SUBJECT INDEX

Acinonyx 299 Acrania 783 Acreodi 371 Acrocyon 712 Actinistia 809 Actinodon 731 Actinopterygii 868 Adapisoricidae 349 Adaptation 69

biological 65 comparative method for judging 58 terrestrial, land vertebrates 522-528

Adaptive strategies 162 Adaptive zones 290 Aepyornithidae 287, 289 Agnatha 767 Ainiktozoon 621 Alligator 448 Allometries 129 Allothrissops 615, 617 Alytes 131 Amandava 284 Ambloplites 296 Ambystoma 30, 39, 131, 134, 555,

572 Ambystomatidae 20-22, 27, 28,

29, 30 Ambystomatinae 22 Ambystomatoidea 22 Amia 585, 587, 589, 591, 595,

598, 604, 625, 628, 635 Amiidae 809 Ammodorcas 293 Amniota 768 Amphibia 20,27, 156, 161, 493,

521, 533-534, 724, 726, 727 Amphiuma 535 Amphiumidae 21-22, 27, 29 Anabas 523 Anaethalion 587 Anagalidae 328-330, 333, 334,

356 Ancestors 770

Ancestral -- ambiguity 219 -- sequences 219 Ancistrocladus 263 Andrias 535 Aneides 564, 566 Anguidae 455 Anguis 122, 454 Anomaluridae 343, 507 Anseriformes 458 Antechinus 331 Anthracosauria 725,727,784 Antidorcas 293 Antilocapridae 270 Anthropoida 502, 507 Anura 124, 531, 541 Apoda 493, 523, 533-534 Apodidae 77 Apomorphy -- and plesiomorphy 768 Apotypy -- and non-apotypy 816 Apterygidae 287 Archaeopteropus 434 Archaeopteryx 60, 72, 424, 425,

533, 768, 784, 789, 858, 877 Archegosaurus 731 Archiptergyii 520 Archonta 327,330,334-335,337,

341-343 Archosauria 783, 868 Arctocyonia 344, 371 Arctocyonidae 343-344 Arctodiscus 712-713 Arctodus 718 Ardeosauridae 43 Ardeidae 75 Arthroleptis 551 Artiodactyla 344, 479, 481, 487

488 Ascalabos 615 Asellia 399 Asioryctes 329, 353, 354 Astrapia 76 Astroscopus 523-524

897

898

Australopithecus 46. 47. 766. 768. 790. 792

Aves 434. 758. 768. 783. 809. 869

-- fetal membranes 458 Axis

antero-posterior 144 -- proximo-distal 142

Bathyergidae 507 Batodon 344 Batrachomorpha 868 Batrachosauria 725 Bats -- flying ability 396 -- morphometric relations 388

wing design 401 -- wing shape 380 -- world of 377 Bavariasauridae 43 Belanostomus 586 Biogeographic theory 250

cladistic approach 286 contribution of Vertebrate Paleontology to 258 history 250

Biogeography and phylogeny 300 cladistic approach to 286 continental drift, and 271 ecological 290 historical knowledge 277 "numbers clues" in 269 theoretical aspects of land 264

Biosystematics -- remarks 743 Biotas -- disjunct 270 -- origins of continental 270 Body weight

and lifting area 392 -- versus wing-area in bats 387 -- versus wing-span in bats 386 Bolitoglossini 29 Bombina 156 Borhyaena 712 Borhyaenidae 710, 717

Bothriolepis 522 Brachyphylla 399 Bradypodidae 353. 489. 502 Branchiostoma 653 Branchiostomidae 783 Bufo 551

Caenogenesis 127 Calcichordata 768 Caprimulgidae 75 Captorhinomorpha 768. 784 Carduelis 283 Cariama 712

INDEX

Carnivora 328. 344. 349. 353, 355. 361, 479, 480, 489

Carpodacus 283 Casuaridae 287 Casuariformes 458 Catarrhini 787 Caudata 20, 22, 809 Caviomorpha 507 Certhiidae 76 Cervus 692, 695 Cetacea 479 Chadronian 359 Chalcides 454. 456, 457, 500 Chalcophaps 275 Chamaeleo 451, 454, 496 Character state 5 -- assigning changes 194 -- defining ancestral 188 Chapalmalania 714, 718 Charadriiformes 458 Chelonia 445, 501, 809, 868 Chelydra 445, 446, 495 Chenoprosopus 731 Chick embryo, limb development

in the 140 Chirocentrus 622 Chiroptera 327, 328, 337, 343,

376, 377, 398-400, 403-404, 406-408, 423, 430, 434-435, 480-481, 489, 504

Choanata 868 Choeropsis 685-686, 692 Chondrichthyes 492, 520 Chondrostei 585, 809 Chordata 783

INDEX

Chordate 'bauplan' 652-663 Chordates -- reconstruction, ancestors 650 Chromosomes 152 Chromosomal -- integration 150 -- organization 149 Chrysemys 445-446, 448, 495 Chrysochloridae 509 Chrysocyon 299 Cimolesta 334, 353, 355 Cimolestes 328, 334, 353-355 Cladistic theories -- axiomatic structure 746 Cladograms 807 Cladosictis 714 Clarias 523, 525 Classifica;Uon 782, 815

best, how judged 867 biological, application of Popper's philosophical con­cepts to 854 biological, diverse purposes of 865 biological, theoretical foundations of 852 biological, underlying theory !'.or 852 definition 860 evolutionary 868, 869 in other sciences 864 in practice 786 natural 831, 863 phenetic, the meaning of 824 purposes and nature of 861 single versus multiple 866

Clemmys 446 Climate -- concepts of 251 Coccosteus 587 Cochleosaurus 735 Codons, concomitantly variable

234 Coelacanthida 521-522 Coereba 73 Colubridae 455 Collocalia 77 Columbiformes 458 Columbidae 76

Condylarthra 343, 344 Conepatus 717 Corvidae 77 Construction -- of a tree 179, 182, 183 Continental

area 266 biotas 270 drift 253 drift and biogeography 271

Convergence 222 Covarions, rates of evolution

224 Crasseonyteridae 432 Creodonta 329, 343, 344, 349,

353 Crocodilia 445, 448, 496, 501-

502, 809, 869 Crocodylus 448

899

Crossopterygii 521, 602 Cryptobranchidae 20,21,25,27,

29-30, 35 Cryptobranchoidea 22 Cryptobranchus 35, 39 Ctenodactylidae 507 Cyclostomata 817 Cyonasua 714

Dacrycarpus 278 Damaliscus 293 Dasypus 350, 351 Dasyuridae 474-475 Dasyurus 467-468, 470, 473-475 Dasypodidae 502 Deinogalerix 683 Deltatheridia 328, 330, 334 Deltatheridium 361 Deltatheroides 361 Dendrocolaptidae 59, 76 Dermoptera 327,328,337,343,

479-481 Development -- limb, chick embryo 140-145 Desmodontinae 427 Desmodus 378, 398, 404 Diaemus 378, 398 Dibamus 53 Dicamptodon 29, 564, 567

900

Dicamptodontidae 21, 22, 27, 28, 29

Dichotomy 775, 811 Didelphidae 474 Didelphis 467-471, 473, 715 Didelphys 158 Didymictis 347-348 Didymoconidae 328, 356 Dinornithidae 287 Dipladactylinae 41-44, 54 Dipnoi 261, 521, 541, 807, 809 Dipnorhynchus 521 Dipterida 261 Discoglossus 131, 157 Dischrony, embryonic 128 Dispersal -- long distance 274 Distance -- matrix 179 -- measures of 170 -- minimum nucleotide -- simple 171 Distribution

174

INDEX

-- dischrony 128 -- chick 140 Embryogenesis 119, 129, 132 Embryonic development

features appearing at the end of 122 features appearing during 125 features not appearing at the end of 126

Embryonic features, temporary 127

Embryonic stages, recapitulation of 122

Enhydris 454 Ensatina 561 Eobaphetes 727 Eohippus 768, 780 Eonycteris 398 Ephemeroptera 287 Epigenesis -- and evolution 129-132 Epihippus 784

-- contemporary patterns to past histories 266

relative Epitheria 329

-- deductions from replicated patterns 279

Diversification -- process of 755 Doleserpetod 535 Drepanididae 76 Dromicidae 287 Drosophila 141, 150, 694, 780 Dvinosaurus 39

Echidna 465 Echinoidea 807 Edentata 327, 328, 352, 479, 486,

504 Elapidae 455 Elasmobranchiomorphi 868 Elephas 680-681, 686, 700 Eleutherodactylus 160 Emballonuridae 406, 430, 432 Emballonuroidea 433 Embolomeri 725 Embryo -- features appearing in 127

Equidae 11, 784 Equus 780 Erinaceus 336 Erinaceomorpha 349 Eryops 542 Eptesicus 431 Erinaceidae 483,487,490, 507 Erinaceoidea 353 Erinaceota 483, 490-491, 507 Ernotheria 329, 333 Escherichia 141 Estrildidae 283, 284 Eublepharidae 44 Eublepharinae 41-43, 54 Eumops 380 Eurycea 133 Eurymylidae 356 Eusthenopteron 525, 542-543 Eutheria 460, 477, 505

classification 362, 366-367 phylogeny, major stocks 335 suggested ~onophyletic groups 330

Evolutionary changes 149 -- distribution of 223

INDEX

-- patterns 680-683 -- rates of 870 Evolutionary classification 842,

868 -- bases of 869 -- nature of 869 Evolutionary clock 242 Evolutionary rates 152

maximum likelihood fit for 236 per covarion 234

Evolutionary studies, disciplines in 85 the impact of functional morphology on 98 the relation between function­al morphology and 89

Falconiformes 157 Falcunculus 75 Fauna

composition 290 continental 296 eco-morphological approach to analysis 293 regional 277 resemblances 277 separation in continental 293 the simple island 291

Feeding -- strategies 295 Ferae 327, 330, 334-335, 347-348,

355 Ferungulata 327, 343 Fetal membranes

Fit

aves 458 mammalia 460 ontogeny and phylogeny of amniote 493 reptilia 445 use, for assessing phylogen­etic relationships 501

-- goodness of 184 Fringillidae 283 Functional morphology 87 -- and evolutionary studies 89 Furipteridae 432

Galaxiidae 278 Gallicolumba 275 Galago 380 Galeopithecus 339, 341 Galliformes 458

901

Gap weighting, the effect of 212 Gasterosteus-Spinachia 109, 111 Gastropoda 807 Gazella 293 Gekkonidae 40-41, 43, 45, 455 Gekkoninae 42-44, 54 Gekkota 17, 40-44 Genetic code 171, 172 -- degeneracy 195 Genetics 119, 132 Geococcyx 60 Gephyrostegoidea 725 Glossophaga 398 Glossopteris 730 Gnathostomata 817 Gonatodes 55 Gorilla 767, 789, 791-792 Griphognathus 261 Gulo 298 Gymnarthridae 733 Gymnodraco 523-524 Gymnophiona 809 Gypsonictops 328, 333, 353-354

27

Habitat -- utilization 293 Habrosaurus 39 Haplochromis 89, 90, 91, 94, 96,

103,104, 105,106, 107, 108, 111, 112

Haplorhini 507 Hemignathus 76 Henotherida 329 Hesperoherpeton 568 Hiodon 746 Hipparion 701, 780 Hippopotamus 681, 686-687, 689-

692, 698 Hipposideros 399 Holocephali 809 Holostei 585, 602, 603, 607-608 Hominid -- phylogeny 45

902

Hominidae 789-791, 846 Homininae 789-791 Hominini 790-791 Hominoidea 787 Homo 7,46,742, 766, 768, 776,

789-792, 846-848 Homology 5, 145, 519, 881 -- and snyapomorphy 778 -- measure of distance 170 Hondadelphys 714 Hoplodactylus 454 Hyaenidae 299 Hyaenodonops 718 Hyaenodonta 328, 329 Hydrophiidae 455 Hylaeobatrachus 39 Hylobates 847 Hylobatidae 767 Hylobatinae 791 Hynobiidae 20, 21, 25, 27, 28,

29, 35 Hyopsodus 18 Hypercartii 809 Hyperoartii 817 Hyperotreta 809 Hypilolambda 355, 371 Hypsodonty, increase in 683 Hystricidae 507 Hyracoidea 481 Hyracotherium 11, 762, 784 Hystricognathi 507

Icaronycteridae 432, 434 Ichthyokentema 618-619 Ichthyoscopus 523 Ichthyostega 521, 527, 554 Ichthyostegalia 541, 725 Ictopsia 353 Idiomya 780 Insectivora 326-330, 334-335,

342, 349, 371, 429-481, 487, 504, 507,767

Ionoscopus 606 Isoodon 475 Isospondyli 602

Karyology -- adaptive strategies 162

INDEX

-- evolutionary changes 149-153 -- vertebrates 153-158 Kennalestes 328-330, 353-354 Kennalestida 333 Kinocrania 520 Kuhneosaurus 43

Labyrinthodontia 724 Lacerta 451, 454-455 Lacertilia 501, 767 Lagomorpha 328-330, 334, 353, 356,

361, 480, 487,490-491, 509 Laniidae 75 Lanius 75 Latimeria 156, 532, 541-542 Leiopelma 277 Lepidosauria 44-45 Lemur 342 Lepidodenropsis 730 Lepidosauria 868 Lepidosiren 261, 554 Lepidosteus 598 Lepidotes 604 Lepisosteidae 809 Lepisosteus 589, 591, 604 Lepomis 296 Lepospondyli 727 Leptictidae 326, 328-329, 333,

353, 361 Leptictimorpha 353, 355, 366 Leptictis 353, 354 Leptodactylidae 13 Leptolepides 627 Leptolepis 585-587, 591, 597-598,

617, 620, 631, 635, 768 Life zones -- concepts of 251 Lineages -- and paleontological species 780 Liolaemus 451, 454 Lipotyphla 327, 328, 349 Lissamphibia 527-528, 531 Litolestes 371 Locomotion -- labyrinthodonts, 568-570 -- salamander, 556-568 Loxommatidae 733 Lutra 687 Lutreolina 715

INDEX

Lutrogale 687 Lycoptera 608, 746 Lygosoma 457 Lystrosaurus 258 Lytechinus 240

Mabuya 451 Machilis 133 Macroglossus 398 Macromolecular sequence, the

phyletic interpretation of 2ll

Macroorhipis 587 Macropodidae 474 Macropus 468, 472-474 Macroscelididae 327, 334, 353,

481, 487, 509 Malaclemys 446, 448 Mammalia 158, 329, 355, 502, 505,

602, 758, 759-760, 768, 787, 788, 807, 809, 830 fetal membranes of 460

Manis 352 Megachiroptera 377, 432-435 Marsupialia 788 Mass -- limit for steady powered

flight 419 -- maximum for hovering 415 -- maximum for safe unpowered

landing 412 Megadermatidae 432 Megalania 299, 713 Megaloceros 125, 682 Megalonychidae 353 Megaluxus 586 Meliphaga 73 Meliphagidae 72, 73, 76 Melithreptes 73 Melophagidae 292 Menotyphla 327-328 Merychippus 780, 784 Mesohippus 784 Mesonychidae 344 Messelina 371 Metacheiromys 350, 352 Metatheria 467, 505 Microbrachis 733

Microchiroptera 379, 386-387, 396, 430-432, 434,435

Micronycteris 390 Micropterus 296 Miocene 677,710,718 Moho 73 Molossidae 432 Monophyletic taxa 806 Monophyletism

903

-- versus polyphyletism, tetra-pods 529-534

Monophyly -- and related terms 757 Monotremata 460, 787-788 Morganucodontia 788 Miltituberculata 788 Morphocline 9, 777 Morphogenesis 119 Morphology, constructional

the impact of 98 the relation between evolu­tion and functional 87, 100 the relation between evolu­tionary studies and 89

Morphometric -- relations in bats 388 -- relations in birds 391 Muscicapidae 75 Mustelidae 717 Mutation distance -- example computation 178 Mutica 327 Mylodontidae 353 Myobis 404 Myotis 386 Myotragus 684, 692 Myxmecoboides 353 Myrmecophagidae 353 Mystacinidae 432 Myxinoidea 807 Myzapodidae 432 Myzomela 73

Narcine 156 Natalidae 432 Natrix 451 Nectariniidae 73 Nectophyrnoides 122, 545-552

904

Necturidae 21, 22, 27, 29 Necturus 7, 22, 25, 30, 35, 39-

40 Nematoda 807 Neoceratodus 261, 542, 554 Neohipparion 701 Neopterygii 520 Neoteny 126 Neotherida 329 Noctilio 378, 386, 398, 404, 435 Nothofagus 265, 277-278, 285 Notictis 715 Notocynus 716 Notropis 296 Nucleotide -- interchanges 223, 229, 232 -- m1n1mum distance 174 Nycteridae 432

Odonata 263 Oedistoma 73 Oligo chaeta 807 Oligopleurus 586-587, 589, 606 Ontogeny 120, 439

amniote fetal membranes 493 -- and parsimony 779 -- and phylogeny 120-129 Onychodatylus 35, 39 Onychodectes 327 Ophiacodontidae 733 Opisthotriton 39 Ornithorhynehus 461, 463-464 Orohippus 784 Osteichthyes 520

Pachycephalinae 75 Palaeanodon 349-352 Palaeanodonta 352 Palaeochiropterygidae 432 Paleochiropterygoidea 432-434 Palaeonisciformes 768 Palaeoproteus 22, 39 Palaeoryctidae 328 Palaeoryetes 328 Palaeoryctoid 355 Paleocene 710

INDEX

Paleoecology -- Upper Carboniferous, Lower

Permian tetrapods 730 Paleolagus 359. 360 Paleontological species -- lineages. and 780 Paleontology, contribution of 18 -- vertebrate 258 Palingenesis 122 Pan 7, 46,742,767,789, 791,

792, 846-848 Pandionidae 72, 76 Pangea 724 Paninae 789, 790 Pantodonta 334, 354 Pantolambda 354-355 Pantolestes 350-351 Pantolestidae 333, 353 Pantotheria 788 Paradisaeidae 76 Parahippus 701 Parallelism 34 -- problems of 16 Paramys 357-358 Paranthropina 790 Paranthropus 766, 789-792 Paraphyletic groups 763 Parsimony 859

analysis 214 and ontogeny 779 maximum procedures 187 problems of 16 procedure, using genetic code 172

Parulidae 73 Parus 75 Passeriformes 458 Pedetidae 507 Pelea 293 Pelecanidae 75 Pelecaniformes 458 Pelycosauria 768, 784 Perameles 469, 471, 475-476 Peramelidae 475, 490 Peramus 334 Perea 296 Periophthalmus 523 Perisoreus 77,79

INDEX

Perissodactyla 344, 479, 487-488 Petaurista 321-322 Petrodromus 359-360 Phalacrocoracidae 75 Phalangeridae 343, 474 Phaneropleurida 261 Phanourios 685, 688-689 Phascolarctidae 474-475, 490 Phascolarctos 475 Phenacolemus 339, 341 Phenetic

classification 824, 842 -- similarity clustering 825 -- principles 828 Pheneticists -- criticisms of other schools

of taxonomy 838 Phenotypic similarity 870 Philander 474 Pholidophorus 606, 615, 620, 631,

635 Pholidota 327, 352, 353, 479,

485-488 Phyllostamatidae 432, 483 Phyllostomatoidea 432-433 Phylogenetic classification 842 Phylogenetic hypotheses, con-

struction of 320 Phylogenetic inference -- above species level 3 -- methodology 3 Phylogenetic scheme, construct-

ing 12 -- tree, sample construction 183 Phylogenetic systematics -- assumptions in the theory 750 Phylogeny 4

and biogeography 300 bats 378 constructing 20 evaluating 40-47 fishes 593 hominid 45 lower vertebrates 592

905

Plagiomenidae 337 Plasticity 101 Platydactylus ·451 Platypus 466 Plecotus 399 Pleistocene 674, 677,686-687,

695, 717 Plesiadapis 337, 339, 341 Plesiomorphy -- and apomorphy 768 Plethodontidae 21-22, 35 Pliocene 674, 677, 696, 710, 716 Polarity 9 Polyphyletic -- groups 763 Polyodon 598 Polypterus 585, 587, 589, 591

604 Pongidae 757, 846 Pongini 791 Pongo 767, 789, 846-847 Porolepis 542 Potamogalidae 509 Potorous 473 Preptotheria 329-330, 333 Primates 327, 328, 337, 343, 361,

380, 443, 479, 480, 481, 487, 491, 493, 504, 507 '

Pristurus 43 Proborhyaena 712-713 Proboscidea 489 Procellariformes 458 Procerberus 328, 345-346, 353-

354, 357-358 Prodesmodon 39 Prodiacodon 353-354 Proleptolepis 615, 631 Promerops 73 Propotto 434 Prosimii 767-768 Proteidae 21-22, 27, 29, 39 Proterogenesis 125 Preteus 7, 22, 25, 30, 35, 39,

40, 123 of amniote fetal membranes

Picidae 60, 76-77 493 Prothylacynus 713

Pisces 767 pithecanthropus 790, 792 Placentalia 788

Protochordata 767 Protopterus 261, 526, 554 Prototheria 461, 765, 787-788 Protungulatum 319, 334, 344, 345,

346, 353, 354

906 INDEX

Sagittarius 60 Pseudictopidae 330 Pseudictops 359 Pseudocheirus 321-322, 470 Pseudolycopsis 714 Pseudomonas 215 Pseudotriton 27, 561 Psittacidae 76

Salamandra 123, 551, 555 Salamandridae 21-22, 28-29, 35 Salamandroidea 22

Psychozoa 846 Pterichthys 587 Pteropidae 487 Fteropodidae 432 Pteropodoidea 433 Pteropus 400 ptilocercus 337, 339, 341, 343 Purgatorius 334 Pygopodidae 40-44, 54

Salientia 807,809 Sarcophilus 298 Sarcopterygii 517-538, 542, '(67,

868 Sardinoides 609 Saurerpeton 733 Sauripterus 543 Saurischia 774 Sauropsida 868 Scandentia 337, 343 Schoinobates 321-322 Sciuridae 343, 487 Sebecus 713, 718 Selachii 809

Ralliformes 458 Semi-independent variables Ramapithecus 789-792 -- meaning of 871 Ranodon 25 Serinus 283 Rattus 357-358 Setonix 470, 473 Reproductive strategies 545-546 Seymouriamorpha 725 Reptilia 501, 532,727, 758, 767- Sinopa 347-348

768, 774 Sipalocyon 714 -- fetal membranes of 445 Sirenidae 21-22, 25, 27, 35 Reptiliomorpha 520, 868 Solenodontidae 507 Reversal 34 Soricidae 483, 489-490, 507 -- problems of 16 Soricomorpha 349 Rhachipterygii 520 Spathiurus 606 Rheidae 287 Speoarcthos 299 Rhinolophidae 432 Sphaerodactylinae 41, 42-44, Rhinolophoidea 432-433 54-55 Rhinolophus 404 Sphaeronycteris 380, 384 Rhinopomatidae 430, 432 Sphenisciformes 458 Rhipidistia 768, 868 Sphenodon 43, 157, 277, 445, Rhyacotriton 29 449-450, 458-459 Rhynchocephalia 43, 445, 449, Spinachia 109-111

501, 809 Squamata 53, 451, 455-456, 496 Ri bonucleases 501, 809 -- pancreatic, evolution of

205-209 Rodentia 327-329, 355, 361, 480-

481, 490-491, 502, 504 Rousettus 400, 434 Rynchops 72

Saccopteryx 406

Staurotypus 157 Stereocheilus 27 Strepsirhini 488, 507 Strigidae 76 Strigiformes 72, 76 Strongylocentrotus 240 Struthionidae 287 Stylocynus 713-714 Sulidae 75

INDEX

Sundasciurus 321-322 Sweepstakes routes 274 Symmetrodonta 768, 788-789 Symphonia 263 Synapomorphy 612, 623, 632 -- and homology 778

Tachyglossus 461, 463-464 Tadarida 386 Taeniodonta 327-328, 333, 353 Talpa 486 Talpidae 483, 490, 507 Tamandua 353 Taphozous 380, 384 Tarsiidae 481 Tarsiiformes 507 Tarsioidea 768 Tarsius 481-482, 488 Taxonomic diagnoses, precision

of 320 Taxonomy -- pheneticists' criticisms of

other schools of 838 Teleostei 585, 600, 604, 608,

610-619, 809 Teleostomi 868 Temnocepala 253 Temnospondyli 725 Tenrecidae 509 Tenrecoidea 509 Tetrapod

development of limb 139 distribution in the Devonian and Carboniferous 725 paleoecology 730

Tetrapods -- search, sister group 520-522 Teutomanis 349, 352 Thamnophis 451, 454, 457 Tharsis 586, 591, 615, 627 Thecodontia 784 Therapsida 768, 776, 784 Theria 788 Therictoidea 327 Thraupidae 73 Thrissops 585-587, 591, 597 Thylacsleo 298 Thylacosmilidae 710, 718

Thylacosmilus 298 Thylophorops 715 Thyropteridae 432 Tillodontia 327 Timaliinae 270 Tinamidae 287 Tokotheria 330, 334 Toxorhamphus 73 Trachystomata 22 Trechnotheria 788 Trees

bifureating 186 intervals 194 phylogenetic, model of 534 test alternative 185, 196

tribosphenida 788 Trichosurus 473 Triconodonta 788-789 Trimerorhachis 733 Triturus 564, 572 Trochilidae 73, 76 Tropidonotus 123 Tullimonstrum 621 Tupaiidae 326-327, 342, 481,

489, 507, 509 Tupaiiformes 337 Tupaiodon 371 Tylonycteris 390 Typhlomolge 35 Typhlotriton 27 Tyto 75. 683

Unguiculata 327, 329 UngUlata 329, 330, 334, 335,

343, 344 Uranoscopus 523 Urocles 586-587, 589, 597 Urodela 124, 133, 523, 541 Ursus 677

Vampyrum 401 Varanus 299 Vertebrata 783, 809 Vertebrate

907

karyological evolution of 153 oviparity and viviparity in 498 paleontology 258

908

Vespertilionidae 431-432, 483 Vespertilionoidea 432-433 Vipera 97, 113 Viviparity -- anatomical, physiological

adaptations to 546-549 Vombatidae 474 Vombatus 475

Weighting -- character analysis 15 -- derived character states 36 Wing-Area

significance of the bio­metrical relations 390 variation in relation to body size 386

-- versus body-weight 387 Wing-Span

INDEX

significance of biometrical relations 390 variation in relation to body size 386 versus body weight 386

Xantusiidae 43, 455 Xonopus 123 Zalambdalestes 330, 354 Zamlamdalestidae 356 Zoogeographic regions 251 -- analysis 264 Zosterops 276, 291