily in It is a natural process that happens daily in nature when organisms produce exact nature when organisms produce exact duplicates of themselves by asexual duplicates of themselves by asexual reproduction (binary fission, budding…).reproduction (binary fission, budding…).

Cloning is referred to as asexual Cloning is referred to as asexual reproduction because the DNA originates reproduction because the DNA originates from a single parent. from a single parent.

The First CloneThe First Clone

Cloning started in 1958 when Frederic Cloning started in 1958 when Frederic Stewart grew a Stewart grew a carrotcarrot from root cells. from root cells.

Clones are not actually identical in Clones are not actually identical in appearance; rather they are identical appearance; rather they are identical in genetics.in genetics.

Remember: A clone has the genes of Remember: A clone has the genes of only 1 parent so it is genetically only 1 parent so it is genetically identical to that parent. (We have ½ identical to that parent. (We have ½ our genes from one parent and ½ our genes from one parent and ½ from the other.from the other.

DollyDollyIn 1996, Dolly the sheep, a species much more In 1996, Dolly the sheep, a species much more

complex than simple plants or bacteria, was complex than simple plants or bacteria, was cloned. cloned. She was the first fertile clone!She was the first fertile clone!

This is the most famous cloning case to date.This is the most famous cloning case to date. Genetic information from a FINN DORSET sheep.Genetic information from a FINN DORSET sheep. Enucleated ovum from a POLL DORSET sheep.Enucleated ovum from a POLL DORSET sheep. Surrogate mother Surrogate mother Blackface sheep. Blackface sheep. Offspring Offspring Clone of the FINN DORSET. Clone of the FINN DORSET.

Dolly showed signs of premature aging, possibly Dolly showed signs of premature aging, possibly due to using specialized somatic cell nucleus.due to using specialized somatic cell nucleus.

Genetic Genetic information from a information from a FINN DORSET FINN DORSET sheep.sheep.

Enucleated ovum Enucleated ovum from a POLL from a POLL DORSET sheep.DORSET sheep.

Surrogate mother Surrogate mother Blackface sheep. Blackface sheep.

Offspring Offspring Clone Clone of the FINN of the FINN DORSET.DORSET.

ACT – Advanced Cell ACT – Advanced Cell TechnologyTechnology

ACT is a cell cloning company. It claims ACT is a cell cloning company. It claims to have taken the first step in cloning to have taken the first step in cloning a human embryo – an unborn baby in a human embryo – an unborn baby in the first 8 weeks of development.the first 8 weeks of development.

The ACT clone didn’t grow beyond the The ACT clone didn’t grow beyond the tip of a ballpoint pen, only 6 cellstip of a ballpoint pen, only 6 cells

What does the future hold?What does the future hold?

Other ClonesOther Clones

Dolly the Sheep (1996)Dolly the Sheep (1996)Tetra the Rhesus monkey (2000)Tetra the Rhesus monkey (2000)

Xena the Pig (2000)Xena the Pig (2000)Alpha and Beta Male Cattle (2001)Alpha and Beta Male Cattle (2001)

CC the Cat (2001)CC the Cat (2001)Idaho Gem & Utah Pioneer the Mules Idaho Gem & Utah Pioneer the Mules

(03)(03)Dewey the Deer (2003)Dewey the Deer (2003)

Prometea the Horse (2003)Prometea the Horse (2003)

Types of CloningTypes of Cloning

1.1. Recombinant DNA Cloning:Recombinant DNA Cloning: Cloning Cloning a gene of particular interest.a gene of particular interest.

2.2. Reproductive Cloning:Reproductive Cloning: Cloning that Cloning that develops into a birth. (Stem cell)develops into a birth. (Stem cell)

3.3. Therapeutic cloning:Therapeutic cloning: Cloning with Cloning with the goal of studying human the goal of studying human development to treat disease.development to treat disease.

Is cloning a human being, part or Is cloning a human being, part or whole, ethical or unethical? whole, ethical or unethical?

Reproduction in Flowering Reproduction in Flowering PlantsPlants

Plants use sexual reproduction – two Plants use sexual reproduction – two plants combine to make one zygote plants combine to make one zygote through the process of fertilization of a through the process of fertilization of a female sex cell by a male sex cell.female sex cell by a male sex cell.

Some plants have separate sexes with Some plants have separate sexes with one type of sex organ on each (poplar one type of sex organ on each (poplar trees), while some plants have both trees), while some plants have both sexes on one plant – hermaphrodites sexes on one plant – hermaphrodites (tomatoes).(tomatoes).

Most plants develop or mature in one Most plants develop or mature in one growing season.growing season.

Plant Sex OrgansPlant Sex OrgansPlant sex organs are very different than humans. Plant sex organs are very different than humans. Male Sex Organs:Male Sex Organs: PollenPollen – male sex cells – male sex cells StamenStamen - anther, where pollen is produced.- anther, where pollen is produced.

- Filament, holds anther away from - Filament, holds anther away from plant.plant.

Female Sex Organs:Female Sex Organs: EggsEggs – female sex cells – female sex cells PistilPistil – Sticky surface for the pollen to land on. – Sticky surface for the pollen to land on.

StyleStyle – traveling chamber from stigma and – traveling chamber from stigma and ovary.ovary. OvaryOvary – holds the egg. – holds the egg.

Plant sex organs vary in length, size, colour, and Plant sex organs vary in length, size, colour, and shape from plant to plant.shape from plant to plant.

Ch. 6 Review QuestionsCh. 6 Review Questions

P. 198-199 # 4, 5, 12, 23 & 25P. 198-199 # 4, 5, 12, 23 & 25

Anatomy of a Flowering Plant Anatomy of a Flowering Plant 7.3a7.3a

Stigma

Stem

Sepal

Petal

Filament

AntherPollen

Style

OvaryEggs

PollinationPollination

The process by which pollen moves The process by which pollen moves from an anther to the stigma so from an anther to the stigma so pollen can fertilize the egg.pollen can fertilize the egg.

Can occur between plants or in the Can occur between plants or in the same plant.same plant.

Wind, gravity, insects, animals, and Wind, gravity, insects, animals, and water can carry pollen.water can carry pollen.

It is beneficial for pollen to be spread It is beneficial for pollen to be spread over large areas for greater genetic over large areas for greater genetic disbursement.disbursement.

FertilizationFertilizationThe combining of pollen and eggs to The combining of pollen and eggs to produce a zygote.produce a zygote.In plants , the zygote is better known In plants , the zygote is better known as seeds.as seeds.In some plants the ovary enlarges into In some plants the ovary enlarges into fruit, therefore we are actually eating fruit, therefore we are actually eating ovaries.ovaries.Fruit is used for protection and Fruit is used for protection and disbursement ex. A bear eats berries disbursement ex. A bear eats berries and leaves seeds through its and leaves seeds through its droppings.droppings.

Ch. 7 Review QuestionsCh. 7 Review Questions

P.228-229 # 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 & 13P.228-229 # 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 & 13