4.1.3 ( Ultraviolet rays )

200~400 nm 400~800 nm

.

C=O, C=C, CC, Benzonoid (Chromophores) .

OH, -OR, -NH2 (Auxochromes) . .

,

, ,

. (Sample cell) ,

( ) .

(Ultraviolet & visible spectro

scopy) Single beam

Double beam .

.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone ,

nm, (Absorbance) .

200~400nm

.

(O3)

,

.

,

, .

(UV absorber) .

2 .

,

.

.

Melanin ,

Benzophenone , Benzotriazole , Phenylester , Cinamic acid .

, () ,

, .

UV-B

,

Melanin

.

UV-B

.

Benzophenone

, Phenol hydroxy

Carbonyl ,

Tautomerism .

, Melanin

,

. ,

. Melanin () ,

. (Biotechnology)

.

4.1.4 ( Nuclear Magnetic Resonance )

Radio

.

NNoonn--mmaaggnneettiicc ffiieelldd AApppplliieedd mmaaggnneettiicc ffiieelldd

(Apin quantum number: SQN) 0

, . SQN

.

p66 -

, SQN = 0

1122CC,, 1166OO,, 3322SS , SQN = 1/2 11HH,, 33HH,, 1133CC,, 1155NN,, 1199FF,, 3311PP . SQN = 1 22HH,, 1144NN , SQN > 1 1100BB,, 1111BB,, 1177OO,, 3355CCll .

(NMR analysis).

NMR spectrometer ,

14,000 G (60 MHz) proton spectra 23,000 G (100MHz) ,

71,000 G (300MHz) .

NMR

NMR

, RF-

transmitter Radio-frequency

power

, RF receiver RF

,

.

.

NMR spectrum

.

NMR spectrum

(Proton)

. , , CH, CH2, CH3

. , CCHHEEMMIICCAALL SSHHIIFFTT .

Chemical shift , proton

. proton Tetrame

thylsilane (TMS) .

chemical shift() (Hz: ) , 10- .

== 110066 xx (( -- )) // ((ppppmm))

,

() proton

, (Spin-spin splitting)

proton , n

proton n+1

.

Chemical shift

,

CH3COOCH2C6H5 NMR

spectrum .

4.2

.

,

.

.

0.2m 1200 SEM 5nm 50,000 , TEM 0.3nm

5,000,000 .

(Resolution: ) , .

RR == 00..6611 // ((nn00 ssiinn )) :: ,, nn00:: ,, ::

(PP) ( == hh // PP ), (EE) ( PP22 == 22mmeeEE )

== hh // ((22mmeeEE))

, .

, TEM 100kV 0.037 ,

0.004 radian, 6 .

, ,

.

.

.

, .

, 1) , 2)

50eV , 3) 50eV

, 4) (X-)

.

,

.

1 , +

.

, (Transmitting) (scanning)

.

(Transmission Electron Microscopy: TTEEMM), (Scanning Electron Microscopy: SSEEMM) .

.

, .

, .

, .

, (polarization)

.

.

.

(OM)

(SEM)

(TEM) , ,

, , , ,

,

.

SEM

,

. ,

, 100~

500 .

TEM

.

200

, 3mm

Cu Ni Grid

, 100

SiO

.

Shadow casting

,

(replica) .

,

.

(CRT)

.

.

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX)

, X-

.

Stainless steel X-

.

EDX

,

.

4.3 X-

X- (X-ray Diffraction Analysis) 1 X-

, 2 X-

.

2 X- 1 ,

. 5 ,

X- (Small angle X-ray diffraction: SAXS) , X- (Wide

angle X-ray diffraction: WAXS) .

X- . X-

.

, .

X-

.

X- .

. K K ,

K , L L , L ,,,

.

K , .

.

K .

X- .

K

, X-

.

X-

.

MMooKKaa == 00..7711 CCuuKKaa == 11..5544 CCooKKaa == 11..7799 FFeeKKaa == 11..9944 CCrrKKaa == 22..2299

X- (X-ray generator)

X- ,

+/- . KV ,

.

X-

,

X-

X- (Scattered

X-ray) .

X-

X- X-

. X- X-

(Coherent scattered X-ray) .

1 X-( X-: Incident beam) ,

1 X- 2 X-( X-) .

X- X-

. , ,

X- .

X-

.

(

Diffraction) .

,

.

,

.

X- ,

.

, , O

M ,

L~N, ,

,

.

,

,

, ,

.

Braggs Law

.

nn == 22 dd ssii nn nn:: ,, :: XX-- ((CCuuKKaa==11..5544)),, dd:: ((dd--ssppaacciinngg)),, :: ((ddiiffffrraaccttiioonn aannggllee))

X- ,

. .

. ,

Braggs law

X-

.

3

3 .

1 x,y,z 3

.

,

.

X-

xyz

Bragg

(n)

.

.

, 3

,

,

.

Single point:

three cones intersect

3 , X-

.

Condition for appearance of an interference

reflection on flat film

X- ,

(: Equator) (Lateral) ,

(: Merdian) (Axis) .

X-

X-

() , , .

X-

(Detecter) .

(S) X- beam slits(A)

(C) .

Receiveing slits(B,F)

(G) .

,

.

.

.

.

.

, ,

.

X-

, X-

.

,

.

, , ,

, .

,

(merdian) .

, ,

.

X-

(Crystallinity) .

, (diffractogram) .

Polypropylene

,

.

(Crystallite) , Identity

periods, (Long-spacing periods)

.

X- (WAXS)

X-

(Goniometer) .

Sample

DetectorGenerator

X-

X- 0 X- X- ,

.

Bragg (nn == 22dd ssiinn ) () () , .

, d = 100 CuK =0.44 , AlK 2.39 .