570 A.D.

Please draw the following timeline in your notebook.

Chronology of the Islamic Empire

610 A.D.

644 A.D.656 A.D.661 A.D.680 A.D.711 A.D.732 A.D.750 A.D.859 A.D.874 A.D.909 A.D.

1037 A.D.1099 A.D.

622 A.D.630 A.D.632 A.D.638 A.D.

1187 A.D.

1258 A.D.

1206 A.D.

1299 A.D.1453 A.D.

570 C.E.Muhammad is born in Mecca. At the time, the Arabian Peninsula consisted of many nomadic warring tribes, no government, and massive class divisions between wealthy merchants and slaves. Mecca was a wealthy trading center.

This map shows some of the major trade routes crossing through 6th century Arabia.

570 A.D.

610 C.E.At the age of 40,

Muhammad begins to receive

revelations from God and begins to preach the Qur'an. Muhammad was a

member of the Quraysh tribe that resided in Mecca.

A map showing the major tribes and settlements of the Arabian peninsula during

Muhammad’s lifetime.

610 A.D.

622 C.E.The Hijra. Threatened by persecution, Muhammad and his followers fled from Mecca to Yathrib (now known as Medina). This marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

622 A.D.

630 C.E.The

conquest of Mecca.

Muhammad returns to Mecca and

destroys the idols in the

Kaaba.

630 A.D.

632 C.E.Muhammad dies and is buried in Medina. Abu Bakr becomes the first Caliph of Islam. Abu Bakr would die two years later and Umar would become the second Caliph.

The Islamic Empire during the reign of Abu Bakr As-Ṣiddīq. The Mosque of the Prophet built in

Medina. The second holiest site in Islam.

632 A.D.

638 C.E.Jerusalem is conquered by Muslim armies and

becomes the third holiest city in Islam after Mecca

and Medina. The Dome of the Rock was completed in Jerusalem in 691 C.E.

This shrine is built over the location where Muslims believe the Prophet was lifted to heaven by God. Before being

instructed by God to pray towards Mecca, Muhammad and his followers faced this location while praying.

638 A.D.

644 C.E.Umar, the second Caliph is murdered by Persians who

wanted revenge for the Muslim conquest of Persia.

He was stabbed while praying in the mosque in Medina and died of the

wounds three days later. Uthman, the third Rashidun

Caliph comes to power.

644 A.D.

“In the matter of administration do not prefer the rich to the poor. Be hard

against those who violate the law. Show them no mercy. Do not rest content until you have

brought the miscreants to book. Treat all the people as

equal. Be a pillar of strength for those who are weak and

oppressed. Those who are strong but do wrong, make them pay for their wrong-

doings.”- Caliph Umar

656 C.E.Caliph Uthman is murdered by Muslim rebels at his home in Medina. Ali is asked to be the next caliph. The first Islamic

civil war begins with the Battle of the Camel in which Aisha (a widow of the prophet) leads a

force against Ali because Ali will not seek revenge against the murderers of Uthman.

656 A.D.

661 C.E.- Ali (the fourth Caliph and first Imam) is murdered

by Kharijites while praying in the Mosque in Kufa. - Hassan, the eldest son of Ali, succeeds his father

but signs a treaty with the Umayyad clan. - The Umayyad Dynasty comes to power under

Muawiyah I (the former governor of Syria and a member of the third Caliph’s family).

- Muawiyah I becomes Caliph at a ceremony in Jerusalem and moves the capital to Damascus.

661 A.D.

680 C.E.The Battle of Karbala. The armies of Yazid I, the second Umayyad Caliph defeate a small force led by Hussein (the prophet’s grandson). Hussein, and all of his supporters including his six month old son were killed. Women and children were taken into captivity. This event is extremelysacred to Shia Muslimswho believe Hussein and his followers to be martyrs.

680 A.D.

711 C.E.Muslim armies invade Spain. A Muslim general named Tariq leads anarmy of Berbersagainst the Visigoth King Roderic. Parts of the Iberian Peninsula would remain under Muslim control for the next 781 years.

711 A.D.

732 C.E.Muslim

armies are defeated by

Charles Martel at

the Battle of Tours.

732 A.D.

750 C.E.The Abbasid clan

defeats the Umayyads in the Battle of Zab

and their leader, Abul `Abbas al-Saffaḥ

becomes Caliph. The new Abbasid Caliphate moves the capital city

of Islam from Damascus to Baghdad.

The Umayyads fled to Andalucía where they established the Caliphate of Cordoba which lasted until 1031 C.E. The great Mosque in

Cordoba was then converted into a Cathedral.

750 A.D.

859 C.E.The University of al-Karaouine is founded in Fez, Morocco. It

is the oldest existing and continually operating

educational institution in the world. The Mosque and

Madrassa were commissioned by Fatima al-Fihri, the

daughter of a wealthy Tunisian merchant.

859 A.D.

874 C.E.Hasan al-Askari, the 11th Shia Imam dies in Prison

in Samarra, Iraq. Shia Muslims believe that his

son, Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdī, who

was five years old at the time, went into hiding

and is still being hidden by God.

The Al-Askari Mosque was built in Samarra Iraq in 944 C.E. around the remains of the

10th and 11th imams. The 12th imams mother is also buried there. The Mosque was

destroyed by two separate bombings in 2006 and 2007. Al Qaeda is thought to have

been responsible for the bombings.

874 A.D.

909 C.E.The Fatimid Caliphate is founded in Tunisia. They practiced and enforced

Shia Islam and claimed to be descendants of the

prophet’s daughter Fatima. In 983, they moved their

capital to Cairo Egypt. This rival caliphate of the

Abbasids lasted until 1171.

Al- Azhar Mosque and University were built in Cairo by the Fatimids.

Completed in 972 C.E. the university is the second oldest university in the world behind al-Karaouine in Fez.

909 A.D.

1037 C.E.The Seljuk Empire is founded when Tughril Beg takes the throne. The Seljuks were a group of Turkish tribes from central Asia. They had converted to Islam in 985 C.E.. Tughril led them in conquests against the Persians, the Abbasids, the Fatimids, and the Byzantines. After conquering the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, he allowed the Abbasid caliphs to hold their positions, but he assumed all real political and military power.

The tomb of Tughril Beg in Iran.

1037 A.D.

1099 C.E.Fatimid Jerusalem is captured by the crusaders. Even though Jerusalemhad been under Muslim control for 461 years, Christians had been able to pilgrimage there. When the Seljuks came to power, they conquered much of the Byzantine Empire and made Christian pilgrimages difficult, leading to the crusades.

Prise de Jérusalem par les Croisés, Émile Signol, 1847

1099 A.D.

1187 C.E.Saladin recaptures Jerusalem from the

crusaders. Saladin was a Sunni Muslim that had

become vizier of the Shia Fatimid Caliph in Cairo. His rise to power in 1171 C.E.

upon the death of the Caliph brought an end to

the Fatimid Caliphate.

1187 A.D.

1206 C.E.The Delhi Sultanate is

established in Northern India by Muslim Turks and Afghans. At the time, most

of the subcontinent was ruled by warring Hindu and

Buddhist principalities. Many Indians, especially

those of lower castes converted to Islam. The Minaret and Mosque at the Qutb

complex in Dehli.

1206 A.D.

1258 C.E.Bagdad is destroyed by the Mongols. The golden age of

Islam under the Abbasids comes to a close. Although many of the Mongols had

converted to Islam, they were primarily concerned with

collecting tribute from conquered peoples.

1258 A.D.

1299 C.E.Osman I, the leader of a

Seljuk principality in Anatolia declares independence from the Seljuks and the Ottoman

Empire is founded.

Osman I (1258 – 1326)

1299 A.D.

1453 C.E.The Ottomans conquer the

Byzantine capital of

Constantinople. They renamed

the city Istanbul and it remained

their capital until 1923.

1453 A.D.

1526 C.E.Babur conquers

the Delhi Sultanate and establishes

the Mughal Empire. This

empire would last until 1857, when the British would

make India part of their Empire.

BONUS!!!