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    institutul de politici publice

    inteGRAReA GRupuRiloR etniceI CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE

    N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA

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    Acest studiu a fost realizat n cadrul proiectului: Susinerea din partea societii civile aprocesului de integrare a minoritilor naionale n Republica Moldova, implementat dectre Instutul de Polici Publice, cu suportul nanciar al Programului MATRA al Ministerului

    Afacerilor Externe al Regatului Olandei, prin intermediul Ambasadei Olandei n Ucraina.

    i Pc Pbc

    r. Pk 16/1, C, Rpbca Ma

    . (+373) 22 276786

    -ma: [email protected]

    www.pp.m

    O M A E R O.

    C:Arca BARBARoie, oa nAntoi

    A:oa nAntoi, Ar iovu, igr BoAn,va CAntARji, vaca ReABCinsChi,Aa GReMAlsChi

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    Chiinu 2012

    inteGRAReA GRupuRiloR etniceI CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE

    N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA

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    suMAR

    intRoduCeRe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

    Modele inteRnAionAle de inteGRARe A GRuPuRiloR etniCe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.1. Abrr ccpa pr a caa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

    na ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12ecaa prcpa cr 14

    1.2. M grar a grprr c: fa facrr rc,cmc pc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

    Ccp integrare 18Prcpa m grar 191.3. Cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

    identitAteA nAionAl, FACtoRul etniC i nAiuneA CiviC n RePuBliCA MoldovA 292.1. Parcar prc fcar a aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

    Cra gra pr naionalismul naiunea 29Naiunea civic r naiunea etnic 31Frmara aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

    2.2. iaa aa Rpbca Ma r mm rmm 37ea mm a rmm 37

    Rfr rc aa aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Ca pc aa aa 42iaa aa Rpbca Ma: Q va? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Prc a cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

    2.3. Cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.4. Rcmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

    AnAlizA CAdRului leGAl nAionAl i inteRnAionAl

    PRivind inteGRAReA GRuPuRiloR etniCe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533.1. Car ccpa raa aa

    pr grara grprr c 53Rpbca Ma mcra ma 53Prpca cca a prbmac rar aa 57Ccpa pc aa a Rpbc Ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

    3.2. Car aa pr prca grara mrr aa 653.3. Car raa pr prca grara mrr aa 75

    sm rp pr mr aaa ca onu 77sm rp pr mr aaa ca osCe 79

    sm rp pr mr aaa car C erp 80

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    3.4. Cc rcmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

    utA GAGAuz YeRi n Contextul eFoRtuRiloR de ConstituiRe A nAiunii CiviCe:

    studiu de CAz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924.1 ircr 924.2. Gra grar a ppa utA Gaga Yr

    car a cc 96PARAMetRul 1. ia cc a c:parcar afcar a ppa utAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99PARAMetRul 2. Accpara crc aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102PARAMetRul 3. Apc gc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108PARAMetRul 4. ia cra 115

    4.3. Cafcara gra grar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11644 Cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

    AutonoMiA GGuz i ReGiuneA tRAnsnistReAn:diFeRene i siMilitudini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

    5.1. Facr rc apara facr ggp rr aca Rpbc Ma 128

    5.2. spcfc raar a Rpbc Ma (trar) 1315.3. Cra RAssM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13254 Pca gc RAssM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13255 trara 1941-1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.6. Rg (trara) a Rpbc Ma

    praa 1988-1991 137

    5.7. Prc raa a Rpbc Ma (trara) 1395.8. Prc a a Rpbc Ma 14359 C c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 8

    PolitiCA linGvistiC i CultuRAl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1506.1. Pca gc cra

    Rpbca sc sca Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1506.2. Pca gc cra Rpbca Ma 1536.3. Prbm aca a pc gc cra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566.4. Pc gc cra a ue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

    6.5. Cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

    6.6 Rcmar 166

    dRePtuRile PolitiCe Ale GRuPuRiloR etniCe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1687.1. nrm pra raa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1687.2. nrm ca ga pr ama Gg 1697.3. nrm ca ga pr a pca a trar 1757.4. drpr pc prcp pr prma parr rga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

    7.5. C c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 1

    PolitiCi eduCAionAle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1888.1. Rpr ccpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

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    8.2. Abrr pracc caa rp .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1898.3. Prm caa

    pr grara rprar grprr c mrar cara a cc Rpbca Ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

    Car ga-rma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Acc a mba mar pr r a mb a . . . . . . 197dara crrcar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Frmara a c a carr acc 202Ra r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

    8.4. Prbm crgr m caa grara rprar grprr c caraa cc Rpbca Ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

    8.5. Rcmar pc caa 2138.6. Cc rcmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA8

    intRoduceRe

    oa nAntoi

    Rpbca Ma a a p rma grr u R-pbcr sc sca (uRss). trafrmara f rpbc a, r- a p ma, prm r, rafrmara fr c -c p rr r- cma c a a. t, -grara uRss a f parara prf a ppa f Rpbcsc sca M (RssM) baa crrr -gc. rma

    cfrrr pc car a prc grar a uRss, RpbcaMa -a cfra c fm param raa a (tra-ra) . Cfc pc r pra cra rgm trara agraa r- cfc arma c mpcara Fra R, rma cra Rp-bca Ma a pr cr apra mar car ampaa gar nr ra Br.

    u a fcar pc a apr a a Rpbc Ma, ccra ppaa gaga. ac ca, -a r apaara

    cfc pc pr apara cr Param Rpbc Ma, a 23cmbr 1994, a lg r. 344 pr a rc pca a Gg (Gaga--Yr). lcar car ca cmpac c Rpbc Ma gaga -a fr a a rra am c a pcacar, f frm armar a ggr, par cmp a Rp-bc Ma. Pr apara ac g a f cra ma car rc crgma ra r ama gg pra cra.

    o a c apara dcara raa a 23 1990, a mara prc- fcar a a rp, c parara arbr r ramr pr,

    arara a c raa, apara parr pc, frara p-rc a agrr c. la 5 1991, Param Rpbc Ma a apalga r. 596 c prr a ca Rpbc Ma. Aca g a fapa pr a araa r cr Rpbc sc scaM car, p a apara dcara sra Rpbc Mac aa apr , 23 1990, a a c ra prma p rrRpbc Ma c prma mc a a r ga a b rp a c a a. Ca c am, c c- c (uRss frma c a) a b rp a c

    a Rpbc Ma. , p cm -a mra rr, bra frma- a c a a a a cara ppa r prc

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 9

    fcar a a. C ma b acaa maf prc pc Rpbca Ma. fc cmpa cra parcp par pc car

    paa fr ag fb, pca - m rc c.u par pc apra c Rpbca Ma a a armc, c m rm!, c mba mac c a rgm a uRss. P c a par pc apra c m c fr rm, c mba m-ac fr ca rm. s-a a p a ara carr m-r-m afrma c Rma mra 10 ma m.

    caa mac c c ca c pr aafa m rc rc. pca acaa rfr a a

    1940, c uRss a pra cr apra Baarab (rr r rr Pr nr), car arr, r 1918-1940, -a afa cmpa Rm. ama 2010, a mpra arr a 70-a a acr m, i Pc Pbc a raa Barmr op Pbc car ra frma r-bara: la 28 mpc 70 a a gbara Baarab uRss. Cmcafca d ac m?. drba rprr a f rmar:

    E R 27,7%zO R - 34,2%z

    A - 1,5%z

    N /N - 36,6%0z

    ma mpmac mpac facr c apra a fa ac -m. dac 42,0% m/rm prr c a a 28 1940a a c cpara a pr a Rm, ap ar 6,3% r r, 4,3%r cra aca prr. Ac rpr mra pa c caa mac rapr c ac m rc, fr car Rpbca Ma ar f a a ca a. darc, am p pr-ara cr apra Baarab, a 2 ag 1940, a Mca, a a a vii a

    s sprm a uRss, a f apa lga c prr a cra Rpbcsc sca M a. iar Rpbca Ma ccr rp a Rpbc sc sca M a f rcc cm-aa raa caa a p gra fap c aa a rpbc a cmpa uRss.

    pr (2012) pa caa c aca p c apra rc,cra ar a mar (ma m rm) c afcprc car a a Rpbca Ma. Aca ar crr

    rag r- m bc rc rc a rr Rpbc Ma. pca, acaa rfr a faa c a Rpbc Ma.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA10

    uRss ra prma pc cracr ca c pr facr c. P par, ra prma a cr a ppr c -

    a rc , pr mmbr cra facr c rma f frr rapr c ca paramr a ac ppr. uRss a c c, , ac pra r (crfca ar, paapar r) ra faapara c a fcr pra. Ca c ma c a ca aprprr c cfrm crr c. ta, uRss ra a fra,cmp -rra. P g rpbc a, uRss -a rar -rra - r rpbc am, r rg baa crr c. or, pr br rpbc aac -rra pa rp r cmpauRss. ta, uRss a ma m grpr c car pa c

    a -rra, p c frr r amra r mpr-a arar abar a frr . ca Rss M amaa afa ppaa gaga. p, cr a prma pca mam ar a Rss M Rma c; ma Rss M-ac ra ca rmfba prma a a pprmc, b pc r c c rm.

    Prrka, cp mar 1985, a pa a r prbm gra rr uRss, c ca c pr ara prbmr c

    ppr c. C ccprc rpbc a a f ara prc pc rma crra cr a rpa pra capacaa acra aa, p c rpbc a cra pr-r a uRss. ia, a 1988-1989, ma m rpbc a a f apag car raba rpr mb aa. drp rmar, mba r, car ramba majoritii uRss, a mba minoritilor a p.darc uRss mba r aa a mb cmcar rc, rg, acaa ma c rpra mrr c, f rfca, ra

    ar cmc c rpra mar ar mba r.

    RssM gaa gc a f apa a 31 ag[1] 1 pmbr 1989[2].Pr prma lg a f mfca Ar. 70 a C RssM mba ma-c, baa graf a, a f cara mba a p rr RssM. Ac-a ar. 70 pra c Rss Mac agr crra ara mbppra gg, ca ma mar par a cra c p rr rpbc.lga c prr a fcara mbr rb p rr RssM (ar. 2) prarpr pca pr ppaa aaa gaga: ca carmaraa c ppaa aaa gg mba fca frfr a mba a, mba gg a ca r. ic, lga c pr-

    [1] lga r. 3464 31.08.1989 c prr a a mb a a Rss M[2] lga r. 3465 01.09.1989 c prr a fcara mbr rb p rr Rss M.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 11

    r a fcara mbr (ar.3) pra a pca pr mba r:lmba r, ca mb cmcar r a ua Rss, f p

    rr rpbc ar mba mac caa mb cm-car r a, ca c agr bgm aa-r r-aa ra.dfac, aca prr mb cmcar r a ma, c mbr acra c ma a a pb.

    pfa fap c uRss a a crca apc a uRss ra prmapca crar a ppr c, ca c prpa arcar mg-ar a mara ma, c ccprc a p bra p- a mra racr pc far fr. u r , cm ar fea, la laa, a r pac pac para

    rm rr a mmbr a nAto ue. s pa prp, ccc rafrmr r- rpbc a r- a rp mcrac fca a p, p g a paramr, ra rafrmr frc c cmaa c a r a.

    Rpbca Ma, , a r rm mp rr Bac. c a- para uRss, Rpbca Ma a apr fm param raa . Ra mpr campa cra c -a -fra p parcr mr c a mra c fm

    c fm ra. pa rar aaa, ga aca rra Rpbc Ma prpca pcr cmpa uRss rafrmarr- a p a ca ppaa gm c aag.

    2007 Rpbca Ma a ar c a u erp (ue). sa- cgc raa Rpbca Ma a mra c a arar aue bcr pr[3] a 65%-70% c Rpbc Ma. vcaaRpbc Ma c ue a a a prra a a m rp ar-mar a rar rc, grar a grprr c. scp pr a ma, pr apcara rmr cgc, aa ra

    utA Gaga , baa frma b amr pr ar a ue, a prp rcmar pr pmara prc car aa cc grar a grprr c.

    Prc cr a a Rpbca Ma a f mp ma ac, ca f a ab a cfc raa , ca c mp-b raa fr grara par a ppa aca rg caamac. Aaa pr utA Gaga rcmar pr p f pr fcara ac prc ara grr cm

    p parcr prmr c a a a Rpbca Ma.[3] Cra a er, mba c fa frmaa ga a a a cra ac prc.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA12

    1 MODELE INTERNAIONALE DE INTEGRAREA GRupuRiloR etnice

    Ar iovu

    1.1. Abordri conceptuale privind etnia i etnicitatea

    N

    u r prm ar car a r rm a f Grg vacr

    lapg[1], a pr a ma mg raa, car cmb pfa mfcrr gc, cra mgrafc. craraea r ga rac ma, j. A. Gba rba ac- c pr a ma graara ra rma amc rar. [2]emgc, a pr grac a , c cma am c aca rg rm. rara pcaa frac, ma cma gc, mp c pa ag-a -a agma ethnic group c rfrr a mra cra[3]

    orc ara cmp ar f accp rm , -, crcar maar a acra. Af, prm cagr crc-r, r car c ma a f Ma Wbr [4], prcp ccp caa grpr ma pr cra r- ac cm, aramrr r fc, a bcrr, a cr cm a pg pcf-c, a r a fara ca grp, ma a m pc.

    A a cagr crcr a pca rm ca ra a m a, baa p mb cr prpr, cma c rmara paa, ccra ra araa r am. Af, pr Rcar Mar,

    a cma mb, bcr, cr, ar, baa pcrr paa[5]. Pr crcr Myr Fr a rpra grp -rma paa, rr cra gr ca r[6].

    [1] Grg vacr lapg, Les slections sociales: cours libre de science politique profess lUniversit de Montpellier (1888-1889) (nab Pr, 2012).

    [2] Arr Gba, Essai sur lingalit des races humaines (Par, Bf, 1967).[3] Prr B, Mc iar, Dicionar de etnologie i antropologie (ia, era Prm, 1999), p. 215.[4] Ma Wbr a a agma grpr c cbra a crar ecmy a scy (ury f

    Cafra Pr, 1978).[5] Rm vcac,Dictionar de etnologie(Abar, 1979), p. 104.[6] ibm, p. 145.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 13

    fr, cagr apar crcr, fr c Frrk Bar, a caapra fap c m pr a r frr, car a

    a afcara grprr[7]

    . Af, cfrm ac abrr, a rpr- pr Pa Mrcr grp c, c r- rm cm aa aca rg, mb cm cr mg, a rpc[8].

    Cra c rm , ccp ca ma arg rp a. trm pr a f m arpgc -a rg ma pa ag-a. u prm ar car a a a ca(ethnicity) a f cg amrca da Rma. A r raac s.u.A., cp fr rm ra rara pra a

    parcarr ra, mb, rg, rg a amr grpr ca.[9]

    trm ca a p arg a fr ar 60 a c a xx-a, pr a ma p cfc rcr cafca rp c,apr a c a, c c prc ar [10]. Wa-r Gr a a rm pr a ma m apara ppr a cma a bgrprr caa amrca[11]. u a Wakr Cr c caa aam, a a baa crca-a baa p m r, ara ac

    cm, ar p gr pgc.[12]

    dfa cac a rm ca pra Gar Mya,f ara apar a am grp c[13]. o pca prcrp prp er Camr, car f caa caa ca-racrc pab a grp ca car fc r- am m( bc c) a c ca a f par a ac grp frma,m c r f prpa ram a gra a aa[14]. ua crcr, Rgr Brbakr, prp abrar ara, fr abra-

    [7] Frrk Bar, Ethnicgroups and boundaries: the social organization of culture difference (WaaPr, 1998).

    [8] er Crrg hg, h MacG hg, Where peoples meet: racial and ethnic frontiers(Fr Pr, 1952), p. 172.

    [9] Gy hrm, Istoria naiunilor i a naionalismului n Europa (i erpa, 1997), p. 23.[10] Ppp Pga, jcy srff-Far, Frrk Bar, Thories de lethnicit:Suivi de Les groupes

    ethniques et leurs frontire (Pr rar Frac, 2008), p. 25.[11] ibm, p. 24.[12] Wakr Cr, Ethnonationalism:The quest for understanding (Prc ury Pr, 1994), p.

    151.[13] naa Gar, da Parck Mya, Ethnicity: theory and experience (harar ury Pr,

    1975), p.15.[14] er Camr, e Camr, Encyclopedia of race and ethnic studies (Rg, 2008), p. 142.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA14

    ra cac arpgc, f caa caa maa a a prcp ma r afcar ca (pr car fc

    c am grpr ca).[15]

    trm ca f r c, aa -a ac rm a prcp crc. sa Ma mapr ambgaa rar c caraa r a ccp -ca, car gra rg rprara ccp, prcm aragr, ma a c pc[16]. jack da er mpr mar,argm c prbm c ma rg apar caa caracr ag arm fm m ca[17]

    am car, rm ca a mpr c agmmra c grp c. Mraa c ma a -ca, car c grp ma ppaa a a am -c, m ppr afar, r, fr ppaa ba[18].Grpr c f ca grp c a ppa car c,a crr cr fr ca a mar ppa (cr ma). r-arc a Camr, ar f grp c caa rpcra a grp am mm car aca m margaa

    r- ca[19].

    raa rpa, caa prcp ca m pr -agma mra c, c ca m rma a a.[20] Cfrmac abrr, caa rgm, ar mr c, apar am grp c. c ac , a c ma c am aca abrar.

    E

    Abrr pr rm ca -a a r arpgc

    cgc pcfc. Ac c ca fa a ac r-m, car a c prpca ar (cr abra) fa ac ccp. d pc r arpgc, cr rfrar a fra

    [15] sa Mac, The sociology of ethnicity(sAGe, 2004), p.160.[16] jack da er, From culture to ethnicity to conflict: an anthropological perspective on international

    ethnic Conflict(ury f Mcga Pr: 1999), p. 320.[17] jack da er, Frm cr cy cfc: a arpgca prpc raa

    c Cfc (ury f Mcga Pr: 1999), p. 320.[18] Gra M. oppmr, Paragm : rac, cy, a arc fr a w ppa a-

    my,American Journal of Public Health v. 91, n. 7 (jy 2001), p. 1049.[19] er Camr, e Camr, p. 245.[20] j M Ygr, Source of strength? Source of conflict?(sunY Pr, 1994), p.10.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 15

    fm ca p f grpa r cagr ba: raprmra, ra rma ra crc. Ac r rfc

    gra cmbr abrar apra c pc r a-rpgc, car a r p parcr mr c.

    T

    Prmram ra car c c rm ba ra,agb, pr fcara c[21]. Ba r prmra a f p ff grma, ma c am j. h. hrr, car ma pr praaac a g car ag am aca grp r .[22]

    Cr prmra prcp caa ma ca cgmra grpr -ca c. la ar pra mmbr a am grp. i-fcara c baa p m prf prmra r aa-am fa rpc grp. Pr rmar, apara c a pra fa rm par cmba a a a.

    W iaw ma c abrara prmra ca ma c rara cgc arpgc. ecaa, cfrm ac ar, ar-b a ar ram rar, f ra a rar ca r

    a c ma, f pr rmar ca ab prma. Rpc, c facr rma a cr prmra rpr a c caa pra arb a ar fap c acaa prma.[23]

    Abrr prmra cmpra p f a grpr - c carprcp gra c am grp ca pr prma rmm bgc ccar prcp aca gr ca pr a cr, r, mrr, mbrr mmr cc. em cm a acr abrr fap c ra cgrp c gra cmb p parcr pra.

    u r c ma cc crcr cmpra car argma c-aa pr prma r prmra, Ay d. sm. d aca ap abrar f apra c, sm a c m fcarc a pra r mr, amr, ar, mbr cr. A-r ma pr m c, car rpr m cra frmara prpara c. Mmbr grp c rc pr ra-

    [21] Aa Barar, jaa spcr, Encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology(tayr & Frac,2002), p.192.

    [22] Mark Rbr Krr, Toward a covenantal understanding of ethnicity: an interdisciplinary approach(Rfrm tgca smary, 2003), p. 40.

    [23] W W. iaw, Definitions of ethnicity(Mcra hry scy f oar, 1979).

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA16

    m grar ar aaa m caracrc ac grp. dra-ba c r pra m far capacaa mmbrr

    grp a prpa ar mbr pr ar gra. sm b-a pr rabaa grr a mr c, a c acaa f frma[24] a c ar c prmra pra,arc aca par cmp a prc caar a ,rm cmba p parcr f prf a prafa ma r.

    tra rma

    ep r rma prcp caa ca p fm car pa

    f cmba, cr a car mapa pr a b bfc cmc pr a ag am cpr pc. Cfrm tr er, r amr, a mapa prcpa a c pr a prm-a prpr cpr a agra mra pr. Af, caa, cfrmac abrr, rma pa r car am,

    r- am c pc cmc.[25] d prpca ac cr, grp-r c cra rp pr a mrr pc, cra mapa cra r apraa acra a b acc a rr pr.

    tra rma prcp aa aa, aam caa caa cra a r. ep ac abrr c mrara, fac-r cmc ca cra cr pr a gra cfc a ca. er Gr argma ac , c prpagaa aa -c a caa caa r cfc ca, pr a aca r a m a r c-cmc pc.[26]

    Mrara, facr cra car prpa caa. Cr-ra ra afabar, ma-ma, cmcara ma, faca ra rpra caracrcr c. la apara fc cmc, r

    mapa pa pbc r ca argm c ca f caa rr rr.Cfrm ac r, aa crcr mapar - c, car a cga p rma cfcr c.

    [24] sara Fr jrma, Nationalism and political identity(Cm iraa Pbg Gr-p, 2003), pp. 28-29.

    [25] sa C. saa, The politics of ethnicity and national identity(Pr lag, 2007), p.45.[26] er Gr, j Bry, Nations and nationalism (Cr ury Pr, 2008).

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 17

    tra crc

    Cfrm ac cr, caa fm ar c, -fca aa c , car maf p parcr . tra crc- rpra caa ca f aa, cmbar p rcra c. iaa c pa a rc fc mm facr, r car capacaa pcr a mb-a fc caa pr agra r cpr gra a rara ramr rar.

    Crcm rpg a c caa c ma ba. e-p ac cr c grpr c ar pr a rac

    ca-ma, m ma mra car aca caa- crc ca. sr ac r cr c a car caa mbr pr fr cc, arc fpar a grp c p b rpr pmar.[27]

    Crcm mr cra apara c c frmara ar-a-. sr ac r, cm ar f erc hbbawm, afrm c caa aam, rc, car a apr praa mr. e c, a aca pra, mgaa c a f cra facr

    car pr ba cr a amr.

    cc, car ma c ma rfrar accp ca prm rprar mma a ac-r fm. Abrara pr prma cr r cr ccpa, prm mab rcrar a prcpar prcp rc. Af, cfrm r prmr-a, caa rma a ar rm cmba p par-cr . tra rma abra caa caa fmc baa p mbr mr, car paa cr r cprpragmac pr agra prprr r. A ra abrar, ra

    ra crc, car c aa c ca car amcrc c ca rc pcfc pr a prma prpr -r, caa f f bc. Pr rmar, fcar r ac cr- ra fap c caa a rm a f m ba craa-a.

    [27] jack da er, From culture to ethnicity to conflict: an anthropological perspective on internationalethnic Conflict, p. 157.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA18

    1.2. Modele de integrare a grupurilor etnice: influenafactorilor istorici, economici i politici

    C integrare

    a a aaa m c pra a pr a gra grprc m car rm ac cr, prcm abrr car apca-, car a fac ca prcr mpra ca c pr ccp grar.

    prm r, aa cm gra rara pcaa, ccp -grar a mrr c ar pa f prcp ma m mr. P parcr

    mr c, crcr a abra rm grar a mrrc, pr mara frr r mr grp c marar. Af,pr grar -a prm r prc mgar a c, car mr c rba ap a ar c ga, fr rcr a pc pcfc para a-ga. C a aca, ra- pc, cmc ca a rma cmbara prcp prr aaca abrar a. pr, pr grar g prm r pr-c crprar, c rpr ga a rr grprr c. Acr grprc acr rpr ga a fr c, cr- a-

    a, acaa f mfcaa ccp prcp c ac .

    a a r, prc grar mma. igrara mr-r c r- ca ar c a fcar fcar cr a c. Prrmar, car a c ar prc grar cmc apc, ar grara mrr p m pc, cra, ca cmc. igrara pc ccra p aara acc mr-r a rpr c ama, p aara parcpr acr gr-pr a aa pc ara car ac grpr mca. igrara cra ccra p m car mrr c prm pr

    maf ar r cra, a fra pbc, c ca pra. dmaca cmc a ac prc a gaaa ca cmc rmr c r c.

    C a aca, m pra a pr a gra mr cfr mfca. P par, car, prcm sa u a Am-rc, Araa Caaa, car rcc caa rp c a mrrc. Caaa, pr mp, a a car -a agaa m fca,prr- gam arg pc grama, pr ra-

    a c. Caaa prcp aa ca mac cra aca rc

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 19

    a pr pc pcfc.[28] sa caaa apr pr crp-rara rr grprr c caa caaa pr rm amr c-

    c, fr a crca bm a rc mpraa pcfcc. sa u a Amrc rpc a f raa c cra, aap pca mcram. C a aca, prmara prca c prra a pcr ac a.

    P a par, a prcm Fraa Grmaa, car ra rcprr a prra r c. Grmaa, mp, pa f c-ra a c, c ma grab far rra ca c amcram. Mr c Grmaa cfr c am f-c pc, cmc ca. Grmaa, r a rm aa

    r ac aca ar g grma (jus sanguinis). Fraa ama, a farab fa mcram, ca ac a mar c c a Grma. Fraa a cr aa p m rpbcaa c cc, crc pac p apa c fcaa ca a Fra. ca Fra, r a f aar ca ca Grma, c ma grab ar pa ca frac,c ca a c aa a c c ca frac.

    rbara cra ac c a abrr ar pra grprr

    c, m car rm a gr mr c fr afa aa c, mp c a p a gra ac gr-pr ar ca rr a aa c.

    P

    e r abrr car a prra prc grar a grprrc. Fcar a fr prfr amr m grar. e car a c c ar pa rap pg am m prfc.sa pa apa r a fa grpr c a pc

    a p fra mp. Af, a pa mbra r- am prarc pca amar a mrr c rpa pa f ra prpram c a mcram.

    [28] Pr K, Multiculturalism in a global society(j Wy & s, 2008), p. 189.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA20

    Tabelul 1. Modele de integrare

    M

    P/M Amar

    M/I

    Apc jrc/ pc

    - Mr c apbaa a bca a gaz- ex prj prfrma pc agrpr c- Mr cparcp ac aa

    pc a a

    - Mr cpbcaa ga- sa crajazfrmara rgazapc a mrrc- e crajambzara pc agrprr c

    - Pbaamrrc a b cara charmpb- Mmbrgrprrc prprpc- s rz parc

    sca-cmc

    - ipbc craa rfc pc prgramr prcppram c- Mr c aacc ga agrrmca, ca

    c-oprgaprmrc ppaa fr mc

    -Pc gra c-Acc gaa rcca

    -C racarcraagrgaragrprrc-Acc gaapaafr mc,

    a ca, ama ca

    Cra-rg

    -sprprmrcpara arra prxprmara pcfc

    cra rg-Crrcmcar baap prcpmcram,x prgram prar mbmrr c

    - ex pz parac a prra mafara pbc acgrr rga

    cra-e r / acraa fcara mm fcrga( mp:mc)

    - n rprmr car ar facaacc grprr

    c fra ca ca- Pc grgar

    m

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 21

    Mcram

    M mcra baa p prma c a grpr c ar rb bfc rpr ga a fr c, fr ca aca ra aa r c. Ma ba car a a-a- pr grara mrr c, ma rprr cra. sapr pc a mpc ac prra prmara r c.Grpr c a r r mpc ac aa pc, ca cmca a.

    caa mp a car p f f ca f mcra pra,rpr Caaa, sa u a Amrc Araa. sa u a Amrc

    rpc raa c cra, fr prfr m mcra.suA a apa pca a-far a mcram[29], pr car agra mr c ca c ra fr cra, fra- ama r ac prra prmara cr grprr c.

    e car ma c pca mcra ac a rpr pracc rca rc. Af, p 1960 a ac a a a pcra rpa mpra -rpr. ca Ara, a a m pc amar pc ra, car fca c r ab -ab.

    dp cm K Araa -a f rc cra caa Araa ab, a prfr mgrar rp,[30] pr p- ar grpr, c abrg ra apca pc crmar. la f Caaa, a a prma pc p rc c: agf fracf-. Caaa a ca gr a ca grpr c p 1971, acc mcram a f fca accpa ca pc a. [31]

    C a aca, r facr cra car a rma ac a m-br mcram. u facr mpra rpr c cmca acr a, car pr a a a f crac mr pp-

    a. Ac cr a a cmp c far r, car -a a fmpb ga pr rm pcr amar. la cp, ppaaCaa a f mpr ppaa g, brac frac. C a aca,ara cmc, raara, a c a aca c ca fr mc a ac a a cp cra f mr mar

    [29] sp Ca, Aaar da, Citizenship and migration: globalization and the politics of belon-ging (Rg, 2000), p. 203.

    [30] Pr K, Multiculturalism in a global society, p. 156.[31] 1971, gr fra cra a f Prr e tra a apa lga pr pca mc-

    ra, pr car Caaa agaa rpc pr pca mcra.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA22

    mgra. P g mgra Mara Bra sa u a Amrc, mr mar grma, caa, p, grc, prg a a

    erpa a mgra Caaa. d ama, cp c a 1962, a f craamgraa prar Aa, Carab Amrca Cra. craara mgra ac a aca c Caaa a r c ma r a m pc r cra.

    la f ca Caaa, ca Ara, ppaa a ma r c a-r mgra. la cp, maraa ppa ac a a f c pra g, ar c brac ra. a c -ada Rb ma, pca mgrar Araa a a prfr mgrarbrac. raa aa cr a ma mar fr mc

    cr r prcrar, a c pr pr mgra erpa e Aa. Ac cr a rma ca ac a c farab prr cm mgra.

    Pca amar, pr car ac r a crca gr mgra,-a a f fc, arc grpr mgra -a rafrma c-m c c, car a m parm c cra. Af, c gr ppa mg, a Caaa c Araa, gr-a afa pa a ga fa cm c.

    Af, mcram, ma ac mcram cc, a f a car arma ca c c mar ra c. sa a apa pc amar cc a mrr c a craa raa cra.Pr rmar, pr a ca a Caa a Ara ma ra carca f ama cra, ra mpra ca aca f gra cc.

    caa ca, fcar mmbr a grp c ar rpab agaam fa a-a. Af, cp c a 1970, a Caaa, c Araa a cp prm pc mcra car a gaa-a rprr cc, pc cra a rr cr. Amb a -a

    mpca ac cmbara ga ca a fr acc ga a amca, ca c pr a grpr c, fr- a ga parcpar ar a cr aa pc.

    Para c rpr a facr mpra ara mc-ram. d, car Ara Caa fr, Araa ma pr rcra pcr ca pr grpr c a f fapc par pc a c mgra acc cagr ma mar acra [32]. A f a m pc ra pr ag-

    [32] sp Ca, Aaar da, Citizenship and migration: globalization and the politics of belon-ging (Rg, 2000), p. 151.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 23

    rara br, ca, acc a rc a m car a prpr grpr c. Ac pc a f r pr prma a cr

    gr c Par Mc Araa ap a f pra crgr rar.

    Caaa, pc mcra rpr ra mpcr grprr c pc. iaa c a f pa cr cmaa fracf, cara r - afrm rpr pc. Para c fracf a a fr-mara mcr aa b prc Qbc, car a c aparara ac prc Caaa. crcara a a param Qbc pr a m Caaa ar, gr caaa a rb ga-c ma a apa pc car afac cr aa aca

    prc. dac a cp, mcram Caaa a cp ca b-cra-m, rap r- pc car rcac pr pcfc cra fracf, ma r, gr caaa a rara ab-cra pr rar mcra, acr rpr ga pr amr c, rcc aca mp pcfc r cra.

    Prc ra a Caa Ara pr pc mcra a f fa-ca a facr fbaa aa. Af, Araa Caaa a f cmba prpca fr a aa a ca-

    racrc raa c pr a aa baa p amara cc.M cra car a fc pb aca cmbar a f bara cagra. Aa cm ba K, cara a ca a crb a cr-ara aa caa baa p apar cm cca[33]. C a aca, facr ca-cmc pa f cra cargm pr aca cmbar.

    Caaa Araa -a a caa a frma mgra acp prc frmar a a-a, raa c a a a baaac prc. iaa aa a a prm pr a cma r

    gr a c a raa pr rmar acaa a f m r ga af a. Ac cr a prm ara abrr ma cprar pr a ppr (car a f ma armm c raa) ra apar a a pr ara aa cc.

    [33] Pr K, Multiculturalism in a global society, p.90.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA24

    ica frma

    u m p c mcra, rpr m c frma a m-rr c. Ac m a f a cr a car fc a-a aa baa grr g, cm ar f Grmaa japa. Caaa mmbr a a grma a ap a f rma jus sanguinis(gr g). Af, rc c rm grma b ca-r a grma. pra ar grpr c, Grmaa a apa pc cr, car fac fc grara acr grpr ca, f marp a c, a bfc ca, parcpar pc, c. la f ca Gr-maa, a aa ap ama aa p aca prcp

    jus sanguinis, gr ap marga a grpr c. Ac m

    mar a c ca pr mr c baa p crpc ca, apc a pc amar cra fra.

    prm a, ca pc a cp c rf acrar a c- pr mr c rrc pr parcpar pc. la ca,ac a a apa pc car a rma acc ga a cr mcpr mr c a c rpa a fap ca aca cp cr mc cafca pr p[34]. d ama, a acr gr a acra c a prfra rar pr p grprr c m-

    rar, a ra fap c caa a f grga p prcp c, carmr c prcp caa r.

    Pr r gra grpr c c rca cmaa -raa[35], a rma gr Grmaa japa fac frr a rcra pca a fa mr c. P pa pc, Grmaaa apa g pr mgraa, car pr rp a c prc mgrar c p rr ac a, fr a cr raraa aa r c. Aca g a braa pc araar prcagr mgra c ra. C a aca, prc ara-

    ar Grmaa, rpr prcr g ra far cmp.

    spr br Grmaa, japa ma rg pra brar prc- araar. d a pb ca mmbr frr , car cc

    japa a crr pr -a c p rr ac a caraa, ac cr pb ar rm c r. Af, pra- pra aa c, mra mr c rf caraa. spr mp, japa cr rpr crca 85% mr r-

    [34] ibm, p. 162.[35] ca Grma, facr prcpa a f pra para u erp car a rma

    ac a rcr pc rfrar a bra c.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 25

    r r.[36] Af, mmbr ac grp c rc b c-a jap pr a a rara a cr ca.

    d ac r a ma c ca c pr frra c p-r mr c, pc r rm a f rrc. d ama, a -ca cmc, grgara mrr c c b. M-r c cfr car c rca a ma cpcar c ma cafca a cm. A japa, c Grmaa - a a a grgara ra, ca c prp c grp cmarar mr c prfr cac carr fr.

    Amara

    u a m grar a mrr c amara r a-a.Ac m pra cr r prcm Fraa Bga (m apa Bga pa f cra rc, cmaa frac rmrm amar pc cmaa fama abrar mcra).M pc amar baa p prma c a pra ar rb f ama ca caa c a a. Af, p gr-prr c a caa a b ca a pr acaa fcar frma ra rc c a. oa c, a pra a

    aca rpr bga, a apc pc ga pr .

    M car rm ara ac m rca ac raa. Af, Fraa aagm r brc a ar rc rc pr-f. Ra 1789 a cra rpr r ac caafrac a cara. Ra a cra baa pr frmara aa frac, fc a pra b cra bra, gaa,frara, car a a ba a cr aa frac. igaR Frac a crca cr gaa r pr amar. d-ag cr, a frac caa a rma f r prma

    Ra Frac, fap c pc m grar ra pr marafr c ( fra pbc) a mgar a c fra-c. Af, Fraa a crca gr mr c pr amar cc,ccr- p grara r p ca a grprr c. Car acrpg parcar cra a mrr c, prc araar, baa p prcp cr, aa cm am a a. Fraa f-r ca baa prcprjus sanguinis jus soli

    [36] da sr, Kra japa, Wr Cr ecycpa, p://www.rycr.cm/ea-sa-Aa/Kra--japa.m.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA26

    Gr frac a p apcar pc ca pr a aa gra-ra mrr c ca, fr aar ca, acc a ca

    pr agaar. C a aca, frr amar cc Fraaa a gra r cc. ep mrr c ccra aprfra rar cfr c rca a ma[37]. Ma m ca, p g fap c cm c -a gra, a apr prcara r rga Fraa, f ca prcp ac aca ar.igrara amara ppa cf mma, car a mm r-pr ca ma mar par a mgrar Fraa, a cra amp bar prr c iam caa frac.

    Acam, Fraa apc car pca amar cc a mrr

    c. C a aca, mr mr c car -a pra cra r afa c fra cra a crc.[38] , par c a frac p fac cmprmr rcac raa cra. Ca rp-c pr aca a f rrca mgraa (pr mp a f r-f ga c prr a frra a, pr a ma apca a a pr apa rfga rbar c p rmara r ara rg).d ama, carc a fac ma fc ra prar car a bca Fra, pr mara acc a bfc r ca.[39]

    u a mp a car a a prfr m amar a mrrc rpr Bga. c ac a fra, pca a prmr c rma fr. Facr c rga fama fracf a fr pc prr a grara m-rr c. mp c gr fama a apa m mcra grar a mrr c ( cfrma c m ag-a), rgaa gr a Br a apa m frac, baa p amar. laf ca Fraa, ac gr aa p grara r a grpr-r c. Pc r a grara c-cmc a prar apargrprr c, gr aca mp fr -cra.

    1.3. Concluii

    ua r prm bra car r aca aa fap c a- a a abrr prpr pr caracr pcr ca c prmr c. A, aca pr m car mr c r-

    [37] jp R Rp, Politics and ethnicity: a comparative study(Pagra MacMa, 2006), p. 146.[38] Pr jp R Rp (Politics and ethnicity: a comparative study, p. 62), Fraa a

    mm c p 5 ma mma car a f araa caa c a aca.

    [39] ibm, p. 92.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 27

    ma a gra ca. Ac abrr baa p -pra rc m car a marca ra r-c. igrara

    mrr c p m car a aa, ar apa a car a a prc frmar a a.

    Pr a car aa aa a f rc a -aa c a raa (cm ar Grmaa japa), c a ca a car ar gra a grpr c. A, ac a a a a a pc car ma acc mrr c aa ca,cmc pc. u prm pa ac , mara acc a c- pr mr c (pr a prma c ca pa b ma baa prcpjus sanguinis) rrc pr parcpa-

    r pc a grprr c mrar. la pc ca, ac a ra pr pc car cra acc ga a paa mc, a ca aar ca.

    P a par, a car aa aa -a cra r a-rr c apar c (car a ca a aa c r rma am a c a raa), ar parafrma m ma r m apar a ppr a, fap c ar rma grara ma mr grpr c. d b-

    c, ac a rc mpraa c r acrgrpr pr ara crra apar cc gra mr- c fr a afca parcar r cra. Gr p mpcaac prra prmara r c pr rm pcr,agr a raa rga, cra, c.

    e, ama, a car a cra prc rc car a aa cc, car apara c a pr craa a (cm ar mp Fra). Car ac c ac- a cfr c ra c crr, rcaa

    ca c pr grara cc a mrr, fr a c cacr grpr a- prpa raa cra.

    e car ara aa apra fap c maraa ar -rr abrr prr a pc pr mr aa, agra abrara pc prm gra. A, acar rc a apa pc amar fa mr c, ap pc mcra. caa mp ac , Ca-aa Araa, car a c pc amar apa rc, c

    abrar mcra. Ac a fr pr mrr c pr

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA28

    rm pcr a, cra raa frmara rgaaca-pc.

    Ma m c a, a car rc a rfa grara grprr cmrar ca, a apa pc ma prm, car -a ca r aca ap pc amar a mrr c. Ac- a par rac a c, fc- ma gra, cp a gba mr c car a ra p rm gap rr a. A, ac arr ca a f acra ma pbaa prcp jus sanguinis, rr a f apa car rma carfr rp a c cr mgrar c p rr a- (jus soli).

    Pc ra pr amra craara r c, p c-ra caa rp a ar fa prc gba crr amgra a r c. ac c, p par, a a aa c pa crr r c, car a pra c-a ca, p a par, aa a fa ra c a crra prr r car r para acrgrpr, prcm pr cara prr raa (pr rm- cm raa). A, a a ca c ma -

    c pa cra caa rp a ac pr.

    C a aca, c a arma c cr ac r-ar aa a a ma c pr grara mrr c. ecar c ac prc ar r, ac c a pc prm- gra, a pr ca ma c pc marg fa mr c. d ama, a cagr a,car pra c abrara prr a mr c. A, c mc pcr grar, aca a a a ma mgra ca ac mcr a pc c a acrara a,

    prc araar, c.

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    2 IDENTITATEA NAIONAL,FACTORUL ETNIC I NAIUNEA CIVIC

    N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA

    Ar iovu

    2.1. Particularitile procesului de edificarea identitii naionale

    C naionalismul naiunea

    Pr a pa ra apc fr a prc fcar a a, fac-r, m afr, car a g ma a c rpra a aam. Rcmaara n 1735/ 2006 a ArParamar a C erp ma c naiunea ccpprf rca cra ra pparr crpra m f-ama a r, f ga g pc, car -a a mfca rga.[1] dcm ma pr fap c frmb, a ar r mfca car ma m, mb -

    ra.

    Aara Paramar rca fap c a mmbr a Cerp, ccp naiune a pr a ca ca, mp c

    a a mmbr, aca rm f pr a ma cmargac, car rb am mb caracra prr- racra rc, prcp amar c prr a rc, apra mar cprr a pr r. Aaar, pa p c rm naiune fr c b.

    e ma m abrr pr mfcaa ccpr naiune naionalism.s acr fm a c c rpr ra r-c, car -a f ma c am praa m. Ay G aca fap c naionalismulrpr fm car prm r ar pgc - afra prar a mbr cr, carprp a cm r pc[2]. Aca ar r c nai-onalismulrpr a r mbr ra, car f prpaga

    [1] Cc f erp, Paramary Amby, Rcmma 1735 (2006), t ccp f a,p://amby.c./ma.ap?lk=/cm/ap/a06/rc1735.m.

    [2] Ay G, t na-sa a vc, vm 1 (ury f Cafra Pr, 1987),p. 116.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA30

    cr pc, f mpr maraa mmbrr cmc a gc[3].

    s naionalismului, cfrm sar Wf, raa prcpa pr abrr p. prm r, aam mcr aa pr-cp ca mra a pc pr, car rmrc frmara a--a, facr ca, cmc cra a rr cmpmar. Aa abrar ra aam ca prc frar, car arprab bc pcfc cmbr, ba- prmr p apc cra.[4]

    vrb pr ccp a, erc hbbawm a c a

    rpr fm mr, car apar pra rc rc[5].Bc Ar crara Cm maga, r c naiunea cma pc magar ma b apc pc ra[6]. o prpc- fr prp cr tm er, car cmpa ac f,afrm c aa ca c caa[7], aca rprar -ar arc gc a a rc a m cc, grapc rra, c, rc, ar.

    Prc fcar a naiunii ama rpra pr prma a

    accp. prm ca, naiunea abra ca a cra a. ep- prcpa a ac r eg Wbr [8] erc j. hbbawm[9]. Wbr c a a p ba frarcr pr acaa a agra racar ca rg a. d ama, ara aa a mb,rc mar bgar caa, a ab cra ma, rc c-m m aa. m mar, mbr aa a f cra

    cp rar c ca.[10] A a abrar a apara naio-nalismului a naiuniica cc a a mr. Mbaa, afabara,ara cmcr ma, raara, capam mrara ampa mcr aa crara ar-a. ep prcpa

    [3] Ay G,A contemporary critique of historical materialism (ury f Cafra Pr,1981), p. 191-192.

    [4] sar Wf, Nationalism in Europe, 1815 to the present. A reader(Rg, 1996), p. 8.[5] erc j. hbbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Second Edition (Cambrg ury

    Pr, 1992), p. 43.[6] Bc Ar, Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

    (vr, 1991), p. 7.[7] tm er, National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life (Brg, 2002), p. 1.[8] eg Wbr, Peasants into Frenchmen: the modernization of rural France, 1870-1914 (safr

    ury, Pr), 1976.[9] hbbawm, Nations and Nationalism.[10] Wbr, Peasants into Frenchmen, p. 493.

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    a ac r sam hg[11], er Gr[12], Ay d. sm-[13]

    Af, prcpa r abrr prr a ac ccp c prmpa fap c naionalismulrpr g baa p prpagara mbr-r (f c, cra a pc), arr rar, car c ma pram-rc cma am c cr aa r cm. Rpc, naiunea f caa a pc, c am car mprcrm pra /a ac, apr pr mra c ca. acc, car a raa rp r a aam, mcr aa rm fcara a-a.

    Naiunea civic naiunea etnic

    s aam a a c ma m m car rc caa fam pr fcara aa. s-a rmarca fap ca a a ba rr fr, car agr ca ca frma a aa c. Grosso modo, p f a pg: naiunicivice (car ama p f m naiuni politice/ teritoriale) naiuni et-nice ( am c a ra naiuni culturale). sa prpc a pa cmba ac pg, am m a aa r

    rma fcara aa.

    e r r car prp r pca fr p pr -ara ar c cc r a. s prr a aa cc ca c prc a aaa mr rc, pc a a ca-cmc.

    o abrar pr a naiunilor civice etnice r c prm c ma a erpa occa Amrca nr, mp c ac ma rp erpa Cra e.[14] ep prcpa a

    ac r ha K, car a f ar ccp naiune civic a ca m fr a m naiune civic naiune etnic.

    [11] sam P. hg, Political order in changing societies (Ya ury Pr, 2006).[12] er Gr a j Bry, Nations and nationalism (Cr ury Pr, 2008).[13] Ay d. sm, Theories of nationalism (hm & Mr, 1983).[14] e car ma c aca abrar ca ar (Brar Yack, t

    my f cc a, R. Br Theorizing nationalism, (sa ury f nw Yrk Pr,1999), pp. 103-118;da McCr, The sociology of nationalism, (l: Rg 1998), f cra rp aa apra occ.

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    crr a[15], ma c pr occ, ma c am Fraa, oaa,ea, sa u a Amrc, Mara Bra, aam a a caracr

    pc. ia a aam -a a c r rcraa pr-, car a a ca c cr pc ra a.Ac cr a f ama imm pr bra gaa.Af, mmbr a a f r a pc ga ra a par a a cm, ca c a rma ca occ-, ara a cc c apara a.

    erpa Cra e, prcm Aa, aam -a a carr pc car cca c gra cra c (.: imprR, impr Ar-gar, impr oma). K argma c ac r-

    g, aam a crca m gra baa crrr c[16].Af, m c, aa ca car frma a, rpca frm- c- r rrr c cm, r c frmara aa f pracc gra.

    crr cmpra pr fra r aa cc ca c, ca r m pra crr K Mck [17],pr am parcar. Af, Pr Ar a c naiunileetnice baa prm r p ar cra, gc, rmm g-

    grafc, rg, ra r cm. mp c c naiuni civice,c c pr fap c , fr apara c, c-ra, rga, c. ga faa g.[18] Ay sm ca cnaiunea civic agr aa cr pr prma r, gr, rp-rr c, a cr g cc. Aca ar, cr caa c baa p pr-fam fc, c f mba rb ra.[19]

    u a ar cmpra, Mca igaff f naiunea civic rp c-ma a cr ga rpr, parm pr pracc

    [15] ha K, The idea of nationalism: A study on its origins and background, (nw Yrk: Macma1944);ha K, Prophets and peoples: Studies in nineteenth century nationalism, (nw Yrk: Macm-a 1946).

    [16] K, The idea of nationalism, p. 329.[17] Frrc Mck crara Cmpm sa naa (Prc ury Pr,

    1970) a f r prm crcr car a fama fra r aa cc ca c.

    [18] Pr Ar, Nationalism (2 .), (l: ewar Ar, 1994), p. 9.[19] Ay d. sm, National identity(Pg Bk, 1991), p. 12.

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    pc ar[20], a caracrc pr Mara Bra, Fraa, sa- u.[21] igaff rmarc c aam c am a aa crr

    ar c c aca g[22]

    A a abrar, rfr a fa cmm a rgmrr aar a-pra fcr ar aa c erpa e eraa. Cfrm RgrBrbakr a p-cm erpa e pa f uRss, a p bra p, mcr aa a prma a a a gr grp c[23]Brbakr a fap c naiunea civic ccp arac pr aca rg, arc apara pra a a r ga apc -cra, car b far m fcara pc.[24]

    u a crcr, Grg scpf, ama a prraa apcc fcara ar erpa e.[25] urm aca argm ca K, scpf ma c occ a ca -a accm c mcr aa, mp c erpa e, pr a -pr cmpa mprr, pc a mba ma baa ca. Ma m c a, scpf ca gr r cmm aam c. Af, cmm, a f ca maa mpr, af cra rp prmar para facr rr, brara

    b maa cm frma mcr aa.[26]

    scpf cr c,cmm a r caa c, car fap rpr r m- prcpa fcara a cc, rm af cara

    baa apar c. d ama, cmm a prm c ba prbm c, gr ca car a rbf p c-ra rgmrr aar.

    P par, c a c, a a prma amara craa grprr c, arc aa cra rpr fam a-f , a prma ac ra, cra mba grp c marar, aca

    rpr c aa. naa c prcp ca

    [20] Mca igaff, Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism, (Farrar, sra aGr, 1995), pp. 6 9.

    [21] igaff, Blood and Belonging, pp. 6 7.[22] ibm, p. 9.[23] Rgr Brbakr, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Euro-

    pe, (Cambrg: Cambrg ury Pr 1996), p. 65.[24] ibm, p. 105.[25] Grg scpf, Nationalism and ethnic minorities in post-communist Europe, n Richard Ca-

    plan, John Feffer, Europes new nationalism: states and minorities in conflict, (nw Yrk: ofrury Pr, 1996), pp. 150-170.

    [26] ibm, p. 153.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA34

    a c a am grp c, rpc rpra ar grpr margaa. apcara c a rmm c, pa m-

    fca a acm a ( a ab a r-p cr ba a cr), c grara c (r er Gr[27] jack syr[28]).

    P a par, aa cc aa prcpa p pc, rp-r c, ga pc, rr, c, ra acr cr a r mpr. Af, aa cc pr c c a a-, car apc pc cra ga pr a grpr c, r c f prmra.

    cc car ara aa apra fap c naiunea etnic naiunea civic prpa pg gra naionalism - cc c,car a r a prpaga rpc aaam fa ar cmar. Am-b pg apr pr fcara naiunii, a fr p ar.P par, aa c baa p ar pra cra, car -a ar mmbr cmar car mprc ac r, mp c aacc ca prm pa a, ar cc pra, car prmcra pac a ma mr grpr c.

    F la a, identitatea rfr a prc afcar, af p,a m car f ca par a c a raa aca c c r. e fr m car c aa pra. Ay d.sm a a m g, rr, c-cmc, rga, c cra.[29] Abrara cgc ama identitatea c rar

    r rr acra car grprr ca. fra pc, c-cp a a f a lck, M, hm b frma pc, car ar prm r r a mba ppaa mm cr,

    pca cpr mar.[30]

    [27] er Gr, Nationalism in a vacuum, Aar j. My, tkg rcay ab s- aa: ry a cmpar y f ussR, (nw Yrk: Cmba uryPr, 1995), pp. 243 254.

    [28] jack syr, Nationalism and the crisis of the post-Soviet state, Mca ewar Brw, ec C-fc a iraa scry, (Prc ury 1993), pp. 79-101

    [29] Ay d. sm, National identity(Pg Bk, 1991), p. 4.[30] Pp spcr a hwar Wma, Nationalism, A critical introduction (sAGe Pbca, 2002), p.

    58.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 35

    e r ma prr a prc frmara a . Prma Teoria identitii, a Pr j. Brk ia s [31], car r prc

    frmar a a a Teoria identitii sociale abra hr taf[32], car ca frmara a ca.

    Teoria identitiir r facr prcpa car rm prc ar-mar. Prm facr cra gra, car cr . Aa rma prc caar rc, rpra pr caafrma frma. A ra m aa arb c-r c r. ac c, Brk s a a a cca c afca-ra ar r cra frmara fra .

    sb a apc, Teoria identitii sociale ama prcp ra frma-r a grp, c apra fap c m a cr-ca cmpram grp, armara f m-c raar grp.[33] Af, pr ca grp , mmbr rb fc c aca rpc am rm r.

    oa c par a grp r r rcc, caamcam crc a identitii pozitive, car a fra a grpr a pra r- pa farab. Apara a grp fac ca

    prcap crr prpca aca ac a f. Aca ap fac ca am rm c .

    Caracrc mar rmarca c fcr c a-. taf a ab c a a a ma ca car mr a-m fc c acaa[34]. la f ca c grp, mmbr a r cr a p rapr c a a.

    Identitatea naional, a f ca aa grp, mg cm-aa r amr rm, , ar, prcp cm. v hrca

    lar a f identitatea naional ca aaa ccpr magrcc cm a, prma ra, cr, m ar,cr r, aba acaa cr pc pr r-

    [31] Pr j. Brk a ja e. Stets, Identity Theory(ofr ury Pr, 2009).[32] hr taf, Social identity and intergroup relations (Cambrg ury Pr, 2010).[33] ury f tw, Social identity theory,p://www.w./cw/rrc/

    try%20cr/irpra%20Cmmca%20a%20Ra/sca_iy_t-ry.c/.

    [34] hr taf, Human groups and social categories: studies in social psychology(Cambrg ur-y Pr, 1981), p. 229.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA36

    mbr, fr gma a a aca p pa r r [35]. m mar, ew Mr Prc a f identitatea naional caa

    aa mr a cr grp ma pr a mpra r- ca[36]. Wam Bm r c aa aa crc car ma am -a fca c mbr aa, rpca raa mbr a[37]

    Identitatea naional rma r m fr. smcr c acaa prp m cma pc, mpc - cm, c c rpr bga pr mmbr c.[38]u a m a identitii naionale, pa sm patria, car rc-pa ara car -a c. Ccp patrie p mfca

    ma cra, aca c mr, amr, cr cm, fp arg a cr aa pca cpr pc pr mb-ar ca. d ama, patria a fr cra g a aa.[39]

    o a abrar fa m fr a identitii naionale prp lk Kakwk[40], car a spiritul naionalrp frm cc cmpram, car fc ppr a mm cr, rpra aar abrac. Kakwk r m far a pr-

    far, m car prfc a aa. C ma accr ra pr g a mr, car fac rfrr a am prampra. u a m rpra rr aa, car gbapa c, cm, arfac, a caracrc car rm frma fca a. d ama, Kakwk a ara aa apra mmr rc,car pa f a crpra ca cr.[41] Af, cfcr a, r r a cr gr c rc a frgma mpra aca.

    Frmara aa prp aa ara ra. hbbawm

    Ragr a f ac prc rp pracc, car m rma

    [35] dr Kr-lba, Mgra a crc f aa y spa (ibramr-caa era, 2009), p. 30.

    [36] Mr ew Prc, t, pbc pr a aa y (ofr ury Pr,1995), p. 40.

    [37] Wam Bm, Pra y, aa y a raa ra (Cambrg u-ry Pr, 1993), p. 52.

    [38] Ay d. sm, National identity(Pg Bk, 1991), p. 19.[39] sm, National identity, p. 21.[40] Kakwk, br kk i.[41] R Wak, Rf Ca, The Discursive Construction of National Identity. sc e

    (ebrg ury Pr, 2009), p. 25.

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    gra am rg f a ac accpa, c caracr mbc, carcarc f am ar rm cmpram pr rp pr-

    p m ama ca c rc [42]

    . tra a, mcar c car ama mr g, crb a fcara p car a. dp cm a ma R Wakc c ma par rc mrg pr a ra mm ra a magar ra a, c a ma ca aa aa [43]

    cc, mpra ma c aa aa fam-a prc afcar a rm prpca amrapra c ar, mba rb, ar cra, prcp pc, c.Acaa rpr crc gc cmp, car ar r a fca

    am r- a r r r mbr ar, a pc fc aa ca car prm mbara ppa mm cr.

    2.2. Identitatea naional n Republica Moldova ntre moldovenism i romnism

    E

    Car prm a p, a Rpbca Ma a f p faar a b cmp: mcr para raa (tra-ra) a r (c c gg), a cmc prcar.Ac cr -a ara fap c a c rmara u sc, - c a c c ma .

    Pc prma car uRss, ar m a cp ar 90, afa cr ar c pc, rc prr a rRpbc Ma. Prm cr rpra fcara a p, car

    a ama prcr c ara cfc rara,

    a ca mc. Aca rc prpa acrara rpca mb r ( ra a car -a a aca mb car uRss) rpc, prara grr r c Fraa R f a a.A a p ca p arg a f fcara c Rma. ep ac a pra c gr Rpbc Ma Rm r rpca ca a

    1918, ac c ac rr -a fca.

    [42] erc hbbawm, trc Ragr, The invention of tradition (Cambrg ury Pr, 1983), p.3.

    [43] R Wak, The discursive construction of national identity. sc e (ebrg ur-y Pr, 1999), p. 25.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA38

    c rm, c pc a rma ca Rpbca Ma rm- caa p, ap C car fac rfrr a caa

    aa ppr mc[44]

    a apraa aca a a[45]

    . ac p a, a fa prf cr pc prr a -fcara aa pr rmar c, grosso modocaa p a prfr ar ac, car c ac- fca caa mm rmm. Prcparg a acr a rprara mr rc,mra mb, apara c aa.

    ua f mm, caracra ac m rp parca-r mr gc a mr[46]. Aca f -

    c a aa car prma mm. orfr aa prr a mm, rg na F-amar a hG Rm r. 214 pr pmara bg scrara- Gra a Gr F rr bgar a pa Grpr dparam pr Rm Pr, 09.03.2011, car rb pr a mm pr a a ppar: m- rm, mb, cr r fr[47]. d fca pr mm caa a aa, c p-c, prcm rfcara ac rm ma-ma prm abrara

    f ca. Af, pr mm fac rfr a mcar crc aa aa baa mb, , mbrr arm, car aa crapr c c rm.

    iaa ac mm, rpr rmm, car aap pr aa rmc, cpr ra, mba cra rmac.

    c ac , pr rmm g ar mbrcar fc aa, mba, aa aa a Rpbc Ma ca-a a aa rmac.

    ep mm fc m ba fcaraac . Prm m fap c m rm rprgrpr c fr. caa argm afrm c p parcr r,

    [44] Ca Rpbc Ma, Preambul, (Mr ofca r. 1 18.08.1994).[45] ibm.[46] dcar epca a lmb Rm, .. Mm, acca a 13 mar 2012, p://

    www.r.r/caa.pp?q=Mm&Caa=Caa&wr=.[47] Gr Rm, n Famar hG r. 214/ 09.03.2011,privind suplimentarea

    bugetului Secretariatului General al Guvernului din Fondul de rezerv bugetar la dispoziiaGuvernului, prevzut n bugetul de stat pe anul 2011, pentru Departamentul pentru Romniide Pretutindeni, acca a 13 mar 2012, p://www.g.r/a--famar-g-r-214-09-03-2011_1a113041.m

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    m rm a r para a raca m mfca.Parm cra a mm baa prm r p cra a

    mba mac, car a acr p, a a a baa frmrmb rm.[48] A a argm a mm prc rc a a mc m ara M/ Prcpa Ma(1359 p 1812).[49] A ra raam a mm r g-aa ga prm a Rpbc Ma. ep ac cr ar rfr a pramb C, car ma pr aaaa m-r mp, caa aa mac[50]. d ama, arc 13 (1) aca cm prcam mba a mac baa graf a.o rmarc c mr mb a fap c dcaraa ip- apa pr lga r. 691 27.08.1991 pr dcaraa p-

    a Rpbc Ma (Mr ofca nr. 11-12, 30.12.1991), prcam cmba a a Rpbc Ma rma f mba rm.

    P a par, ama a m fr a rm-m caa a aa. Prm argm rpr mba rb

    mba rm. sr rmm rpg c m mra mb mac, fr ac argm r gc[51]. Aa m rfr a a a cm. op- - mm, rmm a cr, rg, r

    cm. A ra argm a m ur, car a acrp fr gma gaa rmm. Af, a 27 mar 1918,Aara naa a Rpbc dmcrac M (sfa r), a ara c Rma. Aca c cra ap rmm prc praa cmpra fcar ar a acr .

    e mpra rmarca fap c bc cra a rmm arpara graa rc[52], f r rc ca rap Baarab[53].C a aca, pc Rpbca Ma, car p a rm-m, a rb pr fcar mc. Af afrma ar pa

    f cra aac a graa rra raaa Rpbc Ma.

    [48] M, Apara a na, acca a 13 mar 2012, p://m.m/-m-/apara-a-a

    [49] Ma 650 a, ara M. 1359 1812, acca a 13 mar 2012, p://ma650.am.m//25

    [50] Ca Rpbc Ma, Preambul[51] Pr aa pr argm gc, acca ea oa Pca gc

    crca aa Rpbca Ma, i Pc Pbc, p://www.pp.m/b.pp?=&c=169.

    [52] Grg Gmp, Contiina naional a romnilor moldoveni. Second Edition (Gara Ar,2002).

    [53] Grg Ba, Batalia pentru Basarabia 1941-1944 (Mca vaa, 2010).

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA40

    Pr rmar, -a apa cr mra car cmb a Rpbc M-a caa a p, baa p aa aa rmac. [54]

    d ama, pr a pr ac ara Rm prr a apc rm, pra c ma argm c Rma a fprm a car a rcc pa Rpbc Ma.[55]

    Aaar, mm rmm frma ar p,car m fcara aa Rpbca Ma. Aagmacr c mra mb, rprara r, aparacra c. Prbma mm a rmm r f-cara aa c Rpbca Ma, aagm arc bc amp p r rpra grprr ca

    pc.

    R

    cap arar -a ma pr r r fcara aa.s-a ba fap c m rc aa rpra rpc, ca ar ac mpr car ar amcr ar. c c rma r aaa prcpa rfr rc -a bara prr a aa aa Rpbca Ma.

    Prm m rpr fara Prcpa M (crca 1359 .hr.),car a c a ac mm Baaraba Bca. ep mm- c a ac pr prc rcc a raa p a ac rr.[56] fa c Mar, car a f r r Prcpa M a pa mpra rcr a magar-r, cra mb a aa m. sr rmm-, c Prcpa M, a prcpa rm -a fca ar

    1859 frm ara Rmac a ar, rpc pr ac fap cfr-m- rmaa acr rr.

    [54] caa mp, Par naa lbra, car c ra c Rma, pafrmacra aa a a, a. Pr a acca cm gra, acca:p://p.m/.pp?p=cm_c&ak=w&=50&im=45.

    [55] Am nw, traa Bc: Rma a f prm a m car a rcc RpbcaMa, acca a 13 mar 2012, p://www.amw.r/traa_Bac_Rmaa_a_f_prm_a__m_car_a_rcc_Rpbca_Ma-29-62086.m.

    [56] Ma 650 a, ara M. 1359 1812, acca a 13 mar 2012, p://ma650.am.m//25.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 41

    A a m rfr a 1812, ac c rp rmar a rb- r-rc, impr oma a ca Baaraba[57] impr R (car cpra

    rr r Pr, nr dr, crca 48% Prcpa M[58]

    ), r-r car a rma par a ac mpr ma m c. P par,p mm rpra ac m ca p c-mc cra, impr R a r crr a r. P apar, p rmm, prcp ac m rp ramac afrm c aca c rc argma pam r Baaraba,b ama, c pfa fap c rr a f rafrma r-gbr rac c a f p aar rfcr, ba r pr mba ra rm.

    A ra rfr rc rpr a 1918, c a 24 aar sfa r a apr prcamara p Rpbc dmcrac M a 27mar 1918 a a ra c Rma. Aa cm -a ma arr, ra m cra cr ar a rmm. Ac m cra rmf a pr rmc -a g cr aa-ar Baaraba. p c ac fap, aprr mm cra c Rma a a c b pra frr mar a Rm.[59]

    A para m a a c a 28 1940, ac c uRss a pa -

    ma pr car a cr acara Baarab rm 4 [60]

    , rrcar a rr par a u sc b m Rpbca scsca Mac (RssM). Cara Baarab rpr m ra-gc pr rmm rpra rp brar p m-m. Ma m c a, p rmm cr aar PacRbbrp-M, car a ma fr f erpa, Baaraba r- uRss. ac , argm c rpr ra Barmr op Pbc ma 2011, 27,7% cr m a 28 1940 brar b cpaa Rm, mp c 34,2 % - cpar a pra Rm.[61]

    [57] d pc r rc, aa m Baaraba crpra rr r nr nr-e, Pr a v, dra Mara nagr s. trr Rpbc Ma cprpara aca prafa, cp fc para s (ra a Mara nagra) trara.

    [58] nca Cc, Rgm pc-amra a Baarab prma ma a c a xix-a, Istoria Romnilor. Epoca Modern (a, 2002), p. 56.

    [59] Gram Grm, nkak bya Rmy Baraby b, nw, acca a 13mar 2012, p://w.m/arc/w/1227/.

    [60] umam a f cca Pac Rbbrp M a Prc Aa scr,car pra cara Baarab uRss.

    [61] i Pc Pbc, Barometrul de Opinie Public mai 2010, acca a 25 mar 2012,p://www.pp.m/pbc/f/Barmr/2010/Brra_BoP_05.2010_prma_par.pf.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA42

    A cca m rc rpr praa car Rma -a aa a ar-maa grma a pr p rr Baarab. Af, 1941 p 1944,

    Baaraba a f c a grar rm-grma, ca 1944, c rcrpr ac rr a uRss. Ap mm rpraac fap ca p aar a mr a facm, mp c r r-mm argma c acaa a f crcar gm a Rm arcpra rr pr Baaraba. Car praa c, ra rRssM Rpbca sca Rma a f r a mm, c a c amba f rpbc cm. ep rmm pc ac fap pr frcacr fa aa rpar a r car a a c 1918.

    ac m, prcpa rfr rc c cr ar

    Rpbca Ma, ra fap c aca pra m fr (p c pa ar), rpc, m rc pa- aa c p rprr p, car ga a gra aca -m. d ama, a cc fap c r RpbcaMa ar prp rfcara mr rc f prpca r-mm a a mm.

    Cj

    Cra cfc ar Rpbca Ma a rma ga parr p-c. la fr ar 90, caa ra para r a grpr pcprcpa: Fr Ppar irfr. c ac , ac pr p f fca caa fam pc a mm a rmm.

    Fr Ppar -a frma caa frma pc mcara aa a fr ar 80, r- r prcpa prmara mb rm,rcr (car a cp ar 90 a f c c c a Rm), m- aa, car ama a f mar c c a Rm prm a

    p (dap- Rm). P a par, irfr a f mcarapc cmp prcpa p mrr c, car ra p-rara RssM cmpa u sc. Ac grp a ccra pa Par Cm, m f r pr hrra Param RpbcMa r. 683 223.08.1991. A Fr Ppar c irfr -a -gra rr mra par pc, ar aa gra pra aa a fr mfcr a, ccr- r a p: mm rmm. car, apc Teoria clivajelor, pr-

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 43

    p lp Rkka[62], a ca c mm rmmm car cr ar Rpbca Ma.

    tra a lp Rkka argma apara parr pc prprma a par rg fama ca. Prma rpr ca b-rc a aagm car apar r crc a-crc. Ac ca maf a apa frmar a a car. A a ca c rra - r-ba apar r ppaa rb ca ca rra, gr aparaparr agrar r. Ca a ra ar c r prprar agaar,p par, mcr p a par, b pa r r pr-prarr c a mcrm. Ac ca gra prcpa pr par: bra craar p par, ca cm, p a

    par. A para ca rpr aagm r cr prfr, rf-r c ma a prc fcar a a. Aagm ar c r cr,car pa pr a aa ar, rga, car pa pr a rgaa a fraa.[63]

    c Rpbc Ma, ca cr-prfr[64] caracra c mam aa a cp ar 90, pra car -a frma prm parpc. Cfc a ra pa r p a baa p crraa (Fr Ppar, car rr a Par Ppar Cr dm-

    cra Cgr rar icar, car rr -a rafrma ParFrr dmcrac), c car a pa pr a mc mgc gr r c Fraa R (Par sca, Mcara e, ParCmr Rpbca Ma),[65] rgaara Rpbc M-a.

    ifcara cr a prfr c bar ar Rp-bca Ma, aa p p ac. Pr p rmmcr a f Rma rpc, prfra rpr Rpbca Ma.Aca m pr car ra c cr rpr bc pc a

    ac cr ar. A a abrar r pa mm, cr rpr Rpbca Ma prfra rga rara-

    [62] symr Mar lp, s Rkka, Caag srcr, Pary sym, a vr Ag-m, Pr Mar, The West European party system (ofr ury Pr, 1990), pp. 91-111.

    [63] nck sr, Caag, pary ragy a pary ym cag erp, a a w, Pr-pc erpa Pc a scy, 3:3, 2002, pp. 425-451.

    [64] u a ca car a fa ga parr pc Rpbca Ma rpr aag-m rra rba, car a rma apara parr agrar r (Par dmcraAgrar Ma).

    [65] Cr Cra a, Ga parr pc. u ca parcar Rpbca Ma, Mc-p xv, usM 2001, pp. 21 26.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA44

    Gga. sr mm a pa pr crara m- bg mc, c rar fr, m pr car mb r -a f

    fr a pca.

    Ca cr prfr a marca m parc Rpbca Ma. AFr Ppar, c irfr a gra cagr pc amp cr pc ar, car m fra pc prc fcara aa. sb a apc, pc rcc c prbma -ar aa ama m arfca. Ca mp, f prmr aRpbc Ma, dmr Brag, a cara c pa apra mr mb apara a a m arfca, cp br rpc[66].

    ac c, bara apra aa fap cca prbm ra a p ag pc crc a r pcpr fcara aa r Rpbc Ma. Ca cr

    prfr a gra r- prbm m, car afca a pca Rpbca Ma. d ama, ac ca a aagm ma ca, a a r a cafca par p cr pc (c rapa cr-rapa, f gra p rmm rpc,c ga cr-ga, f p mm).

    I R M: Q V?

    cap arr -a ca fap c aagm ar a cp ar90 a gra grpr pc, car a marca p ar a Rp-bc Ma. Grp pc m irfr a gra f mmbr a Par- Cm, frma car a ra gaa 1994, m- Par- Cmr Rpbca Ma (PCRM). c c rma a cam car aca frma a rap mm caa -a aa, cc ac p, prcm prpara cr ar

    fra pc ca.

    a 2001, Par Cmr Rpbca Ma a b maraaab Param Rpbc Ma. prgram cra 2001, PCRM-a ama apr rp ppr mc a m rc m-, a mra mb mar mba mac, a a a r

    [66] Pbka, Brag rca: Prbma mb rm a f mr paa mrar p-c. am fc a f, acca a 13 mar 2012, p://www.pbka.m/brag-rca--prbma-mb-rma-a-f-mr-paaa-mrar--pc---am-fac-a-f_430011.m

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 45

    a rgaaa (c!) a pra[67], prcm amra grr raa ppr mc car cp 1359, prcm a fb, -

    fb a ar ama ccra[68]

    Prm pa pr gmara mm a f apara hG r. 180 15.02.2002 c prr a mpmara ir M ca cp prar

    m. d caa prr raa, ar 7 ma r a22.02.2002 pr hG r. 217 hG r. 180 a f abrga c frmara cm- a pr abrara ccp pr ra Rpbc Ma.

    urmr pa mpra a f apara lg r. 546 19.12.2003, C R M. Ccpa pa

    f cra cm gc car a ca ba mm,frr PCRM mra mb, r, cara aa -m cra frmara aa c.

    2003, aca a c C R M a fapa, va sa, prmr a mm, a a car m-c-rm cc cr ir a M, pr car a pcaa mm. Pbca, ma c am car, a ara aapbc arg a f prcp ca prm pa pr ara maa c ar

    rap a mm crrcm car.

    u a fr car a mm ca a aa c, af rgaara rcm aa 2004. Ra rcm aara c 75,8% ppa cr m ar 2,2% rm, (ac-c af fra c r ma rm). Rcm apra rm caa mra c frar mrc c mr cra (8,4%), r (5,9%) gg (4,4%). d ama, cfrma c r-a rcm, 78,4% ppa a ma c mba mar mba mac, , rpc ar pr 18,8% r rp mba

    rm.[69]

    ac c, pa f aa p c raga PCRM a f a prarm ca mra c pr a mra fa bara pr

    [67] Cm Cra a PCRM, ea prgram cra a Par Cmr Rpbca M-a, p://www.-mcracy.m/c/paramary/2001/pp/pcrm/prgram/.

    [68] Prgram Par Cmr Rpbca Ma, Apa a Cgr iv 21 22 apr2001, p://www.-mcracy.m/f/par/pcrm-prgram-2001-r.pf.

    [69] Br naa sac a Rpbc Ma, Cu privire la totalurile Recensmntului popu-laiei din 2004. Caracteristici demografice, naionale, lingvistice, culturale, acca a 15 mar2012, p://www.aca.m/ww.pp?=r&c=168&=2358

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA46

    rmm Rpbca Ma. d ama, -a crca gmara mb a m, mr aca mp c am Rpbca M-

    a prcp fra r mba rm mac. aca c,pa f am fap c rmr pa prca cra mbrm c c mba mac, apc af prrr ar. 13 (1) Ca Rpbc Ma.

    Rpra C erp, j Ky, a cara c rbr c prr aaaaa mba rb a pr cf r rpr. d a-ma, ap c grpr brar, a cara c cr a craaam car m c rm. [70] d ama, pc r mgc, rcm caa caa pa ra

    bc aa pr aa aa, ma a c cf g-ra pr mba apara c a ppa. u caa baa pfc-grpr a mra c 89% r rp car cr c m- -a pca agra baa c r caa cr aRpbc Ma. s a c c aca p mb, r,rm, ar 5,9% prm- aa pr mm.[71]

    Crac pr aa aa a cma c m apr2009, ac c rma r pr car ca ra aa a

    agrr, -a a a aara crr Param a Pr. d a f ab fca crcma rgaar prr , acaa c c aagm ar rpr a agraa R-pbca Ma. em apr 2009 a ac cra ar a c- a prpara aagm ar ga rrca pc (mac am a parr p ga cr pc). em a am-a fra a pr mm (arbrara p cra Pra rap Rm[72], pacar crp car cra ura Baarab cRma[73]), prcm ra rr rmm (para ambaa-

    [70] Cr Rac, 2 ma rbc m, 500 m rma, BBC, acca a 15mar 2012, p://www.bbc.c.k/rmaa/w/ry/2006/04/prab/060410_m-a_rcama_mba.m.

    [71] Cf ia, o gra cfc ar, idis viitoRul, p. 25, p://ar.-r.rg/.pp?=.

    [72] uma, Tinerii care au arborat drapelul Romniei pe cldirea Preediniei au fost identificaii amendai cu cte 75 de uniti convenionale, acca a 15 mar 2012, p://ma.m/?m=w&=24969.

    [73] Pcm, 7 8 aprilie 2009: irul evenimentelor din Chiinu, acca a 15 mar 2012, p://pcm.ma.rg/w/r-mr-mafa--pr-f--194679-rm.m.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 47

    r Rm a C[74], rcra rgm c Rma[75]). Mam ca a, m a f cra fca ac rp r

    a para Rm[76]

    d 2009, a apr cmbr p gc a pagr wb fca.Af, ac praa grr PCRM (2001 2009) p pag wb a -r a ra afa mra mac a Md, cp c a2009, acaa a f cmba Ro a Rma. dmr mb a mpra pr p ambr crr ar, arc ambcar apr pr fcara a c, mra mb rb ar cra fcara aa c.

    efcara aa Rpbca Ma ar rr c mr. Car ac par a crca cmb m mm a rmm aa a g aurea mediocritas cr ar,aca p a r pr m-fca para cra.

    pfa fap c a -a mp c a a p, cm prr a prf ar car ar r c pc ca.Ca cr-prfr car a rma ga parr pc RpbcaMa, c ab r mpra fra pc, par caa

    p mm a rmm. damca cfc ar Rpbca Ma, gra c aagm r rmm m-m a ca m cr pc, rpc, prara r ac ar a ac aagm ca pc.

    P

    dcr ar Rpbca Ma aa p rr c cra.Argm ar a mm rmm -a pra -r rmm c: r (f pa gra c Rma, impr R

    ua sc), mb (p- mra aca maca rm), apar c ( caa ma a rm), c-r (rmac a mac c f a), rr (fc-rfr a rr rc prcm Baaraba, ara M, Rma Mar,

    [74] Raaa, Cei doi diplomai romni expulzai de autoritile de la Chiinu au revenit n Rom-nia, acca a 15 mar 2012, p://www.raaa./c--pma-rma-pa--ara--a-ca-a-r--rmaa_492496.m.

    [75] zar, Vizele moldovenesti pentru romani vor fi gratuite, acca a 15 mar 2012, p://www.ar.cm/r/fraa/-m-pr-rma-r-f-gra-712942.

    [76] Mafa, Voronin acuz Romnia de implicare n revoltele de la Chiinu, acca a 23 mar2012, p://www.mafa.r/r/r-aca-rmaa--mpcar--r--a-ca-4178720

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA48

    c.). Ac fap a a para caa, rafrm bc aa r- m crr.

    crcara PCRM- a fca a c cm mac(fr a ab c pc /a ca), a fr mar par c, acar cfc ma ar. Ac fap rm apcara ccp ara, car ar r apaara r c aagmr ar,m car apca c cc ma m a mc. ac , car fcara a cc, baa aa cc, car arpra ara pr aa aa c aa c. Pr-cp a cc : prmaa g, rp a bra agr, aaamraa fa a, aa cr baa p cmm

    acra a r mpr, pram, mcra, bra, rpcara rp-rr a.

    u a mcam prpar a aa cc / rbraa, car rpr mcam gc c a r a fca ca-a r r m car cra ca pc rfr pra. Aca a fca a cmmra m mam mprapr a a rmprpa mmra cc. z aa p aafrma r m cmmrar (ar ara, aa,

    c.) p f rbr aa pr car grfc aa (a p,a c, c.). ac c mpra ca ac m ab caracr cc c m c, arc c Rpb-c Ma, rbr aa c caracr c prpa aagmar.

    Prc a cc pr Rpbca Ma car ab ca-, af ca mpmara aca f pb ca cmb pr.uaa cr Rpbc Ma a f agra pr crr a. Rpc, pab ca pc crba

    rac apr cr. e car a abra car prra prc frmar a ama aa. d ama, ccp- a cc ar rb rac c pc ca, ca crarfr a f rc caa cfcr pc ar.

    naa cc Rpbc Ma ar rma ca gaaa -r rpcara gr r, fr apara c, cra, rg-a, c. sa ar rb gara abrara apcara car ga car agr ac rpr pr fcar , cracar car crm-

    ar ( rc g) gar a r rc, raa, c.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 49

    u r mpra fcara a cc r c c, car ar m-a a faca frmara aa cc. scaa c a pr

    raca r grpr c a prma raa rcra. Acaaa pr grpr c prara cr rar, cr a rpc aaam pr a Rpbca Ma. d ama, ca c a craampcara cr ac cmar ( ara), prcpa cp f -caara cara aaam fa rr Rpbc Ma.

    Ma m c a, crara a cc c apcara mca-m car ar crb a frmara aa cc. ac , rmpra a m mbc (mm, crr cpr ar, c.)car ar ra m cc -c: braa, rpbca, aa ppr-

    , c. scg naa j a pca c r mbrr arcra ammr a aca ar caa r gc, ar caa crc mmr car m a p f gra, prr-a a ca ppar[77]. Prmara cc rma ab c pr rm ma-ma, cr pc ca, prgramr craa parr pc, c. d ama, crrcm a r -car f abra p baa c aa, ca c ar prp raprar a mr rc.

    Prc fcar a a cc Rpbca Ma pa mpa r prcr caa c cr cc pc. Cfc pcprr a aa aa a cpa caracr mc, afc mc ca-a pc caa. Ac cr a gra abra c pc pr-r a prf ar c rma a f apca. Ac cfc a para ca baa r ar, rpc, cra mbrr c c mbr c-c, ar pa r mmra amr frma pc grpr ca carpr m c. d aca ca car ca caa c, a a f ca aa pr a pa rp crcr, ppaa rm a f cca ra pr ar cc.

    Af, ara acr prcr abrara fcaar prra fcara a cc Rpbca Ma, a fr prm car p-r pra cr cfc ar, agr craa ca arm-ara rar rc.

    [77] naa j, Ca : mm, ggrapy, a aam, erm a Pagd: scy a spac, 1995, v. 13, p. 63.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA50

    2.3. Concluii

    obc ac crcr rpr aaa prc frmar a aa Rpbca Ma, pr ra m ac prc -cr ar a mm a rmm, prpra abr-r ara - fcara a cc Rpbca Ma.

    Mga crpra ma m m crcar, car a pr-m ra prcpar r abrr ccpa a prc frmara aa. s ap abrar , prcpam cmp a ac mcam c Rpbc Ma, c-r fr r crr ar ma.

    s ca ba pgc cgc a , gra r afcara pra, aa grp -aa aa; aaa craa r a aam aaaa; ca prcpa r pr ccp naiunii civice naiuniietnice; ama prcpa m car rap aa aa aa ca; pc a aagm ar Rpbca Ma prprma tr car pc; ca rc frmara a - aa mm rmm, car rpr crr -

    a ma. lcrara r prc rprar a mr rc c frmr aa cc apcr cr a a aa c.

    s ca a a fap c Rpbca Ma car c c pc apra aa. dcr ar para

    r mm rmm, car rpr ac baa pfrmara aa c.

    Crcara a ra m car argm rc rpra pr

    a pa argma am cr ar, cc c r arpa f a caa mcam fcar a aa c.

    d ama, ca a mra c aa aa RpbcaMa cr p baa p acc a - fp a mm, am a ga rmm c-ra. Acfap a rafrma bc aa r- bc cfca, car r-pr mpm agrara cr ca ab paa

    pa pc.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 51

    Crcara a ca c prcpa facr ga parr pc RpbcaMa rpra aagm ar. Ac cr a f a

    pr prma ca cr prfr, par a tr car pc Rkka lp, car rcpa fcara a aa. Ac aag-m a fa crca aa a prpa bara apramm a rmm. c ac ca, p r-mm fc rp cr Rma prfr Rpbca M-a, mp c pr r mm, cr rpra aaaa Rpbc Ma prfra rga rara Gga.

    Af, cra ar Rpbca Ma, car prg a c p c, rma f apaa pr crara a cc, car ar c-

    a fcara r a, capab rp cr cr prmara aaam fa a ar c.

    2.4. Recomandri

    Ra crcr prm prara rcmarr c prr a prc frmar a aa Rpbca Ma.

    Af, prma rcmaar a pc grama pr frmara -

    aa. , ar pa c pc ca prr a aa aa, rcma abrgaraC R M de facto . Ac cm a mpr caa m ca,pr af aagm ar cr prm pr c -ca.

    s a ra fap c aagm ar a aa pr a baa-m pc. ac rcma abra a -

    ara rmm c pr mbara ppa cpr cra /a pc. u r mpra ac prc ar r rgaar gra-ma car ar pa a campa cmcar pbc mrar, carar ca frma pc c g a r r-c.

    d ama, rcma abrara ccp prr a grara gr-prr c frmara a cc Rpbca Ma. Ac cma c rfr prr a cara r a, mbr cc,prmaa g, aaam fa a, aa cr ba-

    a p cmm acra a r mpr r- a cm mRpbca Ma, rfr prr a pram, mcra, bra, rpc-

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA52

    ara rprr a. dcm ar rb rac c pc c, ca apcara aca pa aa c p cmbara grr. Ac

    cr mpra, arc pr a fca ppaa r acc, frmara Rpbca Ma ar rb f prc ca ab.

    Rcmaara fa, rpr mbara cc ca a Rpb-c Ma c aa rpa. Ac cr argma fap c c-r grr rp prcp farab ca fra pc. Fr-mara rp cc ar prm c r pc mp- prc rfrmr grara ua erpa. Aara gaaa a rm Acq- cmar, ma c am p m c a

    rpr fama a m, ma-ma, pca ca, , ca,cr, a mpa fcara a cc Rpbca Ma.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 53

    3

    AnAlizA cAdRului leGAlNAIONAL I INTERNAIONAL

    PRIVIND INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE

    igr BoAn

    3.1. Cadrul conceptual internaional i naionalprivind integrarea grupurilor etnice

    R M

    dp carara p Rpbc Ma, prc mcraar, cainstituionalizare a libertii, a ca mprmara frmr rgaar p-c-aa, prmar aprar a rprr c, a-rgaar

    cc c. ac , Rpbca Ma a f aa mcrac raa, prcm onu, C erp, osCe c. o af instituionalizare a libertii pa aa rp ra ma c fcara democraii de vitrin[1] a democraii imitative, c frm cca,

    mprm, a f mp c c a, mc. n demo-

    craie de vitrin / a democraie imitativ a f ma c a p arg cg pg pr a ba c ac g mcra marca r p mp rc. Ac mcra fab, p aa pr mcraa ac, c r. aca r , pr Rpbca Ma mpra pra rr erp C-ra, car a gra ua erpa (ue), p par, a Cmsar ip (Csi), p a par. Prm prc ra a democraia imitativ a ca autentic, cca a ac rm.e p r erp Cra a f fa prc prm- accpar ua erpa, car c p baa

    ar aar a r c p-ra. P a par, car Csi,, cama, rg Rpbca Ma, aar ar cra, ma grab, caracrc pr fa ra a r c.

    Acaa gra raa a democraia imitav a ca ac. dmpr-, r Csi democraiile imitave a a rca ararm.

    n cr ga c Rpbca Ma fac par cagra democraiilorimitave. imara pr aapar a frm mprm, rma mrara

    [1] naa j, Ca : mm, ggrapy, a aam, Environment and PlanningD: Society and Space, 1995, v. 13, p. 63.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA54

    rap rpr prc rma. d mp, prc mpmr Pa Ac ua erpa Ma (PAueM) a f aapa a cc m g rcfrm, r m. t, ar mc, aa r pr arac ua erpa, p par, ua eraac, mrg, p a par, Rpbca Marb - cr car apra mpr apc pc, cmc,arc, c. m aprr rprr m, a mrr c, aar rga, accpab pr amb pa car -ar pa graRpbca Ma. Acaa c a rp, a mmbr a ueraac mrg, mmbr a C erp a osCe.

    dcama, Rpbca Ma parcp a amb prc gra, a

    e, c v. car Csi, Rpbca Ma a p a a rapa grr cmc, fc par spa lbr scmb. raprr ac ue, Rpbca Ma a p rap frar a grr cmc,bc rgm Prfr Cmrca Am. RpbcaMa a cp a gcr ra mr Acr lbr scmbc ue, car a par gra Acr Acr c ue. Ac acr ar pa ma aprma a, 2014-2015, pr, c p, gaara frma grar cmc pa Csi. Ac, Rpbca Ma a para pa mg br cmb. urmar ap a grr cmca a, c p, arara a a ama, acaa m facra

    agr ragc c mpac rma pr r r. Prcpc-cmc rga gba mp ma prga caa rabrr aca a m pcr aa. d ac pc r,Rpbca Ma, a f ca a c, pa pr ca m ac,c ca far amc.

    d cr ma , ar Rpbc Ma ar rb - fr-m car prr- fr ma - ac, c, rag-pc, c ara gr cgc c

    pa car -ar pa gra a. Prbma mar, ac , c, mcra ma, Rpbca Ma pa r mbra,pr a ma, r m occa a ec m pcr aa.Acaa c, a occ, c e aprar mgra, ar RpbcaMa, mpr, pr c ma ac c a .

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 55

    E R

    Arc prgramac Ra: prbma aa a caa pr pr-a Fra R, vamr P, car prca a ragc prpc- m a, c rmar rmarc a:

    Pr Ra c araa gc, c cra prbmazaa ar caracr fama, rc aam ra-a rga baa gc a mcrr raca, car bmaa a caa;

    Fr mgraa a prcar ar pr Ra. Czma a prpr a a m, car a gra a ra c rpc, rcc pr prbra ar grar ca a mr ag, capacaa agrar a amfr cfca, raca frr cr, grpr c rga;

    Ar c prbra abrr mcra, baa p gara grrzpr amar a mrr, abrar car a aba rp mr-

    r a br car a r cbr ac rp prr-rac rp, bgaa cac, cmprama, c-ra fa ppaa marar, prcm fa ca aam-b. cc, cra cm aa-rga, car mac ama, c rf car aap. cc, aa prca rac rp, c caracr fb, para r gr-pr a ppa marar. Par, a cp marga, car prma fb f cp a pr a pra pc, amp pc amar fra, car bma ma m aaarprar mrr fa a;

    Prbra mcram occ prca cra m-z a aa, car ar a ba aa c. Ra, prbr a aa, a c, prcm m a rp, c melting pot, c a a Amrc. Raa apr -a a ca a maa, car fr -aacma m ara ra cm, -a fa pr rmcrr, c. P a ac ca ca pprr, cra r.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA56

    Armara ppr r ar rmr ca pc,z pr rm cr r. scaa r maa,

    ppr r ar. Paca cc ccra r ar caracramc, car c mprra r ar cm. Capacaa ag-rr r arma r- ca pr-c baa pcra, ra p aa b.

    Ppr r far a a ra R ca -zaa pc-aa. Ma mra a rr ac c-m caa, af c mr aa, pra a c, ar prcp fcar a r r ab a ba cra cm ar mpr. Aca a c-

    aa baa p mra ma cra r, prra cra ar c r, c rpra ar ;

    sm caa rb ab rp arc prmra caraza ppr pr rm rarr r mac.

    prm r, pr prara crrr mb rar r, ra.Pca a m cr rb ab ca rm ba: a, cmagraf, r-, cra ma car fr-ma ca ca rm cmpram. n rba -

    pr cr a g a, c pr fap c a bga- rp rr rca frmr r c crb a c-ara a;

    e car abrara r pc baa pz patriotismul civic, afc rc ca car pra aa c rga, pr-m r mrac c ca a R. e amb caparcar c a rga f p apra prrr -g. trb f cra rcr grama pca c -ar cpa ara pc aa cprara r. n rb f

    am a parr pc rga;

    Pca mgraa rb f fra. Prra rb abzaragra cr cafca, cmp, cmp cra cmpab,ac ab c ca p prc mgra. e ambfrmara r cm c a aca mgra;

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 57

    P

    Prpca cca a r prbmr mrr a a m- m ca c a: ca a rr ccr rbar g-ra c xx, a ma rc, a frr mgraa. car araa, a mgr cmr pc, p par, -a cc fm r ma pra, p a par. Aca m aapra bar p marga rgar amra-rra, rapr-rr cmc r amra cra rga, aarara cr-r fa m, rprara pc, c. Cmcara c gra a cr a f pb c car gra mga a f ma a,

    ac am rba aca mb, mpra aca cr, rg. c car raa cmr ra prm ca acraca rgmr rc, baa p gra cr ca rmar a abr-rr fc, cgc, c.

    Pr r a pbca unesCo, c aprma 200 a a -m cc am apar a aprma 5000 grpr c, car rbccam aa mb. A cca para ac grpr c mmfca rma - pr aa. Crcr cgc,

    fca a b apc undP, a ara c aprma 15% am rc c c cc ga pr caa apar r a cm-a c, gc, cra, rga, c., mrar fa ca ma.Acaa rpr maa prcpa pr para faara br am, car gara crara prpr .

    m rma, raa c ar rc fr. e mr rc,car ccc c maraa ma c car -a aapa cmaa ra cm a-a. P a par, rm a r c-mc gba, r fm, cpr gbaar,

    prcm cra br r a bga c crac, a caa frma mgra, car a c f rc cmr car abc. Ac cm mgra mp aar rm apr a r gr, ar pra, r ma a, ar map a para cmr ma. Ac facr cc aa,

    m ara, a acmar pr a-grgar, p prcp mm ac. cc, c c mr mrarr ma mar, c a agra bc- grr r caa ga ma cmpca.

    gra acr fm a ma cmaa acamc cc ca gac m aca a pr crra fmr ga

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA58

    mr, c pr ara r cr facr pc pr, c p ar-mara rr, ac pr grara pr amar a mrr.

    cc, a f pb gra r pracc pr aapara rpc a prcr r.

    Abrara prbm prpca multiculturalismuluia a a ba ccp- bra, cm ara pr occ. Pr c rm a farppar, ar ara frc a cp cr cr, a f fac mar r ccp multiculturalism multicultural. Af,ccp multicultural rfr a rfcara fap cgc caa ar c, cra, gc, rga c. P a par, ccp multiculturalism rfr a raca rma a arr pbc a fm

    mcra.

    u r cg pr pc rm a abra prbm r- cra prpca cr car fac par. Af, crc-r caaa, W Kymcka, pr a caa fac c r r-aa caa mr c rc rc, ccra rra p rr a, raa apr ra rc rap, ca rmar a fmmgraa. Aca br car a f a, fc a mp abr-r fr aaa cr rp rma para arr

    pbc. Pr Kymcka rp rma fa mr craar ar bcra, ca rmar a mgra, ma r g. lcrr cmpc ac c ca r mr aa ccra rra. p,pcfc caaa, far ra, pa f rapa mcac a-pra ar c marca ra, abrara aar caa rm ra pc r mgc. r-ar, caacaaa mr cm, caracra pr ra g-c, car frma mara ma pc r arc. eamrr rra a prca a aca mar ma, accr pc fc a car rfr Kymcka. afar acaa, Caaa

    mr frma ca rmar a frr mgraa rc, fa carrp rma a arr cra fc mar.

    Abrara a crcr caaa, Car tayr, p rmarca ma . Af, pr Car tayr abrara mcra ar rb rpr- ma prar cra a cmr mrar. prara pr ar a pc garaar, pr mp a r mb frac,c mrg m ma par pr c crar a rbrr mb fra-c, car pr ca c a prar cm fracf. Pr

    tayr, rp bra a prcr mcram r aca, rc bram ca gr fr, ar aca abrar

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 59

    prm gra r pr prbma prar cra, ac caca prar c apcara r mr rac, aa cmpab

    c prcp bra. r-ar, prcm frra r frm pca a-grar, r cmp ga faara prar cra acar rcrgra a rc, cm ar f r cr mmbrr mar rr c m raa cm mrar.

    Mcram pa crb a ara cr cmm ac -m caa, c r, ar prm a caara craprpr mrr, c famarara acra c ra crr c-, para c prmara ra a rpc rcprc r cmaamarar c mrar.

    Crcr rp a abrar fr fa c r-amrca. Af, f-f grma, jrg habrma, pr a r mrr, c a capac a a agra ca c m democraia procedural,cma pr a agra capacaa a a apra, c, rmrr. Pr habrma, a mcrac ca a,rb agr c car pr cm mrar c rcprara aap a m . Pr habrma m-pra c a fr c car pr prara mrr,

    a pa fr gara ac . Ca c rb prcp a- mcrac ca grprr mraa, af c aca m grga a margaa. habrma fac fr r mrcar cc raa p am rr a mr. d aca prcpa rmar pc m r crmara mc. aca mp, pr habrma mpra cmba aa c, aca r apra r , prcm: gara r cmpr prcraar a car fraar, frra am cra, frra arrpr pcfc grp pc ca rm a c, c. C aaca, pr habrma mpra b c frra rr ac

    rpr, m cr c prar a parcarr mrr, pa a prcp integritii comunitii politice. Pr a am fragma-ra c, frma c:

    cmaa pc rb cr af c rfc r zpcfc rr cmpr cra car frma;

    ca c raga caa rb fz patriotismul constituio-nal, carrb a ca caaa cr pc c-

    m, rm a a baa fcr cr, apar frrmr, c cmaa pc.

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA60

    irarara r cmbara cm c parcar, rpaacra, fac p habrma ag a cca c ar parm c-

    a pa f pr fama pr prcram mcrac. Af,raa cra, car -ar pra c am caa c grara pa- f aa pr prcram, car prp c pra pc rc prrpcara rc a gr, car a r r apa rpc r rgr c prm cra arm. d ac pc r, am pap c patriotismului constituionalfr pr rpr cmrcra a gra a subpolitic, b caa frr

    r grar. ac , mpr car ca a aa f agra raaa frmaa m rc fa r c-m cra c rgc rr cm pc. Cfrm ac

    abrr, aaa cr fa comunitatea politic cca cc- grr, prca crara r c aca, ac .

    C R M

    2003, Rpbca Ma a f apa ga r.546-xv pr aprbaraCcp pc aa a Rpbc Ma. M ca a f c-aa abr prcpr arcr pc aa, cp agrr -ra p r a crr c farab pr ara

    br a cmr c gc Rpbca Ma. Pr arrCcp, acaa rpr aaa prcpr, bcr arcr pr-rar pr grara cara ppr mcra mg a R-pbc Ma pr armara rr aa gra c r -rr cmr c gc ar. ia ba a Ccp a f afrm caa aa m, car pr, pr arr, prc mcar a ppr mc p aaaa a rrp pa rc c a r a aa. dcm ca cara ba pr ar pbc a prmara pcr ca-cm-c cra m r cr p ra

    r, a ppr mc a Rpbc Ma. Pca aa rb fra pr agrara ccr cc, ara rr cmr c gc. aca mp, Ccpa cacr crba b a Brcor a afrmara aa M.

    Ccpa pc aa ar, fap, r r m:

    armara rar r a marar mrar cc-zar, pca pr rm pcr gc. d ccp

    pa pr c a marar, cmp m, c-ra prma r a ga. ac , Ccpa afrm c m-

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA 61

    aaaa faar a a mpr c rpraar cra, r, gg, bgar, r, rm, br, -

    ga (rm), p a c ppr M, pr carRpbca Ma para r cm.rgrara r ca rmara a cfc para a cp arz90 a c rc, car, a f prpr pc, a a m -gc;mara m ca rmac, pr acrbarazprc rmc pr aaaa Rpbc Ma

    Armara rar rc pr:

    ra rpc fa mb, cr, rg cr rrzcmr c p rr M c c a-ab a ra pc a pc cc;

    gaaa rprr brr m, fr rga c,zmb rg;

    rpc, rcara garaara rprr rr cr rp-zbc a prara, ara prmara pcfc r c, cra,

    gc rg;

    ambaa mafrr crmar p crr c, g-zc rga, prcm a rrgr rprr cr a frambr mar, a agra mb car rr;

    ambaa rcrr ac ra pr amar aa-zar;

    cara pc rc, fpra crc aa-craz

    gc p baa r mb m, prara arambr ar car cc p rr Rpbc Ma.

    agrara r mb m cr ag, ca mb aza mb a c f a fr pc, c-mc, ca cra;

    amra rrgr fr fr a mb r r mza a c. lmba r car, cfrma c gaa

    gar, ar a mb cmcar rc apc a

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    INTEGRAREA GRUPURILOR ETNICE I CONSOLIDAREA NAIUNII CIVICE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA62

    r m a a c. Pr Ma carac-rc bgm m-r.

    crara pbr ra pr ca bgm r-mc -z raa.

    cfra pr mb gg, mac r a a zmb fca p rr rra am Gga (Gaga-Yr)

    agrara fcr raa a Rpbc Ma a mbrzmac, craa r.

    Crbra a rgrara r pr:

    pra ccr cfc c a fr ar 80 - cpzar 90 a c xx, car a frma ra rc Ma;

    mr ra pr cara ra, p, gr-z rra mcra Rpbca Ma;

    ara cr m, ama caracr r -rma-z

    c, rpcara r, cr parcarr ppa raa a Rpbc Ma;

    dmara m ca rmac:

    prmara ar arc rc cfrma ar -zrar cm: ppr mc ppr rm fc frm -rar cm c "ar a ba r a gra ppar Ma"

    raa c mprm mb aa m pra pcfc

    br, am farmc b cc aprca. A rga c-m, p f ca ba cm, mba aa m-ac mba aa rm pra fcar gm/gm ca m fcar a fcr a: mac rm

    raara, cf