3RD LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT FROM ANALYSIS TO IMPLEMENTATION ... · FROM ANALYSIS TO IMPLEMENTATION ZURICH, AUGUST 27 – 29, 2007 . 2 Content Congress Organisation ... Geberit Group

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PROGRAM & ABSTRACT BOOK

3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

FROM ANALYSIS TO IMPLEMENTATION

ZURICH, AUGUST 27 – 29, 2007

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Content Congress Organisation.......................................................................................................................... 4

Scientific Committee .......................................................................................................................... 4 Organizing Committee........................................................................................................................ 4

General Information ............................................................................................................................. 6 Public Transportation.......................................................................................................................... 6 Insurance ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Language............................................................................................................................................. 6 Currency / Credit Cards / Banking...................................................................................................... 6 Local Time .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Electricity............................................................................................................................................ 6 Emergencies ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Tipping................................................................................................................................................ 7 Directions and Connections in Zurich ................................................................................................ 7

Session Schedule .................................................................................................................................... 8 Scientific Program - Oral Sessions....................................................................................................... 9

MONDAY MORNING ...................................................................................................................... 9 MONDAY AFTERNOON I ............................................................................................................. 10 MONDAY AFTERNOON II............................................................................................................ 11 TUESDAY MORNING.................................................................................................................... 12 TUESDAY AFTERNOON............................................................................................................... 13 WEDNESDAY MORNING ............................................................................................................. 14 WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON ........................................................................................................ 15

Poster Session....................................................................................................................................... 16 MONDAY......................................................................................................................................... 16 TUESDAY........................................................................................................................................ 17 WEDNESDAY ................................................................................................................................. 19

Additional Meetings ............................................................................................................................ 21 Social Program .................................................................................................................................... 22

Side Activities in Zurich During the Conference Duration............................................................... 23 Conference Venue ............................................................................................................................... 25

University Zurich Irchel.................................................................................................................... 25 ETH Zurich Center ........................................................................................................................... 26 Presentation Upload .......................................................................................................................... 27 Poster Session ................................................................................................................................... 27 Internet .............................................................................................................................................. 27 Wireless Access ................................................................................................................................ 27

Plenary and Keynote Lectures: Speakers and Abstracts ................................................................ 28 Life Cycle Assessment as a Rational Basis of Environmental Policy .............................................. 28 Making Sustainability Operational: Integrating Life Cycle Thinking into the Business Processes of a Multinational Company.................................................................................................................. 29 LCM2007: Facts, Figures and Challenges ........................................................................................ 29 Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources ..................................................... 30 From Life Cycle Thinking to a Sustainable Value Chain ................................................................. 31 LCM: Dissemination Strategy Towards a More Sustainable Development for the World............... 32

Sponsors of LCM 2007........................................................................................................................ 33 Alcan Inc. .......................................................................................................................................... 33 Holcim............................................................................................................................................... 33 PRé.................................................................................................................................................... 33 BAFU................................................................................................................................................ 34 IGORA.............................................................................................................................................. 34 Geberit Group ................................................................................................................................... 34 Swiss National Science Foundation.................................................................................................. 35 North-South Centre ........................................................................................................................... 35

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Exhibitors............................................................................................................................................. 36 Ecointesys – Life Cycle Systems ...................................................................................................... 36 ecoinvent Centre ............................................................................................................................... 36 ifu Hamburg ...................................................................................................................................... 36 IGORA.............................................................................................................................................. 36 PE INTERNATIONAL .................................................................................................................... 36 PRé.................................................................................................................................................... 36

Abstracts of Oral Presentations ......................................................................................................... 37 MONDAY......................................................................................................................................... 37

Management Challenges............................................................................................................... 37 Services......................................................................................................................................... 42 Biomaterials.................................................................................................................................. 45 Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals ................................................................................................... 50 Eco-Efficiency .............................................................................................................................. 52 Social Responsibility .................................................................................................................... 55 Electronics .................................................................................................................................... 57 Process Development ................................................................................................................... 59 Promoting Life Cycle Thinking.................................................................................................... 62

TUESDAY........................................................................................................................................ 67 Design for Environment ............................................................................................................... 67 Industrial Ecology......................................................................................................................... 71 Energy Efficiency ......................................................................................................................... 76 Environmental Communication.................................................................................................... 80 Agriculture and Food Production ................................................................................................. 85 Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Products ...................................................................... 90 Scenario Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 94 Sustainable Settlements ................................................................................................................ 98 Metals ......................................................................................................................................... 100

WEDNESDAY ............................................................................................................................... 102 LCM in Emerging Countries ...................................................................................................... 102 Waste Management .................................................................................................................... 109 Construction................................................................................................................................ 116 Simplified Methods .................................................................................................................... 123 Tools and Databases ................................................................................................................... 127

Abstracts of Poster Presentations .................................................................................................... 130 MONDAY....................................................................................................................................... 130

Management Challenges............................................................................................................. 130 Services....................................................................................................................................... 132 Biomaterials................................................................................................................................ 134 Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals ................................................................................................. 137 Eco-Efficiency ............................................................................................................................ 138 Social Responsibility .................................................................................................................. 142 Promoting Life Cycle Thinking, UNEP/ SETAC....................................................................... 149

TUESDAY...................................................................................................................................... 149 Design for Environment ............................................................................................................. 149 Energy Efficiency and Generation.............................................................................................. 153 Environmental Communication.................................................................................................. 158 Agriculture and Food Production ............................................................................................... 159 Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Products .................................................................... 162 Scenario Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 163 LCA of Metal Products............................................................................................................... 165

WEDNESDAY ............................................................................................................................... 167 LCM in Emerging Countries ...................................................................................................... 167 Waste Management .................................................................................................................... 173 Simplified Methods .................................................................................................................... 182 Tools and Databases ................................................................................................................... 183

Author Index...................................................................................................................................... 188 Keyword Index .................................................................................................................................. 192

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Congress Organisation Scientific Committee Althaus H. J. (Empa, Switzerland), Bauer C. (FZ Karlsruhe, Germany), Binder C. (University of Zurich, Switzerland), Brent A.C. (University of Pretoria/NRE, CSIR, South Africa), Christiansen K. (Dansk Standard, Denmark), Da Silva G.A. (USP, Brasil), de Beaufort A. (FEFCO, Netherlands), Fava J. (Five Winds International, USA), Feijoo Costa G. (Universtity of Santiago de Compostela, Spain), Finnveden G. (KTH Stockholm, Sweden), Frankl P. (University of Rome, Italy), Frischknecht R. (ESU-services, Switzerland) , Fritz G. (Ciba, Switzerland), Gaillard G. (Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Switzerland), Goedkoop M. (PRé Consultants, Netherlands), Grant T. (RMIT, Australia), Hellweg S. (ETH Zurich, Switzerland), Hirao M. (University of Tokyo, Japan), Hischier R. (Empa, Switzerland), Hofstetter P. (WWF, Switzerland), Hungerbühler K. (ETH Zurich, Switzerland), Hunkeler D. (AQUA+TECH, Switzerland), Huppes G. (CML, Netherlands), Jensen A.A. (Force Technology, Denmark), Jeske U. (FZ Karlsruhe, Germany), Jolliet O. (University of Michigan, USA), Köhler A. (ETH Zurich, Switzerland), Köllner T. (ETH Zurich, Switzerland), Kreissig J. (PE Europe, Germany), Kuhndt M. (UNEP/Wuppertal Institute Collaborating, Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production (CSCP), Germany), Kunst H. (EU DG TREN, Belgium), Lalive A. L. (City of Zurich, Switzerland), Lang D. (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) Loerincik Y. (Ecointesys, Switzerland), Margni M. (CIRAIG/Ecointeysis, Canada), Nakamura S. (Waseda University, Japan), Pant R. (Procter and Gamble, Belgium), Patel M. (Utrecht University, Netherlands), Pennington D. (EU JRC Ispra, Italy), Pesonen H. (University of Jyväskylä, Finland), Quiros A. (Eco Global, Costa Rica), Rebitzer G. (Alcan, Switzerland), Reuter M. A. (Melbourne University, Australia), Rubik F. (IÖW, Germany), Schalcher H.R. (ETH Zurich, Switzerland), Scharnhorst W. (PE International GmbH, Germany), Schenk R. (IERE, USA), Schmidt W.P. (Ford, Germany), Seuring S. (University of Kassel, Germany), Sonnemann G. (UNEP, France), Swarr T. (United Technologies, USA), Tillman A. M. (Chalmers, Sweden), Udo de Haes H. A. (CML, Netherlands), Valdivia S. (UNEP, France) von Geibler J. (Wuppertal Institute, Germany), Wermer P. (Global Footprint Network, USA), Wiek A. (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) Organizing Committee Althaus Hans Jörg, Empa, Bauer Christian, FZK, Binder Claudia, Universität Zürich, Bösch Michael, ETH, Castells Francesc, University of Tarragona, Curran Mary Ann, EPA, de Beaufort Angeline, SETAC, Demou Evangelia, ETH, Fahrni Hans Peter, BAFU, Frischknecht Rolf, esu-services, Hallberg Klas, Akzo Nobel, Hellweg Stefanie, ETH, Hischier Roland, EMPA, Hoffmann Volker, ETH, Hofstetter Patrick, wwf, Hunkeler David, AQUA+TECH Specialties S.A., Huppes Gjalt, CML, Inaba Atsushi, AIST, Jensen Allan Astrup, Force Technology, Klöpffer Walter, Int J LCA, Köhler Annette, ETH, Kreissig Johannes, PE, Loerincik Yves, Ecointesys, Meister Ralph, ETH, Mutel Christopher, ETH, Normandin Daniel, CIRAIG, Oetjen Lucia, ETH, Pfister Stephan, ETH, Rebitzer Gerald, Alcan, Rieradevall Joan, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Schmidt Wulf Peter, Ford, Schwery Lorenz, ETH, Siegenthaler Claude Patrick, Hosei University Tokyo, Sonnemann Guido, UNEP, Stepanek Irene, ETH, Tillman A.M., Chalmers, Wallbaum Holger, ETH, Wepf Mirella, ETH, Wernet Gregor, ETH

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Greetings from the Chairpersons

Welcome to the 3rd International Conference on Life Cycle Management, LCM2007!

Since its inauguration in 2001, the Life Cycle Management conference has grown to one of the most important events in the field of applied sustainability. During the three conference days of LCM2007, almost 200 speakers and 150 poster presenters will present their thoughts and results and around 500 participants from 50 nations are taking part in the scientific discussions. This is a new record in the field of Life Cycle Management, in terms of absolute number of attendees as well as international involvement!

The large popularity of this conference is not mere coincidence: LCM2007 takes place during a period of time which is seeing a turning point in the sustainability debate. Sustainability and specifically life cycle approaches for goods and services, but also applied to technical processes, are of dramatically increased interest in the public debate and within industry and businesses. The development changes from a supply push of more intrinsically motivated groups, academics, governments, and industry pioneers to a demand pull asking for efficient real-world solutions and improvements in the area of sustainability. There is an unprecedented dynamic development, which demonstrates the value of life cycle approaches if they can be leveraged to be both practically relevant and scientifically sound. This is also demonstrated by the development of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative and its program on LCM, which is now enhanced by a co-operation with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Particularly encouraging is also the growing use of life cycle approaches in emerging and developing countries. This is confirmed by the very high number of participants from these regions at LCM2007: More than 50 presenters from non-OECD countries and further attendees will be part of this year’s conference. This involvement is a great sign in the context of global dissemination of sustainability approaches.

Life Cycle Thinking has the potential, if put into practice, to contribute to improvements regarding environmental performance and enhancements of social as well as overall economic performance of goods and services. There is now the opportunity to ‘mainstream’ life cycle approaches and to make them relevant on a broad scale. On the other hand, this accelerating development also poses risks of ‘quick and (too) dirty fixes’ and “perceived sustainability metrics”, which are well meant but may compromise scientific and practical validity and transparency and ignore the learnings and knowledge that have been built over the past years. It is of crucial importance to apply and develop suitable approaches that warrant reliable and reproducible results as well as to focus on the actual process implementation, i.e. on how to make sustainability aspects of goods and services operational within a business or administration, just like aspects of costs and quality are routinely managed today. Therefore, the timing for LCM2007 is just right in order to facilitate and enrich the exchange between researchers, academics, consultants, government officials, as well as practitioners and managers in industry and business.

The scientific program of LCM2007 reflects these developments, specifically in regards to putting life cycle approaches into practice and disseminating their use. We wish to warmly thank all organizations and individuals who have contributed to make this event in Zürich possible, specifically the sponsors and supporters as well as all members of the organizing and scientific committees, who have worked hard to make this an exciting and successful event. We also thank you for attending the conference and invite you to take part actively in the scientific debate.

Last but not least, we wish to express that we are deeply honored to host this year’s conference in Zurich. Switzerland has a long tradition in developing and applying Life Cycle Approaches. This may be due to the beautiful nature, which reminds everybody of the large value of our environmental assets. We hope that you will be inspired by the Alpine mountain and lake scenery as well. LCM2007 offers a rich social program with excursions, receptions, a city tour, and a lake cruise. In addition, you can benefit from the local activities of Zurich taking place during the conference duration, such as a theater festival and a river-swimming event for everybody who wants to drift through “downtown Zurich” with the current.

We wish you a fruitful and interesting conference, with many opportunities for refreshing old contacts and establishing new ones, and a pleasant stay in Switzerland!

Stefanie Hellweg (ETH Zürich) and Gerald Rebitzer (Alcan)

(Chairs of LCM2007)

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General Information Public Transportation Zurich’s main railway station is centrally situated and is connected to most of the city’s public transportation systems such as trams, buses or suburban trains. Services run from 5.30 am to midnight. Tickets must be bought in advance. There are up to eight trains per hour operating between Zurich Airport and Zurich main station. Please make sure to buy a ticket when travelling from the airport to the Conference Center University Zurich-Irchel. You will receive a “Canton Zurich ZVV ticket” thight for free public transport at the registration desk which is valid from August 27th to August 29th. The ticket covers services of all S-trains, tramways, buses and SBB trains in the Canton Zurich. Taxi Taxis are relatively expensive. Fares are calculated on a basic rate plus a fixed rate for each kilometer travelled. We recommend using the very comfortable and efficient public transportation system of Zurich whenever possible. If you prefer to travel by taxi to the conference, tell the driver to drive to "Universität Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Taxitreff". Tramways The conference center University Zurich-Irchel is easily reachable from Zurich main station by Tram. Take the line 10 to the stop “Irchel” or line 7 and 14 to Milchbuck. Insurance Conference participants are responsible for their own health and travel insurance. The organisers do not accept any liability for personal injuries to delegates and accompanying persons or damage to property belonging to delegates. Participants should always arrange for adequate coverage for travel and health insurance before departing from their home country. Language The official language of the congress is English. German, French, Italian and Rhaeto-Romanic are the four official languages of Switzerland. The language spoken in Zurich is German, most people know English, French or Italian as well. Currency / Credit Cards / Banking The currency of Switzerland is the Swiss Franc (1 USD = 1.23 SFr; 1 EUR = 1.64 SFr.) Euros are accepted at most restaurants, bars or hotels, but it’s certainly a good idea to have some Swiss Francs at hand. The most accepted credit cards are EuroCard/MasterCard and Visa. ATMs are common and can be used with most international bank or credit cards 24 hours a day. An ATM is located close to the reception desk at the conference center. Banks are open 8.30 am until 4.30 pm Monday through Friday. Local Time The time zone of Switzerland is the Central European Summer Time (UTC + 2). Electricity The electric current is 230 volts, alternating at 50 cycles per second. The plugs apply to the European standard and you will need a 230 volt transformer to use other plugs.

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Emergencies In case of a health emergency at the congress center, directly contact LCM 2007 staff. Outside the congress center, call Emergency (144). Important phone numbers: LCM reception desk 044/ 635 35 00 LCM cell phone 078/ 7051634 Country code: (00) 41 Emergency: 112 Fire: 118 Police: 117 Directory inquiries: 1811 Rail Service SBB: 0900 300 300 Airport Unique: 043 816 22 11 Tipping A service charge is built into menu prices. However, it's common to round up amounts when paying the waiter or waitress if you are happy with the service. Directions and Connections in Zurich Conference Center at University of Zurich at Irchel: Tramstop Uni Irchel From Zurich main station: Tram no. 10 direction Seebach (13 min) From ETH Main Campus: Tram no. 10 direction Seebach (6 min) From Bellevue at the lake: Tram no. 9 direction Hirzenbach (12 min) Zurich Main Train Station: Tramstop Bahnhofquai׀HB or Bahnhofplatz׀HB From Uni Irchel: Tram no. 10 direction Bahnhofplatz/HB (13 min) From ETH Main Campus: Tram no. 10 direction Bahnhofplatz/HB Sunday’s Welcome Dinner at ETH Main Campus: Tramstop ETH/Universitätsspital From Zurich Main Station: Tram no. 6 direction Zoo (6 min) From Zurich Main Station: Tram no. 10 direction Seebach (6 min) From Uni Irchel: Tram no. 10 direction Bahnhofplatz/HB (7 min) From Bellevue at the lake: Tram no. 9 direction Hirzenbach (5 min) Tuesday’s Boat Lake Cruise from Bürkliplatz (Boarding Time 6.45 pm) From Zurich Main Station: Tram no. 11 direction Rehalp (5 min) From Uni Irchel: Tram no. 9 direction Triemli (15 min) From ETH Main Campus: Tram no. 9 direction Triemli (7 min) If you miss the boat, there is the possibility to get to Rapperswil by train with your Canton Zurich ZVV ticket. The train leaves from Zurich main station or Zurich Stadelhofen every 30 minutes. You can take the lines S5 direction Pfäffikon or S7 direction Rapperswil. Please call +41 (0)76 547 97 70 to make further arrangements. Meeting point: Boat dock Rapperswil, 9.00 pm.

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Session Schedule

SUN-DAY MONDAY (August 27) TUESDAY (August 28) WEDNESDAY (August 29) THURS

DAY

from until

Room 1: 24-G-45

Room 2: 15-G-40

Room 3: 15-G-60

Room 4: 03-G-85

Room 1: 24-G-45

Room 2: 15-G-40

Room 3: 15-G-60

Room 4:03-G-85

Room 1: 24-G-45

Room 2:15-G-40

Room 3: 15-G-60

Room 4: 03-G-85

08:10 09:50

Plenary Session: H.P. Fahrni (FOEN); G. Rebitzer (Alcan);

S. Hellweg (ETH Zurich) (Room 24-G-45)

Design for Environ-

ment 1

Energy Efficiency 1

Agriculture& Food 1

Scenario Analysis 1

LCM in Emerging

Countries 1

Waste manage-ment 1

Con- struction 1

Simplified methods 1

09:50 10:20 Coffee Break and Poster Session Coffee Break and Poster Session Coffee Break and Poster Session

10:20 12:00

Manage-ment

challenges 1

Bio- materials 1

Eco- efficiency

Process develop-

ment

Design for Environ-

ment 2

Energy Efficiency 2

Agriculture& Food 2

Scenario Analysis 2

LCM in Emerging

Countries 2

Waste manage-ment 2

Con- struction 2

Simplified methods 2

12:00 13:30 Lunch and Poster Session Lunch and Poster Session Lunch and Poster Session

13:30 15:10

Manage-ment

challenges 2

Bio- materials 2

Social response-

bility

Promoting LC

Thinking 1

Industrial Ecology 1

Environ. Communi-

cation 1

Sustain. Consump-

tion 1

Sustai-nable Settle-ments

LCM in Emerging

Countries 3

Waste manage-ment 3

Con- struction 3

Tools & databases

15:10 15:40 Coffee Break and Poster Session Coffee Break and Poster Session Coffee Break and Poster Session

15:40 17:00

or 17:20

Services Chemicals &

Pharma- ceuticals

Electronics Promoting

LC Thinking 2

Industrial Ecology 2

Environ. Communi-

cation 2

Sustain. Consump-

tion 2 Metals

15:40 Keynote Lecture A. Quiros (ECOGLOBAL and ALCALA)

16:25 Farewell (Room 24-G-45)

Work-shops and

excur-sions

17:25 - 18:10 Keynote Lecture W. Bosmans (European Commission, DG Environment)

(Room 24-G-45)

17:00 - 17:45 Keynote Lecture J. Gerber (WBSD) (Room 24-G-45)

17:00 - 19:00: UNEP/SETAC Workshop: 2nd phase of the Life Cycle Initiative

(Room 15-G-40)

Welcome reception City Tour Conference Dinner and lake cruise Excursion to a vineyard

Work-shops and

excur-sions

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Scientific Program - Oral Sessions

MONDAY MORNING

Mon 27.8.07 Room 24–G-45 Room 15-G-40 Room 15-G-60 Room 03-G85

08:10

Registration and Plenary Session

8:10 Welcome Speech H.P. Fahrni (Swiss Federal Office for the Environment):

Life Cycle Assessment as Rational Basis for Environmental Policy

8:40 Keynote Lecture G. Rebitzer (Alcan): Making Sustainability Operational - Integrating Life Cycle Thinking into the Business Processes of a Multinational Company

9:25 S. Hellweg (ETH Zürich):

LCM2007 – Facts, Figures and Challenges

09:50

Coffee Break and Poster Session

Management Challenges 1 (Pesonen, Brent)

Biomaterials 1 (Patel, Grant)

Eco-efficiency (Huppes, Köllner)

Process Development (Hirao, Köhler)

10:20

A capability model for life cycle management (Mo

1.01), T. Swarr et al., United Technologies Corp., Hartford,

United States of America

Life cycle management in bioplastics production (Mo

2.01), F. Degli Innocenti, NOVAMONT, Novara, Italy

Sustainability in tourism destinations: Expanding the

boundaries of eco-efficiency as an LCM approach (Mo 3.01), J. Holleran, Tourism and Hospitality

Institute for Sustainable Development, Lausanne,

Switzerland

Integrated assessment of biomass-to-energy process

systems combining thermodynamic techniques and LCA (Mo 4.01), M. Beermann et

al., University of Leoben, Leoben, Austria

10:40

Decision support for life cycle management of

energy supply networks (Mo 1.02),

J. Petrie et al., University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Development of a generic bioprocess flowsheet model

for life cycle studies (Mo 2.02), K. Harding et al.,

Bioprocess Engineering Research Unit, Rondebosch, South Africa

Identification of environmental impact patterns of industrial

sectors (Mo 3.02), S. Wursthorn, et al., Forschungszentrum

Karlsruhe, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

Process development for a sustainable biorefinery (Mo 4.02), C. Alles et al., DuPont Engineering Research and

Technology, Wilmington, United States of America

11:00

Environmental performance in the leather supply-chain: The role of

inter-organizational networks (Mo 1.03), D. Mascia et al., Catholic University, Rome, Italy

LCA as a decision making tool for the production of

renewably sourced 1,3 propanediol (Mo 2.03), S. Veith

et al., DuPont, Wilmington, United States of America

Development of a life cycle management methodology using life cycle cost benefit

analysis for electric and electronic products (Mo 3.03),

H. Yamaguchi et al., National Institute of Advanced Industrial

Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan

Simultaneous process optimization on economic,

energetic and environmental criteria (Mo 4.03), F. VINCE et

al., Veolia Environnement Research & Development, Paris,

France

11:20

Characterization of nodes in a life cycle network (Mo 1.04), N. Espinoza-Orias et

al., University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Reducing the environmental footprint of NatureWorks®

Polylactide (PLA) polymers (Mo 2.04), E. Vink, NatureWorks LLC, Naarden,

Netherlands

Evaluation of eco-efficiency of iron and steel industries in Nepal (Mo 3.04), G. Kharel,

Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies, Kathmandu, Nepal

Decision-making framework for chemical process design

including different stages of environmental, health and

safety (EHS) assessment (Mo 4.04), H. Sugiyama et al., ETH

Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

11:40

Developing sustainable future markets for

renewables: Tools for stakeholder and consumer integration (Mo 1.05), J. von Geibler, Wuppertal Institute,

Wuppertal, Germany

LCA of biodegradable multilayer film from

biopolymers (Mo 2.05), D. Garrain et al., University Jaume

I, Castellon, Spain

Eco-efficiency for sustainability decision support. The

unavoidably normative basis of environmental management

(Mo 3.05), G. Huppes et al., CML-IE, Leiden, Netherlands

A holistic product lifecycle management framework facing

the challenges of 21st century (Mo 4.05), J.

Golovatchev et al., Detecon International GmbH, Bonn,

Germany

12:00

Lunch and Poster Session

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MONDAY AFTERNOON I


Management Challenges 2 (Pesonen, Brent)

Biomaterials 2 (Patel, Grant)

Social Responsibility (Hunkeler, Binder)

Promoting Life Cycle Thinking 1

(Fava, Valdivia)

13:30

Technology life cycle management: Challenges to manage the research

and development process (Mo 1.06), A. Brent,

CSIR and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South

Africa

A life cycle assessment (LCA) and eco-efficiency analysis of

one-way versus reusable drinking cups (Mo 2.06), A. Vercalsteren et al., VITO -

Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol,

Belgium

Life-cycle based sustainability assessment as part of LCM (Mo 3.06), W. Kloepffer, LCA Consult & Review, Frankfurt/M., Germany

Strategy for the second phase (2006-2010) of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative – Bringing science-based life cycle approaches into practice (Mo4.06) Fava et al., Five Winds International, United States of America

13:50

Integrating environmental aspects in product

development according to the diffusion theory (Mo

1.07), G. Caduff et al.,Tensor Consulting AG, Bern,

Switzerland

LCA on a bus body component based on

biomaterials (Mo 2.07), M. Schmehl et al., University of

Goettingen, Germany

Social LCA – Analogies and differences to environmental LCA (Mo 3.07), L. Barthel et al.,

Universität Stuttgart, L.-Echterdingen, Germany

Life cycle thinking and the European platform on life cycle assessment: Meeting business and government needs (Mo 4.07), C. Allen et al., DG ENV

14:10

The role and value of information and ICT for

product end-of-life management (Mo 1.08), V.

Blass et al., Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, UCSB, Santa Barbara,

United States of America

Lightweight boards – A resource and greenhouse gas saving innovation in the wood

industry? (Mo 2.08), W. Poganietz et al.,

Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, ITC-ZTS, Karlsruhe, Germany

Developing a methodology for social life cycle assessment: the North American tomato’s

CSR case (Mo 3.08), C. Benoît et al., University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Canada

Assessing the reduction of environmental impact by introducing the environmental regulations based on the inte-grated product policy (IPP) (Mo 4.08), Lee, Sang-Yong, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan

14:30

Simplified methods and tools for industry (Mo 1.09), J. Rühl et al., TH-Karlsruhe,

Karlsruhe, Germany

Applying Distance-to-Target weighing methodology to

evaluate the environmental performance of bio-based

products (Mo 2.09), M. Weiss et al., Utrecht University,

Copernicus Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Social impacts of the production of notebook

PCs (Mo 3.09), A. Manhart et al., Öko-Institut e.V., Freiburg,

Germany

Summary of the progress of the project “Initiative to implement a center of excellence in life cycle assessment” (Mo 4.09), M. Bernardes, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

14:50

Total life cycle management – an

integrated approach towards sustainability (Mo

1.10), C. Herrmann et al., Department Product and Life

Cycle Management, Braunschweig, Germany

Technological options and social cost considerations of woody biomass conversion

(Mo 2.10), H. Khoo et al., Institute of Chemical and

Engineering Sciences (ICES), Singapore, Singapore

Sustainability SWOTs – New method for summarizing

product sustainability information for business

decision making (Mo 3.10), H. Pesonen, University of Jyväskylä,

Jyväskylä, Finland

A UNEP/SETAC LCM business guide (Mo 4.10), A. Jensen et al., FORCE Technology, Broendby, Denmark

15.10 Coffee Break and Poster Session

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MONDAY AFTERNOON II


Services: Transport,

banking/ financing and other services

(Jolliet, Schmidt)

Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals

(Hungerbühler, Fritz)

Electronics (Jensen, Hischier)

Promoting Life Cycle Thinking 2

(Fava, Valdivia)

15:40

ENVIMPACT A new quantitative rating

methodology using LCA, LCI and EIO-LCA for green investments (Mo 1.11), Y. Maillard Ardenti, Centre Info SA, Fribourg, Switzerland

Life cycle based methods facilitating integration of sustainability in chemical

process design (Mo 2.11), T. Ligthart et al., TNO Environment

& Geosciences, Apledoorn, Netherlands

The role of LCA in evaluating environmental performance in telecommunications (Mo 3.11), J. Malmodin, Stockholm, Sweden

Development of spatial differentiation in LCIA (Mo 4.11), D. Maia de Souza et al., Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil

16:00

POSTER SPOTLIGHT

1. Integrating sustainability issues into property rating and valuation (PMON06), T. Lützkendorf, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany

2. Environmental impacts of innovative ICT services

including indirect and rebound effects (PMon07),

Y. Loerincik, Ecointesys - Life Cycle Systems, Lausanne,

Switzerland

3. Local climate action: counting challenges (PMON08), H. Larsen

NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

4. Evaluation of eco-efficient car life cylces

during a five car models sequence in 35 years

(PMON09), J. Maruschke, BMW Group,

Unterschleissheim, Germany

Inventory estimation for the LCA of chemicals (Mo 2.12), G. Wernet et al., ETH Zurich,

Zurich, Switzerland

Conclusions of SEES project - sustainable electrical &

electronic system for the automotive sector (Mo 3.12), J. Rodrigo et al., SIMPPLE – URV,

Tarragona, Spain

Modular methodologies (Mo 4.12), M. Goedkoop, PRé Consultants, Amersfoort, Netherlands

16:20

Well-to-wheel analysis of solar produced hydrogen for future passenger car transport systems (Mo

1.13), A. Meier et al., Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI),

Villigen PSI, Switzerland

EHS & LCA comparison of biocatalytic and chemical

pharmaceutical synthesis: 7-ACA (Mo 2.13), R. Henderson

et al., K GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK

Comparative LCA of newspaper and epaper in Quebec (Mo 3.13), J. Trudel, CIRAIG - Polytechnique Montreal,

Montreal, Canada

E-Learning resources on life cycle thinking and sustainability: steeluniversity.org (Mo 4.13), J. Pflieger, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

16:40

Tool for environmental optimisation of operational

traffic (Mo 1.14), M. Tuchschmid et al., ESU-

services, Uster, Switzerland

Ammonia production via a 2-step Al2O3/AlN

thermochemical cyle (Mo 2.14), M. Galvez et al., ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Ex-ante environmental and economic evaluation of organic photovoltaics (Mo 3.14), L. Roes

et al., Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht,

Netherlands

Environmental sound technology information system for the life cycle initiative (Mo 4.14), C. Ugaya et al., Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

17:00

Task sharing in B2B EPD setup including international aspects (Mo 4.15), U. Jeske et al., Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

17.20 h

Keynote Lecture W. Bosmans (European Commission, DG Environment): The EU Thematic Strategy on the sustainable use of natural resources

19.00 h City Tour

http://www.lcm2007.info/admin/person.php?pe_id=355&admin_id=193&temp_id=462093383



12

TUESDAY MORNING Tuesday 28.8.07 Room 24–G-45 Room 15-G-40 Room 15-G-60 Room 03-G85

Design for Environment 1 (Swarr, Scharnhorst)

Energy Efficiency/Generation 1

(de Beaufort, Frischknecht)

Agriculture and Food 1: Fish, Meat, Crops

(Gaillard, Feijoo)

Scenario Analysis for Prospective Assessments 1

(Margni, Lang)

08:10

Environmental benefits of life cycle design of

concrete bridges (Tu 1.01), Z. Lounis, National Research

Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada

Comparative environmental assessment of current and

future electricity supply technologies for

Switzerland (Tu 2.01), C. Bauer et al., PSI, Switzerland

Life-cycle assessment of salmon fisheries and

aquaculture in the northeast pacific (Tu 3.01), A. Scholz et al., Ecotrust, Portland, United States

of America

Ecopublicité: a tool to integrate life cycle thinking in media mix selection (Tu 4.01), P. Osset et

al., Ecobilan – PricewaterhouseCoopers, Neuilly

sur Seine, France

08:30

Sustainable life cycle design: Method and cases (Tu 1.02), J. Harmsen, Shell Global Solutions and Rijks

Universiteit Groningen, Netherlands

Improving the forecasting accuracy of future energy

systems' LCA using time and scenario dependent

modifications to background LCI data (Tu 2.02), R.

Frischknecht et al., ESU-services, Uster, Switzerland

Are there environmental benefits from producing meat

using European grain legumes? (Tu 3.02), D. U. Baumgartner, Agroscope

Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland

Expanding the assessment of resources in LCA (Tu 4.02),

B. Weidema, 2.-0 LCA consultants, Copenhagen K.,

Denmark

08:50

Design of a new seating solution platform for HAG – have the designers used what they have learnt? (Tu 1.03), I. Modahl et al., STØ,

Fredrikstad, Norway

Risk measures in monetary valuation of LCA results (Tu 2.03), M. Sevenster, CE Delft,

Delft, Netherlands

Experiences and improvement possibilities - LCA case study

of Finnish broiler produc-tion (Tu 3.03), J. Katajajuuri, MTT

Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland

Scale up effects within prospective life cycle

assessment (Tu 4.03), M. Caduff-Kinkel et al., Empa,

Dübendorf, Switzerland

09:10

Life cycle assessment to eco-design food products: study on industrial cooked dish (Tu 1.04), J. Zufía et al.,

AZTI-Tecnalia, Sukarrieta, Spain

Update of LCA background data using the approach of

parametrized LCA. Exemplified for the Germany hard coal supply chain (Tu 2.04), O. Mayer-Spohn et al.,

University of Stuttgart, Germany

Environmental impact assessment of Portugal dairy

sector (Tu 3.04), E. Castanheira et al., Geraldes Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Coimbra,

Portugal

Consequential environmental assessment including socio-technical change (Tu 4.04), K.

Jonasson, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

09:30

Comparison of Life Cycle Assessment for low,

medium and high medium voltage products (Tu 1.05), W. Daoud, Ecole Nationale

des Arts et Métiers and ARVEA, Montpellier, France

Energy decisions for the future--Not just [KJ out/KJ

in] (Tu 2.05), L. Laurin, EarthShift, Eliot, United States

of America

Life cycle assessment of ener-gy crops from the perspective

of a multi-functional agric-ulture (Tu 3.05), R. Freiermuth

Knuchel et al., Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon

ART, Zürich, Switzerland

All biomass is local: Using life cycle analysis to better

understand the sustainability of biofuels (Tu 4.05), B. Dale et al., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, United States of America

09:50 Coffee Break and Poster Session

Design for Environment 2 (Swarr, Scharnhorst)

Energy Efficiency/Generation 2: Energy from Biomass

(Frischknecht, de Beaufort)

Agriculture and Food 2: Methods

(Feijoo, Gaillard)

Scenario Analysis for Prospective Assessments 2

(Margni, Lang)

10:20

Challenges of data transfer between CAD– and LCA

software tools (Tu 1.06), N. Marosky et al., Technical University Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

Life cycle inventory modelling of biofuels for the ecoinvent

database (Tu 2.06), N. Jungbluth et al., ESU-services

Ltd., Uster, Switzerland

PestScreen: Screening, scoring and ranking pesticides by life-

cycle impact assessment approach (Tu 3.06), R Juraske et

al., Universistat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

A harmonious balance between use and conservation of natural

resources: Future policy for mangrove in Thailand (Tu 4.06),

Y. Moriizumi et al., Keio University, Tokyo, Japan

10:40

A Generic Framework for lifecycle applications (Tu

1.07), K. Melk et al., Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt,

Germany

LCA of biofuels in Switzerland: Environmental impacts and improvement potential (Tu2.07), R. Zah et

al., Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Management intensity, crop yield, and environmental im-

pacts: Integration of agronomic and environmental performan-ces (Tu 3.07), K. Hayashi et al., National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan

The future of mineralic secondary products from

construction waste (Tu 4.07), A. Spörri et al., ETH Zurich, Zurich,

Switzerland

11:00

Implementation of a POEMS model in the wood furniture sector (Tu 1.08), R. Luciani et al., ENEA, Italy

Thermoeconomical analysis of electricity production via SOFC with integrated allo-

thermal biomass gasification process (Tu 2.08), J.

Buchgeister et al., Forschungs-zentrum Karlsruhe, Germany

LCM in agriculture: Farm LCA as basis for an efficient

environmental management (Tu 3.08), G. Gaillard et al.,

Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Zürich,

Switzerland

Application of LCI and LCM methods as useful tools for MSW management scenario

analysis under uncertainty (Tu 4.08), B. Bieda, AGH-University

of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

11:20

Environmental tradeoffs of the EuP directive and

product policy (Tu 1.09), P. Garrett, Environmental

Resources Management, Oxford, UK

LCA as an accompanying and decision tool in production of biodiesel from waste edible oils: an industrial perspec-tive. (Tu 2.09), C. Querleu, VEOLIA Environnement,

PARIS, France

Consideration of food losses in life cycle approach of food supply chain (Tu 3.09), F.

Schneider, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna,

Austria

Using a life cycle assessment methodology for the analysis of two treatment systems of food processing industry wastewa-ters (Tu 4.09), L. Maya Altamira

et al., Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

11:40

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from palm oil bio-diesel production and use in Thailand (Tu 2.10), S. Ghee-

wala et al., The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environ-

ment, Bangkok, Thailand

Ecoprom: Ecodesign of membranes (Tu 3.10), P. Osset

et al., Ecobilan – PricewaterhouseCoopers, Neuilly

sur Seine, France

12:00 Lunch and Poster Session

13

TUESDAY AFTERNOON Tuesday 28.8.07 Room 24–G-45 Room 15-G-40 Room 15-G-60 Room 03-G85

Industrial Ecology 1: From

Systems Knowledge to Action Knowledge (Binder, Tillmann)

Environmental Communication 1

(Rubik, Schenk)

Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Products

(Pant, Kundht)

Sustainable Settlements (Schalcher, Lalive)

13:30

From material flow analysis to material flow management: What can

social science contribute? (Tu 1.10), C.

Binder, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland

Eco-labelling and consumers – Towards a re-focus and

integrated approaches – (Tu 2.11), F. Rubik et al., Institute

for Ecological Economy Research – IÖW, Heidelberg,

Germany

(Un-)sustainability developments of product

systems (1800-2000): Lessons learnt about transport and

heating in Belgium (Tu 3.11), C. Spirinckx et al., VITO - Flemish

Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium

Verdal – achieving a sustainable community

through collaboration and innovation (Tu 4.10), C. Haskins, Norwegian University of Science

and Technology, Nesttun, Norway

13:50

Dynamic material flow analysis of copper and its alloys in Japan (Tu 1.11), I.

Daigo et al., Graduate School of Engineering,

University of Tokyo

Marketing eco-labels: The example of the Blue Angel (Tu

2.12), H. Gaus, Chemnitz University of Technology,

Chemnitz, Germany

Tracking environmental impacts of consumption: an economic-ecological model

linking OECD and developing countries (Tu 3.12), D. Friot et

al., University of Geneva, Genève 4, Switzerland

The Implementation of biogas-technology in a developing

country as a grass-roots initiative (Tu 4.11), M. Lebofa et al., Technologies for Economic

Development, Maseru 100, Lesotho

14:10

Hybrid (waste IO) approach to metal ecology with

application to the introduction of lead-free

solders (Tu 1.12), S. Nakamura et al., Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

Environmental communications with LCA information: an exploratory

study within the building industry (Tu 2.13), S. Molina et

al., University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States of

America

Environmental and economic implications of the Japanese

trading behind household consumption (Tu 3.13), K.

Nansai et al., National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,

Japan

.Development of a model for resource management of mineral materials by the

example of the city of Zurich (Tu 4.12), M. Schneider et

al., Wertstoff-Börse GmbH, Schlieren, Switzerland

14:30

A regional industrial symbiosis methodology

and its implementation in Geneva, Switzerland (Tu 1.13), G. Massard et al., University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

A new environmental label: -Input from industries (Tu

2.14), P. Masoni et al., ENEA, Bologna, Italy

An integrated model for evaluating environmental impact of heterogeneous

consumer behavior (Tu 3.14), Y. Kondo et al., Waseda University,

Tokyo, Japan

Sustainable city of Zurich - on the way to the 2000-watt

society (Tu 4.13), Lalive, Annick Fachstelle nachhaltiges Bauen, Amt für Hochbauten der Stadt

Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

14:50

Assessing Corporate carbon exposure from a

LCA perspective (Tu 1.14), V. Hoffmann et al., ETH

Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

EPD in building assessment (Tu 2.15), E. Schmincke, Five

Winds International, Tuebingen, Germany


Industrial Ecology 2 (Binder, Tillmann)

Environmental Communication 2

(Rubik, Schenk)

Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Products 2

(Pant, Kundht)

Life Cycle of metal products (Althaus, Buxmann)

15:40

Clif Bar & Co.'s foodprint analysis of company value

chain sustainability performance (Tu 1.15), C.

Juniper et al., Natural Capitalism Solutions Inc., Eldorado Springs, United

States of America

The use of duty, virtue and utilitarian ethics in

environmental communication (Tu 2.16), M.

Mosgaard et al., Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

Life cycle assessment combined with exergetic analysis in cane sugar

production analysis (Tu 3.15), A. Contreras et al., Central

University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Cuba

Aluminium mass flow analysis and CO2 equivalent model of the European Union (Tu 4.14),

K. Martchek et al., Alcoa Europe, Brussels, Belgium

16:00

Integrated life cycle based tool for strategic environmental

management (Tu 1.16), M. Margni et al., CIRAIG, Ecole Polytechnique de

Montréal, Montréal, Canada

Company-related or product-related environmental

communication? (Tu 2.17), E. Rex, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

LCA comparative analysis of different technologies for

surface functionalisation (Tu 3.16), G. Benveniste et al., Clean NT Lab (Environment Park) & Life

Cycle Engineering, Torino, Italy

Linking life cycle assessment and material flow analysis for

describing the life cycle benefit of materials (Tu 4.15), R. Ilg et

al., University of Stuttgart, Echterdingen, Germany

16:20

Life cycle assessment of a company: e-tool to

quantify the environmental performances (Tu 1.17), Y. Loerincik et al., Ecointesys -

Life Cycle Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland

Premises for product related environmental information management (Tu 2.18), J. Erlandsson et al., Chalmers University of Technology,

Göteburg, Sweden

The impact of material choice in vehicle design on life cycle

greenhouse gas emissions (Tu 4.16), R. Geyer, University of

California, Santa Barbara, USA

16:40

Procurement of operating-room textiles in German

hospitals as part of Industrial Ecology (Tu 1.18), E. Guenther et al., Technische Universitaet

Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Environmental standards and certification – Case study of

the wine industry (Tu 2.19), V. Blass et al., UCSB, Santa

Barbara, USA

Life cycle inventories of gold from artisanal and small-scale mining activities in Peru (Tu 4.17), S. Valdivia, Pontificia

Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima, Peru

17:00 Keynote Lecture Jürg Gerber (World Business Council for Sustainable Development): From Life Cycle Thinking to a Sustainable Value Chain

19:00 Conference Dinner and Lake Cruise

14

WEDNESDAY MORNING

Wed 29.8.07 Room 24–G-45 Room 15-G-40 Room 15-G-60 Room 03-G85

LCM in Emerging Countries

1 (Da Silva, Quiros)

Waste Management 1 (Finnveden)

Construction 1: Material Flows and Building Stocks (Jeske)

Simplified Methods 1 (Christiansen, Dewulf)

08:10

Dissemination of LCA approaches in transition countries of South-East Europe (Wed 1.01), S.

Glisovic et al., University of Nis, Nis, Serbia

Ecological and economical optima of material

recycling (Wed 2.01), G. Doka, Doka Life Cycle Assessments,

Zurich, Switzerland

Agent based modeling (ABM) for analyzing demand for

recycled mineral construction material (Wed 3.01), C. Knöri et

al., Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland

Life cycle management as a tool for managing corporate risks (Wed 4.01), S. Suh et al., University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States of America

08:30

LCA in Brazil - from cradle to CILCA 2007 (Wed 1.02), G. da Silva et al., USP, São

Paulo, Brazil

Case studies for LCA application in waste

management and recycling (Wed 2.02), P.

Masoni et al., ENEA, Bologna, Italy

The uptake of life cycle approa-ches in the building industry in New Zealand, illustrated on the example of the gypsumboard

industry (Wed 3.02), B. Nebel et al., Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand

Getting noticed and providing context – the power of

ecological footprints to open doors for LCA (Wed 4.02), T.

Grant, Centre for Design at RMIT, Richmond, Australia

08:50

Environmental commu-nication for life cycle

management of goods and services in Africa (Wed

1.03), W. Okaka, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda

Battery waste management LCA (Wed 2.03), K. Fisher et

al., ERM, Manchester, UK

Identifying environmental im-provement potentials of resi-

dential buildings (Wed 3.03), B. Wittstock et al., Universität

Stuttgart, Echterdingen, Germany

Communication impact assessment results to different

stakeholders (Wed 4.03), M. Goedkoop et al., PRé

Consultants, Amersfoort, Netherlands

09:10

Capacity building for a na-tional Brazilian LCI data-base: highlights & expe-

riences from a Swiss-Bra-zilian collaboration (Wed 1.04), C. Ugaya et al., Uni-

versidade Tecnológica Fede-ral do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

Efficient glass and metal waste management system in

Finland, conceptual study (Wed 2.04), S. Vares et

al., VTT, Espoo, Finland

Social housing: the absence of LCC (Wed 3.04), F. Rodrigues et al., University of Aveiro, Portugal

Civil Engineering Department

Increasing the use and accessibility of LCA in

Unilever (Wed 4.04), G.Rigarlsford, Unilever, Bedford,

UK

09:30

Development of a life cycle impact assessment method for Brazil (Wed 1.05), D. Maia de Souza et al., Universidade

Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil

Zinc extraction from polluted soils by using zeolite and

vicia sativa plant (Wed 2.05), S. Masu et al., National R & D

Institute for Industrial Ecology – ECOIND, Timisoara, Romania

Ecological assessment of selected alternative sanitation

concepts with life cycle assessment (Wed 3.05), Remy, Christian Technische Universität

Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Simplified LCA: Slimline LCA for use at the Swiss retailer Coop - LCA reduced to the max' (Wed 4.05), A. Braun-

schweig et al., E2 Management Consulting, Zürich, Switzerland


LCM in Emerging Countries

2 (Da Silva, Quiros)

Waste Management 2 (Hofstetter)

Construction 2: Building design and maintenance

(Kreissig) Simplified Methods 2 (Christiansen, Dewulf)

10:20

National reporting data as a reference for life cycle

management - experiences in Germany (Wed 1.06), J.

Warsen et al., Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany

LCA as a decision making tool in household waste

management: an industrial perspective (Wed 2.06), L.

Toffoletto et al., VEOLIA Environnement, Paris, France

Sustainable building design – efficient life cycle based

planning (Wed 3.06), M. Binder et al., PE International,

Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany

LCA/LCC tool for decision-making in the design

phase (Wed 4.06), A. Dimache, GMIT, Galway, Ireland

10:40

Agro-industrial symbiosis and population's living

condition improvement in North Nigeria (Wed 1.07), P.

Schwab Castella et al., Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

LCA-based decision-support tool for waste management planning – optimal waste

management scenarios for the Baltic States (Wed 2.07),

H. Moora et al., Estonian Institute for Sustainable

Development, SEI-Tallinn

System proof MINERGIE-ECO: User friendly method for the

evaluation of building sustainability (Wed 3.07), S. Lenel et al., Intep - Integrale

Planung GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland

Life cycle assessment principles in practice: GSK experiences with FLASCTM

(Fast Life cycle Assessment of Synthetic Chemistry) (Wed

4.07), C. Jiménez-González et al., GlaxoSmithKline Research

Triangle Park, USA

11:00

Soil nitrogen deposition cal-culation for determining its incidence in terrestrial eu-

trofization in Mendoza (AR) (Wed 1.08), A. Arena et al., Universidad Tecnologica

Nacional, Mendoza, Argentina

A flexible decision support tool to compare the environ-mental impact of waste co-

processing in cement produc-tion with other waste treat-ment options (Wed 2.08), M. Boesch et al., ETH Zurich, CH

The status of EcoDesign in architecture in Thailand (Wed

3.08), D. Tikul et al., King Mongkut 's University of

Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand

A Simplified LCA methodology toward the challenge of

sustainable production (Wed 4.08), D. Selmes et al., Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK

11:20

Material flow nets and green coffee processing in Costa Rica (Wed 1.09), K. Bull, ifu

Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

An investigation into end-of-life management of solid

oxide fuel cells (Wed 2.09), E. Wright et al., Rolls-Royce Fuel

Cell System Limited, Loughborough, UK

Understanding technical possi-bilities in organizational

practice – housing management in Sweden (Wed 3.09), B. Brunklaus, Chalmers

University, Gothenburg, Sweden

A quick LCA modeling method for ecodesign (Wed 4.09), H.

Wang et al., College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu,

China

11:40

Life cycle assessment of chocolate produced in

Ghana (Wed 1.10), G. Afrane et al., Koforidua Polytechnic,

Koforidua, Ghana

Life cycle assessment of bio-logical nutrient removal wastewater treatment

plants (Wed 2.10), J. Foley et al., Advanced Wastewater

Management Centre, St Lucia, Australia

How BIM will enhance the interoperability of life cycle management (Wed3.10), K.

Hedges, University of Wyoming, Wyoming, USA

ProdTect automotive – A tool to meet recycling and eco-design

requirements using streamlined LCA (Wed 4.10), P. Beigl et al.,

BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Austria

12:00 Lunch and Poster Session

15

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON

Wed 29.8.07 Room 24–G-45 Room 15-G-40 Room 15-G-60 Room 03-G85

LCM in Emerging

Countries 3 (Da Silva, Quiros)

Waste Management 3 (Nakamura)

Construction 3: Methodology for sustainability assessment

of building products (Jeske, Kreissig)

Tools and Databases (Goedkoop, Bauer)

13:30

Application of Life Cycle Assessment in the

Zimbabwean Pulp and Paper industry (Wed1.11) I. Mashoko et al. University of

Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

Developing an integrated environmental assessment

model for Taiwan waste management system (Wed

2.11), C. Chao et al., Graduate National Taiwan University,

Taipei

Benchmarks for sustainable building construction (Wed 3.11) M. Zimmermann, EMPA

Building Technologies, Duebendorf, Switzerland

New NAMEA-based normalisation reference for

Europe year 2000 (Wed 4.11), M. Wesnaes et al., 2.-0 LCA consultants, Copenhagen K,

Denmark

13:50

Integrating global perspectives in LCM -

environmental assessment of water use (Wed 1.12), S.

Pfister et al., ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Life cycle assessment of solid waste management options of Delhi (Wed 2.12), A. Srivastava et al., Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi, India, New

Delhi, India

Solid hardwood flooring in the United States: Inventory and

sustainable building implications (Wed 3.12), S. Hubbard et al., University of

Wisconsin Madison, Madison, USA

The environmental relevance of capital goods in life cycle

assessments of products and services (Wed 4.12), R.

Frischknecht et al., ESU-services, ecoinvent Centre,

Dübendorf,Uster, Switzerland

14:10

LCA for globalized production chains: data

requirements and challenges from a textile case study (Wed 1.13), J.

Steinberger et al., University of Lausanne, Lausanne,

Switzerland

Lifecycle thinking in optimization of waste treatment system in

Beijing (Wed 2.13), Y. Xue et al., The University of

Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan

Life cycle design in building and construction sector (Wed

3.13), A. Campioli et al., Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

Independent information modules - a powerful tool for life cycle management (Wed

4.13), K. Buxmann et al., Alcan, Sierre, Switzerland

14:30

Promoting eco-efficiency for SME’s in the African

dying industry (Wed 1.14), B. Dittrich-Krämer et al.,

BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany

Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste

treatment and disposal in a Brazilian city (Wed 2.14), L.

Vilas Boas et al., UNIFEI - Universidade Federal de

Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil

LCA as a tool to identify the advantages of bioclimatic architecture (Wed 3.14), B.

Rivela et al., Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid,

Spain

An emerging open source software for LCAs (Wed 4.14), A. Ciroth et al., GreenDeltaTC

GmbH, Berlin, Germany

14:50

Case study for the applicability of a national

LCI database in an international context (Wed

1.15), R. Hischier et al., Empa, St. Gallen,

Switzerland

Life cycle assessment of five municipal waste management

systems for Catalonia, Spain. (Wed 2.15), L. Güereca et al., Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona,

Spain

MFA and hybrid-LCA as tools for the estimating of

environmental impact from, and comparison of project alternatives in construction

projects. (Wed 3.15), R. Bohne et al., NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

KCL-ECO 4.1: Implementation and demonstration of continent

specific impact assessment factors (Wed 4.15), K. Behm,

KCL, Espoo, Finland


15:40 15:40: Keynote Lecture Ana Quiros (ECOGLOBAL and ALCALA Centre for Life Cycle Assessment in Latin America):

Dissemination Strategy for LCM towards a more Sustainable Development for the world"

16:25: Farewell

17:00

UNEP/ SETAC Workshop on the 2nd phase of the Life Cycle Initiative (room 15-G-40)

- Key outcomes and deliverables from Phase 1 (Allan A. Jensen) - Call for Projects for Phase 2

- - Preliminary results and next steps (Chair of the Review Committee) - Launching the activities of the Work Areas of Phase 2 (members of the Executive Committee of the Initiative)

- Last remarks on next steps

19:00 Excursion to vineyard


16

Poster Session

MONDAY

Management Challenges

PMon01 Combining LCA, trade statistics and the national greenhouse gas inventory to determine the embodied greenhouse gas emissions caused by international trade

Jungbluth, Niels ESU-services Ltd., Uster, Switzerland

PMon02 Life Cycle Assessment integrative part in continuous corporate decision-making Scharnhorst, Wolfram PE International GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany

PMon03 Green Project Risk Management Tzann-Dwo, Wu Tung-Nang Institute of Technology,Taiwan,R.O.C., Taipei

PMon04 EMS and LCM in practice at Estonian national energy company Eesti Energia AS Lehtla, Reigo Eesti Energia AS / Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

PMon05 Incorporating costs in LCA applying an Input-Output computational structure Settanni, Ettore University of Bari, Bari, Italy

Services PMon06 Integrating sustainability issues into property rating and valuation Lützkendorf, Thomas Universität Karlsruhe (TH), School of Economics and Business Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany

PMon07 Environmental impacts of innovative ICT services, including indirect and rebounds effects Loerincik, Yves Ecointesys - Life Cycle Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland

PMon08 Local climate action: counting challenges Larsen, Hogne NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

PMon09 Evaluation of eco-efficient car life cycles during a five car models sequence in 35 years Maruschke, Julian BMW Group, Unterschleissheim, Germany

PMon10 Coupled cost and environmental life cycle modelling of composite car-bodies for a korean tilting train Jolliet, Olivier University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, United States of America

Biomaterials PMon12 Land use in LCA of biomaterials Garrain, Daniel GID-Engineering Design Group - University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain

PMon13 Scenario projections for future market potentials of bio-based bulk chemicals Dornburg, Veronika Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

PMon14 LCA of biocomposities versus conventional products Martinez, Pilar AIMPLAS Instituto Tecnológico del Plastico, Paterna, Spain

PMon16 Life cycle assessment of biopolymer nanocomposites Shen, Li Department of Science, Technology and Society (STS), University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

PMon17 Life cycle environmental analysis of hemp production for non-wood pulp González-García, Sara Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

PMon45 Feasibility study of local biomass power plants in Spain J. Rodrigo, Simpple, Tarragona, Spain

Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals PMon18 LCA Analysis of Air-sorted Quartz Lancellotti, Isabella Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e dell'Ambiente /, Modena, Italy

PMon19 Solvent extraction of propionic acid from discharged water in vitamin B12 production by anaerobic fermentation Huizhou, Liu Institute of Process Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

PMon20 Absorbing benzene emissions by ionic liquids and magnetically rotational reactor for absorption Huizhou, Liu Institute of Process Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Eco-Efficiency PMon21 Playing with hyenas te Riele, harry Erasmus University Rotterdam / Dutch research organisation for transitions, DRIFT, ROTTERDAM, Netherlands

PMon22 CPD - Product declarations for Environmental LCC Ciroth, Andreas GreenDeltaTC GmbH, Berlin, Germany

PMon23 Green project performance evaluation management Tzann-Dwo, Wu Tung-Nang Institute of Technology,Taiwan,R.O.C., Taipe

PMon24 Technological eco-efficiency analysis for power generation and transmission systems Parthey, Falko BTU Cottbus, Chair for Industrial Sustainability, Cottbus, Germany

PMon25 “Climate neutral products”, a big step towards sustainable consumption Spindler, Ernst-Josef Vinnolit GmbH & Co. KG, Burghausen, Germany

PMon26 KlimaPro – Standardised quality criteria/tool to achieve climate neutral products Lehmann-Chadha, Martin EMPA, Technology & Society Lab, St. Gallen, Switzerland

PMon27 Integrating ecological aspects in sustainability evaluations of farms Meul, Marijke Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Merelbeke, Belgium

PMon28 Life cycle analysis of polysterene and ethylbenzene-styrene production in Mexico Morales Mora, Miguel Angel PEMEX-PETROQUIMICA, Coatzacoalcos, Mexico

17

Social Responsibility PMon29 Quantitative assessment of social performances integrated in the LCA approach De Caevel, Bernard RDC, Brussels, Belgium

PMon30 Using Human Resource Features for Integrating Social Issues in LCA Steen, Bengt Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

PMon31 Social Indicators in Life Cycle Inventory of steel products Ugaya, Cassia Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná,Curitiba, Brazil

PMon32 Development of the evaluation method for social and environmental activities at the Chubu Electric Power Company

Hasegawa, Takahisa Chubu Electric Power Co., INC., NAGOYA, Japan

PMon33 Enhancing corporate social responsibility in the Finnish food chain with a stakeholder dialogue Katajajuuri, Juha-Matti MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland

PMon34 Socioeconomic indicators as a complement to LCA: The case of salmon production Kruse, Sarah Ecotrust, Portland, United States of America

Electronics PMon35 Virtualization of IT environments as ecological alternative in the data center Bersier, René IBM Switzerland, Zürich, Switzerland,

PMon36 Microchip reuse: environmental rationale and design implications Geyer, Roland Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA

Process Development PMon38 Decision support towards to sustainable and functional process optimization Konstantas, Antonios Technical University of Berlin, Department of Systems Environmental Engineering, Berlin, Germany

PMon39 LCA of free-CO2 production of hydrogen through methane decomposition Dufour, Javier Rey Juan Carlos University, Mostoles, Spain,

PMon40 High yield methane generation from wet biomass and waste Luterbacher, Jeremy Massachussetts Institute of Technology, EPFL and PSI, Cambridge, USA

PMon41 Use of Life Cycle Analysis in the technology development for obtaining a biosorbent Rodriguez Rico, Ivan Leandro Central University of "Las Villas", Santa Clara, Cuba

PMon42 Risk-based process development on device and operation: A case study of metal degreasing Kikuchi, Yasunori the University of TOKYO, Tokyo, Japan

PMon43 Environmental dimensionless variables in life cycle impact assessment: application to chemical process engineering

Aldaco, Ruben Dpto Ingeniera Quimica Y Inorganica Universidad de Cantabria, Santander

Promoting Life Cycle Thinking UNEP/ SETAC

PMon44 Achievements and deliverables of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative (Phase 1) – Our contribution to the global Life Cycle Community

J. Fava, Five Winds International, West Chester PA, USA

TUESDAY

Design for Environment PTue01 Why ecodesign tools and methods do not really work Goedkoop, Mark PRé Consultants, Amersfoort, Netherlands

PTue02 Green Project Life Cycle Management Tzann-Dwo, Wu Tung-Nang Institute of Technology,Taiwan,R.O.C., Taipei

PTue03 Ecodesign of a dispensing closure for plastic packaging Dobon, Antonio Itene (Packaging, Transport and Logistics Research Institute), Godella, Spain

PTue04 Life Cycle Analysis and assessment of vending machines, and ecolabel Kimura, Yukio Fuji Electric Retail Systems Co., Ltd., Yokkaichi City, Japan

PTue05 The way to life cycle management of refrigerators in Poland Kurczewski, Przemyslaw Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland

Industrial Ecology PTue06 Material Flow Accounting of Spain (1980-2004) Sojo, Amalia Centro de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida y Diseño Sustentable, Cuautitlán, Izcalli, Mexico

PTue07 A Sustainable model for Italian industrial areas Tarantini, Mario ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Bologna, Italy

PTue08 Analyze of the air pollution in an industrial zone Milosan, Ioan Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania

PTue09 Application of industrial ecology system by applying life cycle analysis: A case study in a palm oil mill Weeraratne, Waduruwa Muhandiramlage Jayantha faculty of science and technoology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

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Energy efficiency and generation

PTue10 Life-cycle assessment, a tool to define priorities in managing greenhouse gas emissions Gagnon, Luc Hydro-Quebec. Montreal, Canada, Gagnon

PTue11 Towards a dynamic LCA for a relevant sustainability analysis Benoist, Anthony Center for Energy and Process - Mines Paris, Paris, France

PTue12 ‘Critical situation’ based life cycle impact assessment of power plants Sadamichi, Yucho Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Thailand

PTue13 Ecological assessment of SNG from wood for current heating and car systems Felder, Remo Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

PTue14 Life Cycle Assessment as decision support for optimum use of biogas effluents Rehl, Torsten University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

PTue15 Technology of biogas production by monofermentation of energy crops: Life Cycle Management approach Benetto, Enrico CRP H. TUDOR/CRTE, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg

PTue16 Life Cycle Assessment of two bioenergy systems in Mediterranean regions Martinez, Carles Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambienta de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

PTue17 Biofuels LCA aspects based on a practical case of inland waterways transport Richard, Jacques University of Applied Sciences of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland

PTue18 Life Cycle Management of jatropha bio-diesel in Thailand Sampattagul, Sate Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Thailand

PTue19 A review of life cycle analysis of biodiesel Pandey, Shubha, The energy and resources institute (Teri), New Delhi, India

PTue20 Life Cycle Management for a product innovation with a new photovoltaic technology- Dye Solar Cell Pastewski, Nico Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, IAO, Stuttgart, Germany

PTue21 Life Cycle Assessment of a marine current turbine for cleaner energy production Cavallaro, Fausto Dip. SEGes - University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

Environmental Communication PTue22 Environmental Communication through Environmental Product Declaration Heilmann, Andrea Hochschule Harz, Wernigerode, Germany

Agriculture and Food Production PTue23 Assessing sustainable carbon flows by linking sink capacities of land with LCI-data Wollenmann, Regina Andrea Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zürich, Switzerland

PTue24 LCA of imported agricultural products – impacts due to deforestation and burning of residues Jungbluth, Niels ESU-services Ltd., Uster, Switzerland

PTue25 Investigating diverging system perspectives with the Mental Model Approach Schoell, Regina SIE,Geograpisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

PTue26 Relating environmental impacts to income indicators at the farm level: Analysis of accountancy and traceability data in Japan

Hayashi, Kiyotada National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan

PTue27 Protein-rich food chains Sevenster, Maartje CE Delft, Delft, Netherlands

PTue28 Decontamination of meat with Sono-Steam – environmental aspects Schmidt, Anders FORCE Technology, Kongens Lyngby

PTue29 Environmental analysis of the production of alfalfa Gallego, Alejandro, University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), Santiago de Compostela, Spain

PTue30 Environmental indicators and life cycle assessment of apple production and import in Spain Soler-Rovira, Jose Departamento PRoduccion Vegetal: Fitotecnia, EUIT Agricola, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Consumer Products PTue31 Implementing the precautionary principle through stakeholder engagement for product and service development Cucuzzella, Carmela University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada

PTue32 Development and application of a LCM tool to support optimisation of packaging systems for the food and beverage industries

Horne, Ralph Centre for Design, School of Architecture and Design, Melbourne, Australia

PTue33 Influence of water consumption during the Life Cycle of soft drink production Rosa Domínguez, Elena Central University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Cuba

Scenario Assessment PTue34 Concept development for a prospective canadian federal government sustainability-tracking program Bacchus, Paul Environment Canada, Gatineau, Canada

PTue35 Integrated tools of environmental management and local development: Djerba (Tunis) application Giuseppe, Ioppolo Università degli Studi di Messina-Dip. studi su Risorse Impresa Ambiente e Metodologie quantitative, Messina, Italy

PTue36 Agricultural landscape evolutionary scenarios of a Unesco cultural site: the Cinque Terre Park in Italy Lombardi, Patrizia Polytechnic of Turin, Turin, Italy

PTue37 Car recycling solutions in Poland in the light of environmental consequences Lewicki, Robert Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland

PTue38 LCA of new communicative devices: constraints and opportunities Zayas, Jose ITENE (Packaging, Transport and Logistics Research Institute), Godella, Spain

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Metals

PTue39 Avoided burden approaches applied on recycling of materials in view of the ISO standards and the eco-efficiency concept

Frischknecht, Rolf, ecoinvent Centre, Dübendorf, ESU-services, Uster, Switzerland

PTue40 LCA as a tool for controlling the development of technical activities: application to the treatment unit of surface SIHEM, TIRECHE Université M’hamed Bougara, Boumerdès, Algeria

PTue41 The ferrous dusty wastes in the romanian steel industry;Characteristics and processing trials Gheorghe, IORGA Metallurgical Research Institute,Bucharest, Romania

PTue42 A Study on the estimation of calculation guideline about emissions of GHGs in nonferrous metal industries Chung, Jin-DO Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea

PTue43 Refining and recycling of the nickel based heat-resistant alloys used in Aviation Maksyuta, Innola Phisical-Technological Institute for Metals and Alloys, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

WEDNESDAY

Emerging Countries PWed01 How to foster LCM adoption in developing countries Gonzalez, Arturo Universidad Iberoamericana, Santa Fe Campus, Mexico City, Mexico

PWed02 Design and sustainability: Project parameters in emerging countries Gauer José, Regina University of São Paulo – Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, São Paulo, Brazil

PWed03 "Repairing" to lengthen products' life cycle. Considerations in Mexico. Fact & possibilities Velasco Becerra, Martha Elena, Barcelona, Spain

PWed04 Establishing Brazilian off-set paper database on EcoSpold Format Kulay, Luiz Alexandre USP, São Paulo, Brazil

PWed05 Normalization in LCA: review and discussion Rodrigues Sousa, Sabrina Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) - Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil

PWed06 Selección de materiales: ACV* en elementos de unión roscados para tubería Fúquene, Carlos Eduardo Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia

PWed07 ACV application in starch production focusing biodegradable plastics manufacture in Brazil Allganer, Katlen Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

PWed08 Emissions of greenhouse gas during the life cycle of façades of commercial buildings Taborianski, Vanessa Montoro University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

PWed09 A strategy to improve global water resource use efficiency for agricultural crops. Estrategia para optimizar la eficiencia del uso del agua en la producción agrícola

De Leon Cifuentes, Willian Erikirta Cabrils, Spain

PWed10 Life Cycle Assessment of olive oil in a Syrian dry area Saadé, Myriam University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

PWed11 Sustainability managament of supply chains – Case study of a peruvian mining company Valdivia, Sonia Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru / UNEP DTIE Paris, Paris

PWed12 Proposta de um modelo para aplicação da avaliação de ciclo de vida na análise ambiental de fluidos de corte empregados nas indústrias do setor metal mecânico

de Paula Dias, Alexandre Magno Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina/Depto de Eng. San. e Ambiental, Florianópolis, Brazil

Waste Management PWed13 The reuse of the armed polyester fiber glass wastes Negrea, Petru Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania, Timisoara, Romania

PWed14 LCA of thermoplastics recycling Garrain, Daniel GID-Engineering Design Group - University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain

PWed15 Recover of the Zn, Cu and Co ions from the bottom ash resulted from the hazardous materials incineration Ciopec, Mihaela Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania, Timisoara, Romania

PWed16 The obtaining of iron red pigment from sludge resulted by spent acid neutralization Lupa, Lavinia University Politehnica Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Timisoara, Romania

PWed17 Hybrid Life Cycle Inventories of municipal solid waste incineration Butnar, Isabela Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain

PWed18 Methodology to determine the categories for environmental impacts in composting plants Cadena, Erasmo Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

PWed19 Study of treated crumb rubber waste in cement stabilized soil blocks Parasivamurthy, Prakash C.M.R.T.U, R.V.Vidyanekatan, R.V.C.E, Bangalore, BANGALORE, India

PWed20 Post-industrial packaging material for designers delight: Socially responsible fashion products Musmanni, Sergio National Cleaner Production Center, San José, Costa Rica

PWed21 The visciouse cycle of ocean pollution as a result of offshore and onshore petroleum activites in the Abubakar, Babagana Independent Researcher, Surulere, Nigeria

PWed 44 Application of Life Cycle Assessment to integrated solid waste management in Chihuahua (PWed44) Gomez, Guadalupe et al., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

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Building and construction

PWed22 Sustainable development within the building sector: application in developing countries Ortiz, Oscar University of Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

PWed23 With LCM towards a more environmentally friendly built environment in New Zealand Kellenberger, Daniel Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand

PWed24 LCA of innovative high energy performance envelope Monticelli, Carol Politecnico di Milano - Dept. BEST, Milano, Italy

PWed25 Life Cycle Assessment of buildings comparing structural steelwork with other construction techniques Passer, Alexander Institute of Technology and Testing of Building Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria

PWed26 Utilization of industrial waste materials in production of shell concrete elements Cechmanek, Rene Research Institute of Building Materials, Brno, Czech Republic

PWed27 LCA of a prefabricated concrete shed produced by a sicilian firm Siracusa, Giuseppe Department of Physical and Chemical Methodology for Engineering, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

PWed28 LCM implications of building products from riverine dredged materials Watts, Daniel New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, United States of America

PWed29 Life Cycle Management of oriented strand board (OSB3) production Benetto, Enrico CRP H. TUDOR/CRTE, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg

PWed45 Identifying Priorities of Carbon Dioxide Reduction Policy for Buildings Using Life-cycle Approach S. Lo, Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministry of the Interios, Taipai County, Taiwan

Simplified Methods

PWed30 Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment: a resource consumption and resource efficiency assessment tool Dewulf, Jo Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

PWed31 LCA-thinking in development on company development Braunschweig, Arthur E2 Management Consulting AG, Zürich, Switzerland

PWed32 Design for compliance - a LCA based application in the electronic industry Held, Michael University of Stuttgart, Chair of Building Physics (LBP), Department Life Cycle Engineering, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany

Tools & Databases PWed33 The Ecotool COM.PRO: a decision support model for the environmental building design Giordano, Roberto Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy

PWed34 Building life cycle tools for building components and industrial product Allione, Cristina Politecnico di Torino, Pinerolo, Italy

PWed35 Calculations for automotive equipments with an integrated product-process model Alber, Sebastian Institut of Technology and Sustainable Product Management, Vienna, Austria

PWed36 Development of environmental datasets for the aluminium industry: The experience of the European Aluminium Association

Leroy, Christian European Aluminium Association, Brussels, Belgium

PWed37 A study of co-product allocation rules in creating Llfe cycle inventory Curran, Mary Ann US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, USA

PWed38 Key factors of differences in European municipal solid waste incineration plants Fröhlich, Markus Institute of Waste Management, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria

PWed39 Updating LCI databases: Experience and challenge Fischer, Matthias University of Stuttgart, LBP, Dept. Life Cycle Engineering (GaBi), Echterdingen, Germany

PWed40 Improving the Life cycle assessment by improving the indoor air quality Rühle, Thomas Intep - Integrale Planung GmbH, München, Germany

PWed41 Applicability of green purchasing guidelines in the Scandinavian countries Leire, Charlotte International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund, Sweden

PWed42 Selecting soil remediation techniques using sustainable life cycle management: Methodology and case study Navarro, Jennifer Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

PWed43 New ways for Hungarian LCA Szita Tóth, Klára University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary

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Additional Meetings

Group Contact Date, Time Room

number Directions

SETAC LCC Task Force

david.hunkeler @Aquaplustech.ch

Sunday, 26.08.2007

13-18 h

HG F 33.2

ETH Main Building, close to Main Station, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich,

LCM Staff present Tram no. 6 (direction Zoo) from main

station, stop Bahnhofstrasse to stop ETH/Universitätsspital (3rd stop).

CALCAS Project

paolo.masoni@ bologna.enea.it

and [email protected]

univ.nl

Sunday, 26.08.2007,

16-18 h

HG F 5




ecoinvent Training Course

koehler @ecoinvent.org

Sunday, 26.08.2007,

15-18 h

HG E 33.3




Working Group Regionalization

manuele.margni @polymtl.ca

and anna.braune @LPB.uni-stuttgart.de

Sunday, 26.08.2007, afternoon 14-17 h

HG E 33.1




Workshop on Life Cycle Cases

Non-OECD Countries and

the Development of a Country’s

Life Cycle Inventory with a Focus on Energy

Systems

gnorris @hsph.harvard.edu and Sonia.Valdivia

@unep.fr

Sunday, 26.08.2007,

16-18 h

HG F 33.5




ALCALA (Regional

Network from Latin America)

cassiaugaya @utfpr.edu.br and

Sonia.Valdivia @unep.fr

Monday, 27.8.2007,

18-19 h 22-F-68

Conference Building, University Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, LCM Staff

present

Task force on Social LCA

Sonia.Valdivia @unep.fr

or Bernard.Mazijn

@skynet.be

Thursday, 30.08.2007,

9-17 h plus

Friday, 31.08.2007,

9-17 h

CAB H56

Building CAB, Universitätsstrasse 6, 8092 Zürich Tram tram no. 10 (direction

Seebach/Oerlikon) from main station, stop Bahnhofplatz to stop

ETH/Universitätsspital (3rd stop).

UNEP/SETAC Project group on water resources

assessment

annette.koehler @ifu.baug.ethz.ch

Thursday, 30.08.2007;

10-12 h

LFW C 1

Building LFW, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich Tram tram no. 10 (direction

Seebach/Oerlikon) from main station, stop Bahnhofplatz to stop

ETH/Universitätsspital (3rd stop).

22

Social Program 26 August 2007 Welcome Reception and Registration at the restaurant on top of the ETH Zurich (Center) main building, 6 pm to 9 pm. From this place you will have a splendid view over the city, the lake and on nice days of the Alps. The Welcome Reception is sponsored by the Igora Co-Operative. 27 August 2007 Guided City Tour (Meeting point: main entrance of the University of Zürich at Irchel, close to the reception desk, 6.30 pm)

28 August 2007 Geberit invites you to the Boat Lake Cruise and Congress Dinner, 7 pm to midnight, limited to 250 participants. We will stop at the end of the lake to visit the historic castle of Rapperswil. This event is sponsored by Geberit and organized by EMPA (Meeting point: Bürkliplatz, boarding time 6.45 pm)

29 August 2007 Wine-tasting at a vineyard 6:30 pm to 9:30 pm, limited to 50 participants. (Meeting point: Zurich main station, 6.30 pm)

23

30 August 2007: Half-Day Excursions Visits to recycling facilities All excursions start and end at the conference site (Uni Irchel). Transport is by coach. The number of participants is limited to 25 each. The excursions are organized by EMPA. 1) Excursion Biofuels/Biowaste: Wiedag Biogas production plant, from 09.00 am to 12.00 pm 2) Excursion Waste Management of Building Materials: EBIREC mineral construction material recycling plant, from 1.30 pm to 5 pm. 3) Excursion Electronic Waste I: Electronic Waste recycling: Immark AG, Regensdorf: the leading enterprise in the Swiss market for recovery and disposal of electric and electronic waste and refrigerators, from 09.00 am to 12.00 pm. 4) Excursion Electronic Waste II: IBM Research Lab (Rüeschlikon):

Program: 1:45 pm Arrival by bus and welcome at the Briefing centre of the IBM Research Laboratories Zurich 2:00 pm Technology trends for the next 5 - 7 Years from the perspective of IBM Research - a global outlook 3:15 pm Sustainable IT, the "Green IT" Initiative (presented by a representative of the "Green Data Centre")

3:45 pm Intelligent ship container -tracing the movements of goods 4:15 pm Discussion 4:30 pm End of visit and transfer back to Zurich Side Activities in Zurich During the Conference Duration Zurich’s Theater Spectacle 16.08. – 02.09.2007

Zurich offers a range of great cultural events throughout the year and the Theatre Spectacle is one of its best. Some 30 theater and dance groups are invited each year to perform in the area of the Landiwiese next to Lake Zurich, as well as in other venues around town, to many thousands of eager spectators. There are also open-air performances in a nearby park. The focus of the festival is on new and innovative theater, Dance Theater and other related fields, which befits the vibrant atmosphere of the largest Swiss city. Having presented a well-

chosen international program in recent years, the event provides excellent entertainment for visitors, as well as theatre professionals seeking to make contacts or spot new talent. Please visit the festival website www.theaterspektakel.ch for full details of the 2007 program.

Zurich Limmat Swimming 25.08.2007 A refreshing highlight of Zurich’s summer activities is the great Limmat Swimming event. Organized by the city’s swim club Zürileu, which provides the safety precautions and measures and arranges for baggage transportation, more than 4000 swimmers enjoy the cool temperature (at least 21°C / 70 °F) of the Limmat River. The route leads from Lake Zurich through the old town to Platzspitz Park and has a total distance of 1333 meters (0.83 miles). It can be safely swum by good swimmers. Starting time will be at noon at the Frauenbad Stadthofquai. For further information and registration please visit www.limmatschwimmen.ch/

http://www.theaterspektakel.ch/

http://www.limmatschwimmen.ch/

24

Day Excursion to Mount Rigi For those who would like to add an extra day to your visit in Switzerland and take a trip by yourself, we suggest a visit of Mount Rigi in the Canton Lucerne. Mount Rigi also known as “Queen of the Mountains” is the most popular mountain for a day trip from Zurich. From the summit (1800 m / 6000 ft), you can have a breath-taking panoramic view of the Alps, looking out over 13 lakes and across all central Switzerland as far as Germany and France. An impressive wall of mountain peaks including Mt Titlis, Mt Pilatus or the giants of the Jungfrau region can be seen. Mt Rigi is easily accessible by train from Zurich main station within 1 h 40 min. From Arth-Goldau, a nostalgic train ride will take you straight to the top of the mountain. There are numerous hotels and restaurants with terraces such as the Rigi Kulm Hotel which is an ideal place to have lunch enjoying the sun and the panoramic view. If you like, there is the possibility of a short one-hour walk from Rigi Kulm down to Rigi Klösterli where you can get back onto the train to Arth-Goldau. Non-hikers can take the train down from Rigi Kulm as well. Good walking shoes are recommended.

Schedule Proposal 9:09 Departure from Zurich main station to Arth-Goldau 9:48 Arrival at Arth-Goldau, short walk to the Rigibahn 10:10 Departure from Arth-Goldau to Rigi Kulm 10:47 Arrival at Rigi Kulm Panoramic view, Rigi Kulm Hotel, small snack kiosk, etc. 15:00 Departure for hikers (optional) in direction Staffel – First – Klösterli

(1 h walk). Train departure from Klösterli at 16:20. 16:05 Departure from Rigi Kulm to Arth-Goldau for non-hikers 17:12 Departure from Arth-Goldau to Zurich 17:51 Arrival at Zurich main station (Trains should operate on an hourly basis; for other schedules please check www.sbb.ch. The train ticket is available at Zurich main station at the cost of 94.40 SFr.).

http://www.sbb.ch/

25

Conference Venue University Zurich Irchel

Registration

Exhibition

Internet Café

Registration, Exhibition

Auditorium

Additional meeting rooms

Poster session

Upstairs of the exhibition

Poster Session

26

ETH Zurich Center

To Irchel

Entrance Welcome Reception

27

Conference Information Presentation Upload The upload of platform presentations can be done in the upload room until 5 hours prior to the presentation. LCM Staff will be available to assist with the upload site. Poster Session The poster session is located in the main hall on the second floor. Poster setup: 7.30 to 8 am Poster removal: 6 pm Your poster must be displayed for the entire day it is assigned. Be at your poster during the breakes and the poster spotlights. Internet Internet Café An internet café with workstations and wired net access is available at room 23-G-04. Wireless internet access is provided in the whole building. Wireless Access to the Internet The conference accounts are ready to use during 2007-08-25 till 2007-08-31. Further information you'll find at http://www.id.uzh.ch/dl/mobil/kongresskonten_en.html Your conference EVENT-ID is: 07LCM20065 This Event-ID is unique to your congress and delegates can input this Event-ID to receive their personal account-username and password to access the Internet from here: http://www.id.uzh.ch/dl/mobil/kongresskonten/registration_en.html

http://www.id.uzh.ch/dl/mobil/kongresskonten_en.html

http://www.id.uzh.ch/dl/mobil/kongresskonten/registration_en.html

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Plenary and Keynote Lectures: Speakers and Abstracts Hans-Peter Fahrni studied chemistry, physics and mathematics at the University of Berne and obtained his PhD in organic chemistry in 1977. He started to work for the federal agency for the protection of the environment in 1977. He treated issues in the field of water protection and developed methods for analyzing surface water and waste water. He also participated in the preparation of the Swiss phosphorous ban in detergents. In 1985 became head of the waste management section. He is the co-author of the “Guidelines for Waste Management in Switzerland“, a landmark policy paper for the development of legislation in this field. Under his leadership the Federal ordinances for waste management and the ordinance on beverage containers were prepared. In this context he also began to use the instrument of life cycle analysis. In 1992 the waste management division was established and Hans-Peter Fahrni became head of this unit. The division for waste management prepared during the last years the actual legislation in this field and supported the implementation. Since 2005 the unit is also developing strategies for a sustainable use of raw materials. Life Cycle Assessment as a Rational Basis of Environmental Policy Life cycle assessment LCA has become a powerful instrument during the last twenty years and its importance - especially for decision makers in the field of environmental protection - is still increasing. This development was only possible because the field of application became broader and because clear rules for establishing LCA were developed. Authorities in many countries and also in Switzerland use LCA as one important basis for decisions. In the past, we used LCA to improve packaging and to decide, whether used materials should be recycled or disposed off, by incineration with energy recovery. Recently, the LCA tool was very helpful in Switzerland for screening the environmental impact of different non fossil fuels, in view of new legislation which provides tax exemptions for certain biologically produced fuels. Another important and broadly utilized application of LCA is the evaluation of the environmental impact of different cars. For this purpose LCA integrates the environmental burden caused by different pollutants emitted by cars as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides or particulate mater (PM 10). In the future, LCA will likely be applied to additional fields, such as investments, where LCA are increasingly used as tool to rate the sustainability of companies. Fundamental conditions for the use of LCA in all fields are: a reliable scientific base of the inventories and a transparent elaboration of the LCA. As LCA will become increasingly important, an internationally harmonized system will have to guarantee that the results of LCA are objective and that the process is traceable. Gerald Rebitzer is responsible for Product Stewardship within Alcan Packaging and Alcan Engineered Products. He holds a Ph.D. in Life Cycle Management from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne. Besides his Alcan internal tasks, which focus on the implementation of Product Stewardship in Alcan’s business processes and leveraging sustainability in cooperation with customers, he is chairman of the Product Stewardship WG of the European Aluminium Association, editor for The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, lecturer at the ETH Zurich, reviewer for the European Commission, and leading related work in SETAC and UNEP/SETAC as well as the WBCSD, among other activities.

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Making Sustainability Operational: Integrating Life Cycle Thinking into the Business Processes of a Multinational Company The concept of life cycle management (LCM), or Product Stewardship, with its holistic mindset and toolbox approach, is gaining more and more acceptance from all stakeholder groups and specifically in industry. While not nearly as established as site oriented environmental management according to ISO 14001 or EMAS, or occupational health and safety management according to OHSAS 18001 yet, firms realize that the life cycle perspective enables a paradigm shift where environmental aspects are seen rather as an opportunity for value creation than a cost driver. Additional benefits are created if the specific implementation of life cycle management approaches does not only address environmental issues, but embraces social and economic aspects from the viewpoint of all relevant stakeholders. This focus on opportunities and value creation opens up new frontiers, where sustainability as defined by the Brundtland commission is the basis also for the long-term sustainability of the firm, ensuring stability and economic growth. While leading companies have recognized the aforementioned potentials, the real challenge is the operational implementation of life cycle management in strategic management, product and process planning, as well as in day-to-day decision-making in research and development, manufacturing, EHS, sales and marketing, communications, etc. This challenge can only be met if life cycle approaches can be easily applied, and social and economic aspects along the life cycle can be addressed also by acknowledged and somewhat standardized methods, similar to life cycle assessment approaches according to ISO 14040. The presentation will elaborate how the aforementioned challenges are addressed at Alcan, one of the world’s leading supplier of aluminum metal and products, as well as composite components, and packaging solutions. Concepts and tools will be presented that are used for the implementation of life cycle management in the business processes, focusing not only on methodological, but also on management process development issues. Starting from a vision of long term sustainability both for the company and the relevant stakeholders, possible solutions and hands-on experiences will be discussed. Stefanie Hellweg is associate professor for Environmental Systems Design at the Institute of Environmental Engineering at ETH Zurich. She graduated in industrial engineering from Karlsruhe University and worked as a management consultant on projects in the field of waste management and energy generation. After completing her Ph.D. she worked as a post-doc and later as a senior scientist at ETH. Between 2004 and 2005 she was a visiting Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Her current research interests include the modeling, evaluation and improvement of the environmental impact of products, new technologies and consumption patterns.

LCM2007: Facts, Figures and Challenges Statistical figures about the LCM conference will be presented, including a quantification of environmental impact of the conference itself. Several ways for compensating this impact will be suggested, including a number of challenges that need to be addressed in environmental research and in the practical implementation of sustainability tools.

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Werner Bosmans, a Belgian national, first graduated as a Bio-engineer at the University of Ghent, Belgium, and then did a Ph.D. in international economics in Montpellier, France. After undertaken research at the University of Ghent and at the Belgium Ministry of Agriculture, he was given further responsibilities at the Ministry, being involved in the "dioxin crisis". He became assistant to the Secretary-General of the Belgian and then Flemish Ministry of Agriculture. During that time he did a degree in Public Management and became part-time professor at the ULB (Université Libre de Bruxelles). In 2005, he joined the Directorate-General Environment of the European Commission, where he is now responsible for the implementation of the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, promoting life-cycle thinking to reduce environmental impacts. Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources The European Commission published its Communication of the Thematic Strategy on the sustainable use of natural resources ("Resource Strategy") on 21 December 2005. The Resource Strategy aims at reducing environmental impacts associated with resource use – called decoupling – in a growing European economy and worldwide. The impacts of unsustainable resource use include e.g. climate change due to fossil fuel use, land use and environmental degradation due to mineral extraction and processing, or overexploitation of soil and fish stocks. To decouple environmental impacts from economic growth, a life-cycle approach is adopted. The environmental impacts are considerd at each stage of the life cycle of a resource, avoiding that negative impacts are shifted to other environmental media, to other stages of the life cycle, or to other countries. Key to achieving decoupling are three factors: More value – creating more value while using fewer resources (‘resource productivity’); Less impact – reducing overall environmental impact per unit of resources used (through ‘cleaner’ technologies and consumption patterns); Better alternatives – substituting currently used resources with better alternatives. The Commission is now implementing the following actions: (a) The Data Centre on natural resources, related to those on products and waste; (b) Indicators to measure progress; (c) The involvement of economic sectors to take concrete actions; (d) EU Member States involvement, focussing on resource uses with the most significant impacts; (e) The International Panel on the sustainable use of natural resources, set up together with UNEP. With its 25 years time horizon and its wide approach the Resource Strategy will have a co-ordinating function to ensure enhanced coherence and efficiency. The challenge will be to integrate this approach into all policies and decision-making.

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Jürg Gerber is currently Chief Operating Officer at the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in Geneva. He is seconded from Alcan Inc, from Corporate and External Affairs for two years. Mr. Gerber has a broad experience in the aluminium industry, over 27 years in various line and staff functions, on corporate and plant levels. He is strongly involved in the development of the sustainability priorities at Alcan and in the Aluminium Sector. From Life Cycle Thinking to a Sustainable Value Chain Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) are essential requirements for a Sustainable Development as e.g. prominently recognized by the Heads of State and Governments in the Johannesburg Declaration [1]. In this context one had to realize that the ways in which products, goods and services, are delivered to our societies have become increasingly complex and global. Actions taken by designers, producers, their suppliers, consumers, and communities are all interlinked and can affect each other, and the global environment. We will not address the World Challenges nor will we achieve the Millennium Development Goals without SCP and the private sector is seen as a key provider of solutions in this arena. The fundamental role of Business is to create wealth, provide goods and services, create jobs, pay taxes, innovate, invest, improve efficiency and act responsibly. The members of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) have a shared commitment to Sustainable Development (SD) through economic growth, ecological balance and social progress. Our mission is to provide business leadership as a catalyst for change toward SD, and to support the business license to operate, innovate and grow in a world increasingly shaped by SD issues. Our objectives include business leadership, policy development, business case, best practice and global outreach. To illustrate our commitment to SCP we built on our previous Eco-Efficiency programme and launched a new Initiative on "Sustainable Value Chain", which now a "Core Team" of about 10 companies from 9 different sectors and 25 companies engaged in the working group. The overall objective is to promote, assist and support the use of life cycle thinking and life cycle approaches by WBCSD members and by their suppliers, customers and value chain partners. This initiative associates the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative and is concentrating its efforts on leveraging existing reports, documents, training kits and on sharing good practice rather than creating new knowledge. [1] Declaration of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), otherwise known as Earth Summit 2002.

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Ana Quiros, a national of Costa Rica, first graduated as Civil Engineer form the University of Costa Rica and later realized graduate work at Stanford University, California USA, obtaining both a Master’s degree on Science and an Engineere’s Degree on Structural and Risk Engineering. Upon returning to Costa Rica, she developed the environmental and appraisal practice for KPMG and later founded and since then is the president of ECO GLOBAL, a private consulting firm advising both government and private business enterprises on sustainability. Over the years Ms Quiros has contributed to shape and develop several national and international initiatives such as the “Circles of LCA”, a joint effort with the Center for Cleaner Production and the National Center for Research on Policy and Economics of Costa Rica, the UNEP/SETAC International Life Cycle Initative and the Latin America net for LCA, ALCALA. She functions as member of the board of directors for the College of Engineers of Costa Rica and the National Standard Body of Costa Rica promoting LC thinking and is the president of the American Chamber Committee of Costa Rica on CSR and of the Panamerican Union of Engineers Committee on Patrimony and Urban Development. Currently works on the Sister Classroom project of the Marrakesh Task Force lead by Sweden on Sustainable Life Styles to bring LC based approaches to education to foster more responsible consumers. LCM: Dissemination Strategy Towards a More Sustainable Development for the World The keynote speech first addresses the issue of "emerging countries" proposing that it might be better to talk about people and organizations in the context of sustainable development. It further puts in context the relevance of Life Cycle Thinking specially for such countries where most of the "commanding heights" are under government control and it highlights the importance of LCM as a means to put to practice such Life Cycle thinking both for the private and public sector building towards a proposal to disseminate LCM world wide with emphasis on market driven forces, policy making and education both formal and informal, including but not limited to the role of international businesses on capacity building and bridging capabilities around the globe.

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Sponsors of LCM 2007 Alcan Inc. Alcan Inc. (NYSE, TSX: AL) is a leading global materials company, delivering high quality products and services worldwide. With world-class technology and operations in bauxite mining, alumina processing, primary metal smelting, power generation, aluminum fabrication, engineered solutions as well as flexible and specialty packaging today’s Alcan is well positioned to meet and exceed its customers' needs. Alcan is represented by 68,000 employees in 61 countries and regions, including its joint-ventures, and posted revenues of US$23.6 billion in 2006. The Company has featured on the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index consecutively since 2003. For more information, please visit: www.alcan.com. Alcan Inc. 1188 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 3G2 Canada www.alcan.com [email protected] (related to LCM 2007) Holcim It is time for ‘waste’ management to be refocused as ‘resources’ management. A ‘resources’ industry perspective would encourage the use of wastes in industrial applications with the highest energy efficiency. To assess the ecological impact of using wastes as a resource in different processes, Holcim promotes the use comparative LCAs as a useful tool. Holcim is one of the world's leading suppliers of cement and aggregates (crushed stone, sand and gravel) as well as further activities such as ready-mix concrete and asphalt including services. The Group holds majority and minority interests in more than 70 countries on all continents, and employs some 90,000 people. Holcim Ltd Zürichstrasse 156 CH-8645 Jona Switzerland www.holcim.com [email protected]

PRé PRé Consultants is the maker of SimaPro, the powerful LCA software for professionals. Our 17 years of LCA experience is reflected in the many practical result oriented features, for example the interactive results analysis. Consequently, SimaPro is the most widely used LCA tool with users in well over 50 countries. We invite you to visit our booth for a demonstration of the new features in our latest release, SimaPro 7.1. To have a look yourself, try the demo CD in your conference bag. Many of our international partners are also around, so we are happy to announce that SimaPro will be nearer to you at this conference than ever!

PRé Consultants Printerweg 18 NL-3821 AD Amersfoort The Netherlands www.pre.nl [email protected]

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BAFU Life cycle assessments provide an important basis for decisions in the in environmental policy. The Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) used this tool already 20 years ago for the comparison of the ecological impacts of different packaging solutions. During the last decade FOEN supported together with other Swiss Federal Offices the development of the Ecoinvent database. The goal is to establish and provide scientifically sound and transparent data for life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle management (LCM) users in science, industry and public authorities. Eidgenössisches Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation UVEK Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU Worblentalstrasse 68 CH-3063 Ittigen Switzerland Postal address: BAFU, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland www.umwelt-schweiz.ch [email protected] IGORA The recycling organisation IGORA has been responsible for the collection and recycling of used aluminium packaging in Switzerland since 1989. Nine out of every ten aluminium drinks cans are already recycled. Eight of ten aluminium pet-food trays enter the collection system, and the recycling rate for tubes and coffee capsules is more than 50 percent. Sustainability has been an integral part of the business culture at IGORA from the outset as a result of linking its corporate, social and environmental responsibility as a collection and recycling organisation. Two sustainability studies conducted by the Swiss materials science and technology research institution Empa in St Gallen on behalf of IGORA have shown that recycling is of prime importance for the sustainability of aluminium as a material. Just one reason why IGORA will be actively involved in the third international life cycle management conference at the University of Zurich. IGORA Cooperative for Aluminium Recycling Bellerivestrasse 28 CH-8034 Zurich Switzerland www.igora.ch [email protected] Geberit Group The Geberit Group, headquartered in Rapperswil-Jona (CH), is the European market leader in plumbing technology with global presence. In 2006, the Geberit Group generated sales of CHF 2.2 billion with 5,300 employees in 40 countries worldwide. Geberit branded products are innovative, durable and eco-efficient and provide high-end plumbing solutions for the customers. Global warming, water scarcity and sustainability are also subjects of increasing importance for Geberit. As a leader in the field of sustainability, Geberit has addressed itself intensively to these concerns and published the new Sustainability Report 2007 by end of May. Geberit International AG Schachenstrasse 77 CH-8645 Jona Switzerland www.geberit.com [email protected]

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Swiss National Science Foundation The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) is Switzerland’s leading provider of scientific research funding. The SNSF annually supports some 7,000 researchers, 5,000 or more of whom are aged 35 years or younger. With its federal mandate, it supports basic research in all disciplines, from philosophy and biology to the nanosciences and medicine. It also invests in applied research in various scientific fields. Swiss National Science Foundation SNSF Headquarters Wildhainweg 3 P.O. Box 8232 CH-3001 Bern Switzerland www.snf.ch/E/Seiten/default.aspx North-South Centre The newly founded North-South Centre of the ETH Zurich is the main contact point for North-South related matters in favour of globally accessible knowledge for sustainable development at the ETH Zurich. This Centre of Competence aims at promoting research and education in the field of international development and cooperation. The North-South Centre is funding the participation of 16 researchers from developing countries at the LCM2007 Conference. North-South Centre ETH Zurich Contact persons: Dr. Barbara Becker, Dorota Niedzwiecka Scheuchzerstr. 7, SEC CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland [email protected], [email protected]

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Exhibitors Ecointesys – Life Cycle Systems Ecointesys – Life Cycle System capitalizes more than 40 years expertise in LCA on both methodological development and industrial/governmental applications. The expertise is broader than LCA and includes environmental, quality and health&safety management. Ecointesys – Life Cycle System has been created in 2006 and results from a joint effort between the French Swiss branch of Ecointesys SA and the Life Cycle System laboratory specialized in LCA method development and applications at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. Ecointesys, Parc scientifique EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland http://www.ecointesys.ch/francais/, [email protected] ecoinvent Centre The ecoinvent Centre offers science-based, industrial, and international life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle management (LCM) data and services. The ecoinvent Centre is the world's leading supplier of consistent and transparent life cycle inventory (LCI) data of defined quality. LCI data is provided for many economic sectors and activities, for instance energy supply, material supply, chemicals, agriculture, waste management services, and transport services. ecoinvent Centre (Empa), Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland www.ecoinvent.org, [email protected]

ifu Hamburg ifu Hamburg provides professional software solutions in the field of industrial ecology and life cycle management. The software „Umberto“ is used by industry and research clients all over the world for the optimization of processes and production systems. In addition to standard tools like Umberto or e!Sankey, ifu Hamburg also offers consulting, training and customized solutions to meet specific customer needs. ifu Hamburg GmbH, Große Bergstraße 219, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany www.ifu.com, [email protected] IGORA See Sponsors on p. 34. PE INTERNATIONAL Sustainability awareness is the road to long-term corporate operation and a preserved environment. PE INTERNATIONAL has been steadily guiding companies all over the world along this road since 1989. Today, PE is the international market leader in strategic consultancy, professional software systems and extensive services in the field of sustainability. The operation is a global one, with offices in Stuttgart, Vienna, Tokyo, Perth and Boston. PE INTERNATIONAL GmbH, Hauptstraße 111 – 113, D-70771 Leinfelden- Echterdingen, Germany www.pe-international.com, [email protected] PRé See Sponsors on p. 33.

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Abstracts of Oral Presentations MONDAY Management Challenges A CAPABILITY MODEL FOR LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT (MO 1.01); Swarr, Tom1; Fava, Jim2, 1United Technologies Corp., Hartford, United States of America ([email protected]); 2 Five Winds International, West Chester, United States of America Keywords: life cycle management; capability maturity model; action learning One of the objectives of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative launched in 2002 was to promote implementation of life cycle thinking in routine business decision – making processes. Stakeholder feedback indicated that life cycle practices were often poorly integrated. Available tools were considered too complicated and lacked practical guidance. Tools needed to be customized for specific product categories or industrial sectors to be useful. The conflicting demands of information needed to support internal decision- making versus external communications was a further complication. Standardized sustainability reporting e.g. the Global Reporting Initiative, drive the metrics that all companies must track to show their progress. These metrics are formulated to promote the best practices for sustainability developed by leadership organizations. Thus, life cycle advocates are faced with a dilemma. There is a desire for customized solutions and metrics that will facilitate internal learning and decision- making. At the same time, there is a desire for standard measures that facilitate external comparison and accountability. A capability maturity model (CMM), based on the model developed for the software industry is proposed to help align tools and methods with the capabilities of the organization to facilitate implementation and learning. The CMM has five levels, moving from ad hoc and uncontrolled processes to managed and repeatable and finally to optimized based on quantitative, predictive metrics. Skills are built in a staged manner, gradually adding rigor and expanding the scope of analysis. Process mapping and environmental accounting precede life cycle analysis. Less mature programs focus on facility issues and gradually expand to consider the value chain. Each company must travel a unique path of learning to effectively implement the best- in- class practices promoted by GRI reporting. The CMM provides a framework for selection of appropriate tools that match the competencies of the target organization. Action learning workshops have been used to speed process improvement efforts and are a viable strategy to adapt these generic tools and methods to a specific situation. Experienced facilitators walk a cross- functional team through a current project/ problem of their choice. Participants are thus trained in the use of the tools while doing “real work.” The projects are tailored to the capability level of the organization. A low capability organization might conduct a pollution prevention/ waste minimization event. A more capable organization might conduct a design charrette. By directly linking the tools to measurable outcomes, life cycle thinking is more effectively integrated into other business functions. This approach solves the problem of tailoring tools to the specific needs and capabilities of a target organization, but imposes high administrative costs associated with delivering the customized learning events. There is a need for an open source community of learning to support development and diffusion of these practices. Companies will not compromise their competitive advantage by open sharing life cycle tools and methods. It is the innovative application of life cycle tools and methods to offer unique value propositions to their customers that will provide competitive advantage. DECISION SUPPORT FOR LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SUPPLY NETWORKS (MO 1.02); Petrie, Jim1; Kempener, Ruud1; Beck, Jessica1; Cohen, Brett2; Basson, Lauren3,4; 1 University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ([email protected]); 2 University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; 3 Centre for Environmental Strategy, Surrey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; 4 University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Keywords: agent-based models; system dynamics; multi criteria decision making This paper addresses the design and evolution of energy networks to promote the production of electricity in emerging markets, using examples from South Africa as case studies. In particular, attention is given to the expansion of an existing coal-power station network, and to the development of a new bio-energy network using sugar-cane residues as feedstock. Our primary focus is on the strategic decision-making capability of the individual agents which comprise these networks, as well as to the institutional behaviour which evolves within the network over time. The over-arching goal is to improve the sustainability of such networks by exploring their systemic behaviour. The bio-energy study is used to demonstrate the inclusion of multi-criteria decision making routines within a hybrid agent-based model whose structure is informed by underlying system dynamics. The coal study is used to demonstrate dynamic optimisation of an agent-based model over an extended






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time period, and informed by real data on infrastructure planning. Some consideration of key uncertainties is covered in both cases. This work draws together relevant expertise in process modelling, optimisation, and decision making, and, as such, is informed by perspectives from both management and behavioural sciences, particularly with regards to consideration of qualitative features of decisions made by individual agents, such as trust and loyalty. Some observations are made with respect to the general relevance of this approach to Life Cycle Management of industrial networks. ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IN THE LEATHER SUPPLY-CHAIN: THE ROLE OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS (MO 1.03); Mascia, Daniele1; Raggi, Andrea DASTA2; Notarnicola, Bruno3; Puig, Rita Euetii4; Tarabella, Angela5; 1 Department of Public Health, Catholic University, Rome, Italy ([email protected]); 2 University “G. d’Annunzio", Pescara, Italy; 3 University of Bari; Bari, Italy; 4, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Igualada, Spain; 5 University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Keywords: leather supply-chain, inter-organizational networks, environmental performance This paper presents partial results of a broader research program called “Cicle Pell: Industrial ecology in the animal-to-leather chain”, funded by the EU in the framework of the Community Program “Interreg III C”, Regional Framework Operation "Ecosind". The goal of the Cicle Pell project was defining the basis to implement a new strategy of industrial sustainable development in Southern European regions, through the identification of economic and environmental improvements achievable by companies in the leather industry and the related supply-chain by applying the industrial ecology principles and tools. The research we report here addresses three critical issues. First, we identify inter-organizational relationships among firms and other institutions inside the sector, giving a description of various forms of cooperative environmental agreements among firms in the tanning districts. Second, we investigate - with the support of social network analysis - the peculiar characteristics of the network structure inside the industry. And third, we investigate in a comparative manner the level of association between inter-organizational network structures and environmental performance of the overall systems. Our analysis refers to two main tanning districts in Italy, i.e. Santa Croce sull’Arno (Tuscany), and Arzignano (Veneto), and to the Spanish district of Igualada (Catalonia), as well as to the slaughtering industry in the Abruzzo region. Our measurement of coordination is based on patterns of inter-organizational relationships connecting the firms constituting the cattle-to-leather chain or involved in the tanning industry. Network data were collected from each firm in 2006 using structured surveys. Our preliminary results show that surveyed inter-organizational networks present large differences not only with reference to the different countries of investigation, but also across the different regions, and that several network indicators are significantly associated with the environmental performance of the overall system. CHARACTERIZATION OF NODES IN A LIFE CYCLE NETWORK (MO 1.04); Espinoza-Orias, Namy1; Sharratt, Paul1; 1 University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ([email protected]) Keywords: network structure, life-cycle, life-cycle management, sustainability An autonomous entity performing functions and operations that contribute to larger processes is denoted as a node. In turn, a group of nodes connected by multiple links through which resources are transferred forms a network. The life cycle of any given product or service can be represented as a network. One of the main objectives that life cycle management seeks to accomplish is the sustainable integration of the stakeholders involved in such networks. Qualitative and quantitative techniques and methodologies capable of mapping a life cycle and assessing its impacts (economical, environmental and social) have been developed and used in the last decade. Such tools are mainly used by relatively few nodes in the life cycle: central government policy-makers, scholars of sustainable development or sustainability managers working in large transnational companies. A combination of access to resources, links, skills and capacity position these nodes at vantage points in the life cycle network, or more specifically, allow their emergence as convergence nodes or hubs in the network. However, the remaining nodes are located in the periphery of the network because they exhibit a variety of degrees of connectedness to the network due to varied factors and circumstances. At the same time, the level of self-awareness of their position, role and belonging to the life cycle network is limited, and in many cases, it has not been fully realized. Consequently, the integration of such nodes to the life cycle network faces a number of challenges and can be accomplished using different approaches. In the context of sustainability, it may not be efficient to aim for a full linkage between nodes. Rather, the organization and promotion of local, specialized networks may assist in the effective integration of the nodes to a larger and over-arching life cycle network. It can be seen that the specialized networks require management tools different to those used in a linear supply chain context. A node can become a hub and promote the formation of a network by exerting leadership abilities among a cluster of nodes sharing properties, processes or links in common.










mailto:[email protected]

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At the initial stages of the network structuring, a need has been identified for the development of a methodology that can assist in the evaluation of the capabilities and potential each node exhibits. The methodology presented in this work focuses on the qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of two factors using fuzzy sets’ concepts: power and fitness of the node. Once elicited, the values of these factors are used to structure possible network configurations and analyze their stability. The sensitivity of the configurations is analyzed by testing the stability when links between nodes are removed under certain circumstances. The proposed methodology is applied to the case study concerning the processing of organic quinoa in Bolivia, where the producers of quinoa processing equipment created a key network founded on sustainability principles and which is attracting the attention of investors, academia, producers, and clients, locally as well as internationally. DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE FUTURE MARKETS FOR RENEWABLES: TOOLS FOR STAKEHOLDER AND CONSUMER INTEGRATION (MO 1.05); von Geibler, Justus1; 1 Wuppertal Institute, Sustainable Production and Consumption Department, Wuppertal, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: future markets, management tools, innovation, customer integration, sustainability assessment In the debate on sustainable production and consumption renewable resources are seen as a key for achieving global sustainability (e.g. EC 2005 or REN21 2006). The promotion of renewables is already taken place for a number of markets and policy fields such as energy, chemical and consumer products or building and construction. However, the major part of market development takes place without consideration of sustainability criteria. For example, the emerging markets for biofuels open up a number of opportunities for rural development, however will contribute to land degradation and loss of biodiversity if no sustainability criteria will be applied for their production. Beside environmental concerns, also key stakeholder demands and consumer aspects are rarely taken appropriately into account when new markets are developed. Therefore, new approaches and tools are needed to assess and to help govern the integrated consideration of life cycle implications for global sustainability. There is a substantial body of research regarding the sustainability effects of products and regarding the diffusion of ecological products. However, how sustainability demands can be integrated in early innovation phases and how new markets for sustainable products and services can be systematically explored are recent and challenging research questions (see. e.g. Fichter et al. 2005). In the paper I highlight the related experiences from an ongoing applied research project on future market development for the material use of timber in the housing sector, conducted for the German Ministry of Education and Research (see Geibler et al. 2006). First, the paper points out innovative tools for sustainable future markets for “building and refurbishment with wood” at the company level. The tools, for which a training concept and training materials are being developed and tested in the project, focus on stakeholder engagement and customer integration. Then, I argue for an indicator set for the entire value chain as a crucial basis to realize, monitor and govern a change of markets towards sustainability. The methodological approach and steps based on stakeholder and consumer integration towards this indicator set are outlined. Finally an indicator set will be presented, which enables the assessment of sustainability risks and opportunities in the entire value chain. Experiences from applying the tools in practical projects in the construction industry will be highlighted. Conclusions will be drawn on improved stakeholder engagement in life cycle management and consumer integration as conditions for the development of sustainable future markets for building with wood. TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES TO MANAGE THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS (MO 1.06); Brent, Alan1; 1 CSIR and University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle management, technology management, technology assessement, sustainability science, sustainable development The complexity of integrating the notion of sustainable development and the reality of technology or innovation management practices has been argued. The purpose of the research was to establish a conceptual framework of the technology management field of knowledge and identify the departure point for further research in terms of incorporating new theories of sustainable development and Life Cycle Management into the field. From a review of the literature it is concluded that sustainability aspects are not addressed adequately in technology management theories and practices. The subsequent conceptual framework defines the context better in which sustainable technology management should occur. Emerging technology management practices related to sustainable development do emphasise the focus on technology strategy, selection and transfer, especially between developed and emerging economies. At the core of these issues lies technology assessment that also forms part of other technology frameworks and methodologies. For the departure point for further research it is therefore recommended to concentrate on the development of technology assessment methods, based the modification of the Technology Balance Sheet, Income Statement



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and Space Map analytical techniques, that incorporate the dynamic interactions between nature and society that is researched in the emerging field of sustainability science, and the concepts of Life Cycle Management. INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO THE DIFFUSION THEORY (MO 1.07); Caduff, Gabriel1; Weibel, Marcel2; 1 Tensor Consulting AG, Bern, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Pflegeberufsschule Seeland, Biel, Switzerland Keywords: diffusion theory, environmental management systems, product development Environmental management systems according to ISO 14001 ask for continual improve-ment of environmental performance. Results of research have shown that most improve-ment is possible thru out the development phase. It seems difficult for organization to op-timize there products and services in development considering the whole life cycle disre-garding the numberless tools that exist. Approach based on existing information is only partially successful. Pure knowledge is insufficient but persuasion motivations and emo-tions are key aspects to point out improvement in innovations and procedures. To achieve a successful implementation of environmental aspects, the pedagogical point of view, meaning how knowledge is put into use, is by far as important as information and technical aids. The diffusion theory, coming from sociology, deals with adoption or rejection of innova-tions by individuals and social systems. According to Rogers process of adoption is divided into the following aspects: • Knowledge: person becomes aware of a innovation and have some idea of how it functions • Persuasion: person form a favored or unfavorable attitude towards the innovation • Decision: person engage in activities that lead to a choice to adopt or reject a innova-tion • Implementation: person puts a innovation into use • Confirmation: person evaluates the results of a innovation and decide to further-use or change Not all individuals show the same behavior towards adoption of innovations. It is best to integrate and support interested co-workers first by starting a diffusion of innovation. In addition the success of innovations is supported if compatible to existing structures, easy to understand and put into practice, and if the benefits are obvious. The criteria mentioned above are not fulfilled in the integration of environmental aspects in product development. Costs and pressure overpower the environmental requirement and are often seen as contradiction. Environmental impacts of products and services are complex hard to understand and in development phase with great difficulty to predict. The environmental impacts are not di-rectly related to the product and at most described by indicators, e.g. Environmental Con-dition indicators according to ISO 14031. A recent example of a manufacturing Division shows the use of the diffusion theory implementing environmental aspects in development in all details. THE ROLE AND VALUE OF INFORMATION AND ICT FOR PRODUCT END-OF-LIFE MANAGEMENT (MO 1.08); Blass, Vered1; Geyer, Roland1; 1 Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, UCSB, Santa Barbara, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: end-of-life nanagement, information systems In the presented research we combine the principles and methods of industrial ecology and management science to investigate the role and value of information and information & communication technology (ICT) for product end-of-life management based on reuse and/or recycling, also called supply loop management. Whereas forward supply chains have increasingly sophisticated methods of data collection and analysis, like ERP systems, RFID tags, and web-based data exchange, supply loops suffer from a conspicuous lack of information at all process stages: timing and location of product retirement, state and fate of end-of-life products, material and component composition of end-of-life products, market information for secondary use, etc. The task of information systems for supply loop management is to collect, exchange, synthesize and analyze the information necessary to manage recycling and reuse of end-of-life products. Their objective is to help identify and implement those recycling and reuse options that maximize economic returns while minimizing the life cycle environmental impacts. Individual efforts of software providers and companies involved in product end-of-life management suggest that information systems play indeed a critical role. We introduce a rigorous and consistent analysis framework that has been developed in order to gain a fundamental understanding of the role and value of information for supply loop management. Based on this framework, we present a prioritized list of types of information necessary to optimize both the economic and environmental performances of supply loops. We also discuss which types of ICT and information systems are necessary to collect and manage the identified types of information. Lastly, we apply our research findings to the case of the cell phone industry. In this case study we verify our generic findings for a specific instance and demonstrate their value and usefulness for industry. The case study also provides an example for a gap analysis between current end-of-life management practices and optimized supply loop management.




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SIMPLIFIED METHODS AND TOOLS FOR INDUSTRY (MO 1.09); Rühl, Jan1; Ladenburger, Richard1; 1 wbk-Institut für Produktionstechnik, TH-Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: life-cycle, manufactures, production facilities, TCO Operators of production facilities increasingly demand forecasts and obligatory promises about Life-Cycle-Costs and performance values from manufactures. On one hand these values are being used by the operator for supply comparison during purchase. On the other hand the manufacturer must take over negotiated cost shares and possibly optimize the equipment in case of cost overrun. Goal of the research project LICMA – Life-Cycle Performance for manufactures of productions facilities - is to optimize the forecast of Life-Cycle-Costs and performance values for the operator and manufacturer. Manufacturers must not only be able to support their clients actively through Life-Cycle with optimization of machines and productivity, but also establish a profitable cooperation based on partnership. While in the past the reduction of the initial cost of a machine or plant was in the focus, the consideration nowadays extended to the complete life cycle. Precursors in this field have been the enterprises of transport technology which were forced very early by their clients to make costs and proceeds potential of their products transparent over the complete life cycle. This approach is expressed with the term “Life-Cycle-Performance”. Increasingly international concerns demand as well for the “Total Cost of Ownership” (TCO) of capital goods for cost reduction. Until today the target of cost reduction and transparency by TCO concepts are mainly at the expense of the manufactures. However, concerns are starting to intensify the cooperation with the manufactures as a key role to obtain their aims. Particularly for the manufacture of production facilities the chance consists in displaying their strength. By regarding the life cycle cost instead of the pure initial costs of capital goods a new argumentation treat opens up in the field of international competition. The cooperative approach between operators and manufactures of production facilities leads to a continuous improvement of the production facilities. From this extended point of view a situation arises from which the two cooperating partner can profit. So the manufacture is enabled to offer their customers additional optimization as a result of recessed field information of his products. The outcome of this collaboration are new services like preventive maintenance or condition based monitoring. Additionally long term business relations with important customers can be generated. The creation of new tools to support the Life-Cycle-Management between costumers and manufactures is an integral part of the research project LICMA. The plan itself integrates mainly into the areas intelligent networking of production facilities and cost optimization through the Life-Cycle. In the approach the actual operating conditions and influential parameters of a plant or machine are recorded and afterwards used to prepare a balance sheet. The article discusses the currant stand of the research project and the expectations of operators and manufactures of production facilities in a profitable cooperation. The focus lies on possible methods to reach the aim of optimization and cost reduction. Furthermore, a short perspective over the future development in the sector of TCO is specified. TOTAL LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT – AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY (MO 1.10); Herrmann, Christoph1; Bergmann, Lars1; Thiede, Sebastian1; Halubek, Philipp1; 1 Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology, Department Product and Life Cycle Management, Braunschweig, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: Life Cycle, Management, Framework, Sustainable Development Today’s business environment is strongly dynamically influenced by diverse major trends like the ongoing globalisation, fast growing technological development, shortening product life cycles and changing market requirements. Additionally, social and ecological aspects come increasingly to the fore which is also strengthened by several legal requirements that came into effect in the last years. Combining this growing ambition towards sustainability combined with classical entrepreneurial goals within the dynamic environment necessarily needs a holistic perspective of all business actors which integrates all phases of the life cycle. To cope with the dynamics and growing complexity under these conditions, extended management models are required. Therefore, the Braunschweig Model of Life Cycle Management to support life cycle oriented problem definition is proposed in this paper. It considers and enhances prior relevant approaches like the St. Gallen management model within one integrated framework. Consequently orientating on the life cycle of a product, it differs between product management, production management, after sales management and end of life management as integrated tasks. As phase spanning activities process, information and knowledge management are identified. The term Life Cycle Management alone classically does not relate to or define certain goals. Against that, the term Total Life Cycle Management is introduced here, which stands for the holistic approach to integrate all relevant dimensions with both economical and ecological evaluations (LCC/LCA) and target criteria. Striving towards sustainability from a normative to an operational level is a key goal of the approach since the consequent consideration and optimization of both aspects potentially enables decoupling economical development from harmful environmental effects. Applying









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the thoughts and goals of Total Life Cycle Management in every phase naturally involves certain typical challenges like conflicts in goals, high complexity as well as uncertainty which have to be solved with adequate methods. To underline potential problems and strategies for solving them in different phases, important activities are finally being classified within the Total Life Cycle Management Framework. Firstly innovation management as part of the product management is exemplarily addressed. In the sense of Life Cycle Innovations all actors that are involved within a product’s life cycle have to be considered in an early phase of product development process to avoid unforeseen failures. However, recent innovation literature did not support a consequent classification within a Life Cycle Management context. Therefore a certain description approach is presented which enables to gain further understanding of the processes and to derive adequate strategies. Secondly, production management is focussed. This phase is affected by the concurrence of diverse complex and dynamic requirements resulting from different, overlapping life cycles (production machines, diverse primary goods each with several variants) as well as competing goals like costs, time, quality, flexibility and environmental impacts. Additionally, interdependencies with other phases like product development (e.g. Design for Assembly) are of particular importance. Services ENVIMPACT A NEW QUANTITATIVE RATING METHODOLOGY USING LCA, LCI AND EIO-LCA FOR GREEN INVESTMENTS (MO 1.11); Maillard Ardenti, Yvan1; 1 Centre Info SA, Fribourg, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: envIMPACT: a tool for quantifying the greenhouse gas intensity of companies Developer of ENVIMPACT ENVIMPACT is developed by Centre Info SA, one of the founding members of SiRi Company, the world's largest independent provider of SRI research and consulting services for institutional investors and financial professionals. Centre Info has over 15 years experience in environmental and social evaluation of companies. Why is EnvIMPACT an innovative rating methodology? ENVIMPACT is the first quantitative rating methodology that allows analyzing the environmental impact of companies in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP) on the whole life cycle of products. ENVIMPACT provides investors with GWP ratings on 1,800 international quoted companies. It allows investors to identify low carbon emitting companies as well as companies producing low carbon emitting products. Tools and databases ENVIMPACT is based on tools such as Input/Output Analysis, Life Cycle Inventories and Life Cycle Analysis. ENVIMPACT incorporates powerful databases to evaluate companies: it uses the Input/Output Analysis database from the Green Design Institute of the Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh), Life Cycle Inventories datasets from the ECOINVENT – Swiss Center for Life Cycle Inventories as well as numerous Life Cycle Analysis of products. How does ENVIMPACT rate companies ? ENVIMPACT aims at rating companies through their environmental impacts during the whole life cycle of products. The underlying philosophy is to favour companies that can achieve high added value with low GWP impacts. Ranking is performed on selected sectoral environmental issues, providing a relevant picture of environmental impacts. The adoption of life cycle thinking, a systemic perspective and natural science rationales allows for the identification of key environmental impacts as well as key phases on a sector basis to deal with the sector specific environmental aspects. Impacts are therefore considered during the whole life cycle of a company’s activities and products. This means, for example, that the environmental impact of the Automobiles Manufacturers is calculated not only for the production of automobiles but also during their use phase. For instance, manufacturers producing mostly low fuel consuming cars will have a smaller environmental impact and get a better rating than their peers. Company ratings are performed in three steps: • First, for each sector, an analysis of the most significant GWP impacts of companies is conducted based on the I/OA database (from Carnegie Mellon University), on the ECOINVENT database and on published product LCAs. For sectors that encompass companies producing products with significant energy consumption during the use phase, the data from the I/OA database is completed with data from LCAs and from ECOINVENT in order to estimate the use phase. • Second, sector specific indicators are defined in order to measure the most significant GWP impacts. • Third, company data is collected (directly from the companies or from sector databases) in order to calculate the company rating. The environmental performance of each company is analysed individually, in quantitative terms, and ranked against its competitors. Examples Electric Utilities ENVIMPACT allows identifying electric utilities with the lowest environmental impacts: these are


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clearly linked to the type of the energy source as electricity from renewable energy sources (such as hydro, geothermal, solar and wind power) emits much less CO2 than electricity from fossil fuels. Moreover, electric utilities with the lowest carbon emissions will have a competitive advantage as the sector faces a big legislative pressure for reducing its carbon emissions in most parts of the world. In the EU, for example, the ‘Emissions Trading Scheme’ Directive of the European Union foresees non-conformity fines of EUR 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide for electric utilities exceeding the allowed emission levels. Automobiles The main environmental impact of car manufacturers is linked to the fuel consumption of automobiles rather than to the production phase. Environmental impacts are therefore related to the emission rate of vehicles and each manufacturer has a specific environmental profile. Carbon dioxide emission reduction is currently undergoing within the industry: the European automotive industry entered into a voluntary commitment to substantially reduce CO2 emission rates of vehicles sold in the European Union (ACEA Agreement). In a scenario with growing legislative pressure on car emissions and higher fuel prices, car manufacturers producing the lowest polluting cars enjoy bigger economic opportunities compared to their competitors. Transportation Fuel costs account for a substantial portion of operational expenses of airlines. ENVIMPACT identifies airlines with a fuel-efficient fleet. The most efficient airlines will have a smaller exposure to fuel price increases or legislative constraints than competitors. Cooperation with the academic world Prior to launching ENVIMPACT in 2005, Centre Info has commissioned a feasibility study to the Life Cycle Systems Group from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), in Lausanne, Switzerland, 2004. This feasibility study showed that Input/Output Analysis, Life Cycle Inventories and Life Cycle Analysis are of the utmost importance for the environmental evaluation of companies taking into account the whole life cycle of products. Coverage ENVIMPACT has a coverage of 1,800 quoted companies worldwide. Updates Company ratings are updated on a yearly basis. The methodology of ENVIMPACT will be regularly updated, incorporating latest scientific knowledge and available databases. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SERVICE ACTIVITIES – CHANGE OF PRIORITIES IN EMS WORK? (MO 1.12); Saur Modahl, Ingunn1; Rønning, Anne1; 1 STØ, Fredrikstad, Norway ([email protected]) Keywords: energy use, office, policy-making, service activities, transport, EMS Services are among the fastest growing sector in western society. Despite this, there is not much knowledge of how large the environmental effects from this sector are. This is due to the fact that service companies, in most cases, do not document their own activities with respect to the environment. The aim of this study has thus been to increase the knowledge in this field by documenting the environmental and resource effects of a selection of Norwegian office companies. The goal has also been to develop methodology for such environmental accounts. In 2002 STØ performed a preliminary study where the environmental effects of our own activities were investigated. The conclusion was that travel and energy use in our office building led to most of the greenhouse gas emissions. It was also shown that the environmental effects from these are quite large. Yet, service companies often have a strong focus on activities like reducing paper consumption in their environmental management systems. Energy use in office buildings is also considered to a certain extent, but transportation is in most cases not included. According to the Norwegian accounting law, all companies are to report their effects on the environment. In a study of the annual reports for several service companies in Norway in 2004, it was concluded that almost no companies were aware of the fact that travel and energy use have environmental effects. The project started late autumn 2005 and was performed by STØ in close cooperation with employees in 9 service companies and departments. A total of 81 people participated. The focus was on traveling and energy use in the office building, and a life cycle perspective was used. The participants registered the distance and means of transport for job related travel and travel to/from work every day in a 4-week period. In addition, data for energy use (heating, ventilation, cooling, technical equipment etc) were registered. Specific data were used for the activities in each company, and life cycle literature data were used to calculate the environmental effects of these activities. To make it simple, global warming and primary energy consumption are adopted as the impact parameters. For both global warming potential and primary energy consumption, the dominating activity is job related travel (73% and 59% respectively). In total, travel and energy use in office buildings in Norwegian service companies is expected to contribute to approximately 8000 kg CO2 eq/man-year. This study shows that the environmental effects from service activities are quite large and should have a greater focus politically. The results will be used to enhance methodology and to provide input for policy-making in Norway.



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A follow-up study in 15 service companies is performed as this is written, and the results from this work will be included in the presentation. WELL-TO-WHEEL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PRODUCED HYDROGEN FOR FUTURE PASSENGER CAR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS (Mo 1.13); Meier, Anton1; Felder, Remo1; 1 Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen PSI, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: solar energy, hydrogen, transport, passenger car, LCA A well-to-wheel analysis is being conducted for future production, transport, and usage of solar hydrogen in passenger cars. The life cycle assessment (LCA) includes a quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the cumulative energy demand (CED) and two life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methodologies. Solar hydrogen is assumed being produced in a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant located in a highly irradiated Mediterranean region such as Southern Spain and transported to Central Europe exemplified by Switzerland. Solar-driven water-splitting thermo-chemical cycles offer the potential of energy efficient large-scale production of hydrogen. A prominent example is the two-step ZnO/Zn cycle comprising (1) the endothermic thermal dissociation of ZnO(s) into Zn(g) and O2 at above 2000 K or, alternatively, the solar carbothermic reduction of ZnO at about 1500 K, using concentrated solar energy as the source of process heat; and (2) the non-solar exothermic hydrolysis of Zn to form H2 and ZnO(s). The benchmark is solar hydrogen production by water electrolysis using solar thermal electricity generated in a CSP plant. The solar hydrogen production methods are compared with selected conventional production technologies, such as steam methane reforming and coal gasification, as well as with alternative pathways such as water electrolysis using locally produced hydro or nuclear power. Three different energy transport concepts are considered: (a) Zn transport; (b) on-site Zn hydrolysis followed by hydrogen pipeline transport; (c) high voltage direct current (HVDC) electricity transport from a solar thermal power plant. Utilization of hydrogen in fuel cells is compared with advanced powertrains for the combustion of oil-based energy carriers. Solar scenarios show distinctly lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than fossil-based scenarios. For example, using solar hydrogen in fuel cell cars reduces fossil resource consumption and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions by a factor of up to ten compared to advanced gasoline powertrains and fossil-based hydrogen production pathways. The environmental impacts are mainly associated with the construction of infrastructure, in particular the steel-intensive large heliostat fields for collecting solar energy in CSP plants. In conclusion, solar energy stored in hydrogen and used in fuel cell cars is a promising option for substituting fossil-based fuels in sustainable future transport systems. TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMISATION OF OPERATIONAL TRAFFIC (MO 1.14); Tuchschmid, Matthias1; Halder, Markus2; De Tommasi, Roberto3; Frischknecht, Rolf1; Hildesheimer, Gabi4; 1 ESU-services, Uster, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 SBB Rail Environmental Center, Bern 65/SBB, Switzerland; 3 synergo Mobility – Politics – Space, Zurich, Switzerland; 4 Schweizerische Vereinigung für ökologisch bewusste Unternehmensführung ÖBU, Zurich, Switzerland Although the CO2-Emissionen of traffic constantly rises and takes a larger share of the environmental impact of an enterprise, the topic “traffic” is so far neglected to a large extent within many enterprises. The focus of the environmental management is usually on process optimizations of the production or on improvements of the buildings. According to ISO 14000-Standard, all important environmental aspects of an enterprise have to be considered. One reason for this gap is the lack of a tool to quantify the contribution of the traffic emissions. Focus of the web based „Environmental Optimisation of operational traffic“ The project “Environmental Optimisation of operational traffic“ focuses on the environmental impact of operational person and goods traffic. A public, internet-based tool provides the enterprises with: Calculation of the environmental impact of all type of traffic (energy consumption, CO2-emissions, fine dust, NOx emissions). The relevance of traffic compared with other environmental impact of the enterprise. Measures to reduce the environmental impact (and also a tool to quantify the amount of reduction). The benefit of measures concerning cost savings, better public relation, etc. Elements of existing tools are already integrated (e.g. the „information- and analysis tool “of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy for commuter traffic or informations of the www.ecotransit.org project for goods traffic). The authors are in close contact with interested enterprises. Their support helps to optimize the design and content of the tool. During summer 2007 a prototype will be introduced. Input- and output data The data input and the arrangement of the output can be adapted to the needs of the users: In the Quick-mode the impact on the environment is quantified with few parameters. The results serve primarily to compare traffic with other activities of an enterprise (production, administration, energy supply). If traffic proves as relevant, the Expert-mode permits a more-in-depth analysis. In the Expert-mode additional information is needed, in order to make a detailed inventory and analyses possible. In addition the impact of specific measures like the conversion of the fleet to biogas vehicles can be analyzed.










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The data input can be done in the unit preferred: distance and load, fuel consumption or for single trips. A routing-system calculates the distances between start and destination and links the distance automatically to the emissions. A tool to measure the impact of mobility management With the provided tool, enterprises can be supported in the development and implementation of a mobility plan. The application is supplemented with an integrated guide, which offers hints to optimize the operational traffic - for example to quantify the saved emissions by the use of video/phone conferences or by a shift of transports from road to rail. The relevant environmental effects and corresponding improvement potentials vary from enterprise to enterprise. Links to actual campaigns and information portals or specific measures offered by transport providers give ideas for further improvements. Biomaterials LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN BIOPLASTICS PRODUCTION (MO 2.01); Degli Innocenti, Francesco1; 1 Novamont, Novara, Italy ([email protected]) Keywords: organic waste, compostable plastics, waste management, disposable cutlery Novamont. is active in the sector of bioplastics and known at worldwide level for the production of Mater-Bi®, a family of materials containing renewable constituents. The material is available in granular form, in different grades and for a variety of manufacturing processes and products, such as films, injection moulded articles, foams. Mater-Bi is applied in different economy sectors: industry, agriculture, service, waste management. Since its establishment, Novamont has adopted precise strategies to identify products and instruments that guarantee concrete solutions aimed at linking environment, agriculture and industry. Novamont has achieved several certifications of its management system (ISO 14001 and 9000) and of its products (OK Compost, OK Biodegradable SOIL, OK Compost Home by Vinçotte; certifications of biodegradability by DIN-CERTCO, IPP, BPI and BPS). All Mater-Bi biopolymers are analysed with the use of LCA and Environmental Product Declarations are published after verification by external independent reviewers. The Life Cycle Management of biopolymers requires special attention in order to get significant results. The environmental profile of biopolymers is strongly linked to several factors, non necessarily all within the control of the resin producer. The resin producer (Novamont) does manage only one part of the production phase, i.e. the granules production. The second part (i.e. the conversion of granules to final products) is managed by the converters. Furthermore, the use and end of life phases of the products influence the overall environmental profile. The treatment systems applied by the waste management organizations (i.e. composting versus incineration of organic waste) strongly influence the request for compostable plastic products and the impacts in respects to other materials. The best benefits of biodegradable products both environmentally and economically, are attained when recycling of the different waste streams is applied and optimised. Free of contaminants organic waste is an optimal feedstock for producing compost whose excellent properties have been demonstrated both by an agronomic and by an environmental viewpoint. The use of biodegradable products may positively influence the management of all organic waste, so that the combined effect of bioplastics and good waste management can determined the collection of bigger and cleaner organic waste flows. This is the case of the use of compostable bags or disposable catering products made with biopolymers. Also the raw materials production is a very sensitive factor. Novamont performs the LCA of biopolymers taking into consideration all these aspects. The biopolymers are studied as materials applied in different products and to satisfy different needs. The system boundaries are drawn very wide in order to include production, use, and end of life of both the bioproducts and the other products and materials flows that are influenced by them; for example food, organic waste, packaging. All evaluations are performed taking into consideration the real scenarios of use and end of life. This approach requires that all the actors involved in the chain cooperate in studying and managing the different scenarios. Therefore, the conclusion is that the biopolymers producers have to implement inside theirs LCM an Integrated Product Policy approach together with all the stakeholders. DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERIC BIOPROCESS FLOWSHEET MODEL FOR LIFE CYCLE STUDIES (MO 2.02); Harding, Kevin1; Harrison, Susan T.L.1; Dennis, John2; 1 Bioprocess Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rondebosch, South Africa , Bioprocess Engineering Research Unit, Rondebosch, South Africa ([email protected]); 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Cambridge, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Keywords: bioprocesses, modeling, life cycle assessment, MS-Excel







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In order to determine the environmental effects of an aerobic microbial process using an LCA approach, material and energy inputs and emissions are required. This data is often not readily available nor easily obtained. Typically, in the absence of access to existing process data, a process design is undertaken, often requiring access to specialised software. In order to obtain an estimate of the essential data quickly, a simple yet effective MS-Excel model has been developed, allowing for a limited set of inputs to give the necessary output. The overall mass and energy data can then be further analysed by LCA in a software package such as SimaPro. The approach is based on first principles used in combination with literature data. Where necessary, best estimates based on empirical energy requirements are used. The model allows for intra- or extracellular product formation as well as microbial growth in a batch or continuous culture. It is constructed to give inputs and outputs in terms of a determined product amount. The process flowsheet allows selection of unit operations for sterilisation, microbial growth, solid-liquid separation, cell disruption, further solid-liquid separation, concentration or purification and formulation. No recycle is included. Sterilisation operations include filtration and steam sterilisation. Steam is used in vessel cleaning, continuously or batch wise. During microbial growth and product formation, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur sources can be added to an aerated and agitated reactor. Following microbial growth, the culture can be cooled and biomass separated by centrifuge, filtration or sedimentation. Intracellular products can be liberated by cell disruption using a high pressure homogenizer, acoustic or hydrodynamic cavitator or ball mill. A further solid-liquid separation unit can then be included. Concentration and purification can be performed using a maximum of six unit operations, including adsorption, centrifugation, chromatography, evaporation, precipitation/crystallization, solvent extraction or filtration (cross-flow filtration, diafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration). The potential inclusion of filter media and non-reacting additives is allowed in each step. Further, reaction can be taken into account with the addition of two reacting substances per stage. These can be one of a pre-determined set of chemicals or additional components. The final unit in the flowsheet includes oven drying, spray drying or freeze drying. Each step in the flowsheet takes into account losses of product and energy efficiencies. Data repositories have been compiled throughout the model. These host data such as yield coefficients, densities, heat capacities, molar masses, chemical compositions etc. Information on typical operating norms is included for many variables (e.g. standard operating pressures and temperatures). All database and default values can be altered for a specific process as required. To validate its applicability, literature based case studies have been used to provide comparison of the model output with typical empirical data. LCA AS A DECISION MAKING TOOL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLY SOURCED 1,3 PROPANEDIOL (MO 2.03); Veith, Susanne1; Alles, Carina1; Jenkins, Robin1; Muska, Carl1; 1 DuPont Engineering Research and Technology, Wilmington, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: 1,3 propanediol (PDO), LCA, Sorona 1,3 propanediol (PDO) is a key ingredient in Sorona® polymer, the latest advanced polymer platform developed by DuPont, with applications in textiles for apparel and interiors, carpeting, packaging and films, and automotive applications. Carbohydrates from corn provide a renewable feedstock for a fermentation based process that utilizes a proprietary organism to convert glucose to 1,3 propanediol (PDO). In November 2006, DuPont and its joint venture partner Tate & Lyle successfully started up a 100 million ppy Bio-PDO™ plant in Loudon, Tennessee. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was used to benchmark the cradle-to-gate environmental footprint of the bio-based PDO process against the petroleum-based PDO process and the resulting Sorona(R) polymer against its fossil alternative Nylon 6. The comparison involved various impact categories such as energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication, and air acidification. This presentation illustrates how LCA can be used as a decision making tool in the design of a production plant. Case studies show the consequences of process technology selections and different LCA approaches to co-product allocation on the final LCA results. All in all, LCA proved to be a very efficient tool in facilitating technology and business decisions leading to an environmentally preferable and economically attractive plan to produce Bio-PDO™ at commercial scale. REDUCING THE ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT OF NATUREWORKS® POLYLACTIDE (PLA) POLYMERS (MO 2.04); Vink, Erwin1; 1 NatureWorks LLC, Naarden, Netherlands ([email protected]) Keywords: biopolymer, PLA, polylactide, LCA, natureworks NatureWorks® polylactide (PLA) is a versatile polymer entirely made from annually renewable resources. NatureWorks® PLA applications include rigid packaging and films, disposable service ware and bottles. IngeoTM fibers are used in fiberfill applications and apparel. NatureWorks LLC has 140,000 metric tons manufacturing capacity in Blair, Nebraska.






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NatureWorks LLC is using a commitment to the fundamentals of Sustainability to build a sustainable business system for the production, use, reuse and disposal of PLA. It believes that sustainable production of PLA will require a new agricultural business system and a movement to renewable energy sources. NatureWorks objectives are to eliminate the use of non renewable energy, the emissions of among others greenhouse gasses, the elimination of by-products and the reduction of water use. In September 2005 NatureWorks announced the use of wind power via the purchase of renewable energy certificates (REC). Per 01.01.2006 all the fossil-based electricity used in the NatureWorks PLA production system is replaced by wind power. This gave a significant reduction in the use of non-renewable energy as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This is valid for the total 2006 volume. The paper will explain the principle of RECs and give the results of this action for various impact categories. A medium-term opportunity (period 2008-2010) is a further improvement of fermentation process technology. Also this opportunity will be combined with the utilization of renewable energy for electricity requirements. The paper will also present our projections of these improvements. A long term (after 2010) opportunity to improve the sustainability profile of PLA is to improve the sustainability profile of the carbohydrates used. Today these carbohydrates come from corn. In future lignocellulosic plant materials can provide this sugar feedstock. NatureWorks® PLA also offers new possibilities to use polymer waste disposal/recycling options such as chemical recycling, industrial composting and anaerobic digestion. LCA OF BIODEGRADABLE MULTILAYER FILM FROM BIOPOLYMERS (MO 2.05); Garrain, Daniel1; Vidal, Rosario1; Martinez, Pilar2; Franco, Vicente1; 1 GID-Engineering Design Group - University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain ([email protected]); 2 AIMPLAS Instituto Tecnológico del Plastico, Paterna, Spain, Cebrian-Tarrason, David Keywords: biopolymer, LCA, biodegradable, environmental impact, multilayer film Interest in biodegradable materials has developed as a consequence of increasing social awareness of environmental degradation and the possibilities of reducing it by selecting more environmentally-friendly products. In the early 1900s most non-fuel industrial products, like plastics, were made from biobased resources. By the 1970s petroleum-derived materials had replaced, to a large extent, those materials derived from natural resources. Recent developments are raising the prospects that naturally derived resources will once again be a major contributor to the manufacturing of industrial products. Currently, these biobased products are being optimized. At the same time, environmental concerns are intensifying the interest in agricultural and forestry resources as alternative feedstocks. Sustained growth of this industry will largely depend on the development of new markets and cost- and performance-competitive biobased products [1]. Some authors [2-5] have remarked that biodegradable materials are, in some cases, less “ecological” than conventional ones, among other reasons, because of the high degree of optimisation in conventional industries. Biopolymers obtained from renewable sources are still in an incipient state of development when compared to petroleum-derived plastics. Even though the environmental impact of biopolymers is higher nowadays, they should not be rejected because of this. Instead, further research on their optimisation towards their environmental improvement should be conducted [6]. The main objective of this study is to carry out a first assessment of the environmental impact of a multilayer polymer derived from carbohydrate polymers using LCA. This assessment will allow us to find out which life-cycle phases and materials of the multilayer polymer should be improved, and to identify the aspects that require further research from an environmental viewpoint. The product developed is an innovative 100% biodegradable multilayer sheet for its application in single-use food packaging obtained from potato and corn starch as an alternative to the existent non-biodegradable containers. It is composed of three layers: two outer layers made from PLA (Polylactic acid) and one inner layer from compounding of modified starch, PCL (Polycaprolactone) and glycerol mosterate (PLA-Starch-PLA). This sheet is compared to a functionally similar multilayer PP - PA6 (Polyamide Nylon 6) - PP sheet. A life cycle inventory has been determined for each of the constituents of the multilayer material, based mainly on bibliographic information. Energy data and flux diagrams of the required production processes -from the processing of grains to the thermo-forming of the packaging- have been taken from the measurements made in a pilot plant. The biodegradability and compostability of the new material and the environmental effect of eliminating the waste of the two multilayer packaging products, especially on the global warming category, are also analysed.








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A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) AND ECO-EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF ONE-WAY VERSUS REUSABLE DRINKING CUPS (MO 2.06); Vercalsteren, An1; Sarlée, Willy2; Spirinckx, Carolin1; Geerken, Theo1; 1 VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium ([email protected]); 2 OVAM, Mechelen, Belgium Keywords: LCA, eco-efficiency analysis, drinking cups, biodegradable material In commission of the Belgian government, VITO performed a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) extended with an Eco-efficiency analysis on 4 types of drinking cups for use on events. The reason for the commission of this study was the introduction of the biodegradable polylactide (PLA) cup on Belgian events. The objective was to gain insight in the current environmental impacts and the costs related to existing systems for drinking cups on events in order to outline a well-founded environmental policy with regard to this subject. In the study three one-way cups (the polypropylene cup (PP), the one-way PE-coated cardboard cup and the PLA cup) are compared to the reusable polycarbonate (PC) cup and this respectively on small and large events. The functional unit is defined as “the recipients needed for serving 100 litre beer or soft drinks on a small-scale indoor and a large-scale outdoor event”. This definition includes the production of the cups, the consumption phase (on the event) and the processing of the waste. The LCA was related to a Life Cycle Cost analysis to finally assess and compare the eco-efficiency of the 4 alternatives. Both analyses were, according to the ISO 14040-standards on LCAs, subject of a critical review by a review panel coordinated by TNO. The LCA resulted in a comparative environmental profile in which 9 environmental impact categories were considered. None of the four considered cups shows overall superior performance on small nor large events. When comparing the individual cup systems between small indoor and large outdoor events, the reusable PC-cup differs the most between both types of events. The environmental burden increases significantly for PC-cups moving to larger scale events. In the eco-efficiency analysis the 9 environmental impact categories were, on request of the commissioner, elaborated into one environmental indicator which was compared with a cost indicator. The analyses showed that the reusable cup has a significantly better environmental score on small events. On large events no significant differences between the four cups exist, neither in relation to the environmental score as to the cost score. Sensitivity analyses are performed to assess the impact of changes in inventory data (e.g. trip rate for reusable cup, manual versus machine cleaning of cups, waste disposal scenarios, improvements in production technology). Two aspects that improved the overall quality of this study are on the one hand the consultation and collaboration of the stakeholders during the process to supply information, check the inventory data and give feedback on the preliminary results and on the other hand the presence of a review panel to double-check the work of the project team during the study. LCA ON A BUS BODY COMPONENT BASED ON BIOMATERIALS (MO 2.07); Schmehl, Meike1; Müssig, Jörg2; Schönfeld, Uwe3; von Buttlar, Hans-Bernard4; 1 University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (meike.schmehl @wiwi.uni-goettingen.de); 2 Faserinstitut Bremen e.V., Bremen, Germany; 3 Bio-Composites and More GmbH, Ipsheim, Germany; 4 Ingenieurgemeinschaft für Landwirtschaft und Umwelt, Göttingen, Germany Keywords: bus body component, hemp fiber, PTP, LCA Biomaterials have an interesting application potential in the automotive sector. For the first time, a material system based on natural fibres and PTP®, a vegetable based thermoset resin, was produced in a research and development project. This material system was successfully manufactured into a bus body component by Sheet-Moulding-Compound (SMC)–technology and was tested on-road at a passenger bus for one year. The production of SMC showed an upward trend in Europe in 2006, although the trend turned back in 2005 due to the decreasing automobile production and the oil prize increase. So, the application of SMC-technology constitutes a most promising perspective for the production of the new material system based on renewable materials. The environmental impacts caused by the bus body component based on renewable raw materials in comparison to the conventionally used product system made of glass fibre reinforced polyester resin was analysed by LCA. The impact assessment was realised using the methodology of the Eco-indicator 99 in which the results of the damage categories human health, ecosystem quality and resources were calculated. The biomaterial-component had lower environmental impacts especially in the category resources compared to the reference component. Furthermore the importance of lightweight construction was shown. It can be expected that further concepts of development and optimisation lead to a more efficient use of materials and so to an additional reduction of environmental impacts.










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LIGHTWEIGHT BOARDS – A RESOURCE AND GREENHOUSE GAS SAVING INNOVATION IN THE WOOD INDUSTRY? (MO 2.08); Poganietz, Witold-Roger1; Feifel, Silke1; Schebek, Liselotte1; 1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, ITC-ZTS, Karlsruhe, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: lightweight boards; material flow analysis, material and energy flows, modelling, forest-based industry Changing consumption preferences as well as new biomass conversion technologies have made products from biomaterials more and more attractive. A consequence of this is an increasing demand for bio-based products but also an increasing competition for biomaterials. This competition is fuelled further by the demand for renewable energy which may adversely affect the attractiveness of biomaterial based products. Innovations in manufacturing play an essential role to decouple material intensity and product performance and therefore are inevitable to stay competitive. In order to assess the development of strategic success factors for technological innovations in the area of bio-based products and bio-materials an economy-wide material flow model of Germany, called CarboMoG (Carbon Flow Model of Germany) was developed. CarboMoG models currently 175 different production processes with 215 material and energy flows, considering the interdependencies between process chains. The model allows to identify carbon flows, sources and sinks in the German anthroposphere. Using CarboMoG the ongoing development of lightweight boards in the wood industry is analysed exemplary. Lightweight boards could reduce the demand for solid wood by replacing the core of e.g. a wood plate by welted paper board (i.e. a honeycomb layer), which bases on recycled paper. Additionally, due to the way how lightweight boards are manufactured, the required energy demand is expected to be lower compared to ‘traditional’ wooden boards. Both should reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). On the other side, due to the induced demand for recycled paper an additional competition for recycled paper is set up. This additional demand could counteract the expected decrease of wood demand by the decoupling of material intensity and product performance of lightweight boards. The induced effect on the required wood could also lead to an increased demand for energy and higher GHG emissions. The objective of the paper is to analyse the impact of a supposed successful market entry of lightweight boards on the demand for wood and energy as well as on GHG emissions. The advantage of the chosen approach is the possibility to analyse potential impacts of technical progress on material and energy flows as well as on GHG emissions, considering the interdependencies between markets. The findings will allow to quantify the total impacts of a new product on the demand for resources and on GHG emissions and thus, to identify strategic success factors. APPLYING DISTANCE-TO-TARGET WEIGHING METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF BIO-BASED PRODUCTS (MO 2.09); Martin Weiss1; Martin Pate1; Hermann Heilmeier2; Stefan Bringezu3; 1 Utrecht University, Department of Science, Technology and Society (STS), Copernicus Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands ([email protected]); 2 TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Interdisciplinary Ecological Centre, Biology/Ecology Unit, Freiberg, Germany; 3 Wuppertal Institute, Research Unit on Material Flows and Resource Management, Wuppertal, Germany Keywords: biomass, LCA, environmental Impacts, distance-to-target weighing The enhanced use of biomass for the production of energy, fuels, and materials is one of the key strategies towards sustainable production and consumption. Various life cycle assessment (LCA) studies demonstrate the great potential of bio-based products to reduce both the consumption of non-renewable energy resources and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the production of biomass requires agricultural land and is often associated with adverse environmental effects such as eutrophication of surface and ground waters. Decision making in favor or against bio-based and conventional fossil product alternatives from an environmental perspective therefore often requires weighing of environmental impacts. In this research we apply a distance-to-target weighing methodology to aggregate LCA results obtained in four different environmental impact categories (i.e., non-renewable primary energy consumption, global warming potential, eutrophication potential, and acidification potential) to one product specific environmental index. We include 45 bio- and fossil-based product pairs in our analysis, which we conduct for Germany. The resulting environmental indices for all product pairs analyzed range from –19.7 to +0.2 with negative values indicating overall environmental benefits of bio-based products. Except for three options of packaging materials made from wheat and cornstarch, all bio-based products (including energy, fuels, and materials) score better than their fossil counterparts. Comparing the median values for the three options of biomass utilization reveals that bio-energy (-1.2) and bio-materials (-1.0) offer significantly higher environmental benefits than bio-fuels (-0.3). The results of this study reflect, however, subjective value judgments due to the applied weighing methodology. Given the uncertainties and controversies associated not only with distance-to-target methodologies in particular but also with weighing approaches in general, the authors strongly recommend using weighing for decision finding only as supplementary tool separately from standardized LCA methodology.





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TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS AND SOCIAL COST CONSIDERATIONS OF WOODY BIOMASS CONVERSION (MO 2.10); Khoo, Hsien Hui1; Tan, Reginald B.H.1; 1 Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Singapore, Singapore ([email protected]) Keywords: wood waste, incineration, carbonization, air pollution, social costs In recent years growing concern over environmental issues and energy security have led to the promotion of indigenous renewable energy resources. For a small country like Singapore, woody biomass has the potential to play a substantial role in offering a sustainable solution in providing new forms of power generation, heat and energy feedstock. The main sources of biomass in Singapore are waste wood from industry together with the felling of trees along roads and sidewalks. Social costs factors, along with other cost considerations, are integrated with LCA to compare two biomass utilization or conversion options. The first is the incineration of waste wood to electricity, and the next is a proposed carbonizer to convert wood to charcoal. This type of life cycle management approach – which integrates both environmental and economic performance – can be applied to aid in decision making for investing in different technologies, as well as, for expressing the social costs of pollution in monetary units. The main air emissions focused in the LCA study are those that are known to cause health problems: SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, dioxins/furans and PM. Based on the Functional unit of 1 ton of waste wood treated, the inventory data of the air pollutants for both incinerator and proposed carbonizer are compiled. A simple linear model is used to calculate the costs considerations of: - energy requirements (kerosene/natural gas) - electricity requirements - operating costs - social costs of pollution - value of charcoal produced or electricity generated. Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals LIFE CYCLE BASED METHODS FACILITATING INTEGRATION OF SUSTAINABILITY IN CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN (MO 2.11); Ligthart, Tom1; Ansems, Toon1; van Harmelen, Toon1; 1 TNO Environment & Geosciences, Apledoorn, Netherlands ([email protected]) Keywords: chemicals, design tools, LCA, LCC, safety and health The European chemical manufacturing industry wants to be capable of maintaining a substantial and sustainable production capacity. For this the focus is on process intensification, process design and alternative process technology. To satisfy these goals an integrated set of life cycle based decision tools should be developed to aid designers in selecting the most sustainable design alternatives over the complete span of design stages. Presently, quite a large number of sustainability assessment methods is available. However, almost all of them cover only a part of sustainability, e.g. only environment or safety. Others are only suited for one specific step of the development process. Therefore, a need still exists for the development of an integrated set of sustainability assessment methods and indicators for sustainable chemical process design and development. The sustainability approach we propose is based on:

- environmental effects with an impact on ecosystems and on public health - industrial safety and occupational health. - economy, the financial value creation of a chemical production process is considered.

The sustainability assessment method for the chemical sector is to be implemented in a tool set named INSPECT - INtegrated Sustainability Process Evaluation and Calculation Tool. In practice there is experience with the assessment of complete life cycles. This is especially so for environmental assessment (Life Cycle Assessment, LCA) and the economic assessment (Life Cycle Costing, LCC). For the assessment of the safety/health aspect a new methodology will be developed based on the state of the art industrial safety and occupational health assessments and screening methodologies (Life Cycle Health/Safety, LCSH). The integration of the three individual assessments to one integral assessment, the sustainability assessment, will be made with the help of the most suited weighing method. The design of alternative chemical production processes can be highly innovative. Therefore, existing methods and tools are not able to fully cope with these new processes and their impacts. The upgrading and expanding of these methods and tools to include specific innovative issues is thus foreseen. The selection of existing and the development of adjusted tools and methods that have a perspective for application in the innovative design process will be discussed. In addition the first results of a number of selected methods will be presented and discussed.






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INVENTORY ESTIMATION FOR THE LCA OF CHEMICALS (MO 2.12); Wernet, Gregor1; Hellweg, Stefanie1; Hungerbuhler, Konrad1; 1 Institue of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: LCI, inventory estimation, neural networks, chemicals The production of a chemical is a series of intricate processes. Even for basic chemicals, it is a process that often requires specialized equipment, various energy sources - such as electricity, steam, fuel and natural gas - and specific reactants. For more complex chemicals, synthesis consists of many reaction steps, with each step requiring additional reactants and auxiliaries. Therefore, LCI data exists only for relatively few basic chemicals. LCI data generation is further hindered by the fact that many chemicals, especially fine and specialty chemicals such as pesticides, dyes or pharmaceuticals, are produced in batch plants alongside other products, rendering data acquisition very difficult. In other cases, production data is not available or confidential. The LCI of fine and specialty chemicals is currently immensely difficult for these reasons. Estimation models for the LCI data of chemicals can offer a new approach to this problem and facilitate many LCA studies. This work describes a novel approach to estimate key inventory data of chemicals. The approach is based on a combination of several models, with each model adapted to a specific amount of data available for the inventory estimation. A detailed model has been created to analyze individual operations within a process step using process-simulation software. This model can achieve very reliable results. However, the amount of necessary input information requires direct access to detailed production data, which is usually not available. A second model is based on the statistical analysis of empirical data of various reaction types to estimate inventories of entire reaction steps. While less detailed than the first model, this approach is feasible without production data or measurements. In addition, this model can be utilized to assess hypothetical production processes, allowing LCA studies to be used in process design and optimization. A third model directly estimates inventories based on the molecular structure of the chemical. LCIs are estimated by a statistical evaluation of reference substances and a correlation analysis using modern machine learning algorithms such as artificial neural networks. This model greatly facilitates the estimation of inventory flows or energy demands in case no production data is available. The combination of these models can offer new possibilities for LCA studies involving the use of fine and specialty chemicals. The presentation will offer an introduction to all models as well as selected results of the models. EHS & LCA COMPARISON OF BIOCATALYTIC AND CHEMICAL PHARMACEUTICAL SYNTHESIS: 7-ACA (MO 2.13); Henderson, Richard K1; Jiménez-González, Concepción2; Preston, Chris3; Constable, David JC 4; Woodley, John M5; 1 GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ([email protected]); 2 GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, United States of America; 3 GlaxoSmithKline, Ulverston, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; 4 GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, United States of America; 5 Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Keywords: biocatalysis, life cycle assessment, pharmaceutical products, green metrics, sustainable processes Recognition of the benefits of selective catalysis has resulted in the introduction of a considerable number of biocatalytic reactions into synthetic strategies for potential Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) manufacture. Although application of large scale biocatalysis is still restricted due to the limited number of enzymes commercially available, there is considerable promise in using enzymes to regio- and stereo-selectively functionalize molecules of interest. In addition, conventional wisdom typically asserts that there are potentially considerable environmental improvements and cost reduction associated with the use of biocatalysis. However without a rigorous and quantitative comparison between more traditional chemical and newer biocatalytic routes, it remains merely a perceived benefit. The present research intends to fill this gap. The main goal of this work was to estimate and compare the environment, health, safety and life cycle impacts of two synthetic methods used to produce the API 7-aminocephalosporic acid (7-ACA). The routes under study were a chemical synthetic process and a two-enzyme catalysed process both starting from the potassium salt of cephalosporin C. The methodology employed for comparison was a Green Technology Comparison framework previously presented. This method compares EHS performance utilizing GlaxoSmithKline's (GSK) sustainability metrics, and incorporates a life cycle approach. The cradle-to-gate life cycle impact estimations were performed using GSK’s Fast Life cycle Assessment of Synthetic Chemistry (FLASCTM) tool and the modular gate-to-gate methodology developed in partnership with North Carolina State University. Results are presented that compare synthetic efficiency, environment, health, safety and life cycle metrics for the chemical and enzymatic routes. When only looking at the process itself, the chemical













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route exhibits higher yield, but with significantly lower reaction mass efficiency (14% vs. 46%) and half of the mass productivity (1.2% vs. 2.4%) than the enzymatic process. Furthermore, the chemical route uses more hazardous materials and solvents, and requires about 25% more energy than the enzymatic process. When accounting for the cradle-to-gate environmental life cycle, the chemical process has an overall larger environmental impact, mainly derived from the production of raw materials. In comparison to the enzyme catalysed process, the chemical process uses 60% more energy, 20% more mass, has double the greenhouse gas impact and 30% higher Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential and Acidification impact. This research represents one part of GSK’s ongoing efforts to move towards more sustainable business practices, by investigating novel, greener processes for producing Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and estimating and optimizing their life cycle impacts. AMMONIA PRODUCTION VIA A 2-STEP AL2O3/ALN THERMOCHEMICAL CYLE (MO 2.14); Galvez, Maria Elena1; Halmann, Martin2; Steinfeld, Aldo1; 1 Institute of Energy Technology, Professorship in Renewable Energy Carriers, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy, Rehovot, Israel Keywords: ammonia, alumina, carbon, Haber-Bosh, thermochemical cycle The production of ammonia via a 2-step cyclic process is proposed as an alternative to its conventional production by the Haber-Bosch process. The first, endothermic step is the production of AlN by carbothermal reduction of Al2O3, using either carbon or natural gas, in N2 atmosphere, at above 1500°C. The second, exothermic step is the steam-hydrolysis of AlN to produce NH3 and reform Al2O3; the latter is recycled to the first step. Both reaction steps proceed at 1 bar, without added catalysts, and bypassing the energy-intensive production of hydrogen. Preliminary environmental and economic analyses indicate favourable fuel economy, and hence cost. Furthermore, the use concentrated solar energy as the source of process heat for the endothermic carbothermal reduction reduces significantly or completely eliminates concomitant CO2 emissions derived from fossil-fuelled based processes. A major drawback, however, remains the energy-intensive separation of N2 from air. It would also be necessary to determine if inexpensive carbonaceous materials (petcoke or low grade coals) could be used as reducing agents. The chemical kinetics of both steps were experimentally investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, without added catalysts and under external supply of process heat. The carbothermal reduction of Al2O3 with activated carbon was investigated in the 1500-1700°C range. The solid-solid diffusion models of Jander and of Ginstling-Brounshtein were applied with reasonable agreement, yielding activation energies of 815 and 757 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The hydrolysis of AlN was investigated in the 900-1200°C range with steam concentrations of 20, 40, 60 and 80%. The reaction proceeded at reasonable rates at above 900°C, reaching completion (from AlN to Al2O3) after 120 minutes with 80% H2O-Ar. The classical shrinking core model adequately described the experimental data, yielding an apparent activation energy of 186.3 kJ·mol- Eco-Efficiency SUSTAINABILITY IN TOURISM DESTINATIONS: EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES OF ECO-EFFICIENCY AS AN LCM APPROACH (MO 3.01); Holleran, James1; 1 Tourism and Hospitality Institute for Sustainable development, Lausanne, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: tourism, destinations, eco-efficency, management During the spring semester, 2006, about 65 students, attending a course in sustainable tourism at the Ecole Hoteliere De Lausanne in Switzerland, and working in small teams, were asked to select a major urban tourism destination in Europe. For this destination, using only secondary data, they were challenged to develop a sustainability oriented eco-efficiency model. This model would examine the relationship between the economic benefits derived from major source markets and the estimated environmental costs associated with the provision of the tourism experience. Expanding the normal boundaries from only focusing on environmental impacts within the destination, from the provision of lodging, food and beverages, retail and sightseeing, etc, the students were asked to include the environmental costs of transportation to and from the destination. Using the results of their analysis, the students developed eco-efficiency ratios for each major source market. Then assuming priority would be given to the most eco-efficient market segment, the students were asked to identify what changes would be made to current known destination promotion strategies. The paper to be presented at this conference will include discussion on the learning objectives for the class project, the supportive arguments in defense of these objectives, the challenges faced by the students in the conduct of the exercise and the results of their findings. The lack of current and applied data needed to identify the many and varied tourism related environmental impacts associated with specific source markets were obviously one major constraint. In addition, finding a common denominator in which to summarize dollar values of environmental costs to compare with tourism economic benefits was another critical challenge. Given such study limitations, no degree of validity or reliability is applied to study findings. Summary conclusions look at the need for tourism destination






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managers to assure future data collection from geographical source markets on key variables that will allow them to better adjust marketing efforts when it becomes necessary to account for all the environmental costs associated with promotion driven travel to, from and within the destination. The theme for this conference is LCM. Given global economic and environmental trends,(climate change, increasing fossil fuel prices and distribution related geo-political tensions, growing demands for aviation and the lack of capacities to meet this demand, increased transparency over the environmental damage from aviation and other forms of fossil fuel based transportation, etc.); one might conclude that there are drivers which will place greater pressures on tourism destination governments and tourism stakeholders to expand their traditional boundaries for evaluating eco-efficiency. As we all know, no other industry spends so much each year to promote travel, for both leisure and MICE related business segments. If a destination wants to continue to grow its tourism market as an essential part of its economic portfolio, but wishes to support the provision and image of quality as it relates to sustainability, it may soon find it impossible to limit its scope of accountability of environmental costs to only what takes place within the destination. If there is any support for this assumption, then there is argument why this paper would offer some contribution to the theme of this conference. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PATTERNS OF INDUSTRIAL SECTORS (MO 3.02); Wursthorn, Sibylle1; Bauer, Christian1; Schebek, Liselotte1; 1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (ITC-ZTS), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: eco-efficiency, environmental impact pattern, EPER The concept of eco-efficiency aims at linking economic efficiency with environmental efficiency. The main impetus of the concept is to identify activities to enable both economic efficient and cleaner production. Generally indicators serve to describe and assess the current environmental and economic state and provide a basis to reduce efficiently the environmental impacts of industries in different environmental-economic decision contexts. Different eco-efficiency indicators are established on a macro-economic scale to relate environmental performance with an adequate economic value. They usually do not support a consistent disaggregation of the findings on the level of industries which is necessary to translate general strategies in specific options. A promising approach is to combine environmental performance data with an adequate economic value on a disaggregated level. The environmental performance is described by using impact assessment categories from Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) based on detailed emission data of the European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER). Economic data are taken from national statistics and are related to the emission data via the consistent framework of NACE (Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community). The achieved level of detail allows a comparative analysis of eco-efficiency on the level of industries in two ways: At first the different LCIA categories (Global Warming, Acidification etc.) are used to describe specific environmental impact patterns. At second the contribution of different industries to a single impact category can be determined and analysed. This detailed analysis is performed exemplarily based on data for Germany from 2001 and 2004 and discussed with regard to the applicability of the patterns identified. DEVELOPMENT OF A LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY USING LIFE CYCLE COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS (EXEMPLIFIED BY A WASHING MACHINE) (MO 3.03); Yamaguchi, Hiroshi1; Itsubo, Norihiro1; Sang-Yong, Lee1; Motoshita, Masaharu1; Inaba, Atsushi1; Namikawa, Osamu2; Yamamoto, Noriaki3; Miyano, Yuzuru4; 1 LCA Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan ([email protected]); 2 Corporate Envirironmental Policy Division, Hitachi, Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Japan; 3 Production Engineerring Reearch Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan; 4 Hitachi Appliances, Inc, Hitachi, Japan Keywords: CBA,LCC, LCIA, electric and electronic products, RoHS Life Cycle Management (LCM) is an important concept and method for organization, groups, and society to build the sustainable society. To perform LCM, eco-design, green procurement, environment management system, cooperate social responsibility (CSR) are the important issues for manufacturers, consumers, companies, and organizations. And Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) including Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) are important tools for evaluation. Recently the environmental control for electric and electronic equipments such as on chemical substances are becoming stronger and stricter by the EuP directive, the RoHS restrictions, and the REACH regulations, etc. However, to cope with these restrictions and directives the existing tools for environmental evaluation do not correspond to the requirements. For the electric and electronic equipment industry, environment acts can not find incentives from the result of the environmental evaluation. Thus it started the development of environmental risk evaluation method for the electric and electronic













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equipment products. It aims to develop the technique to evaluate the health risk from hazardous chemicals and the social economic risk by the consumption of the rare metal as peculiar environmental risks for the electric and the electronic equipments, and to construct the decision support system able to perform Life Cycle Cost Benefit Analysis (LCCBA) that comprises these environmental impacts. 1) For an example case of washing machine, LCC and LCA with Ecoinvent, SimaPro ver.6, and LIME ver.1 are performed in screening level to clarify the high impact parts and identify the tasks to solve. Then three scenarios, dewater-by-circulation scenario, lead free scenario, Cr(e) free scenario, are settled to solve the tasks. 2) Here the actual stages of product development, manufacturing, distributing, marketing, using and recycling are surveyed. Then LCA and LCC are performed before and after the environmental options in these scenarios. The results are compared and the LCCBA are performed for the options. Through these processes the basic methodology of LCCBA for LCM is established, its effectiveness is confirmed and the future tasks are clarified. Next, the reliability of LCCBA for LCM will be improved by including risk assessment and uncertainty analysis to make the method applicable for decision-making and external communications. EVALUATION OF ECO-EFFICIENCY OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES IN NEPAL (MO 3.04); Kharel, Govinda Prasad1; 1 Department of Cottage and Small Industries, Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies, Kathmandu, Nepal ([email protected]) Keywords: eco-efficiency, iron and steel industries, industrial ecology, energy intensity, CO2 emission Many iron and steel industries have been significantly contributing to Nepal by manufacturing infrastructural products as well as also imposing a burden on the environment. The concept of evaluating eco-efficiency and its application is not still implemented, thereby loosing the opportunity of creating more value with fewer resources and less possible environmental impact. A case study on eco-efficiency evaluation of Rajesh Metal Crafts Limited, Jeetpur, manufacturing Black and Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes (herein after called iron pipe industry) located at Bara district in southern part of Nepal, have been carried out. This study evaluated eco-efficiency of energy intensity, material consumption, water use, waste generation, and CO2 emission using provision of eco-efficiency indicators empirically, considering only production process boundary of this industry. Evaluation of eco-efficiency tried to couple the economic and environmental influences of industry in terms of both physical unit (mass production per environmental influences) as well as economic unit (sales value of production per environmental influences) to know economic and environmental excellence. Eco-efficiency of iron pipe industry was quantitatively analyzed that determined the energy, material (only in unit of T/T), and CO2 emission eco-efficiency trends were decreasing. However, eco-efficiency of material consumption (only in unit of US$/T), water use, and waste generation trends have been increased gradually as production increased during analysis of eco-efficiency for past five years (2001 to 2005). Comparison of eco-efficiency of each year of iron pipe industry indicated that energy and CO2 emission eco-efficiency trends in terms of economic unit were different and uneven too despite trying hard to reduce these trends during the same period. As a general statement of overall comparison and characterization of eco-efficiencies of five years duration, iron pipe industry was appreciably improving its eco-efficiencies of all parameters. This evaluation provided feedbacks to lower the energy and material intensity in addition to CO2 emission by improving necessary means to increase the overall eco-efficiency of iron pipe industry. Quantitative analysis confirmed the overall existing situation of iron pipe industry that helps to substitute prevailing practices of traditional technologies, working standards, and guide to lessen environmental influences through improving present know how and processes. The analyzed results provide tangible feedback to decision level to formulate better option for wise utilization of energy, material, and water with less possible waste and CO2 emission to ensure sustainability in industrial ecology of this industry. It is recommended that evaluation of eco-efficiency should be implemented in other industries. It is high time to augment the concept of eco-efficiency in existing industrial policy and to link existing relevant legislation in Nepal. ECO-EFFICIENCY FOR SUSTAINABILITY DECISION SUPPORT. THE UNAVOIDABLY NORMATIVE BASIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (MO 3.05); Huppes, Gjalt1; Heijungs, Reinout1; 1 CML-IE, Leiden, Netherlands ([email protected]) Keywords: eco-management, eco-efficiency, sustainability evaluation In life cycle management choices do not relate just to value, or profit, or climate, or toxicity, or risks, but they relate to all expected sustainability effects together. Hence a choice between options implies a choices on the relative importance of these different effects. This evaluation can have diverging foundations and is also intricately linked with modelling. For example, with static modelling, as steady state or static equilibrium modelling or snapshots, discounting of future effects is not possible. Effects just are not specified as time series. Evaluations can be expressed practically as sets of weights on different effects. Different foundations will be surveyed, with examples of evaluation sets resulting.





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Public preferences may be stated as weights directly or derived as from cost of reaching stated policy targets or the distance to stated-policy targets. Public preferences may be revealed as in the impact reduction cost of actual policies. Private preferences can be stated preferences, as in a quantified multi-criteria analysis for some person or group, or for society as by using representative panel interviews revealing willingness-to-pay or -to-accept. Private preferences may be derived from actual behaviour, as in avoiding polluted areas to live in, as hedonic pricing. Cost rules may be derived without involving any complex evaluation principle, only that cost of emission reduction should not be higher than abatement cost currently available, as the maximum abatement cost method. The survey involves a critical analysis of methods as applied. In many practical evaluation, different methods are lumped together, normalisation steps may be inadequate, and partiality and incompleteness problems are not adequately dealt with. The evaluation practices are upgraded by removing deficiencies as far as possible and will be applied to a stylised decision situation on technologies, linked to a diverse set of models. Next to the environmental evaluation, economic aspects are specified, in terms of value creation, in the same modelling frameworks as used for environmental evaluation. This allows for the consistent specification of eco-efficiency scores related to the choice at hand, conditional on evaluation method and modelling. Without such transparency, sustainability evaluation methods will not become practical. The diversity in outcomes is sobering on the one hand. There may be one truth ultimately but surely not one opinion on it. On the other hand, the discourse in society on which directions to go and which priorities to set can be fed by a greater precision and transparency. Ideas on efficiency and effectiveness, essential elements in sustainability, can gain more credibility than is possible by adhering to one school, like neo-classical economics, or by opposing it, or by ignoring it by creating one’s own school. Social Responsibility LIFE-CYCLE BASED SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT AS PART OF LCM (MO 3.06); Kloepffer, Walter1; 1 LCA Consult & Review, Frankfurt/M., Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: sustainability assessment, societal assessment, social indicators, LCA Achieving sustainability is an important goal of Live Cycle Management. However, what is sustainability, how can it be measured and where are its thresholds? Originally coined as a term designating the good management of forests, sustainability was adopted by UNEP in Rio (1993) as the main political goal for the future development of humankind. It should also be the ultimate aim of product development. According to the well known interpretation of the original definition given in the Brundtland report, sustainability comprises three components: environment, economy and social aspects. These “pillars” of sustainability have to be properly assessed and balanced if a new product is to be designed or an existing one is to be improved. The responsibility of the researchers involved in the assessment is to provide appropriate and reliable instruments. For the environmental pillar there is already an internationally standardized tool: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is the logical counterpart of LCA for the economic assessment. LCC surpasses the purely economic cost calculation by taking into account the use- and end-of-life phases and hidden costs. For this component, a guideline is being developed by SETAC. It is very important that different life-cycle based methods (including Social Life Cycle Assessment “SLCA”) for sustainability assessment use consistent system boundaries. SLCA has been neglected in the past, but is now beginning to be developed. The central problems seem to be how to relate the social indicators (social impact assessment) to the functional unit of the product-system and how to restrict the many social indicators proposed to a manageable number. SOCIAL LCA – ANALOGIES AND DIFFERENCES TO ENVIRONMENTAL LCA (MO 3.07); Barthel, Leif-Patrik1; Held, Michael1; 1 Dept. Life Cycle Engineering, Chair for Building Physics (LBP), Universität Stuttgart, L.-Echterdingen, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: social, indicators, sustainable, life cycle, production, statistic, data The lack of an agreed method to measure the degree of sustainability of products, technologies etc. is a major barrier for sustainable development. A promising approach to overcome that problem is the extension of the established environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the supply chain cost modelling (LCC) with a third method, assessing social aspects along the life cycle. To develop and establish such a social LCA, is the aim of endeavours within the global LCA community during past years. Even though the environmental LCA serves as prototype for a Life Cycle-based approach for the assessment of social impacts of products, technologies or technological systems, there are a lot of differences between environmental impacts and social impacts and the subsequent evaluation which is necessary to support decisions in the end. These differences call for adaptations of the underlying methodology, sometimes even extensions or alterations of very basic principles seem necessary. As example the information about location can be named: in environmental LCA information about the place of emissions and information about the ambient system (e.g. background level of trace gases or dose-effect relations) is disregarded.






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This might be acceptable for certain environmental impact categories, but many of the social impacts are highly dependant on the ambient system (social community, cultural heritage,…). These differences and analogies to the environmental LCA will be discussed in this paper. Also, to conduct a social Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), additional to the methodology, plenty of – so far not acquired – data is needed, similar to the beginning of the environmental Life Cycle Assessment. To fill these existing gaps in social data, statistical sources can be employed to gather socially relevant data and compile it into a format that can be used for the assessment of social aspects. The hybrid approach methodology to obtain high quality process-specific data from statistical sources in order to provide a useable data pool will help to overcome the start-up difficulties of assessing social effects as part of an extended LCA. This methodology and data has been employed in different projects in parallel to a conventional LCA, which demonstrated that it is viable. The obtained results are often showing important trade-offs that could not be identified with a mere environmental LCA. Selected results of such studies are presented in this paper showing the importance of assessing social aspects in parallel to environmental measures to avoid serious trade-offs. In addition to the presentation of selected studies as well as the discussion of the relevance of and obstacles to an integrated assessment of social aspects, the paper will report on the efforts undertaken by LBP-GaBi to provide – analogous to the GaBi LCI databases – in the near future a database on social aspects to support users and customers in their work related to LCWE. DEVELOPING A METHODOLOGY FOR SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: THE NORTH AMERICAN TOMATO’S CSR CASE. (M0 3.08); Benoît, Catherine1; Revéret, Jean-Pierre1; 1 University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Canada ([email protected]) Keywords: Social Life Cycle Assessment, corporate social responsibilities, agriculture What are the various social impacts of the common products we use? By developing the social dimension of life cycle assessment, we strive to find answers to that question. Indeed, this ‘not-so-simple’ question is at the heart of the quest to implement corporate social responsibility. Life cycle assessment provides a useful framework to assess social incidences when supplemented with appropriate social sciences methodologies. Researchers from Montreal SLCA research group affiliated with the CIRAIG, Interuniversity Research Center for the Life Cycle assessment of products, and the CRSDD, Sustainable Development and Social Responsibilities research chair, have been conducting research on this topic since 2003. The researchers are also active members of the UNEP-SETAC task force on social life cycle assessment. Based on the UNEP-SETAC task force work and the SLCA research group own research the team is proposing a Social Life Cycle Assessment methodology. This methodology will be presented and illustrated with the case of the North American tomato. This food crop is a widely used and grown staple that have the advantage to be representative of today’s many agricultural challenges. The method is a work in progress that is being developed through international forums in order to prevent the imposition of an ethnocentric approach. Hurdles and achievements in the application of the SLCA will be reported. The case will include the whole life cycle of a tomato, from seeds to final consumption. The SLCA framework is using qualitative and quantitative data and methodologies. It consists of a set of indicators relating to different stakeholder categories and divided by topics representing a panorama of issues that can be faced by the organization(s) and its stakeholders. Social life cycle analysis will provide useful insights and information pertaining to products social impacts, in particular those related to human rights, community well-being and to work conditions. By findings what are the social impacts of the tomato production, we also find keys to improve CSR’s performance of tomato’s users (restaurants and canned facilities…) and producers (farm…). SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PRODUCTION OF NOTEBOOK PCS (MO 3.09); Manhart, Andreas1; Grießhammer, Rainer1; 1 Öko-Institut e.V., Freiburg, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: product sustainability assessment, SLCA, electronics, notebooks, supply chains Within the last years numerous reports revealed considerable violations of international recognized labour-standards in the mass production of consumer electronics. According to the authors, the situation is worst in export processing zones of emerging economies were workers are often compensated below the legal minimum, are forced to work overtime and are seldom treated with dignity. In a number of European countries, these reports set off a considerable number of NGO-campaigns that are closely linked to the anti-globalisation movement. In this situation the Öko-Institut was commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to carry out a Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) as described in the Institute’s PROSA-method (Product Sustainability Assessment). Thereby emphasis was placed on testing the life cycle approach for social aspects in the complex supply chains of the notebook industry. Further methodological adjustments were made in accordance with the UNEP/SETAC Task Force on Integration of Social Aspects into LCA.





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Key findings: The study confirmed most reports on working conditions in the notebook industry. In detail social “hot spots” were identified in the notebook-assembly, were about 75000 mostly female migrant workers are employed. During this production step key issues are excessive working hours, low compensation and the lack of union-like labour committees. Further hot spots are associated with the manufacturing of parts where employees are sometimes exposed to considerable health and safety risks. Nevertheless the notebook-manufacturing plays an important role in the economic development of China and helps to reduce extreme poverty - a fact often neglected by activists. On the other side, the current relocation of industries threatens development gains in some emerging economies like the Philippines and Mexico. With respect to the methodological development, the research illustrates the need for further standardisation as currently undertaken by the UNEP/SETAC Task Force Integration of Social Aspects into LCA. Therefore the established LCA approach needs to be altered partly. This is because the geographic location with its socio-political framework plays an incomparable bigger role than in environmental LCAs. In turn, detailed process information can only serve as one out of several evidences when investigating on working conditions. Furthermore the collected information seldom yields absolute figures. This is not so much due to data shortages, but to the high temporal variability of indicator-values like working hours and compensation. In addition most indicator-values are subject to fierce discussions amongst activists, industry leaders and government representatives so that all statements must be treated with care. In this situation, the Öko-Institut developed the method of “triangulation”, which means that all findings must be distilled out of various quotes of different sources. During a number of stakeholder discussions the researchers found out that grassroot- organisations in place have only limited interest in SLCA. From their perspective such scientific methods do absorb resources urgently needed for improvement-action. Therefore the Öko-Institut proposes to refrain from pure fact-finding SLCAs and to merge towards a combination of analysis and recommendations that might directly trigger improvements. SUSTAINABILITY SWOTS – NEW METHOD FOR SUMMARIZING PRODUCT SUSTAINABILITY INFORMATION FOR BUSINESS DECISION MAKING (MO 3.10); Pesonen, Hanna-Leena1, 1 University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland ([email protected]) Collecting and organising complex and often conflicting product related sustainability information for business decision making can be a complicated task. Business decision makers would appreciate a method, which could provide an overall, though simple, picture of the entire product life cycle summarizing the most significant sustainability aspects. Therefore, new method of representing product related sustainability information in the form of improved SWOT is suggested. In a Sustainability SWOT all three dimensions of sustainability as well as all main life cycle stages can be taken into consideration. Also, qualitative valuation of the significance of sustainability impacts can be included. Further, the format of SWOT enables a rough, preliminary qualitative sensitivity analysis of the product sustainability by including the potential strengths and weaknesses in the presentation. Sustainability SWOTs are ideally formed as a cooperative effort among both business and sustainability experts. Drafting Sustainability SWOTs in a common brainstorming session gathering both sustainability experts and business representatives can also be a powerful learning experience about the complexity of sustainability for the business decision makers. This paper includes examples of Sustainability SWOTs and report experiences from the first Sustainability SWOT exercises combining business and sustainability experts Electronics THE ROLE OF LCA IN EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS (MO 3.11); Malmodin, Jens1; 1 Ericsson, Stockholm, Sweden ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, energy efficiency, telecommunications The first Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) completed for radio base stations for mobile networks was conducted at Ericsson in 1994-1995. This was later expanded to include mobile phones and core network equipment, i.e. a complete second generation (2G) mobile communication system, modeled on two actual networks, in Sacramento, California and Stockholm, Sweden. In 2002 we finalized an LCA study on a third generation (3G) WCDMA network. The study followed the ISO 14 04X series of LCA standards and the study was peer reviewed and accepted by independent scientists. Ericsson uses LCA to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with our products and services. As an assessment tool, LCA reveals the relative significance of our impacts, and provides us with direction on areas for improvement. The scope of our LCA work is “cradle to grave”, meaning that we have included all phases of the system life-cycle: raw material extraction, production, supplier activities, transportation, terminals, operator and office activities, as well as end of life treatment. The most significant outcome from our LCA work is that the energy consumption during manufacturing and operation of mobile communication equipment (terminals, radio base stations, switches etc.) is by



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far the most important environmental parameter. As our understanding of the importance of energy efficiency activities has constantly grown, it has also become a integral part of our R&D activities. Compared to global figures, our analysis also shows that telecommunications’ shares of raw materials and direct land use are approximately 0.05% and 50 ppm, respectively, while the share of energy use is approximately 0.5%, corresponding to 0.4% of global CO2-eqiuvalent emissions. These figures further strengthen the importance of energy efficiency, but also point to the relatively energy-lean nature of the telecommunications industry. For example, the average energy required for a one-year GSM subscription is roughly equal to about 10 liters of petrol. That corresponds to driving about an hour on a highway with a car, emitting about 25 kg CO2. Based on our very positive experiences with LCA for mobile communication networks, we have expanded the scope of our LCA work to fixed networks, with a focus on broadband technology. Preliminary results show higher energy consumption than in mobile networks and that user equipment (including PCs) and home networks play an important role together with central office and data centers at the other end of the network. Through LCA modeling we can begin to understand the relative environmental impacts of substituting virtual forms of communication with, for example, physical transport. As we noted in our 1994 study, advanced communication technologies provide society with a viable means of “moving ideas, not people”, thereby contributing to sustainability in society. CONCLUSIONS OF SEES PROJECT - SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR (MO 3.12); Rodrigo, Julio1; Greif, Andre2; 1 SIMPPLE – URV, Tarragona, Spain ([email protected]); 2 Institut of Technology and Sustainable Product Management, Berlin, Germany Keywords: automotive electrical and electronic components, recycling/recovery, shredding, LCA and LCC case studies, software, redesign This paper summarises the main conclusions of the European research project “SEES - Sustainable Electrical & Electronic System for the Automotive Sector” which aimed at the development of guidelines, prototypes and processes striving for sustainable, clean, cost- and eco-efficient automotive electrical and electronic systems (EES). The SEES project has been developed within the 6th Framework Program of the European Commission (contract no. TST3-CT-2003-506075) by a consortium of 10 European partners (TU Berlin, LEAR, Ford, Müller-Guttenbrunn -from Austria and Hungary-, Rohm and Haas, Indumetal Recycling, GAIKER, CIMA, URV-Simpple) during February 2004 until January 2007. The SEES project has followed a life cycle approach covering the whole life cycle of EES, including design, assembly, use, disassembly, recycling and recovery. During the course of the project the focus of the research has been opened to cover a more holistic life cycle view instead of concentrating on end-of-life issues only. This shift of focus was based on interim findings which indicated low environmental and economic relevance of and limited actual design influence on the end-of-life phase in comparison with other life cycle phases. Overview on SEES Approach and Main Results The main products of the SEES project are: - Investigation of the optimal transport, dismantling and shredding procedures for the automotive EES through real tests - Demonstrated metal and plastic recycling technologies for automotive EES incl. value-added applications of the recycled materials - Environmental and economic assessment of the EES life cycle steps using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) methodologies - Specific methodologies and a software tool to assess end-of-life scenarios and recyclability/recoverability of EES products - Eco-design guidelines to improve future EES designs towards sustainability - New EES concepts and specific parts/functions prototypes to improve sustainability of EES In the extended paper the main conclusions from the research activities on the above listed topics will be described. Final conclusions The SEES project aimed at the development of guidelines, prototypes and processes striving for sustainable, clean, cost- and eco-efficient automotive electrical and electronic systems (EES). Within this project the partners provided an analysis of disassembly and shredding processes, developed recycling processes for EES materials, evaluated the environmental and economic life cycle of EES products, developed eco-design guidelines and concepts for a new EES. In the extended paper will be shown that design changes can contribute to improving the production and use phase, but have no significant influence on improving disassembly. It also will be shown that disassembly of the studied parts prior to shredding is not reasonable for material recycling. However, innovative end-of-life processes are capable of recovering additional materials from EES where markets are available. Furthermore, concepts for an optimised EES which consider the whole EES life cycle are currently developed for which also technical and economical feasibility is analysed.




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In particular improved EES designs and concepts and – to a significant lesser extent – the optimised end-of-life processes help to realise a more sustainable automotive EES scenario for the future. COMPARATIVE LCA OF NEWSPAPER AND EPAPER IN QUEBEC (MO 3.13); Trudel, Jean-Sebastien1; 1 CIRAIG - Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada ([email protected]) Keywords: electronic paper, newsprint, electrophoretic display, comparative LCA, greenhouse gas emissions Epaper technologies, which offer new ways to read electronic documentation, are starting to appear on the market. They are regarded as a green alternative to newsprint since they eliminate paper consumption. However, it is still unclear whether or not paper dematerialization reduces overall impacts on the environment. Previous LCAs found that electronic devices can release as low as 140 times less CO2 and as much as 6 times more CO2 when compared to print information from a life cycle perspective. In this study, reading content on an Epaper device using an electrophoretic display is compared to reading a specific newspaper based in Quebec, Canada. More than 93 % of the province's electricity production comes from hydroelectricity and Quebec is one of the largest producers of newsprint in the world. The results show that reading news content on an Epaper contributes between 3 and 14 times less to global warming, depending on the grid mix. It was also revealed that no trade-off occurs between impact categories. EX-ANTE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS (MO 3.14); Roes, Lex1; Alsema, Erik1; 1 Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute, Department of STS, Utrecht, Netherlands ([email protected]) Keywords: organic photovoltaics, life cycle assessment, life cycle costing At present, most of the world production of photovoltaic (PV) cells involves crystalline silicon. A particularly interesting new generation of PV systems is developing, utilizing semiconducting conjugating polymers. These are ‘organic’ solar cells. In this study, we conducted a comparative environmental and economic life cycle assessment for organic PV modules and silicon-based PV modules. We took into account all materials and energy flows needed for the production of the PV modules. While organic PV modules have lower environmental impacts per watt-peak device than silicon-based PV modules, the lifetime of the organic solar cells is much shorter (minutes to a few days), which requires more devices for equal electricity production and, hence, results in higher environmental impacts. For equal environmental impacts, the minimum lifetime of organic solar cells should be at least in the order of 20-30 years. This means that organic solar cells only have environmental advantages if their lifetime is increased drastically. Our economic analysis is still in progress, but first results seem to indicate that the costs per watt-peak device are higher for organic solar cells than for silicon-based solar cells. Main contributors to the costs are the ITO coated glass substrate and the assembly of the PV module. Process Development INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF BIOMASS-TO-ENERGY PROCESS SYSTEMS COMBINING THERMODYNAMIC TECHNIQUES AND LCA (MO 4.01); Beermann, Martin1; Kollegger, Andreas1; 1 University of Leoben, Chair of System Analysis & Environmental Engineering, Leoben, Austria ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, CExC, emergy, efficiency, biomass-to-energy This paper presents a contribution to ongoing efforts of the international research community to develop a framework for integrated decision support in process engineering and development by combining tools from engineering, systems ecology and life cycle assessment. This combined approach has been applied in a case study of assessing different biomass to energy conversion processes for regional energy supply. The development of a sustainable industrial process requires a holistic analysis of different aspects involved. These are the local and global environment, the technology and the economy. Methods assessing environmental impacts deal with the downstream consequences of industrial process systems and have been developed and applied under the general approach of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). On the process-technology scale, the thermodynamic method of exergy analysis for improving the efficiency in traditional process engineering has been expanded to the approach of Cumulative Exergy Consumption (CExC), accounting for the exergy of all the natural energy resources and non-energetic materials consumed in a process and its supply chain from a life cycle perspective. The indicator CExC can thus be applied as comprehensive measure for the energetic quality of resources removed from nature and serve as base for the life-cycle exergetic efficiency of an industrial process. An advantage of CExC is that exergy is a chemo-physical property of resources and is based on a scientifically rigorous approach that does not depend on sometimes subjective assumptions required in current LCIA methods. Exergy-based methods, however, do not provide a complete measure of the thermodynamic performance of a process. They do not include inputs other than








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material and energy requirements, such as labor, capital or ecological inputs. Ecological inputs can be of great importance because, although they are not economically valuable, they are consumed in every industrial process, and ignoring them may significantly underestimate the real cost of a process. Emergy analysis, using as measure the available solar energy used directly or indirectly to make a product, has the benefit of accounting for both ecological services and economic aspects. Biomass based energy production has been strongly subsidized by EU policy during the past decade, among other reasons to increase security of energy supply and to meet environmental targets (Kyoto protocol) more quickly. Due to the relatively low energy content of biomass in competition to fossil energy carriers, the development of resource use efficient process-technologies requires specific attention as prerequisite to foster a sustainable energy supply in Europe. The combined heat and power generation is the preferred general process-type, with good prospects in particular for biomass gasification as a technology with high electrical as well as overall efficiencies. This study compares a biomass gasification process and two conventional biomass combustion processes - steam engine and ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) process - for regional small-scale energy supply. Applying the combined approach of LCA, CExC and Emergy analysis and thus taking into account the energetic quality of both natural and ecological resources and energy products, the differences between the technologies in terms of resource use efficiency and environmental impacts are clearly shown. PROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR A SUSTAINABLE BIOREFINERY (MO 4.02); Alles, Carina1; Jenkins, Robin1; 1 DuPont Engineering Research and Technology, Wilmington, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: sustainability, LCA, process development, biorefinery, biofuels DuPont leads a consortium of partners and consultants in a research program with the goal of demonstrating the feasibility and practicality of producing energy and chemicals from renewable sources in an Integrated Corn-Based Biorefinery (ICBR). The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) supports this initiative with $19 million in matching funds. A successful ICBR design will be both economical and environmentally efficient so that fuels such as ethanol can be produced competitively with current petrochemical routes, with an attractive return to the investors and a reduced environmental footprint. This presentation will illustrate how advances in process development bring an economically attractive and environmentally friendly ICBR within reach. DuPont personnel have joined NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) staff in progressing beyond current limitations in the conversion of ligno-cellulosic materials to sugars and ethanol. Innovative technology and energy integration will lead to fewer fermentation inhibitors, higher yields, lower investment, and reduced environmental footprint. Life Cycle Analysis, as a holistic approach to evaluate the environmental profile of the ICBR value chain, has played a critical role in research guidance within the ICBR program as well as in science-based communications with external stakeholders. SIMULTANEOUS PROCESS OPTIMIZATION ON ECONOMIC, ENERGETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA (MO 4.03); Vince, François1; Marechal, François2; 1 Veolia Environnement Research & Development, Paris, France ([email protected]); 2 Industrial Energy Systems Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland Keywords: process design, multi-objective optimization, economical costs, Process development is guided by technical, economical and/or political criteria. In response to the growing environmental awareness, the industry now also seeks to integrate sustainability factors into the decision making process and this, at all stages of development, from the initial research project to the operating phase. The multi-objective optimization strategy presented in this study allows to simultaneously optimize the technical, economic and environmental performances of a process (stand alone technology and integrated system) during its design and operating phases. As such, the approach helps the process engineers to explore and assess the whole relevant technical possibilities at an early stage of development. The method uses models of technologies as elementary process units for global process optimization. These thermo-economic models include thermo-physical properties, balances and design equations that allow the calculation of the flows, the sizes and the estimated costs of the technologies. The choice of given decision variables (size and operating conditions) defines a process configuration, which is evaluated using performance indicators: § Economic costs: The investment cost is calculated with constructor costing functions adapted to the process design. The operating cost composed of the electricity, heat, chemical, labor and maintenance costs is calculated using the defined process operation. § Technical performances: The energy requirement (heat and electricity) and the efficiency of the technology are calculated based on the defined process design and operation. § Environmental impacts: The environmental impacts generated by the construction, operation and decommissioning of the process are evaluated within the LCA framework based on constructor process data and Ecoinvent database for the LCI, and on the IMPACT 2002+ method for the LCIA.





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The Multi-objective optimizer (MOO) is implemented as an evolutionary algorithm which investigates the whole space of decision variables, thus defining new process configurations. These configurations have to satisfy the project technical constraints and boundary conditions: volumes and characteristics of output products and input resources as well as feasible technical operation. For given project requirements, the Multi-objective optimizer (MOO) will systematically generate all realistic process configurations and search for the best options according to the performance objectives chosen. Between objectives such as the minimization of economic costs, abiotic resources depletion or impacts on human heath, there is not one unique optimized process configuration but a panel of optimal configurations illustrating the trade-off between concurrent objectives. These solutions are characterized by the MOO and form the so-called Pareto frontier, which can be interpreted as a materialization of technical, economical or environmental constraints applied to the studied process. The visualization of the Pareto curve allows to evaluate the pollution transfer resulting from different technological choices and to determine the process that is best suited in a specific context. This approach has been tested for the development of desalination systems on different objectives. These case studies will be presented in order to demonstrate and discuss the application of the methodology. DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN INCLUDING DIFFERENT STAGES OF ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY (EHS) ASSESSMENT (MO 4.04); Sugiyama, Hirokazu1; Hirao, Masahiko2; 1 Safety and Environmental Technology Group/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]) ; 2 University of TOKYO, Tokyo, Japan Keywords: early phase, design framework, environment, health, safety, life-cycle assessment (LCA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), case study Needs are growing to include environmental, health and safety (EHS) aspects in every decision-making throughout chemical process development. In particular, decisions on reaction path, solvents, unit operations and operating conditions have a significant influence on the EHS performance of the process. Various methods have been proposed to reflect such aspects of early stages into decision-makings (e.g. Waste Reduction Algorithm; Inherent Safety Index). Selection of these evaluation methods should be appropriate in order to cover EHS aspects comprehensively at every design stage. Some authors distinguished different stages of process design, and proposed two-steps procedures with one environmental evaluation method using different amount of available information. In this work, we present a novel framework for the design of chemical processes. This framework includes four design stages and aims at a multiobjective decision-making at each stage. The different stages that have been defined comprise decisions on the synthesis route, the general process structure, the type of unit operations and the corresponding operating conditions. Considered aspects for the multiobjective evaluation consist of economy, environmental impacts, EHS hazard and technical performance. We reviewed a set of existing EHS assessment methods and selected suitable ones for each design stage, to cover EHS aspects comprehensively in combination with technical and economic issues. For making decisions based on such multiobjective evaluation, there are various possible approaches of aggregation. In this framework, recommended approach of aggregation is embedded at each stage of decision-makings. The proposed framework is demonstrated on the design of methyl methacrylate (MMA) processes. Considering 17 MMA synthesis routes as a starting point, the framework is mimicked step by step: in the first stage, 11 routes were eliminated because of the technical feasibility or raw material availability. In the second stage where reaction mass balance is considered, 3 routes out of 6 were identified promising for the following process modeling. In the third stage where process is modeled using short cut methods, one route was found superior to other routes, for which rigorous modeling and optimization was performed in the last stage. As a validation of the framework, reaction routes that were judged inferior at earlier stages were modeled and evaluated at the level of the last stage i.e. rigorous process simulation. By comparing the ranking of alternatives at both earlier and later stages, we identified that in most of the cases earlier evaluation by basic models and proxy indicators matched the one at later stages. We observed some issues that causes the discrepancy in the ranking between early and later stages, which leads to recommendations that designer should be careful about or future research needs for better proxy indicators for earlier design phases. A HOLISTIC PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FACING THE CHALLENGES OF 21ST CENTURY (MO 4.05); Golovatchev, Julius1; Budde, Oliver2; 1 Detecon International GmbH, Bonn, Germany ([email protected]); 2 Research Institute for Rationalization and Operations Management at Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Keywords: PLM, extended product, integrative approach, lifecycle value management Consistent definition, categorization and operationalization of products (e.g. extended products, bundles, etc) delivered to global markets and customized for different buyer segments is one of the major challenges for the Lifecycle Management (eg. in the service industry). Each lifecycle





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encompasses the processes, information, support systems, and people involved in delivering the related business functions. It can be argued that process supporting technologies/solutions like WFMS, PDM etc exist today for the creation of a seamless environment for accessing, manipulating and reasoning about product information that is being produced in fragmented and distributed environment. A holistic approach that is suitable for aligning the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) business requirements (like process flexibility, shorter time to market etc) to the potentials of new technology driven concepts in the information management like SOA is nevertheless still missing. The authors give reasons why the holistic view on the product lifecycle management as well as the link between an inter-company wide information management is critical for an efficient PLM and present an integrated approach taking these aspects into account. In this paper four building blocks of Next Generation PLM are introduced. The PLM Meta Model makes up the first building block, defining the data structure of a product and capturing the evolution of products and product families. The product is considered as the core information object. The PLM IT-Architecture represents the second part and describes the IT-components and their interrelation utilized for the purpose of PLM. A PLM- Process methodology as a basis for describing the relevant activities is attached in the third building block. The final building block is constituted by the Lifecycle- Value Management concept safeguarding the profitability of the product over its whole lifecycle. The paper closes with the presentation of a short case study validating the proposed concept for a company in the service industry. Promoting Life Cycle Thinking STRATEGY FOR THE SECOND PHASE (2006-2010) OF THE UNEP/SETAC LIFE CYCLE INITIATIVE – BRINGING SCIENCE-BASED LIFE CYCLE APPROACHES INTO PRACTICE (MO 4.06); Fava, Jim1; Valdivia, Sonia2; Sonnemann, Guido2; Norris, Gregory3; Udo de Haes, Helias4; de Leeuw, Bas2; Quiros, Ana5; 1 Five Winds International, West Chester, United States of America ([email protected]); 2 Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru / UNEP DTIE Paris; 3 Sylvatica / Athena Institute, North Berwick, United States of America; 4 CML Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; 5 Eco-Global, San José, Costa Rica; Keywords: UNEP/ SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, sustainable consumption and production, life The first phase of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative concluded in March 2007 with important achievements and the completion of a series of products. The Initiative aims at facilitating the knowledge exchange of the 100 leading life experts and associated regional networks (Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America and Southeast Asia) and at promoting life cycle thinking worldwide in order to bring science-based life cycle approaches into practice. In the second phase of the Initiative (2006 – 2010) it is foreseen to structure the activities in four work areas on Life Cycle Approaches as it applies to: Consumption Clusters (structured in housing, mobility, food and consumer products), Resources, Methodology and Development. The last work area is strongly focused on emerging and developing economies supported by our regional networks. This paper will present a general outline of the planned steps for the next 4 years and a more detailed description of the activities for the first year (2007), taking into account the aim of global participation and focus on well defined deliverables. LIFE CYCLE THINKING AND THE EUROPEAN PLATFORM ON LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: MEETING BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT NEEDS (MO 4.07); Christopher Allen1, Angeline de Beaufort2, Raffaella Bersani3, Werner Bosmans1, Clare Broadbent4, Christian Leroy6; Freddy Marechal7; David W. Pennington3, Jörg H. Schäfer6, Aafko Schanssema7, Henrike Sievers5, Ladji Tikana5, Anne-France Woestyn1, Marc-Andree Wolf3, 1DG ENV, 3DG JRC-IES - (European Commission) ; 2FEFCO, 4EUROFER, 5ECI, 6EAA, 7PlasticsEurope - (European associations, members of the European Business Advisory Group of the European Platform on LCA) Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) is essential on the way to more sustainable production and consumption in Europe. This is recognised by the business community and by the European Commission. The Commission integrates LCT in a growing number of policies, moving towards more coherent and more science-based environmental policies. These include the Directive on the Eco-design requirements for Energy-using Products (EuP) adopted in 2005, the Thematic Strategies on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and on Waste Prevention and Recycling in 2005, and the upcoming Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) Action Plan expected this year. In large companies and front-running industry associations, LCT is employed particularly in-house in strategic decision-making, product development, and in a growing number of communications to business clients and consumers. By being pro-active, businesses are benefiting from LCT in continuous product









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improvement, more sustainable innovation, and improvements in image, as well as the assurance that their industry is fairly represented in third party assessments. The European Commission’s Integrated Product Policy (IPP) Communication of 2003 identified the remaining need to further promote Life Cycle Thinking through improved credibility, hence acceptance, of the associated tool Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). While LCA should be understood as one tool in a wider tool-box of complementary methods, it is considered by the Commission the best available tool for the assessment of the environmental impacts related to products (goods and services). Responding to this need, the Commission launched the European Platform on LCA (EPLCA) in 2005. This project is co-ordinated and implemented directly by the Commission services DG Joint Research Centre, IES in collaboration with DG Environment, involving a number of further Directorates and reporting to Member States. This project will deliver, in 2008, the European Reference Life Cycle Data System (ELCD). The first version of the ELCD database is already available at http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu. The reference database ELCD will support LCA work by housing and promoting high quality reference Life Cycle Inventory data from industry for core materials, energy carriers, transport and waste treatment services. These reference inventory data sets will be complemented with application-oriented, recommended impact assessment factors for calculating life cycle sustainability indicators, building on existing achievements and on-going activities. The European Platform on LCA is also developing a series of technical guidelines on LCA method and review, aiming at best-attainable consensus. All deliverables will consider the needs of the various life cycle based policies and applications, aiming at providing a solid basis for harmonised LCA work, realising synergies and avoiding conflicting methods, data, and reporting needs. The deliverables of the European Platform on LCA are developed considering the needs and advice of industry via the project’s European Business Advisory Group of front-running industry associations. The work is supported by the know-how of the LCA Tool and Database Developers Advisory Group and the Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method Developers Advisory Group (see http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EPLCA/stakeholder.htm). Recognising the global dimension of a product’s life cycle, including the need for improved inter-comparison of data provided globally, these developments are further supported through agreements with National LCA projects and links to various communities, such as to the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. ASSESSING THE REDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT BY INTRODUCING THE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS BASED ON THE INTEGRATED PRODUCT POLICY (IPP) (MO 4.08); Lee, Sang-Yong1; Itsubo, Norihiro1; Inaba, Atsushi1; 1 LCA Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan ([email protected]) Keywords: Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA), scenario analysis, Energy-using Product (EuP), LIME Product-related environmental regulations such as RoHS, WEEE, and EuP directives are increasing dramatically worldwide with the proliferation of the concept of life-cycle thinking to environmental problems. These regulations are based on the Integrated Product Policy (IPP). In this context, it is important to build a consolidated reference for assessing the effectiveness of such regulations for improving the environmental performance with lowest cost in the perspective of whole life cycle. Recently, the “Life-cycle Impact assessment Method based on End-point modeling (LIME)” has been broadly used in Japan as a method for assessing the environmental impacts of a product. We proposed the tiered approach, based on the LIME, for assessing the effectiveness of specific environmental regulation of a product, such as the restriction of chemical substances, the increase of recycling ratio, and the reduction of energy loss in stand-by mode. The objectives of this study were to introduce a practical method, as a part of the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA), for assessing the environmental effectiveness of a new regulation, and to provide a case study of scenario analysis, for assessing the potential options of implementing measures of new EuP directive. SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT “INITIATIVE TO IMPLEMENT A CENTER OF EXCELLENCE IN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT” – AN AWARDED PROPOSAL BY THE LIFE CYCLE INITIATIVE RELEASED BY UNEP/SETAC (MO 4.09); Bernardes, Marco1; 1 Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais - CEFET-MG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle thinking, capacity building, life cycle management This paper provides a brief account of the relevant developments of the project “Initiative to Implement a Center of Excellence in Life Cycle Assessment”, which was qualified to the award “The LCA Software Award”, the Life Cycle Initiative released by UNEP/SETAC. The project was accomplished at the Federal Centre of Technology of Minas Gerais, CEFET-MG, in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The main objectives of the project were: (i) to develop training and educational curriculum, and (ii) to create an assessment center to promote sustainable and material flow networks designs and technologies. In order to achieve these goals, the figure of multipliers was introduced. They are professionals who





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may become potential LCA users aware of new resources, approaches and policy actions relevant to their needs. The implementation model has been developed with the aim to allow multipliers to identify themselves and the characteristics of their environment, to develop a feasibility exercise on their actions oriented towards dissemination and sustainability, to utilize scenarios on future developments and to implement and assess their action. The first step was the preparing of the Seminar “The Role of Life Cycle Assessment in the Engagement of Industry in Sustainable Development” held in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil on June 28th and 29th, 2006, in order to promote the sensibilization of the community and provide information, processes, strategies and opportunities in LCA. Almost hundred participants from academia, government, non-governmental organizations, business sector, consumer organizations, (professors, students, technician, engineers, politician, geographers, managers, administrators, ecologists) etc. toke part in this event that hosted distinguished speakers: Haroldo Mattos de Lemos – Life Cycle Assessment and the ISO 14000 Family of Standards; Dr. Cássia Ugaya – Life Cycle Assessment: Past and Perspectives; Mirian Tiemi Zanchetta – BASF Ecoefficience Analisys; Milton Mondardo Filho – Life Cycle Assessment Supported by Computer – Some Samples of the Brazilian Industry; Odair Santos Junior – Climate changes and Sustainable Development; Rafael Nacif – Climate changes as Business Opportunity. Almost twenty multipliers were registered. Consequently, an introductory training was offered for the inscribed multipliers, students and professors. Emphasis at this phase was on encouraging the multipliers to find out how to take advantage of the LCA methodology and the software Umberto in their fields of experience. The training material for this purpose was prepared and the first two trainings took place at the computational laboratories of CEFET-MG. A third training was organized in cooperation with the Mining School of Ouro Preto. Almost twenty themes for LCA projects from different areas were suggested by the multipliers: weaving, logistics, electrical and electronic equipment management (WEEE), IT, jewelry (gems and recycling of bits), furniture, hydrometallurgy, mining, recycling, manufacturing, etc. Concluding, the proposed project made professionals of different areas sensible on the uses or the importance of LCA and Life Cycle thinking in promoting sustainable development Life Cycle assessment and Life Cycle thinking. A UNEP-SETAC LCM BUSINESS GUIDE (MO 4.10); Jensen, Allan Astrup1; Valdivia, Sonia2; Sonnemann, Guido3; Remmen, Arne4; Frydendal, Jeppe5; 1FORCE Technology, broendby, Denmark ([email protected]); 2 Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru / UNEP DTIE Paris; 3 UNEP DTIE, Paris, France; 4 Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; 5 Danish Standards, Charlottenlund, Denmark Keywords: LCM, Life cycle management, life cycle thinking, UNEP-SETAC, business guide The journey towards sustainability requires that businesses have to find innovative ways to be profitable and at the same time expand the traditional business to include the environmental and social dimensions coined as “the Triple Bottom Line” and to introduce “Product Life Cycle Thinking”. In order to support such development the UNEP-SETAC Initiative has published: “Life Cycle Management - a Business Guide to Sustainability”. Life Cycle Management (LCM) is a systematic application of life cycle thinking in modern business practice with the aim to provide the societies with more sustainable goods and services and to manage the total life cycle of an organization’s product portfolio towards more sustainable production and consumption. LCM can facilitate the link between the economic, social and environmental dimensions within a company. LCM is explicitly aimed to modify and improve the performance of product systems and supports the business assimilation of, for example, environment-oriented product policies. Life Cycle Management (LCM) is for organizations, which have adopted a strategy expressing a wish to produce or trade products, which should be as sustainable as feasible, to improve their public image, visibility and general relations to stakeholders, increase their shareholder value and keep it persistent, work towards being a sustainable business and be in the forefront of competitors, be at the edge of and prepared for future legislative developments. LCM is systematic integration of sustainability in company strategy and planning, in product design and development, in purchasing decisions and in communication programs in order to minimize environmental and socioeconomic burdens associated with a product or product portfolio during its entire life cycle and value chain. LCM is voluntary and can be gradually adapted to the specific needs and characteristics of individual organizations. Life Cycle Management is not a single tool or methodology but a management system systematic applying information from various existing concepts, techniques and procedures incorporating environmental, economic, and social aspects of products. All organizations, including SMEs, can implement their own LCM program, and in the LCM Guide there are many examples of ongoing programs. High priority by management and active participation of employees are preconditions, and all departments and functions in a company must participate. The organization must ‘go beyond its facility boundaries’ and be willing to expand its collaboration and communication to all stakeholders in the value chain.






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Implementation of Life Cycle Management is a dynamic process. Organizations may begin with small goals and objectives with the resources they have and get more ambitious over time. For the implementation a step by step approach is useful. Special attention should be given to activities that can secure continuous improvement. The Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle is recommended to be applied as in several other management systems. DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN LCIA (MO 4.11); Maia de Souza, Danielle1; Roberto Soares, Sebastião1; Rodrigues Sousa, Sabrina1; Magno de Paula Dias, Alexandre1; 1 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil ([email protected]) Keywords: LCIA, regional characterization, spatial differentiation Spatial specificity is considered to be an important aspect in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). It is numerically represented by regional scaling factors, which expresses the degree of sensitivity of a certain region in terms of each impact category. Regional geographical features, including biotic and abiotic conditions, such as vegetation type, climatic conditions and morphology have been taken into account in a more accurate way by means of the definition of spatial resolution scale units. New LCIA methodologies have been aiming to obtain regional factors for different impact categories. Based on grouping of more similar terrestrial eco-regions, for example, 15 Canadian Ecozones were selected as spatial resolution scale units for the Canadian LCIA method LUCAS (LCIA method Used for a CAnadian Specific context). Following a similar basis, the South African LCIA method proposed the subdivision of the national territory in four distinct geographical areas, termed SALCA regions, grouped according to 22 primary water catchments and 18 ecozones. Further, the method regionalization is associated with the South African manufacturing sector characteristics and the related potential impacts. At last, the American TRACI allows the selection of four options for impact assessment, depending on the process level analyzed: (a) the United States as a whole; (b) the Eastern and Western U.S. (Mississippi River as a boundary); (c) four Census regions (West, Midwest, Northeast, and South); and (d) all U.S. fifty states. In Japan, a method that subdivides Japan into prefectures was proposed. A clear differentiation between the results of studies done in two cities like Tokyo and Hokkaido could be observed, mainly due to different geographical distinct information. However, although these efforts exist, still, one of the major problems in LCIA concerns the disregard of spatial differentiation in impact modeling. This is the case of impact categories which are not global, such as acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation, land use and toxicity. LCIA usually displays incomplete site-specific conditions for the assessment of potential effects, especially for regional and local impact categories. The lack of reliable inventory databases has proven to be one of the major causes for the lack of spatial distinction. It is important to emphasize that other methodologies being developed in countries like South Africa prove the necessity of more regionalized methods, especially in southern countries or regions. Environmental conditions differing from those in northern hemisphere countries are the main driving force for LCIA development. Regional scaling based on geographically relevant data can allow potential effects to be more clearly understood and, therefore, geographical information must be considered in LCIA, mainly for site-specific problems. MODULAR METHODOLOGIES (MO 4.12); Goedkoop, Mark1; 1 PRé Consultants, Amersfoort, Netherlands ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, impact assessment, globalisation Life Cycle Impact Assessment methodologies are usually developed by European and Japanese researchers. This resulted in methods that may well work for these regions, but can be very misleading for other regions, as often important environmental problems are missed, while some impact categories do not refer to a real issue in a region. This paper describes a modular approach on how to efficiently adapt existing methods to different regions. The core solution is that we split up methods in modules. Many modules can simply reused (climate, ozone layer depletion, toxicity data etc.), some need to be adjusted (fate and exposure), and some need to be newly developed, especially categories relating to water scarcity, erosion, salination and different types of land management. These new modules do not need to be developed for every new region, as we can create archetypical situations for every type of region. These new modules can also be more or less standardised and plugged into regional methods. The paper describes a series of experiences the author had in attending different workshops and having discussions on this issue in different parts of the world. Clearly the time is ripe to move on this issue, but there seems to be a hesitation to really start. The paper also refers to the discussion in the UNEP taskforce on LCIA regarding the questions: “what are the most important impact categories”. This discussion was initiated by the author, and has resulted in an interesting overview. The aim of the paper is to lay out a priority strategy of issues that need to be addressed first, and how such an efficient modular approach could be organised.

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E-LEARNING RESOURCES ON LIFE CYCLE THINKING AND SUSTAINABILITY: STEELUNIVERSITY.ORG (MO 4.13); Pflieger, Julia1; 1 University of Stuttgart, LBP, Dept. Life Cycle Engineering (GaBi), Echterdingen, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: E-learning, sustainability, life cycle thinking, steel E-learning exploits interactive technology and communication systems to improve the learning experience – combining the challenge and fun of a game as well as the realistic simulation of industrial processes, combined with knowledge transfer. The International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) has initiated the development of a comprehensive freely-available, internet-delivered package of highly interactive e-learning resources (http://www.steeluniversity.org) covering all aspects of steelmaking, steel products and applications, the underlying scientific and engineering principles, industrial and academic collaboration, as well as environmental and sustainability issues relevant to the steel industry. The e-learning modules at steeluniversity.org are organized under four main sections: Processing, Applications, Ferrous Metallurgy and Sustainability. The module “Sustainability, Steel and the Environment” of the steeluniversity.org provides interactive e-learning resources on the topics Sustainability, Principles of Life Cycle Thinking as well as Environmental Life Cycle Assessment and its application. Goal of this particular module is to enable the learner to identify relevant environmental parameters over the life cycle of steel products as well as to learn about the resulting environmental effects and impacts. Furthermore the basic idea of Life Cycle Thinking and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in terms of Goal and Scope definition, System Modelling, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Interpretation is introduced. In addition, the learner can explore selected LCA scenarios facing the steel industry and its customers in the automotive and construction sectors. The poster will give an insight into the e-learning activities carried out at IISI and will highlight the key principles of a comprehensive package of interactive, informative, innovative, integrated and sophisticated e-learning resources – using the example of the e-learning module “Sustainability, Steel and the Environment”. ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE LIFE CYCLE INITIATIVE (MO 4.14); Ugaya, Cassia1; Valdivia, Sonia2; Sonnemann, Guido2; 1 Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil ([email protected]); 2 Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru / UNEP DTIE Paris, Paris, France Keywords: Life Cycle Initiative, dissemination, information system UNEP (United Nations and Environment Program) and SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) launched in 2002 the Life Cycle (LC) Initiative to develop and disseminate practical tools for evaluating the whole life cycle. The first phase of the LC Initiative had 3 programs, divided in 13 task forces. Therefore information was generated in a decentralized way. On the other hand, previous LC Initiative website management was centralized in one webmaster, who publishes the information which comes from all these different sources. In 2005, to promote the dissemination of LC information, UNEP provided an information system called Environmental Sound Technology Information System (ESTIS), developed by the UNEP/IETC that allows the publication of pages in the web as well as it helps to increase the efficiency of communication among the task force members. ESTIS is a multi-language, Information System management tool to assist the transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies and encompasses two integrated components providing a decentralized IT network for improved access and local control in EST related information transfer. Since it was launched on February 2006, the LC Initiative WS visits increased significantly (Figure 4). Except for the first month, the average number of visits was around 3.300 visits, with an standard error of 565. From March to November, the increase of visits was of 4,3%. Among the more than 500 websites built with ESTIS, the LC Initiative WS is among the top 3 most visited webpages worldwide and the top 3 most accessed UNEP/SETAC publications for August 2006. A previous study using ESTIS for the LC Regional Networks showed a positive correlation between the amount of webpages developed and the number of visits. The same evaluation was done for the task forces pages. The authors concluded that to disseminate information among the LC regions it is necessary to keep the information updated in the website. TASK SHARING IN B2B EPD SETUP INCLUDING INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS (MO 4.15); Jeske, Udo1; Klingele, Martina1; Schebek, Liselotte2; 1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Department of Technolgy Induced Material Flows, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany ([email protected]); 2 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, ITC-ZTS, Karlsruhe, Germany Keywords: Life Cycle Thinking, LCA, EPD EPD’s are mainly designed as business-to-business information tools. Each company has a more or less good knowledge on its own production processes and can feed qualitative and quantitative information resp.data about into its own EPD set up. But information on pre-processes (of delivered goods and services) is also required to be complete.

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If a supplier already delivers an EPD together with the good, things seem to be easy, but the question has to be answered weather system boundaries and cut off rules are compatible. This is most important if supplier EPD’s come from different programs may be in different countries. If there is no EPD information available on a supplied good or service, generic data have to be taken, which have to be available in a database. The contribution outlines the task sharing in B2B EPD setup and discusses possible methodological problems in order to give answers on how to fix rules for EPD compatibility, including international aspects. TUESDAY Design for Environment ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF LIFE CYCLE DESIGN OF CONCRETE BRIDGES (TU 1.01); Lounis, Zoubir1; 1 National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada ([email protected]) The effective maintenance and preservation of the aging and deteriorating public infrastructure (bridges, buildings, offshore platforms parking structures, etc.) in North America and the additional demands for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency and conservation of raw materials present considerable challenges to the owners. To address these challenges, there is a need to develop effective approaches for life cycle design and management of public infrastructure that will ensure its sustainability over a long planning horizon, in terms of improved physical performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental compatibility. Concrete is the primary construction material in North America and throughout the world and it is estimated that it would reach 7.5 billion metric tonnes annually by the year 2050. In order to ensure the sustainability of the built concrete infrastructure, it is necessary to develop optimized life cycle designs of concrete materials and structural systems, as well as innovative decision support tools for their life cycle management. These optimized designs and management systems should provide the owners with the solutions that achieve an optimal balance between three relevant and competing criteria, namely: (i) engineering performance (e.g. safety, serviceability and durability); (ii) economic performance (minimum life cycle costs, minimum user costs); and (iii) environmental performance (minimum greenhouse gas emissions, reduced materials consumption, energy efficiency, etc.). The largest environmental impact of the concrete industry comes from the cement manufacturing process that leads to relatively considerable greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn are the main factors responsible for climate change. The use of industry by-products such as fly ash, slag and silica fume as supplementary cementing materials in concrete structures reduces the amount of cement needed to make concrete, and hence reduces emissions of CO2, and lead to reduced consumption of energy and raw materials, as well as reduced landfill/disposal burdens. A comparative study of the physical, economic and environmental performance of two alternative designs of highway bridge decks constructed with two different materials is undertaken. This study will illustrate the importance of the design of durable infrastructure systems to reduce the burdens on the environment and to minimize the life cycle costs associated with the construction and maintenance of concrete systems. SUSTAINABLE LIFE CYCLE DESIGN: METHOD AND CASES (TU 1.02); Harmsen, Jan1; 1 Shell Global Solutions and Rijks, Universiteit Groningen, Amsterdam, Netherlands ([email protected]) Keywords: sustainable, life cycle, design, method, chemicals, creativity Sustainable development requires new processes and new products, but most of all new life cycle chains and new industrial complexes. These new systems must be embedded in ecological, social, and economic systems. Designing systems that meet these diverse demands requires an enhanced creativity of engineers. We have developed a sustainable life cycle design method with a focus on the key elements that enhance the designer’s use of intuition and creativity and stakeholder’s involvement. The method consists of the following 6 steps: 1) Team formation, design goal setting, planning 2) Criteria and stakeholders definition, 3) Identification of key domain knowledge required, 4) Generation of promising life cycle concepts, 5) Input and output life cycle analysis, 6) Assessment of design concept with stakeholders. A set of guidelines has been developed for the steps. For step 1 group dynamics theory is summarized in the steps: Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing. For step 2 a set of global criteria, covering need identification and the 3 dimensions of sustainable development, social, economy, ecology is provided. For step 3 the question is posed: What criteria are hardest to meet and what knowledge is needed to help in meeting those criteria. These 2 questions appeared to stimulate the creativity of the designers mostly. For step 4 the guideline is to generate first several families of potential solutions rather than one solution. For step 5 the guidelines involve the drawing of a block

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diagram and analyse with atom balances whether all streams are identified and quantified. Step 6 is the guideline to form a forum discussion with representatives of stakeholder groups for which the design is presented as vividly as possible using pictures. The method and manual has been tested several times with MSc students. The following 2 results will be included in the presentation. A sustainable life cycle concept design has been made for Sunlight via algae to fish and diesel fuel in a tropical country. The design case involves the design of a lake for algae and fish production, and an energy efficient process for the conversion of wet algae to bio fuel. A sustainable industrial complex design has been made for the production of ethylene, sugar and energy from sugarcane in South-Africa. The design is focused on the integration of the sugar production, the ethylene production via the fermentation of the cellulose to ethanol and the energy production from the lignin. In both designs particular emphasis is paid to the Prosperity, People, and Planet (Triple P) assessment of the design. The assessment has been carried out with representatives of stakeholder groups in a forum discussion using the red flag method. Stakeholder groups involved are: industry, environmental activists, civilians, government. DESIGN OF A NEW SEATING SOLUTION PLATFORM FOR HAG – HAVE THE DESIGNERS USED WHAT THEY HAVE LEARNT? (TU 1.03); Modahl, Ingunn Saur1; Nyland, Cecilia Askham1; Nereng, Guro1; 1 STØ (Oestfold Research Foundation), Fredrikstad, Norway ([email protected]) Keywords: design, EPD, environmental management, supplier cooperation, global warming HÅG has worked with environmental and resource aspects of their products for many years. As part of this work, HÅG has carried out life cycle assessments (LCA) and obtained environmental declarations (EPD, Type III) for 10 of their office chair products. This initial work has been further developed, with a supplier project for product development and environmental improvement of the chairs. This collaboration has lead to the generation of many practical ideas for changes that can improve the environmental profile of the office chairs. Some of the suggested improvements can be carried out for the suppliers' existing products, others require better systematic solutions (e.g. better recycling systems), while some will involve HÅG working on design and product development. This work was also presented at the LCM 2005 Conference. The global warming impact arising from production of a HÅG seating solution and use over a 15 year lifetime varies between 20-70 kg CO2-equuivalents. This impact is strongly dependent on the material type, material amount and recycling rates. The most important materials in the chairs, as far as environmental impacts are concerned, are aluminium, steel and the plastics polyamide (PA), polyurethane (PUR) and polypropylene (PP). HÅG’s aim has been to incorporate this new environmental knowledge into their product development and the designer phase of new seating solutions. During the last two years Håg’s designers have been designing a completely new seating solution platform ‘Alfa’, and the environmental performance of the new platform will be analysed in the spring of 2007. In this paper the author will present the environmental results of the new seating solution design, compare it to the performance of HÅGs existing chairs and analyse whether HÅG has succeeded in incorporating environmental issues in the design process. Ideas for environmental improvements will also be presented. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT TO ECO-DESIGN FOOD PRODUCTS: STUDY ON INDUSTRIAL COOKED DISH (TU 1.04); Zufía, Jaime1; Arana, Lorea1; 1 AZTI-Tecnalia, Sukarrieta, Spain ([email protected]) Keywords: ecodesign, life cycle assessment, sustainable food product The objective of the presented project is to carry out an ecodesign pilot experience on a food product as a way to develop more efficient and sustainable food products along its whole life cycle. The final aim of this work is to optimize all stages of the agri-food chain and reduce associated costs and environmental impacts. The selected product was a tuna with tomato cooked dish due to the fact that it is one of the food products with most complex life cycle: Its formulation has a great variety of animal and vegetal ingredients from very different geographic farming and fishing areas, it needs an important effort of transport and manufacturing of all farming raw materials, a complex cooking and conservation process, and widespread retail system, including cold transport and commercialization until final consumer. The work carried out to achieve the proposed goal is: -Complete definition of the product: raw materials (source, transport needs, manufacturing, etc.), manufacture and preservation process, packaging (materials, shape, etc.), preservation needs, retailing, way of final consume and disposal. -Life cycle assessment of the product using a specific LCA software: definition of the whole agri-food chain and its stages, characterization of all inputs (natural resources, intermediate products) & outputs

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(emissions to air, soil and water) of each stage, eco-inventory performing and impacts definition and assessment. -Identification of most important causes of the main impacts and costs. Location of these aspects within each stage of the whole agri-food chain. -Sustainable measures identification: a lot of specific improvement measures, techniques, technological changes and new strategies for the product have been identified. The main kind of measures are: Use raw material from nearer origin to reduce transport, plastic packaging substitution to another lighter, redesign the plastic container to a more efficient shape, improve the efficiency of the manufacturing process to reduce wastes, and so on. -Scenario analysis: Identified measures for sustainability have been assessed comparing the effect of those changes on the whole life cycle impacts. When positive effect was obtained, those measures were evaluated from a technical, legal and other product aspects point of view, and selected for the new product to design. As a result, it has been re-designed a new cooked dish product much more sustainable and environmentally-friendly in its whole agri-food chain. Furthermore, hot points for the food products have been identified and a lot of interesting data for life cycle assessment have been obtained. COMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH MEDIUM VOLTAGE PRODUCTS (TU1.05) Daoud, Wassim1, Hassanzadeh, Mehrdad1, Cornier, Alain2, Froelich, Daniel2, 1Ecole Nationale des Arts et Métiers France and AREVA, Montpellier, France ([email protected]), 2Ecole Nationale des Arts et Métiers, Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France Keywords: Life cycle assessment, electrical products, ecodesign The electrical and electronic equipments industry is a pioneer in the incorporation of ecodesign in the product development. That has been encouraged by the progress of the social awareness and the RoHS and WEEE European directives. In fact, medium and high voltage field shows a delay in the ecodesign integration. It is important to let know that the electrical Medium and high Voltage Products are particularly different from low voltage ones by the strong technical specifications and the lifespan higher than 20 years. These elevated characteristics require specific materials and design. In this paper, we analysis different life cycle assessment results for electrical products from low, medium and high voltage. The aim of this work is to compare the environmental impacts of the various categories of equipments. It allows to develop a new ecodesign methodology specific to medium and high voltage procuts. CHALLENGES OF DATA TRANSFER BETWEEN CAD– AND LCA SOFTWARE TOOLS (TU 1.06); Marosky, Nora1; Dose, Julia1; Ackermann, Robert1; Fleischer, Günter1; 1 Technical University Berlin, Department of Systems Environmental Engineering, Berlin, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, CAD, data transfer, DfE Life cycle assessment (LCA) in practice is mostly applied after a product is developed and implemented on the market. The results of such LCAs are identifications of environmental hot spots and suggestions on how to minimize environmental impacts. When the product is already implemented on the market, suggestions for environmental improvement are mostly of little direct impact. Environmental improvements of products often require different ways of production, and these ways would need to be changed for implementation. Therefore, in order to be implemented, it needs money and time. The effort necessary for improvement discourages companies to realize them. Thus, it would be better to carry out LCAs accompanying product development. Here the influence of product designers on environmental impacts of products is significantly greater. Products can be developed by choosing specifications with minimum impact on the environment. An environmentally optimized product is the result of this process according to Design for Environment. Ecological assessment during product development can be carried out by linking computer aided design (CAD) product data and LCA software tools. A study was carried out in order to investigate existing solutions. Product models developed by product designers can be transferred to LCA software tools. Thereby, product specifications regarding size, shape, materials and structure are transferred and utilized as input for life cycle inventory (LCI). The LCI can then be completed by making use of the database of the LCA software tool. Processes for manufacturing as well as processes for usage and End-of-Life (EOL) can be assigned to the product data and an LCA can be carried out. The CAD product model can be extended by the LCA process model describing the life cycle of the future product. Findings of the LCA can be directly adopted in product development and a loop of environmental improvement can be initialized. Based on these findings, a guideline for data transfer was developed. Necessary data, which should be imported from CAD files into LCA software tools in order to carry out an LCA, is determined. Possibilities for improving existing data exchange are investigated. Therefore, needs of product designers and requirements of LCA modeling are taken into account. Adequate data formats for exchange are identified as well as requirements for a networking interface, which needs to be developed in future. Suggestions for programming an interface in order to facilitate data transfer are

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given. The overall intention of this report is to initiate and support the development of data transfer interfaces between CAD software tools and environmental assessment tools by providing the theoretical background. A GENERIC FRAMEWORK FOR LIFECYCLE APPLICATIONS(TU 1.07); Melk, Katharina1; Platt, Kristian1; Anderl, Reiner1; 1 Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: environmental compliance, development of environmentally-friendly products Traditionally, product development is influenced by advancing competition, cost and technical aspects, while environmental aspects are taken into account poorly. Due to increasing environmental issues like global warming potential or resource consumption a holistic view, spanning the entire product lifecycle is gaining more and more importance. Actually, cost calculations and lifecycle assessment are performed in later stages of the product creation process, when a product is already well defined and changes are complex, difficult and expensive. In earlier stages, required data are only available implicitly and not accessible for computation, so that a prospective and integrative view of the entire product and its properties is not feasible. As the domains of product development and lifecycle applications (LCx) use isolated IT-solutions, the transfer of data from engineering systems and databases to the system of objectives is performed manually based on bill-of-materials information and additional process data. This paper outlines an approach of linking data from different involved systems with the aim to enable early trend statements with regard to lifecycle cost, lifecycle assessment and environmental compliance. Based on recent research at the department of computer integrated design (DiK) different aspects of lifecycle applications combined with engineering systems have been examined. The CRC392 (1996-2004) “environmentally-friendly product development” was the first approach of using CAD-data for LCA. In the following transfer unit TFU55 (2005 2008) “optimised processes, methods and instruments”, environmental compliance checks based on an environmental legislation database were analysed. The FP6 project SuperLight Car strives for a connection of CAD-systems, LCA and LCC based on the XML technology. The conclusion of these projects results in a new database-oriented approach that allows the use of data and metadata from different involved systems. In this context the paper describes an approach consisting of the two domains ‘source data’ and ‘lifecycle applications’ as well as the relations between them. Source data consists of all information that serves the LCx concerning the product. It contains native data, e.g. CAD, basic data as the process library, product related legislation and the lifecycle inventory, and at least metadata as additional information. The domain of LCx comprises applications for lifecycle assessment and calculations like LCC, LCA or environmental compliance checks (ECC). A product variant defined by product structure, parameter and feature information is a possible configuration for LCx, whereas the results represent a snapshot of this configuration. The paper outlines that - with regard to a prospective and traceable product view - the LCx results are updated, when major changes in source data occur. As today’s LCx are based on static information, the challenge of this approach is the fact that both domains are linked in a dynamic way. Changes in source data result in a notification of all affected configurations. This leads to a product related monitoring concerning LCC, LCA and ECC. The paper concludes with an approach using current PLM technology as backbone of the generic framework. IMPLEMENTATION OF A POEMS MODEL IN THE WOOD FURNITURE SECTOR (TU 1.08); Luciani, Roberto2, Masoni, Paolo1; Rinaldi, Caterina1; Zamagni, Alessandra1; 1 ENEA - The Italian National Agency on New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Bologna, Italy ([email protected]); 2 ENEA - The Italian National Agency on New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Roma, Italy Keywords: POEMS, screening LCA, environmental labels A POEMS (Product Oriented Environmental Management System) model has been developed during the EU LIFE LAIPP Project “Dissemination of IPP tools in the wood furniture district of Marche Region (Italy)”. The LAIPP project is based on the application/development of different IPP tools - LCA, ISO 14001, POEMS, EPD, Ecodesign - by companies, according to their needs, market opportunities, typology of production, participation to GPP procedures. One important part of the pilot activity, that gave an important contribution to the POEMS model development, has been to orient the EMS already present in some companies to products, according to ISO 14001/2004. In particular a methodology for data acquisition for the “Initial Environmental Analysis in the firms of the furniture sector”; (with a strong attention to the indirect environmental aspects), as well as some specific procedures (i.e. Management of the purchases and of information on products and raw materials) have been developed and experimented by firms. The POEMS system, which is based on the LCA of the product and the continuous improvement principle, is based on precise needs of firms: - referring to the product;

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- giving an immediate, clear, relevant and reliable communication to final consumers (label on the product and a product environmental report (PER); - easily extendible to other models belonging to the same “product group” (kitchen furniture); - simplicity in methodology and procedures; - approach similar to already well known tools as EMS. Since LCA can be a big barrier for the POEMS implementation and more in general for introducing the product life cycle approach in EMS, we chose to use the eVerdEE tool to perform this phase. eVerdEE is a specific LCA tool for firms (with simplified procedures and “help on line” for non experts users), provided whit a sector specific database on wood furniture (one of the main results of the LAIPP project). This imply that a company of this sector can perform with eVerdEE the LCA of its product in autonomous way, since a very little amount of data “outside the gates” are requested and the visualization of the environmental impacts is very immediate and simple. During the test of the POEMS model firms have performed directly the LCA study of the chosen products and identified the most significant environmental impacts. In the presentation we will describe in detail all the steps of the POEMS implementation in firms and the lessons learned: - Choice of the product; - LCA with eVerdEE and identification of the most significant environmental impacts (following a specific methodology); - Definition of the environmental improvement program; - EMS implementation; - Product Environmental Report (PER) and analysis of the different communication strategies to the consumers. This test has been performed in three leader industries to highlight limits and opportunities of POEMS as regard to the methodological aspects and market demand and applicability by firms. The POEMS model has being discussed in UNI (Italian Organization for Standardization) and proposed as technical report. ENVIRONMENTAL TRADEOFFS OF THE EUP DIRECTIVE AND PRODUCT POLICY (TU 1.09); Garrett, Peter1; 1 Environmental Resources Management, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ([email protected]) Keywords: energy-using products, EuP, policy, eco-design Energy-using products (EuPs) account for a large proportion of our economy’s consumption of natural resources and energy. The Directive for setting eco-design requirements for energy-using products (2005/32/EC) is the first legislative measure to tackle this area. The Directive aims to reduce adverse environmental impacts across the life-cycle of an EuP, while seeking to avoid shifting environmental burdens onto other parts of the product’s life-cycle. The paper presents the results of a study conducted by Environmental Resources Management (ERM) Ltd. that aimed to assess how actions brought about by the EuP Directive affects, or are perceived to affect, other related product policies, including WEEE, RoHS and Eco-labelling. The results of the study were used to inform future UK policy making. The study was commissioned by the English and Welsh Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), as part of a wider government initiative: the Sustainable Consumption and Production Program. The research method adopted a thorough literature review across eleven EU countries from government, industry and academic sources. Additionally, a stakeholder consultation was conducted with a range of representatives from industry, trade associations, the retail trade, environmental groups, and consumer organisations. The research aimed to identify and to assess the most significant synergies and conflicts that may exist between the EuP Directive and other product policies from an economic, environmental and policy perspective. The study draws conclusions from evidence from eleven European countries and develops an evidence base of the potential risks and the opportunities that exist. The study gives a review of current status of implementation and identifies ten prevalent issues. The study also provides an insight into how industry and government may react to the EuP Framework Directive. Industrial Ecology FROM MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS TO MATERIAL FLOW MANAGEMENT: WHAT CAN SOCIAL SCIENCE CONTRIBUTE? (TU 1.10); Binder, Claudia1; 1 Social and Industrial Ecology, Dept. of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: material flow analysis, material flow management, social science, economy, structural agent analysis The analysis of material and energy flows is widely recognized as one important step for reducing the impact of human activities on the environment. Still, at a regional level or along a product chain, where various agents with different interests and goals are involved, MFA or LCA results have not readily

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been implemented for supporting the development of new sustainable anthropogenic systems. This presentation analyzes the contribution of different social science approaches, which have been linked to MFA or LCA to bridge this gap. The large share of the approaches currently used stem from economics, as these models have similar data and modeling structure than the material flow models. They support a better system understanding and allow for estimating the potential effects of economic policies on material flows. Still they lack important aspects of human decision-making and, thus, the designed econo¬mic measures might not always lead to the expected improvements of the material system. More holistic approaches based on sociological theories, such as the Structural Agent Analysis (SAA), provide a more profound insight into the options and restrictions of the different agents involved in the MFA System. SAA is based on Giddens’ structuration theory and has the following advantages: (i) it considers the interaction and dynamics of social structure and human agency and, thus, allows for including the role of structural factors such as culture in the analysis; (ii) it provides a cross-level approach allowing the study of interferences among agent groups; and (iii) It considers the different time scales of change of social structures constraining the implementation of options for improving material flows. In this presentation an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches is presented and highlighted with empirical results. DYNAMIC MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS OF COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS IN JAPAN (TU 1.11); Daigo, Ichiro1; Hashimoto, Susumu1; Matsuno, Yasunari1; Adachi, Yoshihiro1; 1 Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan ([email protected]); Keywords: dynamic material flow analysis, material recycling, collection rate, obsolete scraps The recovery of metal scrap for recycling contributes to the conservation of natural resources and the construction of a sound material cycle society. A dynamic material (substance) flow analysis is useful to understand how and in what proportion materials are used, how they may dissipate into the environment, and how they partition into certain reservoirs (e.g. landfills). So, it enables us to investigate the potentials of metal scrap recovery in the designated area in the future. Spatari et al. has conducted a dynamic analysis for copper stocks and flows in North America. However, there has so far been no such analysis for copper stock and flow in Japan. In this paper, a dynamic material flow analysis for copper and its alloys in Japan was conducted in order to estimate the stock, the amount of discarded and collected scraps in the future. Copper and its alloys are widely used in many products such as electrical wires, cables, and brass components. In the statistics complied by industrial associations, the domestic demands of copper and its alloys are classified in detail based on their end-use. In this study, the end-use categories were classified into 6 types: communication lines and power cables, electric and electronic machinery, automobiles, other machinery, construction, and other products. The lifetime distributions of the 6 categories were obtained from previous researches. In some cases, only the average lifetime of the end-use was obtained, and the distribution was assumed to conform to a Weibull distribution function with appropriate parameters. Other parameters were the generation rates of industrial scraps, collection rates, and the rate of indirect trade, which were obtained from former researches. The results of the estimated amount of collected scraps, obtained by the dynamic material flow analysis, were approximately consistent with that reported in the statistical data. This indicated the accuracy of the parameters used in the analyses. The overall copper stock in Japan has increased over the last three decades, on the other hand, it has also encouraged the generation of uncollected materials. The current in-use copper stock was estimated to be 18.7 million tons, and the amount of cumulative uncollected copper was estimated to be 9.9 million tons. This uncollected copper could have been mixed with other metals (i.e. steels), incinerated with combustible waste, landfilled, or lies underground or underwater in the form of disused cables. The amount of collected scraps of copper and its alloys in 2000 was estimated to be approximately 1.0 million tons. It was also estimated that approximately 300 thousand tons of pure copper were recovered with impurities or copper alloy scraps, which were finally recognized and consumed as copper alloy scraps. HYBRID (WASTE IO) APPROACH TO METAL ECOLOGY WITH APPLICATION TO THE INTRODUCTION OF LEAD-FREE SOLDERS (TU 1.12); Nakamura, Shinichiro1; Murakami, Shinsuke2; Nakajima, Kenichi3; 1 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan ([email protected]); 2 NIES, Tsukuba, Japan; 3 Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Keywords: IOA, Waste IO, metallurgical process, lead-free solder, industrial ecology Metallurgical process technology plays a vital role in the recovery of metals from various types of waste such as flyash that is otherwise difficult to treat and in the production of precious metals that are indispensable for the production of materials for high eco-efficiency technology such as fuel cells and hybrid automobiles. As Verhoef et al (Journal of Industrial Ecology 8, 2001) has correctly pointed out “metallurgical process technology know-how must complement a sound understanding of economics and regulation to bring to fruition industrial ecology concepts” to avoid industrial ecology from “remaining in theory and philosophy books”.

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This paper is concerned with an attempt to incorporate detailed knowledge on metallurgical process technology into a hybrid evaluation tool of life-cycle management. In recent years, we witness an ever increasing use of hybrid tools based on input-output analysis (IOA) in industrial ecology and life-cycle management (LCA, LCC, and MFA). From the point of view of life-cycle management, however, the conventional IOA has the fundamental weakness of not considering the end of life phase, because of its neglect of the flow of waste and the activity of waste management. To cope with this, one of the authors has elsewhere developed the Waste IO (WIO, Nakamura and Kondo, Journal of Industrial Ecology 6-1, 2002). The flexibility of the WIO methodology as an evaluation tool for life-cycle management has been demonstrated by its application to LCA, LCC (Nakamura and Kondo, IJLCA 11-5, 2006) and MFA (Nakamura and Kondo, Materials Transactions 46, 2005). In these applications, however, the representation of metallurgical process technology remained at a level of low resolution that involves only base metals. In particular, the process where precious metals such as PGM and silver are obtained as by-products of base metals remained not incorporated. To the best of our knowledge, Murakami et al (Materials Transactions 45, 2004) represents the most detailed account of the inter-industry flow of metals at the national level that was ever conducted: 19 metal elements and 60 types of materials and outputs. The study makes use of an IO based model of metal use and fabrication, and a separate model of metal production that represents detailed metallurgical processes where most precious metals are obtained as by-products of base metals. While in reality the use and fabrication process and the metal production processes are mutually inter-related, the use of the conventional IO framework hinders its analytical integration, because it is not well suited to deal with the presence of by-products that is typical of metallurgical process. Using the methodology of WIO, which is short of these shortcomings, we integrate the two separate models of Murakami et al. In this way, a hybrid tool is derived that properly meets the points raised by Verhoef at al. The methodology is implemented to Japanese WIO data with more than 400 outputs, and applied to the case where the conventional lead based solder is being replaced by silver based lead-free solders, where silver occurs as a by-product of lead and copper smelting processes. A REGIONAL INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS METHODOLOGY AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND (TU 1.13); Massard, Guillaume1; Erkman, Suren2; 1 IPTEH - University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Institute of Land Use policies and Human Environment, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Keywords: industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis, regional economic development, Switzerland The Agenda 21 for the Geneva region is the results from a broad consultation process including all local actors. In 1999 more than 43 entities including private consultants and companies, NGO’s, political parties and local communities presented their how vision for a more sustainable region. Due to intense information process, the article 12 stipulated that « the State facilitates possible synergies between economic activities in order to minimize their environmental impacts » thus opening the way for Industrial Symbiosis (IS). An Advisory Board for Industrial Ecology and Industrial Symbiosis implementation was established in 2002 involving relevant government agencies in a participative approach. Regulatory and technical conditions for IS are studied in the Swiss context. Results reveal that the Swiss law on waste do not hinder by-product exchanges compare to the EU policy. Technical factors including geographic, qualitative, quantitative and economical aspects are detailed. The competition with waste operators in a highly develop recycling system is also tackled in a participative approach perspective. Their importance as key third party agents and experienced collaborators on sustainability requirements is recognized in the project. Launch in 2004, the IS project develops an empirical and systematic method for detecting and implementing by-products synergies between industrial actors disseminated throughout the Geneva region. Database management tool for the treatment of input-output analysis data and GIS tools for detecting potentials industrial partners are constantly improved. Mid 2006, 19 companies from 10 industrial sectors are involved in the first step of the project and potential symbiosis for 17 flows (including energy, water and material flows) are currently studied for implementation. High participation rate in the early stage due to high environmental awareness will facilitate communication for involving more industrial partners in the future. ASSESSING CORPORATE CARBON EXPOSURE FROM A LCA PERSPECTIVE (TU 1.14); Hoffmann, Volker1; Busch, Timo1; 1 Dept. for Management, Technology and Economics, Chair for Sustainability and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]) The anticipation of the future development of the business environment is important for a company’s strategic management. Climate change and the depletion of fossil resources are two major concerns of the 21st century. Both concerns have in common that they relate to carbon and influence the business environment. Regarding climate change, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) was implemented in 2005. Since then carbon dioxide (CO2) has become financially relevant for companies. Regarding the utilization of fossil fuels the increasing world demand and the finite resource endowment will also result in a financially relevant development: in the long run supply is

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unable to match demand and this, in turn, leads to increasing fossil fuel prices. Both carbon-related developments and their effects on the business environment should be taken into consideration when corporate decisions are made. We, therefore, define Carbon Constraints as all sorts of carbon-driven conditions that limit companies in their way of conducting business and their efforts towards profitability. Companies face two challenges: first, they have to assess whether they are exposed to emerging carbon constraints; second, they have to decide how adequate corporate responses, e.g., in terms of investment planning, can be implemented. For this purpose, we develop a theoretical framework in order to identify and quantify a company’s carbon exposure. A company’s carbon exposure comprises of the carbon intensity and carbon dependency. With our paper we put special emphasis on the former. A company’s carbon intensity is the ratio between a company’s carbon inputs, respectively, carbon emissions and a measure of business activity (e.g., sales, total costs). In order to determine the intensity in the ecological dimension we apply a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Based on this we obtain information regarding the carbon utilization form a cradle to cradle perspective. Furthermore, we delineate several approaches how to quantify the intensity in monetary terms. As a result, we obtain different ratios, for example, the percentage of a company’s carbon cost to total costs. This ratio helps understanding a company’s carbon exposure in terms of the profit and loss statement: the proportion of the life-cycle wide carbon costs is illustrated. The practical application of this concept is illustrated by a case study. We show how a Swiss small and medium sized company was able to significantly reduce its carbon exposure by switching to renewable energy sources. CLIF BAR & CO.'S FOODPRINT ANALYSIS OF COMPANY VALUE CHAIN SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE (TU 1.15); Juniper, Christopher1; Simmons, Diana2; 1 Natural Capitalism Solutions Inc., Eldorado Springs, United States of America ([email protected]); 2 Clif Bar & Co., Berkeley, United States of America Keywords: sustainability, life-cycle, food industry, MIPS, value chain, sustainable business The Clif Bar & Co. of Berkeley, CA USA conducted its first company life-cycle "Foodprint" in 2006, using a model developed and implemented by Christopher Juniper of Natural Capitalism Solutions. The purpose was to evaluate the sustainablity performance of the company's complete value-chain - from agricultural fields through to wrapper disposal by consumers. The project adapted the MIPS analysis of materials and energy intensity developed by the Wuppertal Institute to provide Clif Bar with credible estimates of the life-cycle materials, energy, water and greenhouse gas impacts of its 2005 purchases. A "WastePrint" was also developed to estimate the solid wastes throughout the company life-cycle. The MIPS- and solid-waste information was combined with (1) research on best practices and best opportunities for improvments of the sustainability of primary ingredients, (2) key supplier visits and (3) Clif Bar's existing knowledge into a formula that assisted with identification of the company's sustainability "HotSpots" that deserve the attention of company resources in 2007. The Foodprint process was also designed to be used by product designers and executives for product design and supplier selection decision-making since the model can differentiate sustainability performance between potential ingredients, and suppliers of the ingredients or processes (e.g. baking, logistics, packaging materials, etc). The Foodprint process was designed to be transparent and replicable by Clif Bar personnel in future years. The results included estimates of the average environmental "rucksack" of the company's products being over 3000 units for each unit of final product, of which over 95% is water weight. The Foodprint supported the selection of 12 "HotSpots" for sustainablity performance focus that included both ingredients and processes of the value chain. The Foodprint project was led by Juniper and Clif Bar's Sustainability Manager Ms. Diana Simmons; MIPS research and model-building was assisted by Pablo Paster; ecological impact research assisted by Clif Bar Ecologist Elysa Hammond. The project is the first application of the "Natural Capitalism Life-cycle Analysis model, and may also be the first time a company has estimated its entire life-cycle sustainability impacts in order to manage the complete life-cycle for sustainability peformance. Clif Bar, owned and led by founder Gary Erickson, employs approximately 170 people; it makes high-performance food products for mobile applications, including Clif and Luna Bars and Shot Drinks. INTEGRATED LIFE CYCLE BASED TOOL FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENAL MANAGEMENT (TU 1.16); Margni, Manuele1; Michaud, Renée1; Chayer, Julie-Anne1; 1 CIRAIG, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada ([email protected]) The environmental management is not the management of the environment as such, but rather the management of the company interaction and impact upon the environment. Those interactions are not solely restricted to the production site, but might influence the entire life cycle burdens of a company’s goods and services, including the supply chain and end-of-life. This paper presents a methodology aiming to identify company environmental priorities based on a life cycle approach. Using data provided by and collected at the company, a preliminary evaluation is performed using a semi-quantitative matrix analysis (adapted from Graedel, 1998). The results so obtained are also improved by a quantification of potential impacts from generic life cycle inventory

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and impact assessment data performed using Green-E LCA software (www.green-e.ch). Both qualitative and quantitative results are summarized in a decision making table which can be used to identify indicators for environmental performance monitoring or to prioritize improvement actions. Two case studies are presented: a furniture manufacturer and a diary product company. In these studies, the LCA approach was used to identify environmental hot-spots and proper trade-offs between the life cycle stages, such as material supply versus production phases or transportation. The furniture manufacturer obtained a better evaluation for onsite environmental management activities compared to upstream and downstream activities mainly due to the ISO 14 001 certification already obtained in November 2003. Primary material supply was clearly the key factor in terms of environmental impacts (linked to the use of resources and emissions). The diary product company showed equal improvement opportunities over the entire life cycle chain in terms of environmental management, whereas the quantitative analysis identified the packaging and transportation activities as the dominating life cycle stages, i.e. more significant compared to the onsite energy use and emissions. The results of such an analysis can be directly used for EMS implementation or improvement according to ISO 14 001. The integration of upstream and downstream processes results in an important shift on the perception of environmental performance realigning priorities of the EMS, especially defining new priorities, such as procurement policies or eco-design. Corporate LCA is hence a useful tool for strategic EMS enabling the decision maker to identify the right priorities, which are not necessarily within the traditional company burdens. Moreover, the proposed methodology is a first step towards the integration of a life cycle approach facilitating the bridge between the different tools and procedures proposed by the ISO 14 000 series of standards: 14 001 (EMS), ISO 14 020 (ecolabel), ISO 14 031 (environmental performance indicators), 14 040 (LCA), 14 062 (ecodesign), 14 064 & 65 (Global Warming Emissions), and life cycle costing. For example, a product improvement due to eco-design innovations can be consistently translated into improved key performance indicators at the company level. The same metric would then serve to communicate results towards an environmental product declaration (EPD). LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF A COMPANY: E-TOOL TO QUANTIFY THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCES (TU 1.17); Loerincik, Yves1; Jolliet, Olivier2; Margni, Manuele1; 1 Ecointesys - Life Cycle Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, United States of America Keywords: software, Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Costing, Environmental Management System Today companies have to face an increasing pressure concerning their environmental performances due to stricter environmental legislations, public opinion, the activity of NGOs, insurance carriers etc. Several analytical tools have been developed these last decades to provide technical information for environmental decision support: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), checklists for Eco-design etc. Nevertheless, there is still the need for an analytical tool purposely developed for companies to quantify the environmental impacts of their activities, inputs, products and wastes through the entire life cycle, but avoiding the expert knowledge that LCA usually requires; a tool allowing the comparison of processes, products and life-cycle steps as well as enabling companies benchmarking. In fact, firms often employ in-house methods based on qualitative criteria without looking at life cycle burdens of their products and services. This can cause errors in the identification and evaluation of environmental priorities, inducing an inefficient use of economic resources. This paper describes Green-e, an innovative LCA web-based analytical tool fulfilling this need and aimed to become a standard for companies environmental assessment, to be systematically used in the frame of procedural tools such as Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and Environmental Performance Evaluations (EPE). The tool combines life cycle oriented environmental and cost assessments for quantified and integrated eco-efficiency analysis, enabling companies to identify economically advantageous improvement opportunities and making transparent decision on development and investments. Four types of information are used to assess the overall activity of a company: (1) purchased goods to characterize the supply chain, (2) on-site direct emissions (if any) to define the in-house company performances, (3) the sales to link the overall company activities with the use phase and (4) the product requirements, to characterize the impacts related to the use phase. Combining these informations with existing Life Cycle Inventory databases and related monetary costs, using life cycle assessment methods developed to assess product, one could assess in a consistent way overall company impacts and related costs. The presentation will include a description of the framework and various case studies of companies that already have applied Green-E.

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PROCUREMENT OF OPERATING-ROOM TEXTILES IN GERMAN HOSPITALS AS PART OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY (TU 1.18); Guenther, Edeltraud1; Hoppe, Holger2; 1 Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany ([email protected]); 2 Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany Keywords: hurdles, procurement, O.R.-textiles The integration of environmental criteria in procurement is an important aspect for the realisation of industrial ecology in all steps of the value chain. Procurement has the potential to influence the production process, the phase of application and the end-of life for goods and services, i.e. determining environmental aspects over the whole life of a product, and economic aspects within the scope of the procuring organisation. The potential of procurement is already considered by political actors in Europe, where green procurement is widely promoted. Nevertheless the possibilities of green procurement have not been integrated into decision making yet. This contribution analyses reasons for this argument by means of a case on the procurement of operating-room textiles for German public hospitals integrating economic and environmental aspects from a scientific point of view. In this case organization internal hurdles are excluded and it is assumed that green procurement is an objective for the organizations. Still the hurdles for an full application of green procurement in public hospitals in Germany are manifold. The four main hurdles identified are development of decision criteria, data availability, data evaluation, and legal constraints. The primary function and decision criteria in procurement of O.R.-textiles is their barrier-effect against pathogens. Especially the use of innovative O.R.-textiles is an important prophylactic measure against infections within the operating-room. In addition the technical characteristics (comfort, temperature regulation etc.) of O.R.-textiles are important criteria. Furthermore the economic aspects (mainly purchase price, internal process cost, disposal cost) are important as German hospitals are under a great economic pressure since the “diagnosis related groups” were introduced. On top of this, the criteria of environmental protection has to be considered. All of those criteria have to be combined as a base for decision making. Thereby it has to distinguish between disposable and reusable products and their individual life-cycles. In order to evaluate the criteria for the decision making process appropriate instruments have to be selected. In the presented case Life-cycle assessment for the evaluation of the environmental criteria, Life-cycle costing and Activity-based costing for the evaluation of economic criteria and technical analysis as well as user surveys to assess hygienic and technical criteria are chosen. During this process the data-availability for environmental but also economic aspects proofed to be an obstacle. The data gathered for the different criteria has to be interpreted and integrated in order to allow decision making. Here the problem of aggregation in LCA is complemented by questions how to interpret the economic, hygienic and technical criteria and finally integrate all of them. The final hurdle which might prevent a decision maker to procure O.R.-textiles following this procedure is provided by the legal framework, public entities have to apply procuring goods or services. Within this framework the special situation applying environmental criteria for the procurement of O.R.-textiles is analysed. Overall, four different reasons hindering the application of scientifically well established instrument in order to move towards the principals of industrial ecology are analysed and demonstrated for the case of decision making in the procurement of O.R.-textiles. Energy Efficiency COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT AND FUTURE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY TECHNOLOGIES FOR SWITZERLAND (TU 2.01); Bauer, Christian1; Dones, Roberto1; Heck, Thomas1; Hirschberg, Stefan1; 1 Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, environmental indicators, comparative assessment, electricity technologies Options for near future Swiss electricity supply are currently one of the main topics in the energy policy debate in Switzerland. The environmental performance of a broad portfolio of eighteen technologies for electricity generation including renewable, fossil, and nuclear was analyzed for two time frames around the reference years 2000 and 2030. The technology portfolio contains both large centralized power plants and smaller decentralized units in Switzerland and few other European countries (for electricity imports). Small combined heat and power units burning natural gas or gasified biomass were assessed besides base-load and mid-load large power plants. Renewables included Alpine reservoirs and run-of-river hydro, wind, photovoltaics, biomass and deep geothermal technologies. Fossil systems included natural gas and imported electricity from coal power plants. Future nuclear was represented by the European Pressurized Reactor (EPR). Evolutionary technology development was assumed to take place between today and 2030 for all other reference power plants. Full energy chain inventories were established for all energy systems, using ecoinvent as background inventory database. Selected parts of the background database (e.g. European electricity mix) were

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modified for year 2030 using a business as usual scenario. The environmental assessment was part of a more comprehensive interdisciplinary appraisal developed with other research organizations and a major Swiss energy provider. A multi-criteria decision aiding approach was used for integrated sustainability evaluation. The environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability were explicitly modeled by means of specific sets of indicators, allowing for consideration of stakeholder preferences. The environmental dimension was characterized using four main indicators: consumption of resources, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, effects on the ecosystem from normal operation and accidents, and wastes (radioactive and non-radioactive). Herewith, results from the application of the MCDA evaluation for the environment area only, are compared with ranking using Eco-indicator’99 as representative LCIA method and external cost assessment of airborne pollutants using Swiss and European damage factors along with the ExternE framework. In general the rankings from different aggregation methodologies converge when considering indicators which are in common. However, putting different stress on impact categories and burdens and/or differently weighting individual indicators (e.g. GHG or material resource use or land use) introduce variation and singularities in the ranking. Superior environmental performance of hydro power is ascertained by all approaches. Fossil systems score worst. Depending on the method, biomass may show worse performance than other renewables and nuclear. IMPROVING THE FORECASTING ACCURACY OF FUTURE ENERGY SYSTEMS' LCA USING TIME AND SCENARIO DEPENDENT MODIFICATIONS TO BACKGROUND LCI DATA (TU 2.02); Frischknecht, Rolf1; Steiner, Roland1; Hedemann, Jan2; 1 ESU-services, Uster, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 ifu Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Keywords: energy policy, future scenario, background data, consistency Mixing LCI data from databases representing today�s situation with LCI data for energy systems and technologies that will only be realised in some decades leads to results that do not well represent the environmental impact of the intended future situation. This is the more true for technologies with low or zero direct emissions such as wind, or photovoltaic. Within the NEEDS project, the environmental efficiency of the production of selected relevant commodities are adapted to a 2025 and 2050 situation. Using background data based on unit processes a change in selected datasets propagates into every dataset and greatly improves accuracy and consistency of the resulting data. In the NEEDS project the future energy mix including a share of these new technologies is taken into account as well as changes in the mining, material and transport sectors. It is shown that a consistent modification lead to results that are significantly different from those using unmodified data. RISK MEASURES IN MONETARY VALUATION OF LCA RESULTS (TU 2.03); Sevenster, Maartje1; 1 CE Delft, Delft, Netherlands ([email protected]) Keywords: power generation, risk measures, life cycle A recurring issue in LCA is the impact assessment of inventory items that are associated with a probability lower than one. In many production life cycles, smaller or larger calamities may occur that are quite clearly not part of day-to-day operations. Including the effects of such risks in the LCA is complicated primarily for two reasons: - the impact in case of an actual calamity is most likely not marginal, certainly not locally - the use of specific risk measures for quantification may lead to biases For one type of risks these two issues even touch: Damocles risks. These are events with very low probability but very large consequences. In the traditional approach of risks – in LCA but also in social CBA – a technical or neutral risk measure is typically used : Risk = Probability x Consequence This measure of risk equals the expectation value. When probability is very low, say one in a million (per year), this risk measure potentially smoothes over extremely large consequences. The question is whether one victim per year is really the same as 1000 victims in one instant every 1000 years. Strategies of insurance companies teach us that this is not the case. In a case study comparing several electricity production chains, the effect of using different risk measures for the impact assessment of nuclear accidents was tested. Even if current third-generation, state-of-the-art reactors are a factor 100 or 1000 safer than what is assumed for the Chernobyl reactor, the valuation of the impact due to the still existing risk may only be a factor of 50 (or less) lower. Compared to continuous emissions of radioactive elements in the life cycle, the impacts are potentially several factors higher. The presentation will focus on the scientific basis for different risk measures and illustrate the effect they may have on results of external cost assessments by using the case of energy chains.

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UPDATE OF LCA BACKGROUND DATA USING THE APPROACH OF PARAMETRIZED LIFE ASSESSMENT (LCA). EXEMPLIFIED FOR THE GERMANY HARD COAL SUPPLY CHAIN (TU 2.04); Mayer-Spohn, Oliver1; Blesl, Markus1; 1 University of Stuttgart, IER, Stuttgart, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: parametrised LCA, hard coal, steam coal, LCI data update The quality of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies substantially depends on the quality of the data used. Apart from the general availability of data it is of high importance to rely the process chain analysis on up-to-date data. However in many LCA studies already the background LCA data lack the requirement of being up-to-date. Background data in this context is data on the supply chain of materials, energy carriers or basic services as for example heat and electricity generation. For these supply chains data had firstly been surveyed ten to fifteen years ago, when LCA methodology became a frequently used methodology in several scientific fields. Since then most of this background data has been updated in order to take major changes into account. This update however was mostly time intensive or often based on rough estimations. This paper shows a methodology on how LCA data on background processes can be updated at low effort and comprising the whole process chain analysis. Therefore parameters and fundamental coherences on material flows are integrated in the process chain analysis of the background LCA studies. The numerical values behind these parameters can be varied and allow an easy data update of the study. The update of LCA data using this parametrised LCA is exemplarily shown for the German steam coal supply chain. This chain describes the en-ergy consumption, material flows and emissions release along hard coal mining, processing to steam coal and its transportation to a German power plant site. The data for the German steam coal supply chain has been compiled according to the guidance on life cycle inventory data for electricity generation, which has been worked out by the German network for Life Cycle Data. The possibility to easily update background data on energy supply allows to including efficiency improvements and changes along the supply chains directly and without major time lag in LCA studies. This is shown in an comparison of the German steam coal supply chains of the years 2005, 2000 and 1990. ENERGY DECISIONS FOR THE FUTURE--NOT JUST [KJ OUT/KJ IN] (TU 2.05); Laurin, Lise1; 1 EarthShift, Eliot, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: social, economic, and environmental decision-making While it is widely recognized that the energy systems of the 1990s are not the wisest solution for the future, particularly as India and China increase their energy usage, there are a wide variety of opinions on what energy systems make sense for the future. Hydrogen fuel cells, bio-based ethanol, clean coal, solar and wind energy all have proponents and detractors, both with valid viewpoints. For chemists, an energy system will only make sense if the energy out is greater than the energy (or fossil-based fertilizer) required to make the fuel. For business people, the energy must be profitable. For environmentalists, the energy system must have fewer environmental impacts than the system it replaces. But there are demands of community, national security, and usability that must be addressed if any new system is going to be more successful than prior systems. We’ll use a case study of a biodiesel facility in an agricultural region of the United States to look at some of these issues using life cycle assessment (mass balance) and total cost assessment (uncertainty-based economic analysis), while keeping in mind the social goals of the community. We’ll use these tools to look at some other possible energy choices, bringing up additional questions that must be addressed if we are to live in an energy-secure world. LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY MODELLING OF BIOFUELS FOR THE ECOINVENT DATABASE (TU 2.06); Jungbluth, Niels1; Frischknecht, Rolf1; 1 ESU-services Ltd., Uster, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: bio-fuels, bioenergy, ecoinvent, life cycle inventory, database, background data Life cycle assessment (LCA) has proved to be a powerful tool for the environmental improvement of production processes in the agri-food sector. However, the increased use of the LCA method to analyse systems is hindered by the lack of agreement on the use of methods and by the difficult availability of life cycle inventory (LCI) data. The aim of the project is to investigate data for biomass production, conversion to biofuels and use for transport services. The production of fuels like ethanol, rape seed methyl ether, BTL (biomass-to-liquid), etc. is investigated in a way consistent with the existing ecoinvent datasets in the EcoSpold format. This presentation focuses on this extension and outlines the possible uses of these data for the environmental assessments of renewable energies based on biomass. It highlights methodological issues relevant for global biofuel production. One very relevant issue is the accounting for CO2 emissions due to land transformation and clear cutting of tropical rain forests that is an important aspect for producing soya in Brazil and palm oil in Malaysia. A further issue is the allocation approach chosen for the modelling in a background database. Results from the LCA study, comparing and analysing a range of different biofuel production chains, are presented. The consistent and coherent LCI datasets for basic processes make it easier to perform

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LCA studies, and increase the credibility and acceptance of the life cycle results. The content of the database is made publicly available via the website www.ecoinvent.org. LCA OF BIOFUELS IN SWITZERLAND: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL (TU2.07); Zah, Rainer1; Hischier, Roland1; Gauch, Marcel1; Wäger, Patrick1; 1 EMPA / Technology and Society Lab, St. Gallen, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: biofuels, LCM and NGOs, transport, energy generation In Switzerland, LCA has been applied to assess the total environmental impacts of all biofuels available in Switzerland. This LCA study served as a main basis for defining the amount of tax reduction for the various biofuels. This issue was controversially discussed by the different stakeholders ranging from environmental NGO’s over the Ministries for the Environment, for Agriculture and for Energy to industrial lobby groups e.g. for the use of fossil fuels. Due to the strong integration of these stakeholders in all steps of the LCA a com-mon acceptance of the Life Cycle results could be obtained. Currently, the Swiss government is implement-ing the tax reduction for biofuels based on this LCA study. While savings in greenhouse gas emissions by 30% and more are achievable with various biofuels, most biofuels induce larger impacts than fossil fuels on environmental indicators like eutrophication, acidification or loss of biodiversity. Most of these impacts are induced by agricultural processes. In Europe and Switzer-land, a generally low yield and an intense use of fertilizers and mechanical tillage lead to high environmental impacts per unit of biofuel. In tropical regions, however, the yield is often much higher but deforestation of primary forests impacts the greenhouse gas balance and increases air pollution. Producing the biofuels gen-erally induces much less environmental impacts than cultivating the feedstock. An exception is the loss of methane in the production chain of pipe-grade methane, which might have a high impact on climate change. Even less environmental impacts are induced by transporting the biofuels to the filling station. Long-distance transport by trans-oceanic tankers e.g. from China or Brazil to Europe has only a minor impact on the overall environmental performance of the biofuels. The results of this study show that a tax reduction for biofuels should be applied specifically for individual production pathways. Each of the examined biofuels (biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas) can be produced with impacts in the same range as fossil fuels or with up to 80% lower impacts, depending on feedstock and pro-duction technology. However in contrast to fossil fuels, the environmental impacts of biofuels could be sig-nificantly reduced by specific measures like reduction of methane loss, omitting deforestation of primary for-ests or improving the processing technologies. Due to this large optimization potential, a better environ-mental performance of biofuels might be expected for the upcoming years. THERMOECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION VIA SOFC WITH INTEGRATED ALLOTHERMAL BIOMASS GASIFICATION PROCESS (TU 2.08); Buchgeister, Jens1; Castillo, Renzo2; 1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, ITC-ZTS, Karlsruhe, Germany ([email protected]); 2 University of Piura, Piura, Peru Keywords: exergy analysis, thermoeconomical analysis, allothermal biomass gasification The use of renewable resources is one alternative compared to conventional energy conversion processes reducing the environmental impacts. Especially energy conversion processes based on biomass gasification has great potentials in future but there are in early stages of development. For this reason a new electricity generation via a high temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) integrated with allothermal biomass gasification is thermoeconomical analyzed. The thermoeconomical methodology combined an exergy analysis with an LCC to determine the energetic efficiency and the formation of costs at process component level. The investigation shows that the cost most relevant process components are the SOFC, heat exchanger and allothermal fluidized bed gasifier. The influence of decreased SOFC production costs and their interdependencies of the upstream process components are also shown in a sensitivity analysis. LCA AS AN ACCOMPANYING AND DECISION TOOL IN PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE EDIBLE OILS : AN INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE. (TU 2.09); Querleu, Cécile1; 1 VEOLIA Environnement, Paris, France ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, biodiesel, used edible oils. The perspective of the climatic change, the high energy prices and the petroleum supplies have driven a strong interest in transportation alternative fuels. Biofuels have become a hot topic and a large number of environmental studies have been published on the subject. A lot of these studies follow the methodology of the Life Cycle Assessment, the best method to evaluate from well-to-wheels the global impact of a biofuel on the environment. But if biofuels present advantages in terms of energy use and emissions of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels, one can wonder if additional pressure won’t be created on agriculture, biodiversity, water and soil resources with a strong development of the biomass.

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In order to optimize the management of waste together with the production of energy, waste edible oils can be used for the production of biodiesel. This biodiesel could then be used in transportation services, like the buses for passengers. A Life Cycle Assessment study is accompanying the project and aims at supporting the stakeholder discussion and decision making during planning phase of the new technology installation. The goal of the study is also to do a comparative LCA between biodiesel made from used oils and fossil diesel. LIFE CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM PALM OIL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND USE IN THAILAND (TU 2.10); Gheewala, Shabbir1; Wanichpongpan, Wanida1; Sagisaka, Masayuki2; 1 The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand ([email protected]); 2 National Advanced Institute for Industrial Science and Technology Keywords: biodiesel, greenhouse gas, life cycle, Thailand Biodiesel is a renewable alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel. It is made from refined vegetable oil, which comes from such crops as oil palm, jatropha and coconut oil. Thailand, especially, is interested in biodiesel for a variety of reasons: it is a cleaner-burning alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel; made from a renewable domestic resource and has the potential to reduce the country's dependence on foreign oil. The purpose of the study was to compute the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for biodiesel production from palm oil in Thailand. The study is valid only for Thailand though the results could provide some general idea applicable to the South-East Asian region. All GHG emissions from production to disposal during the biodiesel fuel life cycle were calculated. The life cycle included plantation of oil palm trees, crude palm oil (CPO) production and biodiesel production including transportation in between the processes. The GHG emissions from the use of biodiesel in diesel engine were also considered. Production of fertilizers and chemicals (methanol, diesel, etc.) were included. However, transportation of fertilizers and chemicals were not included in the scope of the study. Carbon sequestration during oil palm cultivation was also not included in the scope of the study. The functional unit (FU) of the study is “providing 10,000-km transportation by light duty diesel vehicle”. Co-product allocation was considered in the biodiesel life cycle at two stages – CPO production and biodiesel production. Energy allocation was used for co-product allocation. The study showed that the life cycle GHG emissions for the case without biogas collection facility in CPO production were 11.039 tCO2-eq/FU. The stages contributing the major emissions were CPO production (43.3%) and oil palm cultivation (34%). Biodiesel production contributed 13% and biodiesel combustion, 9.7%. For the case with biogas collection (and subsequent electricity production) during CPO production, the life cycle GHG emissions were reduced substantially to 6.225 tCO2-eq/FU, almost half that in the previous case. For both the cases, transportation has a relatively insignificant contribution to the overall life cycle GHG emissions. This is an important result for preserving the GHG benefits of biodiesel as most of the oil palm plantations and palm oil mills are concentrated in the southern region of Thailand whereas the biodiesel is to be utilized over the whole country. Environmental Communication ECO-LABELLING AND CONSUMERS – TOWARDS A RE-FOCUS AND INTEGRATED APPROACHES – (TU 2.11); Rubik, Frieder1; Frankl, Paolo2; Pietroni, Lucia3; 1 Institute for Ecological Economy Research – IÖW, Heidelberg, Germany ([email protected]); 2 Ambiente Italia srl, Rome, Italy; 3 University of Camerino -Faculty of Architecture, Ascoli, Italy Keywords: eco-labels, Blue Angel, integration, integrated product policy Eco-labels, especially the ISO-type I labels like the European flower, the Blue Angel or the Nordic Swan, are intended to foster green markets and to realise net environmental benefits. To do so, eco-labels address both sides of the market: producers and consumers. The latter should be stimulated to change their production and consumption patterns. The contribution deals first with the following topics presenting an overview of the present assessment state: − Which experiences do exist with regard to direct effects of eco-labels to contribute to changing

consumption patterns? Direct effects mean environmental improvements attained through the application of eco-labels on products.

− Which experiences do exist with regard to indirect effects of eco-labels to contribute to changing consumption patterns? Indirect effects mean environmentally positive impacts induced by eco-labelling schemes on surrounding policy, businesses and society.

Based on this assessment, we look for the main influencing factors responsible for the success of failure of an eco-label. Here, we distinguish 13 factors, among others e.g. consumer awareness, the format of an eco-label. The third and last part is dedicated towards future strategies to refocus the concept of eco-labelling and to embed it in the strategy for a sustainable development. We embed the future of eco-labelling in a broader debate about integrated approaches for policy-making and in a set of promising proposals to re-focus eco-labels.

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MARKETING ECO-LABELS: THE EXAMPLE OF THE BLUE ANGEL (TU 2.12); Gaus, Hansjoerg1; 1 Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: eco-label, marketing, communication, success factors Marketing Eco-labels: The Example of the Blue Angel During the last years it is increasingly realized that even well-established eco-labelling schemes such as the Nordic Swan of the Scandinavian countries, the European Eco-label or the German Blue Angel need consequent and consistent marketing efforts in order to develop their potentials to the full (e.g., Rubik & Frankl, 2005). In this paper conceptual foundations for marketing eco-labels are presented, whose applicability and chances of success are discussed using the experiences from research and consultancy projects on behalf of the Federal Environmental Agency on the marketing of the Blue Angel (Gaus & Zanger, 2002, 2003a; Gaus, 2006). Starting out from concepts of strategic marketing and a branding perspective on eco-labels (Gaus & Zanger, 2002, 2003b; Zanger & Gaus, 2003), first a conceptual framework for marketing eco-labels is proposed. Second, in a further step the marketing of the Blue Angel in the recent years is analysed before this background. Special importance is placed on the communication campaign, that was conducted around the 25th anniversary of the Blue Angel in 2003 and whose situational background, measures and impacts are discussed. Empirical data from the representative studies “Umweltbewusstsein in Deutschland” (Kuckartz, Rädiker & Rheingans-Heinze, 2006; Kuckartz & Rheingans-Heinze, 2004; Kuckartz & Grunenberg, 2002) suggest that this campaign was successful at least short-term. In the interpretation of our findings and the derivation of success factors and opportunities for action aspects of a benchmarking are involved in the sense of comparing the Blue Angel with other successful eco-labels like the German BioSiegel for organic food or the FSC label. Since a dramatic increase in the marketing budget of the Blue Angel does not seem very likely, recent alternatives to expensive mass marketing concepts like, e.g., co-marketing or community marketing are discussed. In total, the results of our considerations show numerous potentials but also restrictions and barriers that stand against an intense and constant marketing aimed at promoting an eco-labelling scheme. ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATIONS WITH LCA INFORMATION: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY WITHIN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY (TU 2.13); Molina, Sergio1; Smith, Timothy1; 1 University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: environmental communications, building, architects, complexity, credibility Both public and private organizations have begun to recognize environmental communication as an important management tool that can assist in establishing and maintaining good relations with stakeholder groups and at the same time promote sustainable trade patterns through consumers/buyers which are demanding accurate, unbiased and transparent information. While the last decade has produced rapid growth in external reporting in the form of annual corporate and environmental reports; they are thought to be of reactionary nature, in response to the growing demand by an array of players within the supply chain for companies to commit to and demonstrate sound environmental practices. Even in these settings, concerns are mounting around the possibility of information overload and the quality and accurateness of the content. Inconsistent metrics, reporting formats, and a tendency to promote environmental programs with high public relations value are often cited as undermining the effectiveness of these communications. In the evaluation of branding efforts, environmental performance messages, considered ancillary in nature, are often explored in isolation and not in conjunction with the central or functional performance message. If individuals, both, business buyers and final consumers, are more likely to seek justified basis on which to formulate product evaluations, it is unclear how environmental, health, or energy ancillary messages will influence the evaluation of the central product message, that is, its core functional performance. Given the recent trend in the use of environmental assessment techniques and the increasing demand within the supply chain to communicate environmental performance, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is presented here as holding promise by which improved communication effectiveness may materialize. Although researchers have indicated that more specific, and better supported communications are needed, companies often find themselves either claiming environmental messages with little substantiation or hesitant to communicate environmental information at all to avoid negative reputation or legal effects. Thus, we explore within the Building Industry, the mechanisms by which buyers process environmental information resulting from LCA techniques. Our results are built on the responses of over 1000 architects members of the U.S. Green Building Council which rated the communication effectiveness of 8 different advertisements. Based on regression analyses and a structural equation model, our primary result indicates that although the complexity of the ad does not help the ad appealing, the attitudes toward the brand and the company were not affected. In general, when environmental performance information was presented in addition to functional performance, it was

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indeed more effective, however, only when it was presented in a highly elaborated/disaggregated manner and not when it was aggregated. A discussion is generated around how buyers process environmental information and how companies can use these results to approach them with more effective persuasion strategies. A NEW ENVIRONMENTAL LABEL: INPUT FROM INDUSTRIES (TU 2.14); Masoni, Paolo1; Zamagni, Alessandra1; Rinaldi, Caterina1; Luciani, Roberto2; 1 ENEA - The Italian National Agency on New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Bologna, Italy ([email protected]); 2 ENEA - The Italian National Agency on New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Roma, Italy Keywords: environmental label, POEMS, screening LCA, third party verification Credibility, reliability and transparency are key features for the environmental labels, but they are not always accomplished. In fact in the last years there has been an uncontrolled proliferation of labels, with different format and contents, not always easy to be understood by consumers that are confused and not able to find their bearings. This situation isn’t advantageous neither for consumers nor for industries: consumer need transparent and easily understandable information, in order to make informed choices in favour of green products. At the same time the label is an opportunity to increase the value of the products and to award industries efforts towards eco-innovation processes: for these reasons industries need to communicate the “greening” of their products as clear as possible, guaranteeing the seriousness of the labelling system and safeguarding their image. The label presented in this paper has been developed in the wood-furniture sector, as a replay to the requests of leading industries of making available a clear communication tool to final consumers, but it is extendable to all interested sectors, due to its features described below. Industries could make use of the Type III label, the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD), but it requires a high level of environmental awareness and understanding for its interpretation, and lacks the communicative immediacy necessary to be understood by consumers. The new label developed, awarded after the implementation of a POEMS (Product Oriented Environmental Management System) model, is the result of a balance between industries’ needs and technical feasibility. Our aim was to transfer the reliability of the EPD into a label for final consumers: it doesn’t require the respect of pre-defined criteria but will be awarded on the basis of the continuum improvement principle, i.e. the ability of the firm to manage, control and improve the environmental hot spots identified with a life cycle approach. The achievement of the label for a specific product doesn’t require a huge amount of resources by industries: it is based on the combination of the environmental management system, already implemented in the majority of the firms, and on the carrying out of a screening LCA study of the product analysed. The LCA study is performed by industry itself thanks to the availability of a screening LCA tools, supported by a sector-specific LCA database. The communicative content of the label is reinforced by the Product Environmental Report (PER), available to all interested parties, that describes the significant environmental aspects identified for that product and defines the objectives and environmental targets that the firm is committed to achieve. The PER is developed by industries, verified by an independent third party and represents the core of the environmental communication. The main features of the new label will be the object of this presentation, with special focus on PERs developed during the pilot activity conducted with leading firms of the wood sector in Italy. EPD IN BUILDING ASSESSMENT (TU 2.15); Schmincke, Eva1; 1 Five Winds International, Tuebingen, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: Environmental Product Declaration, Type III, EPD, LCA application This paper addresses the practical use of product information management. It demonstrates the use of information modules giving LCinformation on pre-products or commodities for the assessment of complex products, using the example of the building sector. The state of progress with CEN standardisation of the mandated standard on building assessment (CEN TC 350) is described by the convener, as well as the progress on some methodological problems. The state of implementations in Europe with respect to building assessment is shown and discussed. THE USE OF DUTY, VIRTUE AND UTILITARIAN ETHICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION (TU 2.16); Mosgaard, Mette1; Raun, Egon2; 1 Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark ([email protected]); 2 Dong Energy, Fredericia, Denmark Keywords: environmenal communication, ethics, stakeholders. When companies present environmental reports, green accounts, and other forms of environmental communication, it is important to be aware of the arguments they use, which message these arguments send to the surroundings, and how these are linked to the purpose, means and actions of the environmental work. Historically, arguments for environmental issues have primarily been based on virtue ethics using terms like trustworthiness, sustainability and openness. However, the development of stricter

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regulation and an increasing demand that the feasibility of the environmental issues should be shown have changed this situation in some companies. The case study in hand examines the role of different kinds of arguments relating to environmental issues. A case study of Elsam has been made in order to identify differences in the internal valuation of different arguments. Another purpose of the case study was to develop and test a specific tool that quantifies the importance of different types of ethics in the arguments used. Furthermore, the tool is able to examine reactions to the absence of specific arguments in the environmental reports; who will take action and how? The investigation takes its point of departure in the existing goals, means and actions of the environmental work in the company, and examines how these are distributed through different communication media. The case study consists of three main parts; Firstly, the present communication practises are analysed and the different arguments relating to the environmental issues in the company are divided into three mail categories; Duty, Virtue and Utilitarian Ethics. Furthermore, it is analysed how the arguments relate to goals, means and actions; and this leads to nine categories in total. Secondly, a questionnaire is developed which concerns the main arguments for the environmental work in the company and covers the nine sub-issues examined. The third part analyses the answers of these questionnaires and identifies the potentials for improving the existing communication practises of the organisation. The analysis showed that the departments in the organisation value different aspects of environmental issues very differently. The departments are involved in the environmental work, both the internal implementation and external contacts with local authorities, supply chains and politicians; all which may influence their valuation of environmental issues. As a supplement to the use of the tool, a number of employees from local Danish authorities have completed the questionnaire as well. This part of the investigation has shown that the employees in Elsam, who communicate with the local environmental authorities, have different priorities than those of the authorities. This can lead to difficulties as these employees represent a primary stakeholder in the present communication. In time, they plan to investigate the importance of different kinds of arguments related to other stakeholders like stockholders, consumers and suppliers. COMPANY-RELATED OR PRODUCT-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION? (TU 2.17); Rex, Emma1; 1 Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden ([email protected]) Keywords: environmental communication, product, life cycle considerations, eco-label Company-Related or Product-Related Environmental Communication? - Environmental market communication at Volvo Trucks Much faith is put into environmental market communication as a way to advance companies' environmental efforts also in a life cycle perspective. The ongoing IPP debate is one example, discussing various types of environmental labels and declarations to allow customers to make environmental enlightened purchasing decisions. Environmental communication related to products is however not the only way companies have to communicate their environmental efforts to the market. They could also relate the environmental work to the company as such. This paper elaborates on these two strategies for environmental market communication; company-related communication and product-related communication, and discusses the two strategies' respective role for furthering company life cycle considerations. Product-related communication draws attention to environmental issues in relation to the company's products; to bring environmental matters into consideration in the purchasing situation, and to emphasise the products' relative environmental advantages. Various types of environmental labels and declarations are but one such way to communicate the environmental characteristics of the products. Company-related environmental communication relates the environmental achievements to the company as such or its procedures and processes for handling environmental matters. This can be done to gain improved image, legitimacy and licence to operate. To communicate the fulfilment of ISO 14 001 is one example of this strategy. The purpose of this paper is to exemplify why companies choose to communicate in one way or the other, and what impact this will have on their environmental work in a life cycle perspective. As input to this discussion, an ongoing field study of the environmental market communication at Volvo Trucks is presented. The field study is based on interviews, documents and observations. 15 interviews were made with people associated to the strategic as well as tactic marketing process. Documents collected include internal and external reports and various forms of market communication material. The preliminary results indicate a focus on communicating environmental achievements related to the company, with less emphasis on communicating environmental merits in relation to specific product offers. The ongoing analysis points to different reasons for this. One is that the customer is normally perceived in the organisation as not being very concerned about the products' environmental performance. Another is that marketing communication personnel have difficulties finding environmental characteristics suitable to communicate at product level. In the analysis and discussion,

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the roots of these observations are further explored. The paper concludes by discussing the role of various communication strategies for advancing life cycle ambitions in industry. PREMISES FOR PRODUCT RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (TU 2.18); Erlandsson, Johan1; Tillman, Anne-Marie1; 1 Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden ([email protected]) Keywords: environmental information management, environmental information systems The environmental impact of products and services is increasing. A strong growth in both economy and population results in accelerating consumption, causing environmental impacts such as global warming, loss of biodiversity and air and water pollution. Correct, unbiased, relevant, sufficient and understandable environmental information is necessary but not sufficient for any attempt to decouple the increasing environmental impact from increasing affluence and population. Though information alone is a rather weak driver for change, it supports and underpins other, stronger driving forces such as legislation, financial incentives and disincentives and internal forces within companies. Two recent reports from the European Commissions’ Integrated Product Policy Working Group on Product Information and the Swedish EPA point at several barriers to the supply and use of environmental information on products. A lack of a coherent policy vision, weak market drivers, a weak enforcement framework, a lack of public confidence in green product information, insufficient stakeholder involvement and insufficient of co-ordination of information schemes coupled with the complexity of product chains are just some of the barriers identified. Even if the importance of product related information management is gaining increased attention from governmental bodies as well as business, academic research on corporate environmental information management as such is scarce and often addresses isolated issues, which in addition often concern how IT systems can be improved to support environmental information management. This is perhaps not enough to get a full understanding of the barriers and opportunities at hand. This paper reports on results from research that aims to further the understanding of the premises for corporate environmental information management. What is new is the integrated, systems approach that is being taken, where a variation of different premises and stakeholders have been studied and analysed in two product chain field studies. The research project includes both site related and product related environmental information, but this paper focuses on the product related information. The products under study were flooring and processed fish products. Preliminary conclusions suggest that product related environmental information management in less developed than company (or production site) related environmental information management. The most likely explanation to this is that the regulatory enforcement framework has focused on reducing environmental impact from production sites rather than products. The studies also indicate a weak market interest in products with relatively low environmental impact which in turn leads to a weak demand for environmental product information. Indications of internal problems have also been found, for example organisational design with built-in communication barriers and insufficient life cycle thinking. In one of the studies, product related environmental information was only to a limited degree communicated to end customers despite high environmental impact. The reasons for this are discussed. The results can be used by policymakers to underpin recommendations on enabling and/or enforcing action. Some results can also provide guidance to market actors who wish to improve their environmental information management. ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION – CASE STUDY OF THE WINE INDUSTRY (TU 2.19); Blass, Vered1; Delmas, Magali1; Shuster, Kara1; 1 Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, UCSB, Santa Barbara, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: environmental standards, certification, case study, organic, biodynamic There are currently several emerging environmental standards that firms can adopt to mitigate their environmental impacts. These include for example the international environmental management standard ISO 14001 or organic certification labels. Because these standards are relatively recent, there is still scant evidence on the comparative environmental and commercial benefits of these standards. Firms interested in adopting these standards need to make decisions with limited information. Using the context of the wine industry, we analyze the case of a California winery whose owner is wondering about the comparative advantage of two competing certification standards: the organic standard and the less known biodynamic standard. We analyze the existing evidence about the environmental and commercial potential benefits of these standards. In particular we assess the potential for environmental differentiation through these environmental standards. In order to assess the potential commercial benefits of the standards, we conducted a survey (that elicited 400 responses) of consumer knowledge about the organic and biodynamic standard and also of consumer preferences regarding the consumption of organic and biodynamic wines. In addition, the case provides information about the winery history, operation, and the different environmental strategies

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that are being contemplated. We pay particular attention to describe the decision process that guides the owner’s decision to choose a particular environmental standard. Although the case is based on the wine industry, it brings together environmental, economic, and cultural (consumer based) aspects and uncertainties related to the implementation of environmental standards that are applicable to other industrial contexts. Agriculture and Food Production LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SALMON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC (TU 3.01); Scholz, Astrid1; Kruse, Sarah1; Sonesson, Ulf2; Tyedmers, Peter3;1 Ecotrust, Portland, United States of America ([email protected]); 2 SIK, Göteborg, Sweden; 3 Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada Keywords: LCA, sustainability, salmon, seafood Seafood currently accounts for fifteen to twenty percent of the animal protein consumed globally by humans, and this percentage continues to increase. Even at current levels of production, however, fishing and aquaculture—the two major seafood producing sectors—result in a wide range of negative environmental impacts that threaten their long-term sustainability and the integrity of the ecosystems within which they are embedded. The rapid growth of aquaculture, coupled with the vulnerability of global fisheries to further deterioration, only underscores the need to improve the management of seafood production systems and to understand the larger implications of these industries. Most current concerns regarding seafood focus on proximate biological impacts, such as stock declines, bycatch, habitat damage, disease, and potential genetic impacts. While this biological focus is understandable, it overlooks the diverse environmental impacts that flow from the interlinked series of industrial activities that characterize most modern fishing and farming systems. These include the direct and indirect impacts associated with the material and energy dissipated in fishery and aquaculture operations, transportation, processing, distribution, and consumption. In addition, many of these environmental impacts of farmed systems are directly linked to significant socioeconomic impacts on human communities. This presentation focuses on the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability of Northeast Pacific salmon production from harvest to consumption. Salmon is used as an example of an international super commodity—available practically anywhere, anytime regardless of location or season. It is one of the most widely consumed seafood products in the industrial world and the two producers—capture fisheries and aquaculture—have production levels that are broadly comparable on a global scale and also have highly substitutable final products. LCA is a well-established methodology for investigating and assessing the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service throughout its entire life cycle. It is the only internationally standardized environmental assessment method, and is formalized by the International Standards Organization. Results from our recent application of LCA to salmon production in the Northeast Pacific provide unique insights into the breadth and complexity of environmental and socioeconomic impacts beyond those typically associated with fisheries and aquaculture. ARE THERE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS FROM PRODUCING MEAT USING EUROPEAN GRAIN LEGUMES? (TU 3.02); Baumgartner, Daniel U.1; Nemecek, Thomas1; von Richthofen, Julia-Sophie2; Crépon, Katell3; Pressenda, Frédéric4; 1 Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 proPlant GmbH, Münster, Germany; 3 UNIP Union Interprofessionnelle des Plantes Riches en Protéines; 4 CEREOPA / INA P-G, Paris, France Keywords: life cycle assessment, environmental impact, grain legume, meat production, feedstuff There are many reasons to increase the grain legume production in Europe. First, Europe is deficient in protein-rich feed leading to a high dependence on soya beans from North and South America. Second, the increase in soya bean cultivation in South America is leading to the conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats into arable land with negative impacts on biodiversity and soil quality. Third, cultivation of genetically modified soya beans is on the rise while facing problems of consumer acceptance in Europe. However, if Europe’s deficit in protein-rich feeds is overcome by increasing the grain legume production in Europe, what environmental effects can be expected when using them for meat production? Three case studies have been performed on pork and chicken meat, the two most important meat types in the EU (1). Pork production in North Rhine-Westphalia (DEU) and in Catalonia (ESP) as well as chicken meat production in Brittany (FRA) have been studied using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology SALCA (2). The system analysed encompasses inputs into agricultural production, infrastructure, the agricultural production of raw materials, transports, processing, storage and ends with the products pig and broiler chicken (live weight) at the farm gate. Two main scenarios have been analysed feed with protein supplied i) by American soya beans or ii) by European grain legumes (i.e. protein peas and field beans). In addition we have assessed in the German case study on pork a scenario where the pig feed is produced on-farm and a scenario where

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the feed containing European grain legumes is optimized by the use of higher levels of synthetic amino acids. The most important production process in animal production from an environmental point of view is the cropping of the feed ingredients because of the use of machinery and the inputs of mineral fertilisers (energy, global warming, eutrophication) and pesticides (ecotoxicity). A realisable possibility to reduce the environmental burden is by taking influence on the transport of feed raw materials, i.e. using European feed ingredients instead of overseas products. This has positive effects on impact categories as energy demand, global warming potential and eutrophication. The farm infrastructure and its operation, e.g. heating, electricity as well as the manure storage and spreading are also environmentally important factors. Environmental impacts of animal products can be further lessened through optimizing feedstuff composition and farm management (e.g. manure management). Conclusively, the use of grain legumes produced in Europe seems to decrease the environmental impact from the feed chain compared with imported soya beans (3). (1) The European Commission, 2006. Agriculture in the European Union – Statistical and economic information 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/agrista/2005/table_en/index.htm (2) Nemecek T. et al. (2005). Ökobilanzierung von Anbausystemen im schweizerischen Acker- und Futterbau. Schriftenreihe der FAL 58, 155 p. (3) Sonesson U. & Baumgartner D., 2006. Environmental benefits of grain legumes for food and feed. In: Proceedings of the GL-Pro dissemination event, 3 May 2006, Brussels, Belgium, 85-94. EXPERIENCES AND IMPROVEMENT POSSIBILITIES - LCA CASE STUDY OF FINNISH BROILER PRODUCTION (TU 3.03); Katajajuuri, Juha-Matti1; 1 MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, improvement, broiler, learning, corporate The environmental impacts of a certain Finnish broiler fillet product were studied using production network integrated life cycle assessment methods. The project was the first LCA exercise implemented by the producer company, and the main results obtained are presented in this paper. The results of the study clearly demonstrated the significance of the environmental releases caused by the primary production. According to the results, the majority of the environmental impacts caused by the production network accounted for the housing of the broilers and the crop cultivation of feeds. Together these two produced 40 to 85 percent of the impacts in each category studied. Additionally, broiler farming had the most impact on eutrophication and acidification due to the nutrient run-off and ammonia evaporating from broiler manure. As such, the most significant releases created by the agriculture were those of nitrogen and phosphorus run-off. The non-point releases from the agriculture are much more difficult to control than e.g. the point sources of the industry. However, there are measures to control emissions from field cultivation. These measures include things such as maintaining good soil structure and preventing erosion. Apart from this, one of the most concrete and effective ways of improving the environmental performance of the network studied would be the removal of ammonia in the broiler house outlet. Furthermore, if the litter inside the broiler houses would be kept drier, the ammonia formation would decrease and the heath of the broilers would be improved. When considering the energy consumption of the network, the broiler housing was the most energy consuming part. This consumption was mainly due to the heating of the broiler houses. Therefore, if investments targeted to this area could be made, already a modest heat recovery of 10 per cent would reduce the heating energy required by a third. From the entire production network point of view, this reduction would equal to a decrease of 4 per cent in the total primary energy consumption. The well-managed and regionally centred broiler production network has prerequisites to develop the production network towards a less environmentally burdening one. Furthermore, the project very clearly demonstrated, that efforts in the development of the environmental performance should be targeted at the primary production. Therefore, the importance of the co-operation in-between the producer company and their supplier broiler farmers need to be recognised, as it is the key to any significant improvements in the production network. The results of the study were unexpected by the producer company, whose focus in the environmental management efforts had been aimed at the final place of production. The final production site, which includes e.g. the slaughtering and other processes, holds quite understandably a significant amount of the energy consumed by the entire network. However, in relative terms, this production site accounts for less than 10 % of the total primary energy consumed by the entire network. Additionally, the inventory process of this project pointed out direct improvement possibilities, based on which, a separate project on energy saving measures was launched in the premises of the producer company. In conclusion, the most important outcome of this case study was the reliable and inclusive information produced, which can be used to develop the production network.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PORTUGAL DAIRY SECTOR (TU 3.04); Castanheira, Érica Geraldes1; Dias, Ana Cláudia2; Arroja, Luís2; António, Ferreira1; Dias Pereira, Carlos1; Carreiras, Manuela1; 1 Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ([email protected]); 2 Universidade de Aveiro - Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento Keywords: life cycle assessment, dairy industry, environmental impacts, impact assessment The industrial sector of the milk products has a significant influence in the Portuguese Agro-Feed Industry, since in 2003 it accounted for 14% of the total business-oriented volume of the Alimentary Industries and Drinks. In Portugal, the dairy sector has an atomized structure and has dispersed explorations with low economical dimension, structural problems and difficulties in the fulfillment of hygiene-sanitary and environmental standards. The development of methodologies that aim to answer the challenges posed by the sustainability concept set the need for an effective evaluation of environmental impacts of human activities or the production of a product. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of these methodologies. It allows the evaluation of environmental impacts associated to a product, process or activity, through the analysis and quantification of emissions and resource consumption associated to them. Thus, LCA is quite useful in the decision making process, in identifying the processes and critical technologies from an environmental point of view and in the comparative analysis between processes and alternative technologies. It can be also considered a useful tool to improve competitiveness. Dairies typically present a set of environmental impacts, namely high water and energy consumption, and discharge of wastewater with high organic load. Therefore, this sector of activity requires an effective evaluation of their environmental impacts at national level. This evaluation must address each one of the different productive processes, together with an evaluation of the global environmental impacts. The present study contributes to this evaluation through the use of LCA as an environmental management tool. It evaluates the global environmental impacts of the dairy industry in Portugal, and analyzes the individual impacts associated to the main cow milk based products: milk for consumption, yoghurt and cheese. The results allow us to define the key issues for the implementation of measures to minimize the identified impacts. The use of a tool as LCA, eases the accomplishment of the objectives of this work, namely, the identification of the most problematic productive processes and the most significant impacts. For those, mitigation measures were proposed, in order to achieve a better overall performance. This tool proved to be valuable for both the private entrepreneur community and the public governmental authorities, and should be result in the adoption of good practices or implementation of the legislation in force. This study also allowed to pinpoint the gaps of information in what concerns the consumption of energy and resources and the emission of pollutants, in all the stages of the life cycle of dairy products in Portugal. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY CROPS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A MULTI-FUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE (TU 3.05); Freiermuth Knuchel, Ruth1; Gaillard, Gérard1; Deimling Sabine2, Hölscher Thomas3, Kägi Thomas1, Müller-Sämann Karl3, 1 Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]), 2PE Europe, Germany, 3 ANNA, Germany. Keywords: agriculture, bio-energy, nitrate leaching, economic framework, LCA Current agricultural practices in southern Germany often cause nitrate leaching. Therefore new strategies are needed to promote a non-polluting production, protecting groundwater and the other environmental compartments. The present study evaluates the potential of different bio-energy crops on groundwater protection by means of an LCA and an economic analysis. For a specific site in the upper German Rhine valley realistic bio-energy scenarios containing willow short rotation coppice, miscanthus, meadow and an energy crop rotation with triticale, corn and rape seed are compared to a conventional, representative reference crop rotation. For the life cycle assessment the following methodologies are applied. The agricultural production is investigated by means of SALCA (Swiss Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment). Furthermore the different energy crops are analysed towards their environmental performance for power and/or thermal energy production. Fully parameterised LCI-models of a combustion plant (for dry biomass) and a biogas plant (for moist biomass) in the software GaBi 4 are used to assess the eco-efficiency of renewable energy. For conservation of the moist harvested crops a silage process is considered in the bio-energy process chain for all crops besides coppice and miscanthus. In addition the costs of the biomass production are calculated with respect to the political framework, considering the reduction of EU surface payments for corn and the introduction of a special subsidy for energy crops. The study takes into account several functions of agriculture: Firstly, the productive function either for nutrition or in the present case for the supply of biomass to produce bio-energy. The relevant functional unit is MJ effective energy. Secondly, agriculture has the function of land cultivation with the functional unit ha. This function is in particular relevant for the protection of the local environment as for example from the pollution of groundwater. The third function, the creation of an income, has the functional unit Euro.

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The LCA results show a better environmental performance per ha and per MJ of miscanthus, willow and meadow compared to both energy and conventional crop rotations. Nitrate leaching is especially low for the perennial crops. The results over the entire life-cycle are highly influenced by the chosen disposal or recycling pathway of the residues left over after fermentation (fermentation substrate back to field) and combustion (ash to landfill). From the economic point of view, crops allowing a good harvest when cultivated extensively are becoming interesting given the current framework and the growing demand for bio-energy. The results of this project might motivate decision-makers to support perennial energy crops in sensible groundwater zones and therefore give an additional incentive for bio-energy production. PESTSCREEN: SCREENING, SCORING AND RANKING PESTICIDES BY LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT APPROACH (TU 3.06); Juraske, Ronnie1; Huijbregts, Mark2; Antón, Maria3; Castells, Francesco1; 1 Universistat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain ([email protected]); 2 Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; 3 Assumpció IRTA, CABRILS, Spain Keywords: pesticide, LCIA, ranking, screening, score A chemical ranking and scoring method entitled PestScreen has been developed as a screening tool to provide a relative assessment of pesticide hazards to human health and the environment. The method was developed to serve as an analytical tool in screening and identification of pesticides of environmental concern used in agriculture. PestScreen incorporates both the toxic effects of pesticides and their fate and exposure characteristics in different compartments of the environment. This is done by combining measures of chemical toxicity pertaining to both human health and the environment with chemical release amounts and information on overall environmental persistence, long-range transport potential and human population intake fractions, calculated using multimedia models. Each measure is scored to provide a single final measure of relative concern (PestScore). Results for 217 pesticides are presented and the practical implementation of the method is illustrated on behalf of three practical case studies including herbicide, insecticide and fungicide applications in the frame of integrated pest management of tomatoes in Spain. As pesticide groups, herbicides show the lowest impacts while insecticides obtain the highest PestScores indicating a higher level of concern in terms of human and environmental health. The obtained results show that the relative impact scores are highly dependent on the selection of a specific pesticide for pest management and for this reason integrated production of tomatoes can be improved by a careful selection of the pesticides applied. The method described may easily be used for determining the most environmentally friendly active ingredient prior to application, thus leading to better management and decision-making conserning pesticide use. MANAGEMENT INTENSITY, CROP YIELD, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: INTEGRATION OF AGRONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCES (TU 3.07); Hayashi, Kiyotada1; Nemecek, Thomas2; Scholz, Roland W.3; 1 National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan ([email protected]); 2 Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland; 3 Natural and Social Science Interface, Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Keywords: intensive agriculture, yield function, impact function, ratio model, additive model An increasing global food demand may necessitate the increase of crop yields by intensifying agricultural practices. However, intensive agricultural practices are considered to be the cause of environmental degradation, which in turn will endanger the food production in the long run. The challenge for the future is therefore to reconcile a high agricultural productivity with environmental protection. In this paper, we present two eco-efficiency models for explaining the relationships between the intensity of agricultural management, crop yield, and environmental impacts using the following two functions: a yield function that maps the intensity (e.g., nitrogen input) on yield and an impact function that maps the intensity on the environmental impact. In the first model (the ratio model), the efficiency is defined as the ratio of the value of an impact function to that of a yield function, which is the typical approach used in product LCAs. In the second model (the additive model), the efficiency is defined on the basis of both an impact-yield function (a composite function of the inverse of a yield function and an impact function) as a frontier curve and a trade-off rate as a preference of the decision maker. After presenting a typology based on the convexity of the impact-yield function and the sensitivity of the ratio model to the range, the relationship between management intensity and environmental impacts is analyzed using the examples from a field experiment on fertilizer rates, a long-term field experiment, and a field experiment on sequential fertilizer application. The results show that the best type of agricultural method (intensive high-yield agriculture or extensive low-yield agriculture) is determined by the convexity of the impact-yield functions, although it is also dependent on the ranges of the yield and impact functions. The framework developed in this paper will be useful in interpreting the results of the previous LCA case studies in agriculture.

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LCM IN AGRICULTURE: FARM LCA AS BASIS FOR AN EFFICIENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (TU 3.08); Gaillard, Gérard1; Müller, Georges2; Dux, Dunja1; Hersener, Jean-Louis3; 1 Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 ArGe Natur und Landschaft, Hergiswil, Switzerland; 3 Ingenieurbüro Hersener, Wiesendangen, Switzerland Keywords: life cycle management, life cycle assessment, agriculture, farms, SALCA By promoting LCM thinking in agriculture one is faced with three major difficulties: i) Almost all measures meant to promote a more environment-friendly agricultural production are based on prohibition (e.g. pesticide authorisation procedure) and standards to be kept (e.g. organic farming rules) defined by authorities and/or private associations. Furthermore, the theoretically free choice of the farmers in environmental questions is restricted by their financial dependence on the governmental measures (e.g. direct payments). In general, a farmer has no direct or complete feedback on his individual impact on the environment. In other words, he is not invited to think by himself how he could produce more environment-friendly, but he rather does what others thought for him. ii) Farms, especially in countries like Switzerland, are very small enterprises, generally run by a family with very little manpower, and often with an insufficient economic structure. Despite a high level of education, farmers have not enough financial and time resources to perform an active, individual environmental management system on their own. iii) In contrast to most industrial processes the environmental impacts of a farm are also dependent on very variable external factors like soil type or fluctuation of climate requiring a specific treatment. The project LCA-FADN (Life Cycle Assessment – Farm Accountancy Data Network) aims at solving these difficulties by developing LCA tools adapted to farms and building an education pilot network of 300 farmers together with agricultural extension services and accounting offices. Based on the LCA method SALCA (Swiss Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment) of ART, following tools were or are currently developed: Ø Electronic data collection by use of an extended version of the software AGRO-TECH® used by farmers for the documentation of their technical farm data Ø Semi-automatic data flow with validation steps and plausibility checks to guarantee data quality and completeness Ø Improvement of the SALCA calculation tools for a direct use by agricultural extension services Ø Implementation of a result interpretation system in order to derive individual recommendations with little effort. Based on a benchmarking with farms in similar conditions (regions: plain/hill/mountain; cultivation: organic/conventional farming; type of faming: main production branch), the farmer gets an individual written feedback (with a vertical analysis of the environmental performance of his farm on the time scale) and can take part in regional information meetings (with anonymous horizontal comparison with similar farms). On a long term, the project with three years data collection should encourage farmers to LCM thinking for their own environmental management as well as extension services to apply the developed tools in their provision of services. The results of the project after the first year of data collection, LCA calculation and individual written feedback will be presented. CONSIDERATION OF FOOD LOSSES IN LIFE CYCLE APPROACH OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN (TU 3.09); Schneider, Felicitas1; 1 BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Institute of Waste Management, Vienna, Austria ([email protected]) Keywords: food waste, life cycle, food industry, retail, household Food is an essential part of our everyday life, it affects physical and mental ability, health, well being and social integration and is affected by tradition, religious canons, ethical considerations and others. As every person in Europe consumes over 700 kg of food (without beverages) per year, we spend a lot of time, money and resources to produce, process, transport, buy, prepare and eat various kinds of food. Thus food consumption has an important environmental impact and therefore a lot of life cycle assessment studies have already been conducted, dealing with the environmental impact of specific food products, diet options or food on national level (see Taylor, 2000; Jungbluth, 2002; Engström, 2004). Aside the overall results of those research activities, it is interesting how food losses along the life cycle of food are considered. Food losses begin on the farm where harvest often is done selectively to leave small or misshapen products in the field. In food processing industry, whole sale and detail a lot of products have to be discarded because of spoilage, improper packaging, damage or expired shelf dates. On household level also different kinds of food waste occur such as preparation discards, plate waste, spoiled food and products with expired shelf dates. The latter is discarded only partly consumed or with even unopened packaging. Studies indicate that this fraction accounts for 6 to 12 percent of household waste (see Wassermann and Schneider, 2005). Andersson and Ohlsson (1999) stated a loss of up to 25 % of bread at the household level.

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The paper discusses the different data base of food losses used (reference date, result of calculation or empiric inquiry, general or product specific etc.) and assumptions concerning food losses by reviewing different LCA studies from literature for some food products, diet options or national food supply systems. Whenever possible, the share of food losses on the overall impact results is shown. The impact of food losses on the environment during different waste management options is presented to show the potential effects. The consideration of large quantities of surpluses of food which are wasted within LCA for countries or larger regions is also discussed. ECOPROM : ECODESIGN OF MEMBRANES (TU 3.10); Osset, Philippe1; Marache, Marie1; Gesan-Guiziou, Geneviève2; Rabiller Baudry, Murielle3; Froelich, Daniel4; 1 Ecobilan – PricewaterhouseCoopers, Neuilly sur Seine, France ([email protected]); 2 UMR 1253 STLO INRA-Agrocampus Rennes, Rennes cedex, France; 3 UMR 6226 CNRS Univ. Rennes I, Rennes, France; 4 Locie-Seram Ensam, Laboratoire Optimisation de la Conception et Ingénierie de l'Environnement, The goal of the presentation is to introduce a starting eco-design project in the food industry, by focusing on the way Life Cycle Thinking has been taken into account in its definition. The food industry must take an increasing number of criteria into account when designing their products and production processes. In particular, environmental issues and consumer demand are becoming critical. On the one hand, food industry effluents represent a great part of the total load of industrial waste waters (approx. 20%). On the other hand, consumers are asking for products of irreproachable safety and quality. Membrane techniques are attractive for their low environmental impact and their relatively small investment and operating costs. Moreover, they are remarkably appropriate for the fractionation of molecules. Membrane techniques could therefore represent a good alternative or complement to more polluting and costly operations. These ingredients are at the root of the development of functional foods (food with health benefit) area. As the dairy industry is especially interested in the fractionation of milk proteins, this project will essentially focus on the two major whey proteins which are alpha-lactalbumin and béta-lactoglobulin. In order to propose innovative membrane operations with the purpose of designing more efficient and environmental friendly fractionation processes, it is essential to simultaneously investigate the performances of membrane operations (in terms of selectivity, permeability, product functionality, cleanability) and give new insights into the actual environmental impacts of such operations: i) Investigation of the mechanisms involved during the filtration: The impacts of the membrane operation on the structure, and consequently, on the functionality of the protein(s) involved will be investigated. At the invert, the protein structure modifications induced by the filtration also directly affects the operation performances, particularly through fouling phenomena, and this aspect will also be explored. Results obtained in bioengineering (fractionation process design) and biophysics (structural characterization and functionality) indeed showed that: - the expression of molecule functionality can depend on the separation operation(s) involved in its recovery, - the functional properties of a specific protein are often non-reproducible. This first step, based on a fundamental study of the mechanisms implicated during the separation, will allow suggesting innovative ways for the preparation of new fractions with specific functionalities. ii) Definition and the use of a specific eco-design methodology to assist the process design: A specific eco-design approach will allow us to bring new elements for the final process conception and will assist in finding the optimum operating conditions for the process to be run. In that respect, all the criteria pertaining to the process, ranging from product quality/functionality to the environmental impact and food security will be considered. The results from the proposed research should allow the professionals from the food industry and more particularly from the dairy industry to access knowledge and methods, which will permit them to install more competitive membrane-based processes. We believe that the methodology developed in this project could, in the long run, constitute a reference for the eco-design of other food processes. Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Products (UN-)SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENTS OF PRODUCT SYSTEMS (1800-2000): LESSONS LEARNT ABOUT TRANSPORT AND HEATING IN BELGIUM (TU 3.11); Spirinckx, Carolin1; Vercalsteren, An1; Geerken, Theo1; 1 VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium ([email protected]) Keywords: sustainable production and consumption, LCA, transport, heating In order to make the concept of sustainable development more concrete and well founded for product systems and to study the relation between sustainable production and consumption, VITO has performed a study in collaboration with the History Department of the University of Brussels, co-financed by the Belgian Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy. The developments for four basic needs (bread, water, transport and heating) regarding production and consumption over the period 1800-2000 are determined and interpreted. This will illustrate the three dimensional nature of

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the concept of (un-)sustainability with some concrete easily understandable examples. By studying the production as well as the consumption, the trend in for instance total environmental pressure can be determined over the last two centuries and it will become clear how and to which extent efficiency improvements in the production have compensated for the growing consumption. Production and consumption are being considered as complementary aspects of (un)sustainability. We look back in time because of the importance of creating a better understanding of the historical development of (un)sustainability within particular product systems. This will help to determine which factors have an influence on sustainability as a whole. The presentation at the LCM2007 will focus on the (un-)sustainability developments of the cases “transport” and “heating houses”. In the transport case vehicles used for people transportation over land are considered, being on foot, by bicycle, by train and by car. The environmental aspects related to transportation over the last 2 centuries are combined with socio-economical aspects over these years, like extent of the road network, accidents, real prices, share of transport in total expenditures. This allows us to draw general as well as more specific conclusions regarding the sustainability developments of transport over land between 1800 and 2000. When assessing the heating of single-family houses over the past two centuries several changes could be determined: houses got bigger, although ceilings got lower; central heating systems replaced stoves that had already outnumbered open fires; wood scarcity made people look for other energy sources like coal, oil and gas; isolation became an issue as of the 1970’s and the average number of people per household has been declining since the beginning of the twentieth century. By combining the outcome of the environmental assessment with socio-economic historical trends we came to a number of conclusions regarding (un)sustainability related to the heating of houses in Belgium. In the study modern LCA-techniques were used to determine environmental impacts. This methodology is useful to make a systems-based understanding of sustainable consumption and production, because of its ‘cradle to grave’- approach. Every aspect of the product system is being analysed. The environmental impacts are combined with the outcomes of research on socio-economic trends in order to map out changes in consumption patterns and to explain these changes. Since both the environmental and socio-economic aspects are regarded over the past two centuries, we will be able to provide valuable information concerning the three-dimensional concept of (un)sustainability on a micro level over the past two centuries. TRACKING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CONSUMPTION : AN ECONOMIC-ECOLOGICAL MODEL LINKING OECD AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (TU 3.12); Friot, Damien1; Erkman, Suren2; Steinberger, Julia2; Jolliet, Olivier3; 1 Laboratory of Applied Economics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Institute of Land Use policies and Human Environment, University of Lausanne, Lausanne; 3 University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, United States of America Globalization and the related growth in trade provoke socio-economic as well as environmental changes. There currently exists a need to shed new light on international responsibilities relating to the environmental impacts of consumption and related trade patterns. This is all the more urgent due to the emergence of new challenges such as the development of new production-consumption patterns (increasing separation of production and consumption sites, growing share of developing countries in international trade) and the limited attention received by atmospheric pollutants in international debates compared to their importance on daily life. The relationship between consumers in developed countries and affected citizens in developing countries should be explored with new tools and databases, extending the existing assessments of consumption. The project “Tracking environmental impacts of consumption: Linking OECD and developing countries for risk analysis and related pressure’s alleviation” supported by the RUIG-GIAN (Geneva International Academic Network) aims at quantifying the role played by Germany and USA, through consumption, in the environmental impacts in India and China. It builds up on interdisciplinary bases to develop a multi-region, multi-pollutant exchanges model providing a world vision of the transfer of pollutants embodied in goods and through the atmosphere. The model reports on the current state of the environmental degradation due to atmospherical pollutants like sulphur, particles and dioxin and identify the links between three different actors: the producers of the goods (emitters of pollution), the benefiters of the goods (consumers) and the ones who eventually cope with the pollution (either one of the trade partners or a third party). The added value of the present project is its interdisciplinarity by linking three specific modules in a consistent way: a new economic input-output model to represent international trade and production chains, a new world multi-media multi-fate pollutant model to acknowledge for trans-boundary dispersion of atmospherical pollutants (an extension of IMPACT02), and an impact assessment model for weighting pollutants according to their damages on ecosystems and human health (based on IMPACT02+). The underlying allocation scheme is a classical consumption (industrial ecology) perspective which relates all direct and indirect environmental impacts along the production chain of a good (upstream emissions for energy and materials, manufacturing, transport, disposal) to the final consumer.

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This prototype modeling is a first step to answer questions like: “What is the magnitude of the emissions induced nationally and in foreign countries by the consumption of a representative consumer?” and, “Where do pollutants transfer and are they affecting a third party?” or “Which are the areas particularly affected by OECD consumption & which are the concerned sectors and products?”. Results will be used to inform the public, reducing the psychological distance between actors, and to identify areas for alleviation policies or fair trade based on a feeling of proximity and environmental issues. This presentation will show results of the project for Germany, USA, India and China and demonstrate how it extends the existing assessments of consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE JAPANESE TRADING BEHIND HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION (TU 3.13); Nansai, Keisuke1; Kagawa, Shigemi2; 1 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan ([email protected]); 2 Faculty of Economics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Keywords: household, consumption, trade, input-output analysis Japanese economic activities are maintained through consumption of large amounts of natural resources, most of which are imported. Currently, not only the imports of natural resources but also those of manufactured products have increased. Through increased imports of manufactured products, domestic environmental emissions related to production of those products can be obviated. However, for commodities with very high import ratios, stability in supplying those commodities to Japan must more or less depend on political and economic situations in their exporting countries. Control of such high-import-ratio commodities is less reliable than for domestically produced commodities. Household consumption involves not only directly purchases of the imported commodities but also indirectly requires them as intermediate demand goods for household commodity production. It also directly and indirectly generates CO2 emissions through such production chain. We therefore examine current Japanese household consumption patterns from perspectives of both domestic environmental emissions and stability in material flows or in material supplies to Japan. This study combines the Japanese input-output table with Trade Statistics of Japan. Input-output analyses demonstrated comprehensive linkages among household consumption, environmental emissions including CO2, and countries exporting those commodities. This study evaluated the stability of material supplies, with particular emphasis on the number of their exporting countries and their economic and social conditions. AN INTEGRATED MODEL FOR EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HETEROGENEOUS CONSUMER BEHAVIOR (TU 3.14); Kondo, Yasushi1; Takase, Koji2; 1 Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan ([email protected]); 2 Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan A new integrated analytical model for evaluating environmental loads induced by consumption is introduced. The model consists of two components: one is the hybrid LCA and LCC tool termed the waste input-output (WIO) model (Nakamura and Kondo, 2002, J. Ind. Ecol.; Nakamura and Kondo 2006, Ecol. Econ.) and the other is one of the economics models describing consumer behavior. The environmental load for each product due to consumption can be evaluated by the WIO model in a manner similar to the conventional input-output model in LCA. These environmental loads are related to the upstream of the three stages of consumption (purchase, use, and disposal). In addition, the prices of goods and services including waste treatment are calculated, given industrial technology and consumers' lifestyle. In the consumer model, meanwhile, given prices, income, and time, the consumers are assumed to choose their activity levels of consumption "technologies" which maximize their utility. A consumption "technology" is expressed as a set of products and time necessary to achieve some purpose, such as eating and transportation. When consumers change their consumption patterns in consideration of environmental problems, the industrial output induced by their own consumption also varies simultaneously. The change in industrial output leads to the change in market price and consumer's income as well as the change in the environmental loads induced by industrial activities. Furthermore, the change in market price and consumer's income might make consumers change their consumption patterns. Namely, the newly developed model has a feedback loop in which the change in consumption patterns might change the consumption patterns themselves. The feedback loop is expected to explain a part of the so-called "economy-wide rebound effects," as well as both time and income rebound effects. The heterogeneity in consumers' preference and income level is also properly dealt with in our model because it likely causes different environmental impacts. An application of the developed model to Japanese data will be presented.

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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT COMBINED WITH EXERGETIC ANALYSIS IN CANE SUGAR PRODUCTION ANALYSIS (TU 3.15); Contreras, Ana Margarita1; Dewulf, Jo2; Rosa Domínguez, Elena1; Van Langenhove, Herman2; Pérez, Maylier1; Santos, Ronaldo1; 1 Central University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Cuba ([email protected]); 2 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), sugar production, environmental impact, sugar production by-products, exergetic analysis The evaluation of the environmental sustainability of a technological option requires the consideration of the complete product life cycle. By using the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment, it is possible analyzing the environmental problems of sugar industry through all stages of the process, and different options for the by-products valorization. In this work, an analysis is made which allows evaluating the environmental impact of four different alternatives for using by-products and wastes of the cane sugar process by means of Life Cycle Assessment with the SimaPro 6.0 LCA software, combined with exergetic analysis for quantifying the resources consumption. Results show the advantage of combining both methods and environmental benefits of producing alcohol, biogas, animal food and fertilizers from the sugar production by-products. LCA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR SURFACE FUNCTIONALISATION (TU 3.16); Benveniste, Gabriela1; Perucca, Massimo1; Baldo, Gian Luca1; Ruggeri, Bernardo1; 1 Clean NT Lab (Environment Park) & Life Cycle Engineering, Torino, Italy ([email protected]) Keywords: PVD, APGDBD, energy mix, surface functionalisation Context: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology and approach is presented as the result of a project analysis applied to the specific context of hyperfunctional surfaces production. The objective of the LCA is to investigate the available and future technologies on a comparative basis with specific reference to their environmental life-cycle burden. Nowadays, most of the processes used for surface functionalisation have a high environment impact due to the use of large amounts of water, energy and chemical solutions. The aim of the innovative plasma technologies is to achieve comparable or enhanced surface functionalities with respect to traditional treatments, as well as providing environmental friendly processes. Evaluation of the environmental burden through LCA analysis at process design stage provides the development of the most eco-efficient surface treatments. Objectives: This work aims at comparing alternative technologies for surface functionalisation and analysing how the origin and type of energy, input materials employed and emissions of each process may affect the overall environmental burden estimation, for what pertaining new processes under development, how these parameters may influence the comparative assessment for existing processes . Surface functionalisation representative processes are considered for the treatment of thermolable and thermoresistant substrates applied in the textile and food processing industry. Main low pressure plasma processes considered are Physical Vapour deposition (PVD), Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour deposition (PECVD), for atmospheric pressure plasma processes Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD). Innovative plasma processes are compared to wet processes for surface coating and treatment. The considered functionalities are wear resistance, chemical barrier, oleophobicity and hydrophobicity. Methodological procedures: The main characteristics of the study can be summarised as follow: - most of the data used during the model implementation are primary, that means that have been collected on site by using ad hoc questionnaires, realised by Clean NT Lab division of Environment Park (EP). Secondary data, obtained by databases, previous analysis or published report, have been used with regard to the production and delivery of energy carriers (electricity, natural gas, etc.) and to the production and delivery of all raw materials entering the production plants. Specifically three different scenarios have been considered: Italy, France and European-Average energy mixes - the comparison between the different functionalisation technologies with different energy mixes provided a first order approximation result; - the software Boustead Model V5 was used as calculation model and as the main source of secondary data. Main results and comments: The results will be provided following the ISO 1400X standards regarding impact assessment: that is to say, giving an evaluation on the Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification, Eutrophization and Photochemical pollution, as well as a complete view of the consumption of raw materials and natural resources. Moreover, in order to provide a complete scenario of the applicability of studied technologies , the it has been studied the variation on the GWP while varying the origin and types of electricity production sources using three different examples. The analysis shows that the implementation of renewable energy sources for plasma technologies would mean, the exploitation of the cleanest technology nowadays available.

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Scenario Analysis ECOPUBLICITÉ : A TOOL TO INTEGRATE LIFE CYCLE THINKING IN MEDIA MIX SELECTION (TU 4.01); Osset, Philippe1; Lambert, Sylvain1; Audouin, Alice2; Ghoumidh, Anis1; 1 Ecobilan – PricewaterhouseCoopers, Neuilly sur Seine, France ([email protected]); 2 MPG, Suresnes, France Keywords: advertising, communication, selection LVMH and the French EPA, together with MPG (The Media Planning Group, belonging to Havas, see http://www.mpg-france.com) and Ecobilan – PricewaterhouseCoopers have decided to set a partnership called Ecopublicité, a project set to measure the environmental impact of the media. The goal is to enable companies to evaluate and optimise the environmental performance of each of their advertising campaign. MPG and Ecobilan teams develop the methodology based on ISO 14040, with the support of the French EPA and LVMH for testing them. TV, boards, press, leaflets, internet and the radio will be assessed. The environmental impact indicators selected for the project encompass GhG emissions, waste, energy and resources consumption, water consumption… The tool will be available on-line (Web, at http://www.ecopublicite.com) during July 2007 with two versions: one, simplified and access free will enable the user to get GhG and waste related to one campaign. The full version, with all indicators and the possibility to store parameters and compare campaigns will be available upon licence. The performance of each campaign will be calculated on the basis of the service provided, i.e. the audience. This project will be followed by the second project which aims at measuring the social impact of marketing campaign. The presentation will develop the methodology which has been established, and the way the companies will include the assessment in their media selection decisions, through the tests done with the French EPA and LVMH. The presentation will focus also on how MPG will integrate Ecopublicité in its classical consulting approach. EXPANDING THE ASSESSMENT OF RESOURCES IN LCA (TU 4.02); Weidema, Bo1; 1 2.-0 LCA consultants, Copenhagen K., Denmark ([email protected]) Keywords: resources, capital, productivity, future scenarios, social impacts Assessment of damage to resources (resource depletion or dissipation) has hitherto been limited to natural resources, and in particular mineral resources. However, damage to human resources, social resources, and manufactured resources can be assessed with the same methodology that has so far been applied to natural resources, namely the assessment of future costs caused by current activities. As the value of a resource is its ability to sustain future production and consumption, the damage can be measured in terms of lost opportunities for production and consumption, which can most practically be expressed in monetary units. Applying the same methodology to all types of resources provides for a consistent assessment, and reveals that the current damage to human, social, and manufactured resources is of much larger importance than the damage to natural resources. SCALE UP EFFECTS WITHIN PROSPECTIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (TU 4.03); Caduff-Kinkel, Marloes1; Hellweg, Stefanie2; Köhler, Annette2; Althaus, Hans-Jörg1; 1 Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Keywords: emerging technologies, pilot plant, prospective LCA, scale up, Innovation process Recently, life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology or biomaterials, have gained attention. However, effects caused by the scale up of laboratory processes to a full-scale plant are hardly considered in conventional LCA studies. In order to environmentally assess and compare technologies which are under development, prospective approaches need to be implemented in the existing LCA method. LCA studies made during process development are usually based on information from laboratory or pilot plant scale processes since no commercial plant is yet in operation. Data from pilot plants are generally well investigated and of high quality. However, the process itself usually changes during scale up, hence changing the life cycle inventory (LCI) data accordingly. Consequently the results from a pilot plant LCA do not necessarily correctly predict the environmental impacts of an industrial production. In this paper, an innovative model for adapting LCI data to the scale up of processes is presented, which heaves the LCI data from different stages of processes up to a commercial development stage and thus improving the predictive quality of LCA studies considerably. This paper focuses on the scale up effects of pilot plant processes for the production of “biofuels”. It shows which LCI data is robust against scale up and which data or process types, like end-of-life treatment or co-production might change during scale up. A conversion algorithm is presented in order to model the sensitive parameters to an industrial scale. For developing the model, data on energy use, raw materials, production costs and other process parameters were collected for innovative alternative energy production systems. These findings allow to more systematically understand the effect of scale up. Prospective LCA studies in early stages of innovative

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process development are improved by integrating scale up behavior in the assessment. With this knowledge, current established inventories can be refined to represent industrial operation more adequately. In this way, a sensitive data gap between pilot-scale and commercial-scale data can be bridged for a sound comparison of technology options. CONSEQUENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT INCLUDING SOCIO-TECHNICAL CHANGE (TU 4.04); Jonasson, Karl M.1; 1 Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden ([email protected]) Keywords: consequential environmental assessment, LCA, socio-technical change, emerging technologies There are various ways to perform environmental assessment of emerging technologies, to be used as a base for decision-making. For instance, direct effects of a technology investment can be assessed, as in consequential studies, or the environmental impact in a number of possible future scenarios can be calculated, using an attributional approach. Here, we propose a consequential approach that includes socio-technical change, to account for contributions of an investment to system change and the resulting improvements (or deterioration) in environmental performance. We have earlier performed a socio-technical analysis of the development of alternative transport fuels in Sweden, both in a historic perspective and with scenarios for the coming years. Our aim was to investigate how new technologies emerge and grow, and how investments in one technology affect the growth of others. The results show for instance that a research program on coal gasification in the 1970’s, or an investment in a few ethanol buses in the 1980’s, have far-reaching effects on the development of alternative fuels in general. New actors are involved and institutions are adjusted that are in favour of the technology concerned (and related ones), thus stimulating further investments in new (and improved) technologies. Accordingly, some of the resulting environmental improvements could be allocated to early investments, and we would like to pose the question of how this could be accounted for in environmental assessment of emerging technologies. To illustrate this issue by an actual example, we use published LCA data to calculate the environmental impact of the use of ethanol as a vehicle fuel in Sweden at three points in time: 1990, 2005 and 2020. First, for each year, this will give us the LCA results traditionally used as a base for decision-making. Then we look at the factors related to socio-technical change: How does the environmental impact change between the years, both per functional unit and when looking at the total use of petrol and diesel replaced? These changes are compared with the LCA results for the three years to highlight the proportions, and it is discussed how they could be taken into account when performing and using environmental assessment as a base for decision-making regarding strategic technology choice. ALL BIOMASS IS LOCAL: USING LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF BIOFUELS (TU 4.05); Dale, Bruce1; Kim, Seungdo1; 1 Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: biofuels, biobased products, sustainability, white biotechnology, life cycle analysis, agroecosystem modeling A variety of political, social, environmental and economic factors are driving the increased use of renewable fuels, specifically ethanol and biodiesel. Ethanol from corn is slated to rise to about 10 billion gallons per year in the United States during next few years, with an eventual ceiling of approximately 15 billion gallons per year or so. Further expansion of fuel ethanol capacity will depend on the conversion of cellulosic materials to ethanol. As we enter a new era of increased biofuels use, sustainability issues related to these fuels are receiving increasing attention. Some of these issues, including effects on soil organic matter and greenhouse gas emissions are relevant and important. Other issues such as the so-called “net energy” debate are irrelevant at best and misleading at worst. This presentation deals with some of our key findings using life cycle analysis to better understand key environmental issues surrounding biofuel production. We find that the environmental characteristics of the agricultural ecosystem are complex, highly variable and that they dominate the overall system performance to a far greater degree than has perhaps been previously appreciated. For example, in all corn ethanol production systems studied by us (38 counties in 8 different Corn Belt states) by far the dominant greenhouse gas is nitrous oxide generated at the farm level. Carbon dioxide generation is comparatively small. Thus the widespread notion that biofuels are inherently carbon neutral may be seriously mistaken. Fortunately, it should be possible to minimize nitrous oxide production (and simultaneously increase soil organic matter levels) by relatively straightforward agricultural system modifications such as the use of winter cover crops. Tradeoffs must also be considered. For example, removal of corn stover for cellulosic ethanol production will reduce soil organic matter but will improve greenhouse gas emission profiles and also minimize acidification and eutrophication potential. Biofuels can indeed provide large environmental improvements versus the status quo. However, fully realizing their potential will require careful planning and thought. Easy generalizations and sloppy thinking will not achieve the economic and environmental benefits we desire. Life cycle analysis

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combined with flexible, well-founded models of the agricultural ecosytem and the biorefinery provide the rigor needed for making well-founded choices in our emerging biofuels industries. A HARMONIOUS BALANCE BETWEEN USE AND CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: FUTURE POLICY FOR MANGROVE IN THAILAND (TU 4.06); Moriizumi, Yue1; Hondo, Hiroki2; 1 Keio University, Tokyo, Japan ([email protected]); 2 Yokohama National Unviversity, Yokohama, Japan Keywords: life cycle approach, mangroves, scenario approach, sustainability, trade-off Sustainable policy for natural resources is required, especially in developing countries. Our goal is to give decision-makers information that contributes to policy making on the use and conservation of natural resources. We propose a method and simulation model to explore sustainable policy for natural resources, considering both environmental and socio-economic impacts. A developed simulation model, which uses an input-output table, allows for assessing life cycle impacts of the introduction of technologies using natural resources such as forests, especially focusing on two main dimensions: local socio-economic (e.g. employment, income) and global environmental dimensions (e.g. climate change). The effectiveness of our method and the simulation model is demonstrated by an illustrative case. A harmonious balance between use and conservation of mangrove forests in Thailand is explored. Life cycle impacts of two cases, the use of mangrove woods for charcoal making and the conservation, are evaluated to contribute to sustainable mangrove management in the future. THE FUTURE OF MINERALIC SECONDARY PRODUCTS FROM CONSTRUCTION WASTE (TU 4.07); Spörri, Andy1; Binder, Claudia2; Lang, Daniel J.1; Scholz, Roland W.1; 1 Natural and Social Science Interface, Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Social and Industrial Ecology, Dept. of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland A significant part of waste generation is caused by the building and construction industry. In Switzerland, construction waste accounts for more than half of the waste totally generated in 2004 (11 mio. tons out of 17.32 mio. tons). Besides the avoidance by careful planning and design in the construction phase, the recycling of these materials after deconstruction is a promising option to conserve scarce landfill capacity and to counteract the depletion of primary construction materials, such as e.g., gravel, which is used as raw material in the production of various mineralic construction materials and plays a significant role in groundwater protection and, thus, in drinking water supply. In Switzerland, about 80% of the overall construction waste is currently recycled, in the Zurich region even about 90%. The demand of secondary construction materials is dominated by the excavation sector, whereas the building construction sector demands the subordinate part. In the near future, an increase of building construction activities and, hence, in the amount of generated construction waste is expected. As material recycling just makes sense in the case of a sufficient market for secondary products, their demand has to be assured in the future in order to keep the recycling rate on the current level. Against this background, the cantonal environmental agengy of Zurich (AWEL) together with the Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED) at ETH Zurich launched the project “Scenarios for waste management planning”. The aim of the project was to provide an overview on possible market constellations of mineralic secondary materials in 2018 by considering different possible developments of economic and societal context characteristics. The applied method was the Formative Scenario Analysis (FSA), which is a formal, nine-step procedure for the construction of scenarios representing possible future states of a considered system. The scenario construction involved an expert workshop, in which crucial expert knowledge of different stakeholder was integrated in order to identify the crucial system variables for representing the system. Each of these system variables was then characterized by three possible future states, representing linear trend respectively two types of extreme developments. This created the base for constructing a huge number of scenarios, out of which the six most different and at the same time consistent ones were selected. The results indicate that a significant increase in the demand of secondary materials by the building construction sector is required in order to maintain the current recycling rate, if the amount of construction waste inreases such as predicted by linear trend models. Many potential applications of mineralic secondary products in the construction building sector need higher material qualities regarding physical characteristics and pollutant concentrations than in the excavation sector. An enhanced use of secondary products therefore requires their image to be equal than that of primary construction materials. Besides the aforementioned quality characteristics, competitive prices of recycled materials have to be attained in order to raise their demand by the building construction sector. Finally, it is shown how these scenarios can be used in practice for waste management planning.

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APPLICATION OF LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY (LCI) AND LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT (LCM) METHODS AS USEFUL TOOLS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) MANAGEMENT SCENARIO ANALYSIS UNDER UNCERTAINTY (TU 4.08); Bieda, Boguslaw1; 1 AGH-University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle inventory, life cycle management, Monte Carlo simulation, Crystal Bal The purpose of this paper is to assess the economic feasibility of the waste to energy pyrolysis facility designs for City of Konin, in Poland and to use internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) measures to evaluate two new gasification plant projects (two scenarios) based on the American and Australian gasification technologies including a fifteen-year income statement projection, and applied LCI substitution principle. LCI substitution approach is based on the basic concepts of inventory to consider that inventories can also be financial resources. The paper study uses stochastic modeling to predict the sensitivity of the IRR and NPV values to changes in various analysis parameters. A practical uncertainty analysis method for determining input parameter uncertainties is based on sensitivity analysis, which should indicate how sensitive the results of the study are to data include. In this paper, the MC simulation method was used for the sensitivity analysis. Usually the overall uncertainty of a LCI can include: • input data required to make an economic evaluation • probability of success • capital and operating costs • waste and gas/electric energy prices The Monte Carlo sampling was done using an Excel® spreadsheet modified to develop scenarios for inputs given the probability distributions, means values, etc. and Crystal Ball®, a software package offered by Decisionnering, generates random numbers for a probability distribution over the entire range of possible values, based on the assumption variables. The purpose of a large number of Monte Carlo simulations is to provide an understanding of the uncertainty of the LCA/LCI results. Most stochastic investment project models show that projects request more resources than expected. Traditional methods cannot answer the important questions of: how likely are we to overrun? and where is the risk in the project The new Polish environmental strategy emphasizes the principle of sustainable development and it encourages the government of Konin to develop a waste management plan for their communities based on the use the technology for a gasification with waste to energy system. Two scenarios has been chosen: American Gasification System (design at 200 T/D), and Australian Gasification Process MSW-biomass fuel process (design at 240 T/D, with initial operation at 180 T/D). Conclusion: 1/ Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) decision support systems using Monte Carlo simulation with the Cristal Ball® analysis tool, spreadsheet add-in software, is a practical methodology for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management under uncertainty. An important benefit of the approach is that it permit use of the stochastic models to predict the sensitivity of the NPV of the new waste to energy gasification plants based on the American and Australian gasification technologies including a fifteen-year income statement projection. 2/ 2. Several LCI models for waste management are in advanced stages of development. LCI models do not make the decisions. Present study using LCI substitution approach based on the basic concepts of inventory to consider that inventories can also be financial resources, can provide an approach to waste management Decision Support Systems. 3/ The research described in this paper can also serve as the basis for future work. The potential directions for future research is to continue using risk assessment for analysis in LCI models for waste management decision support systems under uncertainty, because this technique accounts for uncertainties in the assumptions, and to introduce the sensitivity analysis in LCI data collection to aid in the optimization of design aspects in the waste management systems. USING A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TWO TREATMENT SYSTEMS OF FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS (TU 4.09); Maya Altamira, Larisa1; Schmidt, Jens Ejbye1; Baun, Anders1; Hauschild, Michael2; 1 Insitute of Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark ([email protected]); 2 Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark, Keywords: food processing industry, wastewater, life cycle assessment, scenario analysis Feasibility evaluation of wastewater treatment plants’ designs & operation strategies is nowadays done in a plant-wide perspective. Environmental concerns regarding energy consumption and sludge disposal are the main drivers to consider pre/post-treatment units in these evaluations. Existing criteria involve sludge disposal strategies and electrical energy consumption. However, there is a need to develop a systematic methodology to quantify relevant environmental indicators; comprising information of the wastewater treatment system in a life cycle perspective. Also, to identify which are the parameters that have the greatest influence on the potential environmental impacts of the systems analyzed.

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In this study, we present a systematic methodology for the analysis of the operation of two modern wastewater treatment technologies: Biological removal of nitrogen and organic matter by activated sludge (Scenario 1), and anaerobic removal of organic matter by a continuous stirred tank reactor (Scenario 2). Both technologies were applied to wastewater coming from a fish meals industry and a pet food industry discharging about 250 to 260 thousand cubic meters of wastewater per year. The methodology comprises three major steps: (i) Data gathering regarding wastewater characteristics and discharge, (ii) Simulation of the wastewater treatment plant’s operation by dedicated process engineering models in Matlab/Simulink, (iii) Classification and calculation of life cycle inventory data: removal efficiencies, area occupied, ancillaries consumption, energy balances, sludge production, and effluent characteristics by a Matlab script. The classified data is then fed into a generic model developed in GaBi software v.4.1 SP 8 where production of ancillaries, energy production grids, and production of fertilizers are balanced, normalized & weighted using EDIP 97. The functional unit was defined as an annual averaged volumetric person equivalent (P.E.=0,2 m3 d-1). Person equivalent is a term which results more familiar to wastewater engineers and many plant designs are expressed in that unit. The system boundaries were limited from the influent entering the wastewater treatment plant until the disposal of the effluents generated, i.e. wastewater, sludge, and biogas (for Scenario 2). Main differences between Scenario 1 & Scenario 2 were: (i) Effluent quality was 65% better when pet food wastewater was fed into the anaerobic tank whilst for fish meals wastewater was 83% better when fed into nutrients removal plant. (ii) Energy balance turned favorable only for the fish meals wastewater by anaerobic treatment producing 0,06 kWh PE-1 after energy for mixing has been utilized. (iii) Area occupied by nutrient removal tanks was bigger by at least 10 times in order of magnitude to area occupied by anaerobic tank. It was observed that in most of the weighted environmental impacts, fish meals wastewater turned into higher values. This may be due to high nitrogen concentrations in the influent which increases electricity consumption, causing higher global warming, acidification & nutrients enrichment impacts. We also noticed that sludge volumes and sludge quality were related to nitrogen and suspended solids concentrations in the influents simulated. Therefore, the sensitivities of different influent parameters over the weighted environmental impacts were investigated and quantified. Sustainable Settlements VERDAL – ACHIEVING A SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY THROUGH COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION (TU 4.10); Haskins, Cecilia1; 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Nesttun, Norway ([email protected]) Keywords: sustainable community, case study, sustainable growth Verdal is a small community in mid-northern Norway, with a culturally significant historical tradition dating back to 1030. The town has reinvented itself to keep abreast of changing times; moving from an agriculturally based economy to a mixed use region with both heavy and light industrial neighbors. The changes have been mostly evolutionary and unscripted until 1999 when a downturn in the business of the largest employer threatened the welfare of the entire community. Today, Verdal is one of the most stable communities in Norway. To remain that way, they are embarking on a new initiative to ensure sustainable growth. This paper provides a case history of how national investment in a region in crises, combined with regional collaboration between government, the community and regional businesses let to an upturn in population and local economic welfare. The focus of the research is on a small incubator and the successful firms that have been established, and in turn have created value for the community – in the form of jobs, and needed services. Young entrepreneurs with innovative new ideas have been attracted to Verdal because of the strong support in the form of advice and financing available in the area. To continue this growth after the national funding is stopped at the end of 2007, the public and company leaders have been inspired by the concepts of sustainable development as a way of defining growth in terms of value versus volume. Outreach to neighboring communities, including nearby towns in Sweden is beginning to yield results. This paper introduces a framework for collaboration and a mechanism that allows the stakeholders to track their progress toward becoming a sustainable community.

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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOGAS-TECHNOLOGY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY AS A GRASS-ROOTS INITIATIVE: A PRACTITIONERS REPORT ABOUT 5 YEARS OF INDEPENDENT DISSEMINATION OF SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY IN LESOTHO (TU 4.11); Lebofa, Mantopi1; von Waldow, Harald2; 1 Technologies for Economic Development, Maseru 100, Lesotho ([email protected]); 2 ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Keywords: biogas, developing country, adapted technology, decentralized energy production, waste-management, ecological sanitation The small Maseru based NGO “Technologies for Economic Development” (TED) was established in 2002 with the main focus to disseminate fixed-dome biogas digesters. By now, TED has build more than 70 digesters, which all are in operation. They are mainly domestic-size installations in the peri-urban vicinity of Maseru, but also larger-size constructions to serve up to 30 people have been build. The scalable digester design has been developed for over 20 years. It is adapted not only to the typically encountered technical and cultural conditions of operation, but to also to the locally available materials and skills. The biogas is used for cooking and eliminates the health hazard and environmental impact associated with the use of firewood which it substitutes. The digestate is used for irrigation and fertilization of the vegetable garden and dramatically increases the yield of domestic food production. The digester also serves as on-site sanitation solution and replaces usually malfunctioning septic tanks, which discharge untreated wastewater into the environment and are associated with comparatively high costs of operation. TED's construction activities are completely demand driven and not subsidized. This ensures that only technology which can stand its ground in the market place is actually implemented. We regard this principle as a mandatory check to ensure that our technology is sustainably adopted by the customers and has the potential to become a self-propelled business which will create employment opportunities in Lesotho and generally will have a positive impact on Lesotho's economy. This has worked out well so far, the demand for the digesters currently exceeds TED's capacities. While this has been mainly a success story, TED now has hit barriers to growth which are caused by lack of infrastructure, brain-drain and lack of skilled workforce, particularly in the area of business-management. Persons and organizations from countries of the North have sporadically provided help to remedy acute problems and improve specific aspects of TED's operation, but they have largely failed to help overcome structural problems which prevent TED from expanding its activities to the next level. The principles of self-sufficiency and demand-driven activity, which we think are responsible for our success so far, are possibly also the reason for our inability to harness effective support from development-agencies. TED is neither a typical development-aid dependent NGO, which can implement whatever fits the current agenda of the donor-agency as long as everything is paid for, nor can TED muster the professional resources of established profit-oriented businesses, which are necessary to take part in public-private-partnership programs. DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF MINERAL MATERIALS BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF ZURICH (TU 4.12); Schneider, Martin1; Rubli, Stefan1; Gugerli, Heinrich2; 1 Wertstoff-Börse GmbH, Schlieren, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Fachstelle nachhaltiges Bauen, Amt für Hochbauten der Stadt Zürich, Switzerland Keywords: material flows, mineral materials, resource management, recycling The city-parliament of Zurich adopted the political emphasis for the period 2006 to 2010. One of the five topics is the long-term strategy towards the 2000-watt-community*. In the context of this goal the city administration would like to have a scientific model for the mineral materials used in the city of Zurich. In the broader sense the city of Zurich is a stock of different mineral materials, stored in buildings, streets, water supply and sewage disposal. The active use of these stocks means that the large quantities of the material flows from dismantling should be used as recycling-materials for construction and refurbishment processes. Since the buildings and roads reach a life span of 30 to 100 years, the effects of today's building activity become recognizable after decades. With a dynamic resources-model long term tendencies can be quantified today and misleading trends could be corrected at an early point. The goal of this project is to develop a tool for the city administration in order to optimize the resource management in building construction and civil engineering. Furthermore, scenarios of the future development of the city will be calculated to show the corresponding material and energy flows. Finally, the use of the mineral resources can be coupled with energy-values and LCA-data to assess their contribution to a sustainable material handling. To achieve this goal the present material stocks and flows of the city of Zurich (buildings, roads and civil engineering) will be collected in a data base. Buildings, roads and pipes are distinguished by their utilisation and the year of construction to estimate their composition of materials they are made of. The resulting volumes and masses for the whole city are then calculated by means of an input-output-analysis using the given volume of a building, the area of a street or the length of a pipe, respectively.

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In total we will work with data of 55’400 buildings, 8.3*106 m2 roads and more than 3’800 km civil engineering systems. Yearly ratios for construction, maintenance, refurbishment and dismantling result in the annual flows of mineral materials. To assess the energy demand and environmental impact the material flows can be coupled with LCA-data-bases. In a second phase of the project, dynamic modelling will be used to calculate the material flows of different scenarios. The scenarios will cover possible future developments of the city and therefore the results of the dynamic modelling will show the consequences of different resource management strategies. The project is now in the starting phase. First results will be presented at the conference. SUSTAINABLE CITY OF ZURICH - ON THE WAY TO THE 2000-WATT SOCIETY (TU 4.13); Lalive, Annick1; Gugerli, Heinrich1; 1 Fachstelle nachhaltiges Bauen, Amt für Hochbauten der Stadt Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]) It is the aim of the city council of Zurich to develop the city to a sustainable "2000 watt-society". For the building department this means that sustainable buildings must be planned and managed. Over the last 5 years the city of Zurich has actively adopted the aspects of sustainability in the development of new projects. In 7 significant steps ("7 Meilenschritte") a procedure and different instruments were developed to realise the guidelines of sustainable buildings. The experiences and results from 30 architectural competitions have been evaluated and introduced. The realisation of a 2000-watt society requires, however, further development of these principles. First buildings for this standard are being planned (hospital, old people's home). Results of a study of the city of Zurich exist which evaluates the experiences of 10 buildings of public and private investors and basic principles for planning and managing suitable buildings for a 2000-watt society are presented. Metals ALUMINIUM MASS FLOW ANALYSIS AND CO2 EQUIVALENT MODEL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (TU 4.14); Martchek, Ken1; Bertram, Marlen2; 1 Alcoa Europe, Brussels, Belgium ([email protected]); 2 European Aluminium Association, International Aluminium Institute, Brussels, Belgium Keywords: Aluminium Mass Flow Analysis and CO2 Equivalent Model of the European Union An evaluation of the environmental effects must include not only the use phase of a material, but most also consider material production, fabrication, and end-of-life recovery. Therefore, classical life cycle assessments help quantify the relative environmental or natural resource requirements of various alternatives for a specific component or product (functional unit) such as a truck wheel or a mobile phone. However, to estimate the cumulative environmental effects and sustainability of any material industry requires a broader assessment of the life cycle flows, requirements and benefits of the entire material. A comprehensive aluminium mass flow model was created of the European Union (EU), including domestic and trade flows, to better understand past, current and anticipated flows in EU25 countries. By coupling these aluminium mass flows with average CO2eq intensity data developed from detailed surveys of all major primary aluminium producers, recyclers, extruders and rolling mills and considering the light weighting benefit of aluminium in transport, the model is able to give a full picture of the CO2eq balance for aluminium in the EU on an annual basis. Results of the model help to characterize the annual production and “direct emissions” from aluminium facilities operating in the EU25. In addition, the ‘indirect” effects of electricity and material supplies to the industry and the value of aluminium to consumer products can be estimated. The model permits the use of different assumptions to assess the impact on various future production scenarios, technology changes, and benefits from the increased use of aluminium products and aluminium recycling. LINKING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS FOR DESCRIBING THE LIFE CYCLE BENEFIT OF MATERIALS (TU 4.15); Ilg, Robert1; Broadbent, Clare2; 1 University of Stuttgart, LBP, Dept. Life Cycle Engineering (GaBi), Echterdingen, Germany ([email protected]); 2 EUROFER, Brussels, Belgium Keywords: life cycle analysis, life Cycle benefit, MFA, recycling, cycle of material For industry sectors producing materials with significant recycling potential the life cycle view (including end of life) is of high interest to point out this life cycle benefit of their materials – from an economic but also an environmental point of view. Precise and reliable data on the recovery and recycling rate of the materials at the end of life of the final goods compared to the material initially introduced to the market is indispensable to quantify this life cycle benefit. Even though the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is an appropriate tool to outline the economy- or sector-wide material flows, the challenge is to give a sector related and/or economy specific answer

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on the closed cycle of materials. The reason behind this is the cross-linking and interrelation of the different sectors of industry as well as the openness of the economy. One sub-goal of the EUROFER IPP project, undertaken in the context of the Integrated Product Policy (IPP), was the collection and compilation of MFA data for the main steel sectors in Europe in order to produce precise and acceptable results to describe the European steel flows – with specific focus on the sector-specific recycling rates. The recycling rate, as defined in the EUROFER project, is the product- or application-specific ratio of the amount of steel recycled compared to the steel introduced to the system initially. The main challenges to be faced within the EUROFER sub-project on MFA - European Steel Flow - were due to the fact that data on scrap arising is sector specific and is almost impossible to obtain because of unknown cross flows between sectors. The paper and presentation will discuss this challenge as well as the chances and limits given in using MFA to describe the life cycle benefit of materials with high recycling potential and makes clear, that a high quality and comprehensive database is essential for calculating recycling rates for the main steel sectors. THE IMPACT OF MATERIAL CHOICE IN VEHICLE DESIGN ON LIFE CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (TU 4.16); Geyer, Roland1; 1 Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: climate change, vehicle leightweighting, recycling, consequential LCA There is broad scientific consensus that reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions should be one of the main efforts in addressing anthropogenic climate change. In the USA and many other countries, a significant amount of GHG emissions comes from the transportation sector, in particular from the use of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Since contribution analysis shows that between 80% and 90% of a vehicle’s life cycle GHG emissions occur in the use phase, reduction efforts naturally focus on improving fuel economy. However, it does not follow that there is no need to adopt a life cycle perspective to ensure that policy or management decisions yield net emission reductions. A well-known case is the displacement of steel with other materials to reduce vehicle weight and thus use phase emissions. This presentation reports renewed modeling efforts based on a critical review of previous studies and ongoing efforts to collect up-to-date data. It emerges that life cycle assessments of this issue still suffer from data uncertainties, whose significance is demonstrated through sensitivity and scenario analyses. More importantly, however, studying the GHG impact of material choice in vehicle design clearly shows the limitations of the most-widely used type of life cycle assessment (LCA), namely attributional LCA. Attributional analysis is designed to quantify the environmental impacts of existing product systems. Technological changes like the potential large-scale deployment of a new automotive material need to be asses by prospective rather then retrospective methodologies. Consequential LCA is designed to do just that. Consequential analysis guides the choice of appropriate inventory data and resolves allocation issues. The analysis presented here supports the view that consequential LCA is more scientific than attributional LCA, but also burdened with all the additional uncertainties of predicting the behavior of complex systems. LIFE CYCLE INVENTORIES OF GOLD FROM ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING ACTIVITIES IN PERU (TU 4.17); Valdivia, Sonia1; 1 Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima, Peru ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle inventories, gold, artisanal, small-scale mining, Peru Rich in mineral resources, the Peruvian Andean and Amazon regions are frequently exploited by means of labour intensive and inefficient artisanal and small-scale mining practices. Moreover, these operations are associated with high adverse social and environmental impacts. The social and economic importance of these kinds of mining activities lies on the number of families employed. As per gold extraction, artisanal and small-scale mining accounts for 15% of total extracted mineral, employs 30,000 families and is mostly mercury-based for amalgamation purposes. This study presents two Life Cycle Inventories (LCIs) of Gold production: for one small-scale alluvial extraction case in Mazuko – Madre de Dios (Amazon region) and for one cluster of artisanal underground mining activities in Ayacucho - Santa Filomena Mine (Andean region). In both cases the concentration was made via amalgamation. Finally, a discussion on data uncertainty of presented LCIs and recommendations for the development of LCIs under similar conditions are outlined.

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WEDNESDAY LCM in Emerging Countries DISSEMINATION OF LCA APPROACHES IN TRANSITION COUNTRIES OF SOUTH-EAST EUROPE (WED 1.01); Glisovic, Srdjan1; Zikic, Vesna1; 1 University of Nis, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Nis, Serbia ([email protected]) Keywords: dissemination, transition countries, know-how transfer Transfer of technology and know-how into emerging markets is usually motivated by new business opportunities. However, by sharing LCM experiences knowledge exporting countries could trigger far reaching benefits for both sides and the European region as a whole in terms of environmental protection and efficient resource use. While beneficiary country can built up its own scientific potential and relevant databases based on foreign waste experience, the experienced partner countries could establish a new long-lasting network for future activities and joint-ventures in the region. The region of South-East Europe and particularly Western Balkans area is quite specific in terms of geopolitical position toward European Union and integration processes. The countries of the region are in different stages of transition and integration, with social and economic development not equalized region wide, while many of them share common trade agreements one of which is recently adopted CEFTA. Bilateral trans border agreements have been signed on many topics, but life–cycle data have not been collected on regional, supra national level in some organized manner so far. The lack of broader knowledge on LCA principles and application is noticeable region wide. Environmental issues are of particular importance for South-East European countries in transition process. Some adverse impacts of forthcoming consumerism cannot be averted and could hit hard vulnerable societies and weak economies. Integration and mainstreaming of life cycle thinking by a wide range of local, national and international bodies is obviously needed. Vulnerable societies should not remain passive waiting for environmental impacts to strike, but should undertake adaptation, based on acquired knowledge about livelihoods and resources. LCA based adaptation measures are most likely to be successful in dealing with issues of social development, environmental protection and sustainability. Life-cycle approaches are part of the daily industrial and business activities in industrialized countries of EU. Hence, a lot of experience was gained in practice, involving various players from governments, economy and academia. The aim of introductory dissemination of LCA practices to south-east European countries would be to strengthen the potential of target country’s carrier of LCA activities and thus provide a regional partner that forwards life cycle thinking potential towards local industry, research, education and administration. Dissemination of LCM should start with a kind of “training for trainers program” directed toward specific target groups of multidisciplinary background, since several studies have proven that only self-sustaining approaches are successful on the long run. The LCA “training for trainers program” tailor made for regional audience should commence with introductory course starting from the basics of life cycle concept. Further, participants should be provided with practical experience in form of appropriate case studies based on LCA and major methodological issues necessary for reviewing or undertaking LCA. LCA “training for trainers program” should be designed for professionals (policy makers, managers, designers, engineers, and environmental specialists), and educators interested in understanding, teaching or practicing Life Cycle Assessment. LCA IN BRAZIL - FROM CRADLE TO CILCA 2007 (WED 1.02); da Silva, Gil1; Kulay, Luiz Alexandre1; 1 Anderi USP, São Paulo, Brazil ([email protected]) Keywords: international markets, scenery of LCA, Latin America “Life Cycle Thinking is a philosophy necessarily to be adopted in the way to sustainability.” “Life Cycle Assessment is an environmental tool to be necessarily adopted, at least, by those organizations and countries whom intend to ocupy a consolidated position in international markets.” The conscientization in both guesse s directed different sectors of Brazilian society to start actions towards the creation of conditions to consolidate LCA use in Brazil. This paper describes the way traversed by the Brazilian life cycle community from the beginning of the 1990’s until CILCA 2007, last February in Brazil. It is presented also a critical analysis of this trajectory, showing to the international life cycle community ours “rights and wrongs” aiming exhange experiences with those that are ahead of us – and can be “benchmarked” by us – as well as with those that, like us, are still in the beginning of the road. The first organized effort was an industrial sector initiative: the creation of an LCA sub-committee in the environmental standards Brazilian group, in 1993. At the begining of this century, the governamental sector, through the Science and Technology Ministry, leaded endeavours that resulted both: the project “Life Cycle Inventory for Environmental Competitiveness of Brazilian Industry” and the seeding of the Brazilian Life Cycle Association.

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As in the rest of the world, also the academic sector is playing its role. In 1998 it was concluded the first extensive Brazilian LCA study, by a research institute. Nowadays, there are a significative number of institutions and academic researchers involved in different aspects of LCA. The paper presents also scenery of LCA in Latin America, as viewed in CILCA 2007. ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION FOR LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF GOODS AND SERVICES IN AFRICA (WED 1.03); Okaka, Wilson1; 1 Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda ([email protected]) Keywords: communication campaigns, technology transfer, standards, audits and policy The objectives of the article are: (1) to present the current national environmental policy issues and options on LCM for sustainable goods, services and processes in Uganda,(2) to identify the current status of LCM innovations and technologies in Uganda, (3) to describe the key social and economic factors affecting the performance of efficient LCM systems for sustainable environment, (4) to present the key variables for designing and delivering public communications campaigns for effective dissemination of LCM innovations and technology transfer to the urban and rural end users in the African Union, and (5) to discuss the criteria for North-South technology transfer for LCM framework innovations for the African Union. The main tools for data collection are: surveys, national bureau of statistics data, interview schedules, national policy and legal documents, international conventions, project and investment documents, university teaching curriculum for environmental communication for sustainable goods and services at Kyambogo. The results indicate: a profile of key policy, legal, technical, and institutional challenges for the diffusions of LCM in the national economic sector of most of the African countries; the current weaknesses and opportunities for policy and legislations reforms, technology transfer, research and development in LCM for sustainable goods, services, and processes in Uganda; the prospects for developing public awareness campaigns for LCM strategies for Africa. The paper’s tentative conclusions LCM is a vital tool for sustainable development, the basis for strategic policy and decision-making, a sound investment development move; a major technology transfer issue, and an environmental justice imperative which, calls for the knowledge creation and development; raising, and sustaining public awareness and education across Africa and internationally. CAPACITY BUILDING FOR A NATIONAL BRAZILIAN LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY DATABASE: HIGHLIGHTS & EXPERIENCES FROM A SWISS-BRAZILIAN COLLABORATION (WED 1.04); Ugaya, Cassia1; Hischier, Roland2; Rodrigues, Delcio3; da Silva, Gil Anderi4; 1 Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil ([email protected]); 2 Empa / Technology & Society Lab, St. Gallen, Switzerland; 3 Instituto Ekos, São Paulo, Brazil; 4 USP, São Paulo, Brazil Keywords: life cycle inventory, national datasets, capacity building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) proves to be a key method for a successful implementation and application of the principle of sustainable development. Several studies showed that the most time and capital consuming stage of LCA is information gathering, named Life Cycle Inventory (LCI). In Switzerland, a well documented and transparent public LCI database (ecoinvent) has been developed since the 90’s containing LCI information for commonly used materials, energy carriers and services (e.g. transportation, waste treatment). As a consequence, organizations in Switzerland, but also in other countries, can perform LCAs much more quickly and with a better recognition due to the quality controlled LCI data in ecoinvent. The management of this national LCI database is achieved by Empa – a Swiss federal research institute. In Brazil, a great interest in LCA emerged in this century and since February 2005, Empa, together with Brazilian partners, is conducting a capacity building project towards a national Brazilian LCI database funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). The capacity building project was separated in three different phases, each with one or more workshops. In the first phase, the focus was on a general overview of LCA methodology and an introduction into the Swiss quality guidelines for establishing LCIs, the EcoSpold data format, the organization of the ecoinvent project, the technical part of ecoinvent, and possible technical solutions for Brazil. By the end of this first phase, it was agreed that the focus of the second phase would be on the training of players out of the Brazilian LCA community in order to achieve the ability to establish an own national LCI database compatible with the ecoinvent philosophy. Thus a second workshop in two parts took place. In the first part, the steps for establishing own LCI dataset and the adaptation of quality guidelines to the situation in Brazil were presented. Afterwards, the Brazilian participants collected information of LCIs of aluminium, fertilizers and bioethanol following ecoinvent’s steps, which were presented and discussed during the second part of this second workshop. Then, a critical view was thrown on the review procedure of ecoinvent and possible strategies towards a Brazilian LCI database were discussed. The last workshop, closing the third phase, takes place in February 2007 with a project presentation to the public, in connection with a conference and a roadmap towards Brazilian LCI DB.

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This presentation here will highlight the experiences and lessons learned during the above described project, its outcomes, as well as the discussion of quality guidelines for the future national Brazilian LCI databank. An outlook on the next steps towards this final objective of a national LCI database for Brazil will be given as well. DEVELOPMENT OF A LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR BRAZIL (WED 1.05); Maia de Souza, Danielle1; Roberto Soares, Sebastião1; Magno de Paula Dias, Alexandre1; Rodrigues Sousa, Sabrina1; 1 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis, Brazil ([email protected]) Keywords: Life Cycle Impact Assessment, LCIA methods, impact categories, regionalization, characterization The use of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is highly dependent on regional aspects. Nowadays, in general, the existing LCIA methods are specific to OECD economies, especially Western Europe, Japan, Australia and United States of America. However, due to distinct environmental relevance of regional and local impacts and different aspects, such as climatic, geographical, social, political and economical conditions, there is a need to increase the emphasis on methodologies that are particularly relevant to other regions in the world, such as Latin America. The aim of this work is to develop a specific Life Cycle Impact Assessment method, more accurate and reliable, for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies in Brazil, according to particular environmental problems that need to be addressed. The first step consists of the identification and analysis of key elements of some of the existing LCIA methodologies, such as midpoint and endpoint categories, areas of protection, category indicators, characterization factors and models. Aspects of normalization, grouping and weighting are also taken into account. As a second step, the different methods are compared and analyzed according to their efficiency in evaluating environmental impacts in Brazilian conditions. The methods are mainly compared according to their mandatory and optional elements, but aspects such as regionalization are also considered on the evaluation. Subsequently, based on the previous steps - mainly on the identification of key elements of existing methods -, midpoint and/or endpoint categories, characterization factors and models are selected. New categories and other elements are also proposed, according to the Brazilian environmental context. As a last step, the proposed method is to be validated by means of a specialist panel, considering, for example, the pertinence of the chosen elements. This procedure will also be done through the comparison of results obtained by the application of other methods. The desired and expected result is a reduction in uncertainties in life cycle assessment studies on the Brazilian biotic, abiotic and toxicological conditions, by addressing main local and regional environmental impacts. NATIONAL REPORTING DATA AS A REFERENCE FOR LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT - EXPERIENCES IN GERMANY (WED 1.06); Warsen, Jens1; Bauer, Christian1; Schebek, Liselotte1; 1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, ITC-ZTS, Karlsruhe, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: UNFCCC, reference data, LCI The consistent modelling of world wide life cycles and industrial processes within product systems is challenging facing the differences in data quality and availability across economies. Especially the lack of data to characterise relevant parts of product systems in emerging countries distort the significance of life cycle studies in these countries but also in more developed countries. On the other hand the number of policy directives and national legislations entering into force regarding the reporting of environmentally relevant data for companies and economies is increasing. This development enhances the availability of data and may contribute to close relevant gaps in life cycle studies. In order to establish process information for life cycle studies by using reporting data a case study has been conducted to explore possibilities for data integration within Germany. Amongst specific national data sources with international relevance has been taken like e.g. the National Inventory Report (NIR) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This framework is related to the Kyoto Protocol that has been ratified by 168 countries and ensures consistency for data collection, calculation and reporting for greenhouse gases. From a life cycle perspective some drawbacks are obvious: the number of reported emissions is not sufficient, inputs are missing completely. Additionally the national aggregation allows a characterisation of processes only in exceptional cases. Therefore a direct utilisation of such data is not possible. However, reporting data is found to be useful to estimate the order of magnitude for relevant emissions, as reference value for selected processes and to deliver significant background information to assess the appropriateness of available generic data sets. Within the paper the use of national reporting data as reference data for Life Cycle Management is illustrated and discussed especially in view of the applicability for emerging economies.

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AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS AND POPULATION'S LIVING CONDITION IMPROVEMENT IN NORTH NIGERIA (WED 1.07); Schwab Castella, Pascale1; Blavot, Christophe2; Erkman, Suren1; 1 Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 EIC, Paris, France Keywords: industrial symbiosis, Africa, cement, agriculture Background : This project takes place in the West African context, more precisely in the north of Nigeria. The population is essentially rural and particularly poor. The production of cement is the only industrial activity in the region. The cement factory, belonging to the Lafarge group, presently requires around 200t of fossil fuels per day (petrol and coal). Goal, and Scope definition : In an industrial ecology perspective, this project explores the potential of substitution of up to 10% of the fossil energy (petrol and coal) required for the cement factory by using biomass as a fuel. Simultaneously, the projects aims at improving the living standard and food security of the population around the factory. With respect to agronomic and social particularities of the region, different types of crops are evaluated to reach these goals: jatroffa, sunflower, cotton, etc. A feasibility study evaluates the economical viability of new agro-industrial activities to be implemented, the identification of potential investors and operators. One additional objective of this project is to develop a model of operation for the Lafarge group (one of the largest building materials company in the world) for possible replication in other developping countries. Methods : The basis of the evaluation is a material flow analysis of the cement factory and of the surrounding region, and and evaluation of the energetical potential of various crops. Conclusion and Perspectives : This work shows the potential gains and limitations of creating agro-industrial symbiosis in developping countries, in terms of environmental impact reduction, securing and optimizing energy supply for the compainy, diversification of revenue and improvement of the level of living for rural population. SOIL NITROGEN DEPOSITION CALCULATION FOR DETERMINING ITS INCIDENCE IN TERRESTRIAL EUTROFIZATION IN MENDOZA ARGENTINA (WED 1.08); Arena, Alejandro1; Civit, Barbara1; 1 Pablo Universidad Tecnologica Nacional - Facultad Regional Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina ([email protected]); Keywords: LCIA, terrestrial eutrophization, characterization factors While the use of LCA in developing countries is increasing, the awareness about the limitations of the most widespread LCA methodologies and tools should be raised in order to avoid misleading conclusions, at the same time as the local knowledge is being built up. With this aim during the last year a work has been carried out for studying the influence of using very well known LCIA methodologies in the regional context, comparing their outcomes with the results obtained using regional characterization factors developed for different impact categories for the arid region of western Argentina. In this paper we present and discuss the model used for calculating the soil Nitrogen deposition in Mendoza (Argentina). In this phase only the NOx emissions are taken into account, considering both fixed and mobile sources for the calculus of the annual concentration in mg/m3, which was obtained using the ISC 3 program (US EPA). The main fixed sources are located in the Lujan de Cuyo Industrial Park, while for the mobile sources the vehicular traffic in the metropolitan area of Mendoza is considered. The annual concentration is then converted into deposition index, which values are then used in a Geographic Information System - GIS (ArcView 3.2®). The deposition is then compared with the threshold calculated for garlic, a typical agricultural product of the Argentinean western arid region. This product has been chosen due to its economic importance, the covered area, and the available information regarding its production management and annual yields. The garlic sensibility to eutrophization is established according to the Nitrogen threshold values that the product can cope with without relevant declination in its annual yield. The threshold value for garlic was found to be 297 Kg N ha-1 (Gaviola and Lipinski 2002). It must be considered that the region is characterized by soils with Nitrogen deficiencies (200 – 600 mg•kg-1) (Gaviola et al, 1998; Gaviola et al, 1991). The Nitrogen deficiency should be provided by fertilizers. In these conditions, the Nitrogen deposition is not causing eutrophization until the threshold value is reached. MATERIAL FLOW NETS AND GREEN COFFEE PROCESSING IN COSTA RICA (WED 1.09); Bull, Kirsten-Verena1; 1 ifu Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: environmental performance evaluation; environmental management information systems, umberto, green coffee processing, costa rica The coffee bean is a desired ingredient for various coffee beverage types all over the world. Coffee reached second place as commodity traded in world market after petroleum. Some 71 countries and an estimated amount of 25 million families in the world earn their living in connection to coffee.

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Due to structural changes in the coffee market, prices have reached low levels in recent years. Thus, dependent on the country, the present coffee sector is faced with difficult labour conditions, critical financial situations, a decrease of quality of exported green coffee beans, and undesired environmental impacts connected to coffee production activities. A range of efforts have evolved to cope with and improve this situation. Besides retention schemes and legal regulations, quality and sustainable coffee certification schemes have been established in the coffee market by private, public or multi-stakeholder initiatives. Here, also ISO 14000ff. norms have been applied to certify environmental performance. In Costa Rica, several beneficios (green coffee processing plants) have already achieved or are applying for certification by ISO 14001. The objective of environmental information systems is to process the mass of collected environmental data in a way that they are possible to apply in routine environmental administration and strategic decision making. In this context, the concept of material flow networks for modelling material and energy flows in the production domain has been developed at the University of Hamburg (Germany), at the Faculty of Informatics. With this information basis, input/output-balances, material flow - analyses and LCAs can be performed for utilization within material flow management/eco-controlling for improved corporate environmental management. A computer-based EMIS-System implementing the material flow net approach as its core concept is Umberto, a software-tool developed in cooperation between ifu Hamburg GmbH (institute for environmental informatics) and ifeu Heidelberg GmbH (institute for energy and environmental research). In a diploma thesis of the author at the University of Hamburg (Germany) in cooperation with the Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE, Costa Rica) and ifu Hamburg GmbH, the possibilities and requirements of application of Umberto and the underlying concept of Material Flow Nets for environmental performance evaluation of green coffee processing plants are analysed and presented. The thesis focuses on beneficios in Costa Rica. During a stay in Costa Rica, relevant data for the modelling purpose have been collected in cooperation with local beneficios. Chief-proof reader of the thesis is Prof. Dr. - Ing. Bernd Page (University of Hamburg (Germany), Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Center for Architecture and Design of IT-Systems). Co-proof reader is Prof. Dr. Andreas Möller (University of Lüneburg (Germany), Faculty III - Environment and Technology, Institute for Environmental and Sustainability Communication). LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF CHOCOLATE PRODUCED IN GHANA (WED 1.10); Afrane, George1; Ntiamoah, Augustine2; 1 Koforiuda Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana ([email protected]); 2 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Keywords: LCA, chocolate production, cocoa supply chain, environmental impacts The Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a comprehensive tool for environmental management. Many companies have turned their attention to a life cycle approach in an attempt to understand the entire environmental impacts of their products. This paper presents an environmental life cycle analysis of chocolate produced in Ghana. The study was conducted in accordance with the international ISO procedural framework for performing and disclosing LCA results in the ISO 14040-14043 series. Special attention was paid to the cocoa supply chain in order to assess how the Ghanaian cocoa industry impacts on the environment. The product’s life cycle stages studied include cocoa bean production, bean transportation, industrial processing of bean and chocolate manufacturing. The product distribution and consumption phase of the life cycle was not included. The methodology used for the impact assessment phase is the CML 2001 (Centre for Environmental Science, University of Leiden) methodology for impact assessment. Data storage and analysis were performed by means of the GaBi 4 LCA analysis software awarded by the UNEP/SETAC LCA Initiative. The total environmental impacts associated with chocolate production and the relative contribution of each life cycle stage to the impacts are presented and discussed. The functional unit on which the analysis was based is the production of 1 kg chocolate. APPLICATION OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT IN THE ZIMBABWEAN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY (WED1.11) Mashoko Iivison1, Mbohwa Charles2, 1University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe ([email protected]), 2University of Johannesburg, Department of Quality and Operations Management, Johannesburg, South Africa Keywords: Energy, LCA, environment, pulp, paper This paper discusses the Life Cycle Assessment of newsprint paper in Zimbabwe's pulp and paper industry. The product system used for the study covers the production of raw materials, the pre- combustion effects of coal and of electricity production. The data from the production of newsprint at Mutare Board and Paper Mills, the largest paper mill in Zimbabwe, is used. Inventory analysis involved data collection and calculation procedures to quantify relevant inputs and outputs of product system. Original inventory data was acquired from the company primary documents. Some of the data was collected through the use of questionnaires, from literature and from databases. The impact categories that were considered in the study are: acidification,

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eutrophication, ecotoxicity, human toxicity, global warming, non-renewable resource depletion and ozone depletion. All these impact categories Main emissions to air are a result of the burning of fossil fuel for the production of steam at the pulp mills and also during the production of electricity. Transportation of raw materials and coal account for most of the nitrogen oxides produced. The pulping processes and the paper making process at the mills are the most important consumer of non-renewable energy in the form of coal. The results of the LCI are used for mid-point impact assessment using SIMAPRO software. Recommendations to improve the environmental perfomance of the industry were given. INTEGRATING GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES IN LCM - ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER USE (WED 1.12); Pfister, Stephan1; Hellweg, Stefanie1; Köhler, Annette1; 1 Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: water Use, global perspective, LCIA, LCA When using life-cycle based assessment tools, all relevant emissions and resource consumption need to be evaluated. Nevertheless, water as a resource is not included in concepts such as LCA, because in North-Western Europe, where most of the prevalent impact assessment methods are developed, water scarcity and its effects are not an important environmental issue. This is also the case for most life-cycle inventory databases. For instance, “ecoinvent” includes almost exclusively data for Swiss agricultural production, which is in its structure and climate very specific. Water use is particularly relevant for high yielding farmland situated in dry climate zones. But also industrial water use needs to be considered, as it competes with traditional water users and regional ecosystems. This neglect of water use in life-cycle based assessments is at stark contrast to the environmental effects caused in many places. For example, shortage of clean water may restrict basic needs of hygiene and subsistence agriculture in emerging economies and developing countries. This presentation deals with water use and its effect comprising the large differences of vulnerabilities around the world for both, humans and ecosystems. Water use is differentiated by quality change, physical losses, and storage. Data about water use is available from concepts such as “virtual water” and “green water”, different case studies and reports of FAO and other international research institutes. The analysis of spatially distributed consumption patterns and water availabilities, applying global GIS models, showed that 2/3 of agricultural water use is occurring in areas with water scarcity, yet only 1/3 of industrial and domestic use. Based on this information, generic water stress factors are derived for various regions and damages to resources, human and ecosystem health are quantified. For instance, human health impacts, such as diarrhoea caused by shortage of clean water, are expressed in DALYs. The according DALY values were derived from correlation analysis of global water stress parameters and statistical health and socio-economical data from e.g. WHO. The results show that GDP and Human Development Index have a strong correlation with water related health impacts. This emphasizes the importance of social aspects and relevance of economic development, which defines chiefly the dependence on natural water resources. This presentation contributes to a better understanding of the impact of water use in a global perspective, considering environmental as well as socio-economic data. Thereby, an important gap in current LCA and LCM studies is closed, making such tools more appropriate for the worldwide application. LCA FOR GLOBALIZED PRODUCTION CHAINS: DATA REQUIREMENTS AND CHALLENGES FROM A TEXTILE CASE STUDY (WED 1.13); Steinberger, Julia1; Erkman, Suren1; Friot, Damien2; Jolliet, Olivier3; 1 Institute of Land Use policies and Human Environment, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Laboratory of Applied Economics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; 3 University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, United States of America Keywords: textile, production-consumption chain, China, India, energy infrastructure This work describes the challenges of applying Life-Cycle Analysis to a global production chain for textiles, accounting for specificities of cotton production in India and polyester in China as part of the project "Tracking Environmental Impacts of Consumption". Such location-specific LCA is promising for understanding the environmental costs and benefits of globalized production chains. Since LCI data is missing for most emerging countries, location-specific LCA requires the adaptation of available local studies and existing process LCA from Europe or the USA. In fact, since many of the machines and chemicals are identical in Europe, India and China, parts of the textile industry can be considered as standard factory processes. In this case, the major divergences in environmental impacts come from the surrounding infrastructure (the electricity, fuel, feedstock and transportation sectors) and pollution abatement (water treatment, exhaust filtration, waste disposal). Existing studies, however, usually report only aggregate primary energy data, in such a way that "relocating" the process for comparison is difficult, if not impossible. Moreover, standard software tools like Simapro allow great flexibility at the assembly stage, but not in production infrastructure (eg electric supply). This work describes the preliminary results from the globalized textile case study and argues for some adaptation in standard LCA reporting and software.

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PROMOTING ECO-EFFICIENCY FOR SME’S IN THE AFRICAN DYING INDUSTRY (WED 1.14); Dittrich-Krämer, Brigitte1; Kicherer, Andreas1; Wittlinger, Rolf1; Saling, Peter1; 1 BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: eco-efficiency, life cycle management, partnership project, emerging countries Promoting life cycle thinking and life cycle management in emerging countries is the goal of a partnership project of UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and BASF, the world’s leading chemical company. The project was initiated in 2002 with the goal of making eco-efficiency analysis available also for small and medium sized companies (SME’s). The eco-efficiency analysis is a tool developed by BASF that enables companies to analyze and optimize the environmental and economic performance of their products and processes over the whole life cycle. The aim of the partnership project is to help small and middle sized textile dye companies in Africa to improve and modernize their production systems according to international standards so they can work more efficiently and at the same time in a more environmentally friendly manner. The pilot phase of the project started in Morocco. Together with its partners, BASF has developed a software program for the textile industry. This eco-efficiency manager shows how the work processes can be fashioned in a more profitable and environmentally compatible manner on the basis of the eco-efficiency analysis. Thus the companies are able to calculate and compare costs and the environmental impact of their processes. The businesses are supported in their efforts by National Cleaner Production Centers (NCPCs) set up by UNIDO and UNEP. In the mean time, the project has been extended to other African countries and in several workshops and seminars UNIDO and NCPC employees and also managers from textile dying companies were trained by BASF to use the eco-efficiency manager. The EU Commission nominated the project for the "European Business Award for the Environment 2006". The Federation of German Industries (BDI) has awarded BASF for the project with the 2006 Environment Price in the category "Technology transfer to developing countries." In the presentation the model will be shown, the implementation will be demonstrated and the success factors will be discussed. For more detailed information please see http://www.corporate.basf.com/en/sustainability/global_compact/projekt_morocco.htm CASE STUDY FOR THE APPLICABILITY OF A NATIONAL LCI DATABASE IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT – THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF THE CHINESE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY, CALCULATED WITH THE SWISS LCI DATABASE ECOINVENT (WED 1.15); Hischier, Roland1; Streicher, Martin1; Eugster, Martin1; 1 Empa / Technology & Society Lab, St. Gallen, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle inventory database, china; WEEE, ecoinvent Production of Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE) is currently one of the fastest growing sectors in the global economy. Thereby China has become one of the most significant countries in production, consump-tion and exportation of EEE and recently also in the recycling of waste EEE (WEEE) which has been given a lot of publicity due to its social and ecological impact in several regions. In the framework of the “Sustainable Development: China and Global Markets” project, Empa is international expert for the part of identifying and quantifying the environmental impacts related to the life cycle of EEE products. In order to achieve the objec-tives of a minimization of the environmental impacts of production, trade and disposal of a complex sector like EEE, one product is examined as base case – the Personal Computer (PC). This product has been cho-sen as a PC represents already quite well the complete consumer electronics (CE) and information & tele-communication sector (IT). And in a second phase the findings of the case ‘PC’ can be extrapolated to fur-ther EEE products due to the fact that a PC includes already a large part of the critical points related to these further devices. However, there has been so far an enormous lack of quantitative information on material and energy flows related to the production and disposal of EEE. A broad and concise knowledge of processes in EEE produc-tion as well as expertise in structure and design of LCI databases are requested in order to establish this kind of information. But development and thus technological changes are rapid, and in-depth information is considered as very sensitive by the industry. All these reasons lead to the fact that until today, no systematic collection of LCI data about the production & disposal of the EEE sector has been established, neither for Europe nor for China. The urgent need to close this information gap has already been recognized and put into practice 2005 with the project “electronics @ ecoinvent” at Empa, a project for creating and integrating average LCI datasets of the production, use and disposal of EEE, its components and necessary basic materials into version v2 of the Swiss national LCI database ecoinvent. This presentation will show how the initially mentioned questions of the project in China can been answered by using an LCI database of a different economic region – i.e. the Swiss national LCI database ecoinvent (Version v2). Strengths but also weaknesses of this approach as well as

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respective consequences on the overall results of the above mentioned Chinese study will be shown and critically discussed. Waste Management ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL OPTIMA OF MATERIAL RECYCLING (WED 2.01); Doka, Gabor1; 1 Doka Life Cycle Assessments, Zuerich, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: environmental life cycle assessment, monetarisation, hidden costs, social costs, galvanizing sludge recycling The introduction of recycling technologies is often hampered by economical constraints and doubts over the environmental advantage of recycling schemes. Governmental agencies are interested in determining whether a recycling scheme really has environmental benefits and might be willing to distribute subsidies to economically help jump-start such schemes. In order to justify such subsidies it is helpful to demonstrate whether the scheme would be economically viable if full cost accounting would be applied. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment methodologies suitable to assess a wide variety of recycling processes are outlined and applied to two case studies (a) metal recycling from galvanizing sludge and (b) plastic recycling from agricultural sheets. Economical analysis and environmental life cycle assessments are performed to identify hidden burdens of primary material production. A range of possibilities to monetarise environmental damage potentials determined by environmental Life Cycle Assessment are proposed and applied. Investigated hidden costs are e.g. #) inferior workers health and security environments in many mining and refining sites, #) effects of deteriorating resource grades, #) resource production subsidies #) military expenses for resource production security, #) neglected long-term damages at mining sites from tailings. The sum total of externalities are found to be significant or even dominant compared to market prices. Including hidden costs, the comparison between primary material and recycling material is often found to shift considerably compared to micro-economical or simplified ecological assessments. The proposed framework is able to compare recycling processes with primary material processes, with other recycling processes or with a mixture of both, and determine whether recycling is advantageous over competing options. It is also possible to determine whether there are thresholds of recycling efficiency regarding the environmental and/or economical advantage of recycling. CASE STUDIES FOR LCA APPLICATION IN WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING (WED 2.02); Masoni, Paolo1; Barberio, Grazia1; Buonamici, Roberto1; Pergreffi, Roberto1; Scalbi, Simona1; Tommasi, Federica1; 1 ENEA - The Italian National Agency on New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Bologna, Italy ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, waste recycling, system boundaries The LCA methodology has a key role in the evaluation of environmental impacts of products over their whole life cycle identifying the priority of mitigation actions. It is also used for the analysis of processes, systems and for the perspective evaluation of technological innovations. In particular in the waste sector an important application is the comparison of different scenarios of product end-of-life. The studies developed in the “Laboratory of LCA and Ecodesign” of ENEA are finalised to the promotion of re-use, recycling and recovery through the comparison of different processes and innovative technologies. We think that is necessary to assess the environmental impacts (as first approach to sustainability assessment) of life cycle of innovative processes and technologies in a very early stage as preventive approach and in order to supply relevant information to the decision makers. In particular three case studies, all developed in cooperation with the proposers of new processes/technologies, are here presented: 1) recycling of polypropylene from packaging boxes: comparison of present situation of closed loop recycling whit an alternative scenario with production of pavement blocks; 2) treatment of bottom ash from municipal waste incineration plant: comparision of landfill (present situation) with conventional vetrification and with plasma torch treatment producing high value micro glass spheres (innovative process); 3) treatment of polishing sludge produced in the tile industrial district: comparison of landfill (present situation) with innovative recovering into building materials industry All the three case studies have common methodological problems, in particular related to the definition of system and time boundaries The system boundary expansion is a necessary choice to assess the best scenario between different options of waste treatment if the recovered waste substitutes a product already existent on the market. The issue on how set the time boundaries arises always when landfill is involved, as studies on landfills indicated that a significant amount of the potential pollutant remains in a landfill for a long timespans after waste placement (Doka G., 2003). From an LCA view point, landfills postpone emissions into the future but the remaining future pollution potential must not be ignored.

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The presented case studies show how the environmental sustainability of new processes and technologies for the waste management and recycling requires the solution of methodological issues as the expansion of system boundaries and of time boundaries. But the required effort is fully counterbalanced by the quantitative and reliable information that an LCA can deliver. This information is crucial for the sustainability decision making process at any level (technology developers, system managers, public authorities, etc.) BATTERY WASTE MANAGEMENT LCA (WED 2.03); Fisher, Karen1; Collins, Michael2; Aumonier, Simon2; Laenen, Pieter2; Garrett, Peter2; 1 ERM, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ([email protected]); 2 ERM, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Keywords: life cycle assessment, batteries, recycling, disposal At the end of 2004, the EU Council of Ministers reached agreement on a draft Directive on Batteries and Accumulators. This Common Position text includes a number of requirements for the collection and recycling of spent portable batteries. The aim of this study, commissioned by the UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), was to inform readers of the costs and benefits of various options for implementing these collection and recycling requirements in the UK. The study uses a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach with a subsequent economic valuation of the options. The LCA methods undertaken comply with those laid down in international standards (ISO14040) and, in accordance with these standards, has been critically reviewed by a 3rd party. To compare options for implementing the proposed Batteries Directive, the study considered the environmental impacts associated with the management of forecast consumer portable battery waste arisings in the UK between 2006 and 2030. This included the collection and recycling of all portable battery chemistries, with the exception of industrial and automotive batteries. The scope of the assessment included the collection, sorting, recycling and residual waste management of the waste batteries. Impacts relating to the production and use of batteries were excluded from the study. The environmental burdens (inputs and outputs) associated with each life cycle stage were quantified and an ‘offset’ benefit was attributed to the recovery of secondary materials as a result of recycling processes. The recovery of materials has environmental benefits through offsetting the requirement for virgin materials. An estimation of the magnitude of this benefit was made by quantifying the avoided burdens (input and outputs) of producing an equivalent quantity of virgin material. A total of nine implementation scenarios were created and these were compared with a tenth, baseline, scenario that assumed all batteries are managed as residual waste (89% landfill, 11% incineration). Key players in the battery waste management industry provided data on the materials and energy requirements of collection, sorting and recycling operations (including materials recovery). Published life cycle inventory data were, in turn, used to describe the production (and avoided production) of these material and energy inputs. For each scenario a life cycle inventory and impact assessment was produced. Results show that increasing recycling of batteries is beneficial to the environment, due to the recovery of metals and avoidance of virgin metal production, but with no implementation scenario clearly favoured. However, this environmental benefit was found to be achieved at significant financial cost when compared with disposal. EFFICIENT GLASS AND METAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN FINLAND, CONCEPTUAL STUDY (WED 2.04); Vares, Sirje1; Lehtinen, Jarkko1; 1 VTT, Espoo, Finland ([email protected]) Keywords: waste management; environmental impacts; LCA, recycling; reuse; logistics Development reuse and recycling systems of packing wastes has an important role in material efficiency and amount of total community wastes. European Commission has made thematic strategies for wastes recycling in EU countries and required collection and recycling rates for packaging materials have defined. The collection and recycling rates for glass packaging is now higher in Finland than EU requirements, but after December 2008 the requirements will tighten. Till now glass packing recycling rate in Finland is handled by efficient refund and refilling systems, and also by using glass cullet in production of new packaging glass and in glass wool industry. But the system deals with only part of glass packaging and glass and glass wool industry have a limited growth foreseen so new approach is needed. Important ecology factor of our surroundings is environmental impact of waste collections. In VTT’s theoretical study, Finnish glass packaging collection systems were analysed using different collection scenarios: collection in connection to the shopping malls, public collection system and collection system in connection to the household waste management. The intension of this survey was to find out the best system where reward was achieved and weak points were minimised. According to the result, recommended glass packaging collection system was household system supplemented with public collection. The collection efficiency was ensured with collections points arranged only to the blocks of flats big enough and with good logistic approach. A supplemented public collection system was suggested for those living in smaller block of flats, detached- and row houses.

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In waste management, it is essential to reduce the total amount of wastes but in the other hand it is also important to enhance recycling and reuse of packages and utilizations in other industries. Main goal was formulate whole lifecycle model for packaging glass. The benefit of using LCA in analysing waste management systems is that it provides a comprehensive view of the processes and impacts involved. The scenario includes flows of raw materials and energies in production of the glass packaging, collection of the glass packaging waste, purification of the glass waste and use of the waste as secondary material in the packaging production, glass wool production or other utilization process. Recycling is widely assumed to be environmentally beneficial but also collecting, sorting and processing of materials into new products have an environmental impacts. The case study shows the experience of new and efficient waste management system for packaging glass together with small household metal wastes. The study linking together ecological and economical aspects in waste management including recycling: present state, rationalisation of the collection systems (as case study) and the scenario where no extra glass packaging collection provided. The fundamental question is how profitable the household glass and metal combined collection system is in the metropolitan area of Helsinki, what is the collection efficiency and how beneficial is the environmental impacts of studied scenarios? The result is credible for decision-making when improved glass packaging waste collection systems considered in a communities similar to the case study. ZINC EXTRACTION FROM POLLUTED SOILS BY USING ZEOLITE AND VICIA SATIVA PLANT (WED 2.05); Masu, Smaranda1; Bogatu, Corneliu1; Lixandru, Benoni2; 1 National R & D Institute for Industrial Ecology – ECOIND, Timisoara, Romania ([email protected]); 2 Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Vetereniray Medicine – USAMVB, Timişoar, Romania Keywords: polluted soils, zinc, manure, inorganic fertilizer, zeolite. Due to antropic activities, large areas polluted with heavy metals appeared. Metals from polluted soils may be extracted by plants and are introduced in trophic chains, sometimes in high concentrations. Vicia sativa is a plant which concentrates zinc from soil polluted with medium concentrations (700-800 ppm) in its aerial parts. In this paper, the following trains were searched for evaluation of zinc decreasing bioavailability from soils cultivated with Vicia Sativa, in different conditions: a)non – polluted soil: cultivated without fertilizer, fertilized with manure, fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK); b)soil polluted with zinc: cultivated without fertilizer, fertilized with manure, fertilized with NPK; c)soil polluted with zinc and amended with zeolite: cultivated without fertilizer, fertilized with manure, fertilized with NPK. The use of inorganic fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic fertilizer like manure, change zinc biodisponibility from polluted soil to plants. .Inorganic fertilizers containing NPK, determine increasing of zinc concentrations from Vicia sativa about two times, comparatively with plants growing in soil treated with manure in slow vegetation periods, October – December months. Adding of zeolite like supported material (0.2%) and inorganic fertilizer, decreased zinc accumulation in plants with 30-50 %, comparatively with fertilized soil and treated without zeolite. Decreasing of zinc bioaccumulations in aerial parts of plants, due to influence of supported materials, determines concentrations in leaves and stem, similar with those from plants cultivated onto non-polluted and non-fertilized soils (telluric pollution, 62 ppm), during four months after seeding. Fertilization with organic matter, decreases zinc bioavalability in plants. The using of manure together with pillared zeolite, produce synergic effects for zinc bioavailability for Vicia sativa species. The above combined processes may be used for remediation of soils polluted with metals. LCA AS A DECISION MAKING TOOL IN HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT : AN INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE (WED 2.06); Toffoletto, Laurence1; Aoustin, Emmanuelle1; Redon, Estelle2; 1 VEOLIA Environnement, Paris, France ([email protected]); 2 CRPE, Limay, France Keywords: bioreactor, landfilling, life-cycle approach, MBT, uncertainties Beyond the action of reducing waste at source, the environmental challenges facing waste management activities today involve the implementation of treatment processes focusing on recycling and waste-to-energy conversion in the most stringent environmental safety conditions. The complexity of choices between the numerous waste management strategies, linked to specific local, legislative, economic, social and ecological conditions, shows the need for multi-criteria analysis. Sound environmental choices call for complete environmental evaluations: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) turns out to be one of the most appropriate tools as it allows a strict and normalised methodological framework. Moreover, it avoids displacement of polluting charges, because it accounts for the global treatment scheme. Among waste management options, Mechanical-Biological pre-Treatment (MBT) of household waste before landfilling has been quite successful in Europe, particularly in Germany and Austria. With the objective of better understanding the advantages and drawbacks of such a process, Veolia Environnement has coordinated an assessment of the technical, economical and environmental performances of MBT of household municipal solid waste (MSW) before landfilling, as compared to landfilling of non pre-treated household waste in classical and bioreactor conditions.

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The purpose of this study was to perform an environmental comparison through an LCA of 4 different waste management options (traditional landfill, bioreactor, “MBT + landfilling” and “MBT + incineration”). Two indicators were analyzed: energy and greenhouse gas balances. The main results of this study were the following: 1. Compared with “classical” landfilling, the combining option “MBT + landfilling” - can be highly energy consuming as compared to landfilling with energy recovery - can generate a significant quantity of greenhouse gas (GHG) during pre-treatment 2. On the other hand, the bioreactor option: - can produce 1.5-fold more energy than a classical landfill - has the best GHG limiting possibilities 3. Finally, the “MBT + incineration of coarse fraction” option with electrical and heat recovery (cogeneration) can be the most efficient option for energy balance (because of a high energy recovery performance). This study showed that when one considers the variety of site and technical specificities, then one can not draw a strict and ultimate conclusion as to whether MBT is the best strategy or not. This contradicts the concepts of an ideal MBT strategy or a landfill/bioreactor ban. Finally, the results showed that when one considers the variety of sites, the technical specificities and the uncertainties about data and models, there could be large uncertainties in the final results. Despite this fact, uncertainties appeared to be an useful indicator of improvement parameters for each scenario. However, in terms of decision-making, these uncertainties prevented stakeholders from identifying clearly the best environmental strategy. Importantly, this study showed the difficulty in determining a particular “treatment hierarchy” from an LCA study. It can be concluded that each specific context (treatment parameters, emissions, etc) should be precisely identified so that an environmentally sound decision can be made. LCA-BASED DECISION-SUPPORT TOOL FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING – OPTIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS FOR THE BALTIC STATES (WED 2.07); Moora, Harri1; Sundqvist, Jan-Olov2; Stenmarck, Åsa2;1 Estonian Institute for Sustainable Development, SEI-Tallinn, Tallinn, Estonia ([email protected]); 2 Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Stockholm, Sweden Keywords: life cycle assessment, decision support tool, waste hierarchy, optimal waste management scenarios The waste hierarchy has for decades been governing waste management. However, often there have been difficulties in implementing the hierarchy on the local level. Depending on local conditions and prerequisites, it may not always be possible to develop the waste system according to the waste hierarchy. Often there is also a discrepancy between the environmental hierarchy and the economic hierarchy. Regional settings may call for a pragmatic and a more flexible adaptation of the hierarchy weighing the environmental, social and economic issues, and considering the local conditions. Analytical tools, such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Cost-Benefit Analyses (CBA) can play an important role in obtaining optimal solutions for municipal solid waste management and give valuable information for decision-makers, for example putting economic aspects against the environmental aspects. The major limitation of using LCA and CBA in waste management planning in the Baltic States is lack of relevant data and knowledge of the analyzed systems. The paper presents a new LCA model for waste management planning (WAMPS) and summarises the results of a case study, which was carried out in the frame of the development of the new waste plan for Tallinn municipality in Estonia. This user-friendly model takes into consideration regional particularities in terms of quality and quantity of waste material and waste management infrastructure in order to identify the most sustainable and economically viable solution for municipal waste management system. The paper also analyses the capabilities of this kind of models and discusses the feasibility of their applications in the policy making process. A FLEXIBLE DECISION SUPPORT TOOL TO COMPARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WASTE CO-PROCESSING IN CEMENT PRODUCTION WITH OTHER WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS (WED 2.08); Boesch, Michael1; Hellweg, Stefanie1; Koehler, Annette1; de Quervain, Bernhard2; 1 ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Holcim HGRS-CIE, Holderbank, Switzerland Keywords: waste, waste treatment, recycling, co-processing, cement production, primary resources, emissions The co-processing of industrial and municipal wastes in the cement industry allows reducing the demand of primary resources and the emissions of fossil CO2. Besides the cement industry, other co-processing, incineration and recycling processes are competing technologies for the available wastes. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) enables to identify the ecological benefits and drawbacks of different waste treatment options. Such an assessment should include waste transportation, pre-processing, process emissions, and the savings of primary resources through substitution. Various such LCAs have been conducted comparing waste co-processing in cement production to other treatment

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options. However, a comprehensive analysis of the relative benefits of the utilization of different waste types in comparison to alternative waste disposal or reuse options is still missing. For instance, the co-processing of plastics in cement kilns substitutes fossil fuels, but plastics may also be recycled or incinerated in municipal solid waste incineration plants recovering energy. To optimize AFR utilization from a global viewpoint, the environmental burdens of waste co-processing in cement production must be compared to other waste disposal, treatment or reuse options. The AFR mix used in a cement plant may vary for different locations and production sites, depending on waste availability, composition, pre-treatment requirements, transport distances and emission abatement technologies. Since the availability of AFR varies in different locations and from year to year, there is a demand for a flexible and easy-to-use environmental decision-support tool that provides quick results, as a function of few input parameters, such as the composition of AFR and the alternative treatment technologies. In this project, such a Life-Cycle-Assessment (LCA) based software tool is developed. The process chain of AFR pre-processing, cement production as well as other waste treatment and recovery options are modeled. To quantify environmental impacts, the most prevalent LCIA methods are used. A user-friendly interface is programd that combines basic user input data with background information, such as causal relationships between AFR composition and emissions generated or inventory data of the production of ancillary products. The tool can be used to quickly determine the environmental burdens of AFR treatment in cement kilns versus alternative treatment options. The results can be used to determine the options with the least environmental impact. The primary user for this tool is the cement industry, but the tool may also be used by other actors, such as authorities in charge of waste management. One of the main advantages of such a tailor-made waste industry specific tool is the possibility to combine simplified data handling and the derivation of quick results without reducing the precision of a thorough LCA. AN INVESTIGATION INTO END-OF-LIFE MANAGEMENT OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (WED 2.09); Wright, Eileen1; Clegg, Allen2; Rahimifard, Shahin2; 1 Rolls-Royce Fuel Cell System Limited, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ([email protected]); 2 Centre for Sustainable Manufacture And Recycling/Reuse Technologies, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Keywords: solid oxide fuel cells, end-of-life management Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems offer an alternative technology for stationary power generation applications. The environmental benefits of the technology in the use phase are well understood and stem from improved air emissions, noise level characteristics and fuel utilisation efficiencies when compared with conventional fuel-burning systems. These benefits have driven the development of the technology from its conception towards commercialisation. Recent trends in environmental policy have highlighted the need to manage products responsibly throughout their entire life-cycle, including at the end-of-life phase. At present the end-of-life management of SOFCs is not well understood and should be given consideration prior to market entry. Various authors have reported an absence of data regarding the end-of-life phase as a limiting factor in conducting comprehensive life-cycle assessments of the technology. The proposed paper will present a survey of current experience in the waste management industry and related research activities, to provide a body of knowledge to support the development of a bespoke end-of-life model for this novel waste stream. Preliminary analysis of the likely characteristics of future end-of-life SOFC wastes will be used to draw parallels with existing waste streams arising from other product sectors. On the basis of similarities observed in the materials-related challenges of the waste treatment operation, some mature processes will be presented as holding potential for application to SOFC waste streams. The paper will conclude by summarising the future direction of this research and further areas of investigation required to understand the end-of-life management of SOFC technology. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS (WED 2.10); Foley, Jeff1; Lant, Paul1; de Haas, David1; Hartley, Ken1; 1 Advanced Wastewater Management Centre, St Lucia, Australia ([email protected]) Keywords: wastewater, biological nutrient removal, anaerobic treatment, life cycle assessm This paper evaluates and compares the global environmental costs/benefits from the construction and operation of different nutrient removal wastewater treatment technologies. Comprehensive, quantitative assessment of environmental burdens is currently not well understood or widely applied in the Australian water industry. Consequently, regulatory documents such as the Queensland Water Quality Guidelines are developed with a singular focus on water quality, without considering the broader environmental consequences of the measures undertaken for their compliance. This study uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to quantitatively assess the global environmental costs associated with advanced nutrient removal wastewater treatment (i.e. total nitrogen < 10 mg/L and total phosphorus < 1 mg/L). This paper demonstrates that for each receiving environment, there exists an optimum treatment system configuration for which the whole-of-life environmental burdens are minimised. The system

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configuration is defined by such elements as the type of nutrient removal technology (e.g. oxidation ditch versus membrane bioreactor (MBR)), effluent nutrient discharge limits, sludge stabilisation methods and biosolids disposal practice. An “Environmental Burden Index”, constructed using LCA techniques, provides a quantitative measure with which to evaluate alternative wastewater system configurations. In this paper, we demonstrate that the optimum wastewater treatment system configuration is not necessarily at the limit of “best practice” for nutrient removal. That is, there exists an environmental constraint for advanced nutrient removal. Beyond this point, the global environmental costs of achieving the nutrient removal target outweigh the local benefits arising from improved water quality in the receiving body. Our analysis is based on a rigorous design process for 35 different wastewater treatment configurations – covering 8 different technology configurations and 12 effluent quality standards. The LCA process considers all the impacts of the different scenarios by quantitatively examining the damage caused by environmental emissions and resource consumption. Using the four “end-point” categories of non-renewable resource consumption; contribution to climate change; damage to ecosystem quality; and damage to human health; we show that energy-intensive nutrient removal processes such as the MBR and oxidation ditch are more environmentally damaging than a system based primarily on anaerobic processes for energy recovery. Our findings are very significant, particularly within the current climate of increasing public awareness of global environmental issues (e.g. climate change). With this quantitative demonstration of the total environmental burden caused by operating intensive treatment processes for advanced nutrient removal, it is clear that many water authorities and environmental regulatory agencies will need to reconsider the direction of their water quality protection strategies. The current regulatory paradigm for wastewater treatment plants focuses almost entirely on receiving water quality, at the unrecognised cost of other environmental emissions, such as greenhouse gases. This study demonstrates the very real global environmental constraint that exists for advanced nutrient removal. It also provides a tool to better inform policy makers and water industry stakeholders on the wider environmental benefits and burdens associated with wastewater treatment. DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR TAIWAN WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (WED 2.11); Chao, Chia-Wei1; Ma, Hwong-Wen1; Hung, Ming-Lung1; 1 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University Taipei ([email protected]) Keywords: IEA, LCA, MFA, HRA, waste management Waste management is the final stage that links anthroposphere and ecosphere. An ill-designed management system will lead to serious pollution and resource misuse. Nowadays, the novel management paradigm called “Integrated Waste Management (IWM)” had been proposed to replace the traditional waste hierarchy. The main features of IWM are substituting the “residue treatment” by “resource management”, and aims to optimize the total environmental benefit by combining different treatment technologies. As the paradigm shifts toward more integrated management, a more integrated environment assessment method is emerging to support the strategy formulation. As a systematic and comprehensive environmental management tool, life cycle assessment (LCA) can serve as a keystone of integrated environmental assessment method. Life cycle assessment for waste management evaluates the overall environmental burden from the material being discarded to the inert waste placed in landfill or recycle materials and energy utilized by anthroposphere. In order to support the decision making, there have been several LCA-based models built for waste management, such as WISARD, IWM-2, LCA-IWM and EASEWASTE. But three issues needs improvement: credibility on inventory analysis, limitation of waste stream projection and scenario analysis, and omission of site-dependent information of impact assessment. This study aims at incorporating material flows analysis (MFA) and environmental risk assessment (RA) to develop an integrated environmental assessment model for waste management. With the support of MFA, the waste stream of different policy scenarios can be calculated and projected. Moreover, once the substance flows of certain treatment facilities are established under the material balance principle, a more credible inventory model is made available. In another aspect, a simplified environmental risk assessment is developed for assessing site-dependent impact like human and ecological toxicity. And the best practice characterization models of other impact categories, such as photochemical oxidation, aquatic eutrophication, aquatic acidification, land occupation etc., are also applied and localized to provide more environmental relevant impact analysis results. The integration of LCA, MFA and ERA eventually forms the Integrated Environment Assessment model for Taiwan Waste Management (TWMIEA). The TWMIEA model is used to review the total environmental impact cause by the Taiwan municipal waste management system during 2003 to 2005. The review suggests that the decrease of landfill rate of MSW and bottom ashes leads to significant improvement on noncarcinogenic effect. The arsenic emission of incinerators needs to be regulated as it contributes about 40% of carcinogenic effect, only 10% less than dioxins. Surprisingly,

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the terrestrial ecotoxicity increases about three times from 2003 to 2005. The main contributor is zinc emission to soil during the composting process. From this evaluation, the new hot-spots are identified to reveal the direction to continuous improvement on Taiwan waste management, and promise the sustainable and integrated waste management. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS OF DELHI (WED 2.12); Srivastava, Amitabh Kumar1; Nema, Arvind K2; 1 Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi, New Delhi, India ([email protected]); 2 Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Keywords: life cycle assessment, solid waste management, environmental impact Disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been a challenging task for municipal authorities due to cost and environmental impact associated with each option. For efficient planning, optimization techniques have been widely applied by the policy makers to determine the least cost and/or least environmental impact options. The solid waste treatment and disposal options include reuse & recovery, composting, incineration and landfilling. In this study quantity and composition of solid waste of Delhi is predicted till the year 2024 and feasibility of different options for long term management are evaluated. Then the life cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out to examine the environmental impact caused by the each option. The input for LCA is considered as quantity and composition MSW and energy whereas the output is taken as air emission, water emissions and energy recovery. The result of LCA indicates that recycling has least environmental impact. Moreover landfills produce less environmental impact than the incinerators during initial years and as the years passes the landfills produce more environmental impact than incinerators due to waste accumulation in landfill. LIFECYCLE THINKING IN OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IN BEIJING (WED 2.13); Xue, Yonghai1; Matsumoto, Toru1; 1 University of Kitakyushu, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan ([email protected]) Keywords: sustainability, waste treatment, scenario analysis, prediction, LCA, life cycle costing In recent years, the collected municipal solid waste (MSW) quantity of Beijing has continued to increase, reaching 3.41 million tons in 2004. With predictable increase in future, the pressure on the MSW disposal system will be further intensified in the future. However, MSW treatment and disposal facilities are insufficient due to various reasons such as financial deficit. Environmental pollution in the urban area, which resulted from MSW that was not properly disposed of, has presented serious environmental and social problems. In china, most of cities are making MSW disposal plan and building disposal facilities to solve these problems. This research is a study on sustainable development strategies for MSW treatment and disposal systems in Chinese metropolises. A sustainable waste management must be environmentally effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable. In this research, the metropolis Beijing was taken as case study. At first the waste quantity and quality were predicted, and then waste stream was analyzed by 3 different disposal scenarios of 6 recycling cases. Transportation optimization was also done by using GIS. Finally Life Cycle Inventory analysis was done for analyzing the cost and environment burden of the waste management system. Optimizing the waste system to reduce environmental burdens or economic cost requires that these burdens and costs can be predicted. Hence the need to model waste management systems. In particular, a multiple regression analysis model, which made the rate of urbanization and the rate of the tertiary industry GDP the explanatory variable, was built, to predict the collected MSW amount per capita. The waste quantity was estimated by considering of waste composition changes of Beijing in the past years and the change tendency of other cities in developed countries. Three scenarios were determined: 1) landfills as a priority; 2) incineration as a priority; 3) new facilities built according to Beijing’s MSW disposal planning. Considering of environmental policies’ influence to recycling rate for paper and plastic, 6 recycling cases are assumed as follows: the recycling rate of collected papers and plastics are 1) 0%, 2) 5%, 3) 10%, 4) 15%, 5) 20% since 2008 to 2020, and 6) 5% from 2008 to 2009, 10% from 2010 to 2014, 15% from 2015 to 2019, and reach 20% in 2020. Necessary new facilities for 3 scenarios by 6 cases were calculated. Furthermore, LCE, LCCO2 and cost analysis for 3 scenarios in each case were calculated. The result shows in year 2020, the total collected waste quantity will reach 7.26 million tons. And the organic waste, papers and plastics are main components and consist of 80% of total waste. The environment burdens of waste management system in scenario 2 are the lowest with the highest cumulative cost from 2008 to 2020. With the increase of recycling rate, the CO2 emission and energy consumption in MSW disposal system would decrease gradually. The cumulative total cost (including construction cost and operation cost from 2008 to 2020) reduce with increase of recycling rate too.

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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL IN A BRAZILIAN CITY (WED 2.14); Vilas Boas, Layla1; Silva Lora, Electo1; 1 UNIFEI - Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil ([email protected]) Keywords: waste, incineration, landfill, municipal solid waste The main goal of this study is to analyze different scenarios for the disposal and treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) using the life cycle analysis. Three sceneries in a 400.000 habitants city in the state of Minas Gerais, in Brazil: a sanitary landfill without recovery of energy and analyzed one with energy recovery in a landfilling system; and a scenery using incineration with the generation of electric energy. The consumption of fossil energy, the recovery of resources, the avoided products and the atmospheric and water emissions were analyzed and quantified for the quantitative evaluation of different impact categories. As a result is shows that incineration is most attractive from the environmental and resource energy impacts. The global warming potential decrease is more intensive where incineration technology is implemented LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF FIVE MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR CATALONIA, SPAIN. (WED 2.15); Güereca, Leonor Patricia1; Gassó, Santiago1; Baldasano, José María1; Jiménes-Guerrero, Pedro1; 1 Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle assessment, municipal waste management, waste management treatments, baling-wrapping landfilling. In this study a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is carried out in order to compare the environmental implications of five municipal waste management systems in Catalonia, Spain. The baseline scenario is based on the waste management system for the year 2004. Four alternative scenarios were developed, considering: 1) the intermediate and final objectives established in the Municipal Waste Management Plan of Catalonia; 2) the objectives defined for Austria for the year 2006; and 3) one scenario with landfilling by baling-wrapping technology. For all scenarios the energy consumption, recovered resources and emissions to air and water were quantified and analyzed in terms of their potential contribution to acidification, stratospheric ozone depletion, eutrophication, global warming, photo-oxidants formation, terrestrial toxicity, carcinogenic effects, respiratory effects and fossil fuel use. The results demonstrated that, despite quantitative differences, the scenarios analyzed avoid the damages in almost all the impact categories due to the energy recovery and materials recycling. However, the baseline scenario is the most unfavorable waste management system because it presents highest landfilled materials and the lowest recycling rates. The results of this work allow suggesting the next preferences ranking: 1) scenario where the objectives of Austria are adapted to Catalonia, 2) scenario with balling wrapping technology, 3) final objectives established in the Municipal Waste Management Plan of Catalonia, 4) intermediate objectives of the Municipal Waste Management Plan of Catalonia and 5) baseline scenario. However, for a conclusive statement, the development of the valuation step of LCA is required in order to get an index that facilitates the decision making process. Construction AGENT BASED MODELING (ABM) FOR ANALYZING DEMAND FOR RECYCLED MINERAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL (WED 3.01); Knöri, Christof1; Binder, Claudia2; Leyk, Stefan2; Althaus, Hans-Jörg1; 1 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Zurich, Switzerland Keywords: agent based modeling, decision-making process, recycling mineral construction material, resource management Large amounts of building materials are demanded annually in Switzerland. The volume of 60 Million tons new building resources used in 2002 is likely to increase in the future because of the increasing requirements of accommodation space per capita. On the other hand, more and more mineral construction waste will be generated due to deconstruction or demolition of old buildings. Closing material cycles is technically feasible to a certain extent and might provide economic and ecologic benefits depending on various situational and contextual factors. However, potential (economic and ecologic) benefits are often not realized since decisions to use recycled mineral construction materials are not made by a single, well informed decision maker but by the interaction of various actors. Furthermore, the main agents affecting the demand for recycled mineral construction materials, i.e., contractors, architects, engineers and the awarding authorities, are likely to have different ways to impact the system. However, to the authors` knowledge, it has never been analyzed how these agents make their decisions, how their decisions interact, and how they cumulatively affect the demand for recycling materials. The present study analyzes the decision structure of the important system agents and simulates the process with agent based modeling (ABM). ABM allows for generating results concerning present and future demands based on agents´ decision trees. In our study we build a specific decision tree

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regarding the utilization of recycling materials for each agent group. Each decision in these trees is based on various internal (e.g., required accommodation space or personal experience) and external (e.g., material prizes or norms and laws) parameters. Decisions are modeled based on probabilities, e.g., a higher demand for recycling materials occurs if these materials are recommended by the Canton; a lower demand results from a lacking competitiveness against virgin materials. The interaction between the agents finally leads to a specific demand for recycling materials. Changes in the internal and external parameters are modeled in form of scenarios providing different input values. The decision trees are developed in semi-structured expert interviews and calibrated against the agents´ behavior analyzed in structured interviews from a larger sample. We will present several scenarios for recycling of construction materials and discuss the effects of planned policies regarding the demand for recycling materials and the environmental consequences. THE UPTAKE OF LIFE CYCLE APPROACHES IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY IN NEW ZEALAND, ILLUSTRATED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE GYPSUMBOARD INDUSTRY (WED 3.02); Nebel, Barbara1; Kellenberger, Daniel1; Gifford, John1; 1 Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, gypsumboard, LCI, wall system, end of life, environmental label Very few stakeholders in the built environment in New Zealand have taken up life cycle approaches in order to improve their environmental performance and to contribute to a more sustainable built environment yet. The gypsumboard industry in New Zealand was one of the early adopters of life cycle approaches. The manufacturer is committed to an active leadership role in changing the course of New Zealand’s built environment in order to achieve significant sustainability goals. The company now acts as a mentor to some extend for other building material manufacturers in New Zealand. This presentation shows how a gypsum board manufacturer in New Zealand adopted life cycle approaches firstly for their own company, and then moved on to use their experience in order to assist other companies as well as initiating further research. The wallboard manufacturer has realised that a cradle to gate approach would not be sufficient and extended the system boundaries to include the end of life. One of the key outcomes was that the ecolabel organisation “environmental choice” reviewed their specification for gypsum plasterboard products. Originally the specification required a minimum recycled content (5%) in order to award the label to a plasterboard product. This requirement wasn’t based on scientific grounds. The specification has therefore been reviewed, based on the comprehensive LCA results provided by the manufacturer. It is now possible either to have a minimum recycling content of 5 % in the product or to prove that a certain quote of the arising waste at the end-of-life is composted instead of landfilling. The manufacturer has also realised during the process of implementing life cycle management, that a comparison to other products is only possible on a component level. They have therefore initiated research on a whole light timber framed wall, including new built wall and retrofitting existing wall systems. Based on the experience of researchers working in close cooperation with the plasterboard industry national standards for the collection of LCI data for building materials are under development in order to guarantee unified and generic sets of LCI data on the same quality level. This approach has been applied for an extended project with the gypsumboard manufacturers association of Australia and New Zealand. The results of this work are representative data for gypsumboard products in Australia and New Zealand. IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT POTENTIALS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (WED 3.03); Wittstock, Bastian1; Makishi, Cecilia1; Braune, Anna1; Kreissig, Johannes2; Gallon, Nicole2; Wetzel, Christian3; 1 Universität Stuttgart, Chair of Building Physics, Dept. Life Cycle Engineering, Echterdingen, Germany ([email protected]); 2 PE International GmbH, Echterdingen, Germany; 3 CalCon Holding GmbH, München, Germany Keywords: LCA, residential buildings, environmental improvement potentials, generic model Within the context of the Integrated Product Policy (IPP), the research project “Environmental Improvement Potentials for Residential Buildings” (IMPRO-Building) was initiated by the European Commission (IPTS), with the aim to reduce the environmental impacts from residential dwellings throughout their entire life cycle. The main objective of the project is to outline the current situation of residential buildings in the EU-25, to assess environmental improvement options for new and existing buildings and to evaluate the improvement potentials from a European perspective. Within the first step, an overview of residential buildings in the EU-25 is generated by categorizing individual types of buildings into three major building groups, namely ‘single-, two-family and terrace houses’, ‘multi-family houses’ and ‘high-rise buildings’. These types of buildings are again aggregated, using three geographical zones within Europe: north-, middle- and south- European countries. Two general types of generic parameterized life cycle models of residential buildings provide the basis for Life Cycle Analyses of individual types of residential buildings: ‘existing buildings’ and ‘new buildings’. These two generic models represent the approach to assessing environmental improvement potentials considering the decisions that can be made today. The model for ‘existing

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buildings’ is used to assess improvement options that are based on retrofit measures for currently existing buildings and therefore only considers the use phase, the retrofit measures and the demolition. The model for ‘new buildings’, on the other hand assesses buildings that are planned today and represent the ‘state of the art’, using current construction materials and techniques and therefore considers the entire construction phase, the use phase and the demolition of the building. These generic models are used to derive adopted models for above named groups of buildings and are further individualized in order to derive individual building type life cycle models. The life cycle assessments of individual building types are used to identify environmental hotspots within the life cycle phases of the residential building models. These environmental hotspots are addressed by means of technical retrofit options, alternative means of construction or a modified demolition waste management. These options to improve the environmental performance of the individual building are assessed by means of life cycle assessment and their contributions to an improved environmental performance are quantified. The presentation will give an overview on the identified residential building types in the EU-25. It will further outline the methodology used and display exemplary interim results. The generic parameterized models for efficient and consistent life cycle modeling of various building types will be presented. SOCIAL HOUSING: THE ABSENCE OF LCC (WED 3.04); Rodrigues, Fernanda M1; Teixeira, José M Cardoso2; 1 University of Aveiro, Civil Engineering Department / Aveiro, Portugal ([email protected]); 2 University of Minho, Civil Engineering Department / Guimarães, Portugal Keywords: social housing, sustainability, LCC To face qualitative and quantitative lack of dwelling, important public investments were made in social housing. Providing adequate shelter to low income families was a major focus of this public investment in the last quarter of the twentieth century in Portugal. However, most social dwellings have not been built in compliance with essential sustainability principles, therefore compromising their present value. This has been confirmed with a recent field survey conducted by the authors to a set of social dwellings in Aveiro district, in the north of the country. The early deterioration of the buildings, the deficient thermal and acoustic insulation, contributes to its lack of quality. Its degradation level is consequence of low durability design solutions and deficient construction processes control, increased by the absence of maintenance actions. The restricted budgets and the absence of LCC studies, also contribute to the above scenario. The public entities responsible for this building stock never made Life Cycle Costs studies to support their decisions. Nowadays to face the buildings technical problems, reactive actions are taken. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the most relevant problems detected in a sample of rental social dwellings, and the consequences of the inexistence of LCC. This will be used in the scope of a research project being carried which aims at prioritizing refurbishment interventions in the Portuguese social housing stock. ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED ALTERNATIVE SANITATION CONCEPTS WITH LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (WED 3.05); Remy, Christian1; Jekel, Martin1; 1 Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: wastewater, alternative sanitation, urine separation, LCA, case study The goal of this study is the identification of ecological advantages and disadvantages of alternative sanitation systems in comparison to conventional wastewater treatment. The methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is adopted as an evaluation tool for the ecological assessment of various sanitation scenarios for a hypothetical middle-sized settlement in Germany (ca 5000 inhabitants). The scenarios include a reference system with conventional drainage and treatment in an activated sludge plant with anaerobic sludge digestion and sewage gas production. In the alternative scenarios, urine is source-separated in the toilet, collected and applied as fertilizer. Faeces are either collected by gravity drainage and composted together with biowaste or collected by a vacuum system and co-digested with biowaste to gain biogas for energy production. The remaining greywater is treated in a soil filter or in a technical plant (Sequencing batch reactor). All relevant processes of the investigated scenarios are modelled in detail for the Life Cycle Inventory, based on data from pilot plants and literature. This implies the processing of the different waste fractions, transport and energy supply, mineral fertilizer substitution, and sludge incineration. Beside the operational expenditures, the construction phase is included with material and energy demands. The resulting substance flow model is evaluated with a set of environmental indicators (CML) relating to the demand of energy, non-renewable resources, climate change, eutrophication, acidification, and various toxicity potentials. As a result, the alternative scenarios cause less environmental burden in almost all impact categories. The source-separation of human excreta disburdens the wastewater treatment process and lowers nutrient emissions into surface waters. The secondary fertilizer from urine and faeces has lower heavy metal content than an average mineral fertilizer. Depending on the system configuration, alternative sanitation systems can have a lower demand for fossil fuels and subsequently cause fewer emissions

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of climate-active gases. Only the increased emission of acidifying gases represents a considerable drawback compared to the conventional system. A normalisation of all indicators to the average environmental burden of a single person in Germany reveals that the decisive categories for the overall comparison are related to eutrophication, acidification, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. Energy-related indicators have a smaller contribution, but they can be important in terms of world-wide scarce fossil resources and climate change. The advantages of alternative sanitation systems can only be realized if the secondary functions of mineral fertilizer substitution and energy supply are fully utilized. Important key parameters for future LCA studies of alternative sanitation systems are identified, which may simplify the data acquisition. The construction phase has only a minor relevance for the ecological assessment and may therefore be neglected. In all, the data quality of this LCA study can be further improved, because many processes of alternative systems have not yet been investigated or realized in full-scale. However, this LCA study gives a first assessment of potential ecological benefits and drawbacks of alternative sanitation systems. SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN – EFFICIENT LIFE CYCLE BASED PLANNING (WED 3.06); Binder, Marc1; Braune, Anna2; Kreissig, Johannes1; 1 PE International GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany ([email protected]); 2 Universität Stuttgart, Chair of Building Physics, Dept. Life Cycle Engineering Keywords: sustainable construction, green building, building design, efficient sustainability assessment The sustainability performance of a building can significantly be enhanced when it is designed under the life cycle perspective. Uncountable numbers of options for sustainable or green design exist for each unique building. But each building design has its very specific requirements by the user, the owner, the building’s local conditions and the design team. Therefore there is a need to tailor the sustainability assessment to the building’s specific conditions. Together with building teams, the authors developed a method to efficiently enhance the sustainability performance of buildings focusing on environmental aspects and starting in the early planning phase. The method takes life cycle environmental aspects into account, can be enlarged to economic aspects and is in line with the occurring questions and decisions of the building team within the different planning steps. Designers who intend to consider the life cycle perspective during the design process face the challenge of obtaining a preferred solution in an efficient manner. Therefore it is essential to have an overview of the environmental performance of the whole building as well as the contribution of relevant building aspects. The advantage of the proposed approach is twofold: The overall assessment supports the identification of relevant aspects considering the life cycle perspective and increases the efficiency towards sustainable building design. The modular approach enables the designer to evaluate different design options, show the relevance in perspective to the overall building and identify elements and design options with the potential for reducing the environmental footprint and life cycle costs. The presentation will give an overview of a branch-specific life cycle management solution. The applicability, especially with regards to information exchange and management, interpretation of results and integration into the building design, will be demonstrated on case studies. SYSTEM PROOF MINERGIE-ECO: USER FRIENDLY METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF BUILDING SUSTAINABILITY (WED 3.07); Lenel, Severin1; Citherlet, Stéphane2; Foradini, Flavio3; 1 Intep - Integrale Planung GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 HES Yverdon, Yverdon, Switzerland; 3 E4tech, Lausanne, Switzerland Keywords: life cycle assessment, health, sustainable buildings The last year publicly launched building label MINERGIE-ECO (www.minergie.ch) has been developed over several years. It evaluates the criteria comfort, energy efficiency, health and building ecology on behalf of a questionnaire. Basic condition for MINERGIE ECO is the fulfilment of the MINERGIE requirements. With the project "system proof MINERGIE ECO", supported by the swiss Federal Office of energy (BfE) and the associations eco-bau and MINERGIE as well as further partners, the aim is to unite all these aspects on the same level in one user friendly software tool. As far as possible, it is planned to use quantitative methods. The effort for the users will nevertheless be small, since the method is integrated into the existing energy simulation programs that are used for the official proof of energy consumption. This enables a broad acceptance of MINERGIE ECO. Within the range of building ecology, a life cycle assessment, based on the newly published eco-bau data inventory (www.kbob.ch) and the new electronic construction unit catalog (www.bauteilkatalog.ch), is used for evaluation. At the same time, the construction unit catalog supplies the U-value for the energy balance. For the health topic, a method is being developed which permits a rough modelling of room air pollutants in an early phase of planning. It uses existing emission data of building materials. A further

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part of the project is targeted towards renovations. The project is intended to finish in the first half of the year 2008. THE STATUS OF ECODESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE IN THAILAND (WED 3.08); Tikul, Doolwit1; Srichandr, Panya1; 1 King Mongkut 's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand ([email protected]) Keywords: EcoDesign, green architecture, Thailand status, environmental design The objective of this research is to acknowledge the situation of environmentally friendly design or ecodesign in architectural work and to know what is the number of architects recognizing the environment in their deigns and which environmental concern such architect group specially focuses on. Furthermore, this research will be used as basis information in development of education, planning, design and future research of relevant issues. Therefore, the following two research issues are determined: How much attention regarding the environment paid by the architects in their architectural designs? and which environmental concerns they give the most and less importance? Having asked the architects who have worked in this area for more than five years, it is found that generally, such architects are of the view that the glob is encountering severe environmental problems causing 72 percent of them, on average, to considerably give importance to the consideration of environmental concerns in architectural designs by mostly taking into account the indoor environmental quality, namely, quality of indoor air, comfort of people in buildings, reduction of air pollution, noise, dust and smoke in buildings as well as avoidance of use of health hazardous substances. Building maintenance is the secondary concern by emphasizing the design to ensure easy maintenance and repair and low maintenance cost. On the other hand, the selection of environmentally friendly materials is lest concerned, which differs from other industries. Even though the architects sharply focus on the environment, they did not fully understand the theories in relation to the environmentally friendly design. Additionally, almost architects have not used tools in their environmentally friendly design, which may affect the reduction of environmental impact arising from architectural work. UNDERSTANDING TECHNICAL POSSIBILITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICE – HOUSING MANAGEMENT IN SWEDEN (WED 3.09); Brunklaus, Birgit1; 1Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden ([email protected]) Keywords: organizational behavior, environmental management, building, environmental performance, environmental systems study, LCA, time, actions, property sector, PhD-project Today a variety of energy efficient technologies for residential buildings exist on the market e.g. low energy windows, heat reuse, insulation, zero energy technologies, etc. For water there exist both efficient technologies and alternative water treatment technologies e.g. … It is technically possible to reduce energy use down to more than one third of the average level of the year 2000, but environmental performance on buildings has not been changed since the 1980s (Nässén & Holmberg 2003). Managerial tools like EMS has been introduced since the 90s, but technical measures are still lacking. Why are technical measures lacking? Studies about environmental problems are mostly made from a technical-natural science or technical-systems science point of departure, looking for optimal technical or systems solutions. Some work with a social science point of departure do exist, e.g. management studies about the effects of environmental management systems solutions (Ammenberg 2003) or technical-economic studies finding a research paradox (Nässén 2005). Knowing about optimal technical solutions or environmental management systems solutions apparently is not enough, given the examples above. How are organising connected to the natural environment? Within the PhD-project the environmental performance of buildings were studied in an organisational context. The project includes comparative case studies of several ‘County governor style’ buildings and studies the change of organisational management practices and buildings environmental performance the over time. Observations on energy and water use show over 30% differences in average data and variation data over a period of 10 years. Differences in average data could be explained by renovation routines e.g. flexible renovation in favour of the building gave environmentally better result than periodical renovation measures. Differences in variation data over time could be explained by operation routines e.g. continuous operational measures gave environmentally better result than emergency operational measures. Analysis regarding operation and renovation indicates that organisational behaviour has an effect on environmental performance of buildings. In order to undertake environmental studies of an organisation a new systems method has been developed including LCA, organisational actions, and time. The research using environmental systems methods to study management practices shows that it is possible to get a better understanding of organisational behaviour connected to the natural environment. Knowing about technical possibilities is not enough. Understanding of practical possibilities in organisations is needed.

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HOW BIM WILL ENHANCE THE INTEROPERABILITY OF LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT (WED3.10), Hedges Keith1, 1University of Wyoming, Wyoming, USA ([email protected]) Keywords: Building Information Modeling, Interoperability, Life Cycle Costing The design communities are transitioning from two-dimensional computer-aided drafting (CAD) technologies to a parametric object-based design through Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM improves the design performance by allowing professionals to engage a three-dimensional (3D) representation rather than a two-dimensional (2D) abstraction in the creation of construction documents. The use of a single 3D model dramatically alters the proportional weightings of the professional design activities, where the profession is anticipating a sixty-seven percent increase in time spent during the schematic design phase. The transformation accelerates the design timeline, thereby necessitating an earlier collaboration between project stakeholders. The coupling of the BIM model with the increased design time and the earlier collaboration offers an opportunity to enhance how professionals approach design decisions regarding life cycle management. This study investigates the intervention of parametric object-based design on the typical business processes established in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 2004 report, Cost Analysis of Inadequate Interoperability in the U.S. Capital Facilities Industry. The report was based on CAD 2D and 3D technologies. This study describes a potential best practices model that deploys components of the International Foundation Classes (IFC) in terms of data exchange for 3D representation rather than a graphic exchange for 2D and 3D abstractions in the use phase of life cycle costing. BENCHMARKS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (WED 3.11); Zimmermann, Mark1; 1 Empa Building Technologies, Duebendorf, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: 2000 watt society, environmenetal impact, benchmarks Sustainability is a goal of society to ensure that the satisfaction of present needs does not com-promise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is thus a social objective, achievable only where all areas of society co-operate in fulfilling the associated demands. Ecological sustainability is, in turn, a basic prerequisite for sustainable economic and social development. The first step in formulating an effective response to this challenge, focused solely on the environ-mental issues, entails a quantification of the contribution required from the various areas of human activity for the achievement of sustainable development. Without binding sub-targets for the differ-ent sectors, it will be all but impossible to move systematically towards a sustainable society. Therefore Empa Building Technologies has tried to develop benchmarks for sustainable construc-tion. The aim was to define the requirements to be met by buildings and structures in contributing to the achievement of a sustainable society. The permissible impact of buildings, in terms of en-ergy demand and pollutant loads, during construction, maintenance and operation is determined. The analysis focuses on identifying the permissible levels of loads based on the specific energy consumption per m2 and year for heating, hot water, electricity and construction. A conscious at-tempt is made to combine existing methods with the general political consensus by taking account of: - the ecological scarcity method used to define critical pollutant loads, - the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions specified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change (IPCC), - the demands of the 2000 Watt society for the conservation of energy resources. The study shows that buildings designed to the passive house standard just about comply with the requirements for sustainable construction, provided electricity generation is based largely on re-newable or low-CO2 resources (Swiss power supply mix). The targets are substantially harder to meet where mainly fossil-fuel-generated electricity (European supply mix UCTE) is used. SOLID HARDWOOD FLOORING IN THE UNITED STATES: INVENTORY AND SUSTAINABLE BUILDING IMPLICATIONS (WED 3.12); Hubbard, Steven1; Eagan, Patrick1; Bowe, Scott1; 1 University of Wisconsin Madison Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Madison, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: life-cycle inventory, building materials, energy use, solid hardwood flooring, gate to gate The growing popularity of green building and certification programs throughout the world has led some groups to scrutinize the procedures guiding their continuing evolution and contributions to sustainable systems. Key questions regarding the trade-offs of using various building products have emerged. Building materials are sourced on a spectrum of attributes including price, quality, intended service application, and, increasingly, potential impacts to the physical environment and human health. Impacts associated with using products made of wood are often misunderstood by stakeholders including project designers and members of the general public. In recent years there has been growing interest among forest products researchers in the United States to scientifically and transparently quantify and assess the collective impacts of common building materials derived of wood. As part of that effort, this study provides stakeholders including architects, builders, manufacturers, and policy makers, with a life-cycle inventory (LCI) of solid hardwood flooring in the eastern United States. The inventory follows the Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM) guidelines and research protocol developed by the International Organization for

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Standardization. Primary data is collected through a comprehensive questionnaire administered to hardwood flooring manufacturers throughout the eastern United States. Annual production data for flooring process centers including: planing, ripping, trimming, moulding, pre-finishing, packaging, and energy generation are modeled using SimaPro software and report the material and energy inputs and outputs required to produce 1m2 of solid hardwood flooring. Preliminary inventory results are discussed and treatment is given to methodological challenges encountered and process improvement benefits uncovered for flooring manufacture. Given growing consideration among some prominent green building programs to incorporate life-cycle thinking into their emerging rating criteria, the completed LCI for hardwood flooring will help foster a better understanding of the salience of wood in design and service life. LIFE CYCLE DESIGN IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION SECTOR (WED 3.13); Campioli, Andrea1; Lavagna, Monica1; 1 Politecnico di Milano Dipartimento BEST, Milano, Italy ([email protected]) Keywords: service life scenarios, life-time expected, flexibility, durability, EPD Designers have to think about new role of design phase for sustainable architecture in a life cycle perspective. Life Cycle Management in building sector means to put the service life scenarios in the project phase: to choose materials and technical solutions is necessary to know life time expected (temporary building or permanent building), to know the kind of use (optimisation of the use of the spaces by creating multifunctional spaces), to know durability of space and its building components (flexibility and adaptability) and to optimize the service life of the building (by maintenance and components substitution). Will be presented examples of design strategies and technical solutions based on Design for Adaptability, Design for Energy Efficiency, Design for Maintenance, Design for Disassembly, Design for Recycling, Design for Reuse ecc. For example, technical solution as prefabricated components and dry assembled components can be a scenario for adaptability, flexibility and disassembly. But also for maintenance, reuse and recycling materials at the end of life. Only technical solutions choosen during project decision can support the different scenarios of use-maintenance-reuse at building level. But how designers can choose technologies to built in an environmental perspective? Designers need methods and tools to support choice during the project. Qualitative tools for environmental building assessment, like GBtool and BREEAM, cannot give adapted support to make choice at material and product level. EPD can give information on material and product level, but environmental data on the products can be compared only related to the service life of the product in the building use. So EPD data of building's products cannot be compared without know the rule of the product in the building. Comparison of EPD data of alternative building products can be made only if we know the specific building in which products will be assembled. Every building is different and require different performance by products. Example of how use EPD data in building assessment to support design strategies will be show, related to construction technologies choice. LCA AS A TOOL TO IDENTIFY THE ADVANTAGES OF BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE (WED 3.14); Rivela, Beatriz1; Bedoya, Cesar1; 1 School of Architecture, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, environmental performance, building, design implications Commercial buildings contribute significantly to resource consumption, as well as to other environmental impacts such as air emissions and solid waste generation. Construction uses more raw materials than any other sector, and the creation and operation of the built environment accounts for an important consumption of natural resources. The "cradle to grave" aspects linked to the creation, use and disposal of built facilities constitute major environmental impacts, accounting for the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions (about 40%) in terms of energy end usage. Therefore, there is a clear challenge for the construction industry if a long-term sustainability is desired. Nowadays, an increasing number of designers, developers and building users is aware of the environmental impact associated to building sector and more environmentally sustainable design and construction strategies are being encouraged. Sustainable building strives to minimise the consumption of energy and resources for all phases of buildings life-cycle - from planning and construction through use and renovation to eventual demolition. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology has proved to be a valuable tool to help in the design of more environmentally responsible buildings by analysing environmental considerations that need to be part of decision-making process towards sustainability. The objective of this paper is to assess the importance of bioclimatic design related to the environmental impact of the entire life cycle of building. To do so, different exterior walls (envelope) were inventoried, including the production and manufacturing of construction materials involved as well as the process of the envelope construction. Operations phase activities include heating, cooling

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and ventilating the building. Lighting, water supply and water heating were excluded according to the principle of excluding identical activities for comparative assessments. In addition, scenarios with different locations (Madrid, Sevilla and San Sebastián) were presented and evaluated. When comparing bioclimatic options with conventional practices of design, the results show a significant improvement in the environmental performance when bioclimatic strategy is applied (65% to 70% for the categories analyzed according to Ecoindicator 99 methodology). This fact is explained in simple terms by the saving of energy consumption during the use of the building. A sensitivity analysis was performed in order to evaluate the influence of transport distances of the materials employed in the construction of the modelled walls. MFA AND HYBRID-LCA AS TOOLS FOR THE ESTIMATING OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FROM, AND COMPARISON OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. (WED 3.15); Bohne, Rolf André1; Stromman, Anders Hammer1; Aalstad, Ragnhild2; 1 Dep. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway ([email protected]); 2 Statsbygg, Oslo, Norway Keywords: MFA, LCA, Input-output, constructions, methods The Architect, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is a major contributor to climate change. In general, significant environmental impacts are associated with both construction, maintenance and demolition activities, as well as the whole life cycle of the materials used. The long service life of buildings and infrastructure also has implications for the industry’s ability to improve its overall environmental performance. If the AEC industry is to make a notable contribution to carbon mitigation and sustainable development in the years ahead, environmental aspects should be included in the design choices made today. The challenge in doing this lies in developing robust tools that can be integrated with standard project management and accounting tools, and through such integration lower the barrier for the more widespread use of environmental impact in the decision processes. This paper applies hybrid LCA methodology to assess the environmental impacts of two alternative designs for road construction projects in Norway. An integral part of these projects is the use of recycled materials including solutions to handle contaminated demolition waste. The hybrid LCA methodology is applied since it allows for the use of economic data in the estimation of environmental impacts, and thus allows for the use of input from standard project management and accounting tools into the analysis. This in turn will reduce the cost and time necessary for doing such analysis, and thus open up for a more widespread use of environmental studies in the early phase of project management. This again will hopefully contribute to better choices of project design and a reduction of environmental impacts associated with the AEC-industry. Simplified Methods LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL FOR MANAGING CORPORATE RISKS (WED 4.01); Suh, Sangwon1; Bae, Junghan1; Wetecki, Michael1; 1 University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States of America ([email protected]) Keywords: LCM, risk management, supply-chain, cost-benefit analysis, key risk-area identification Management has heard enough about new management tools. Few of such tools can provide quantifiable benefits, while much of them require expensive training or new resources to cover the task. Positioning Life Cycle Management (LCM) as a new emerging management tool, managements recognize it as a burden rather than an opportunity. What is needed from the business side, however, seems a way to interpret and assimilate Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) into existing management paradigms that are already in operation under existing corporate structure. In this presentation, an on-going project commissioned by the Ministry of Industry of South Korean government is discussed. In this project, we survey the current practice of incorporating LCT into management by U.S. corporations. We translate LCT into risk management terms and concepts, and relevant corporate risks along the product’s life-cycle are quantified based on real-life cases. Throughout the cases such as Sony Play Station and DuPont Teflon, we will emphasize that environmental risks of a corporate lie throughout the life-cycle of products and identifying and managing such risks are essential not only for the environment but also for preserving corporate value. The results will provide a compelling argument why companies need to base their decisions on LCT and a way to incorporate LCT into existing management structure as a part of the risk management practices. GETTING NOTICED AND PROVIDING CONTEXT – THE POWER OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS TO OPEN DOORS FOR LCA (WED 4.02); Grant, Tim1; 1 Centre for Design at RMIT, Richmond, Australia ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle assessment, ecological footprint With increasing mainstream interest in environmental issues, particularly climate change, the desire to develop quantifiable environmental measures for policy development, reporting and target setting and decision support of either governments, companies and consumers has intensified. With 35 years head start, the Life Cycle Assessment approach should be well placed to satiate this demand.

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However, while LCA finds strong niches in specific decision contexts (energy systems, waste management, product and packaging design and material selection), it fails to gain traction in many if not most countries in the area of sustainable consumption and organisation wide environmental planning. Despite being part of the same standards series, the input of LCA to ISO 14001 is largely absent. While there reason for these limitations or failures of LCA are many some of the key points surround the complexity of LCA, its inability to answer simple questions, and the difficultly for lay people to understand the meaning of the results. In parallel to LCA development a Ecological Footprint approaches has been developed initially from a desire to test if the world was consuming more of the bio-productive resources than were being produced and how this was changing over time. Wakernagel and Rees (1996) refer to this process as ecological overshoot. While this is a very narrow environmental question, eating only the number of cabbages which the farm can produce is seen as a precondition for sustainability. The development of the ecological footprint account turned out either by accident or design, to be a very visual and tangible communication tool for sustainability. The concept of the world as on large community living of the proceeded of the farm is maybe our ancestors first experience of managing sustainability. Many paper have been written on the limitation on ecological footprints and this paper does not intend to add to this, but to look at the power of Ecological footprint as a metaphor and communication tool for interesting people and organisation in the impacts of consumption, supply chains, and life cycles. Once of the problems with LCA is number of new concepts which are introduced with the methodology which for the newcomer blur into a pudding of confusion. These are: • the adding up along supply chains, not just direct inputs, • the use of the functional unit meaning you may not and up equal number of products but equivalent functionality • the evaluation of multiple environmental flows in environmental impact categories and then the possible weighting and addition of those categories into a single indicator. Ecological Footprints provide a life cycle context, initially in the absence of the functional unit as it is based on total consumption of populations. The footprint can then be applied to the functional unit but without the complexity of a plethora of environmental issues and flows. Finally when looking to address ecological issues for decision support the broader context of multiple indicators can be introduced through LCA. COMMUNICATION IMPACT ASSESSMENT RESULTS TO DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS (WED 4.03); Goedkoop, Mark1; de Schryver, An1; Alvarado, Carmen1; 1 PRé Consultants, Amersfoort, Netherlands ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, impact assessment, stakeholder communication, perspectives, weighting It is great to have good science as a basis for discussion, but stakeholders will not accept the science if it is not clear what the assumptions are. This paper is on how to make science more transparent and how to address weighting issues. The paper describes how the new ReCiPe impact assessment method can be used in stakeholder communication. Although the method is based on the latest scientific models, and integrates both the CML2000 and the Eco-indicator 99 method, the focus is not on the scientific models themselves. After giving an overview of the general structure, and some important improvements, like much better climate modelling, it focuses on how results from a method as this, can be communicated to different stakeholder groups. An important issue in the development of ReCiPe, is the need to make subjective choices on issues such a time scale, assumptions on societal responses, the role technology can play to avert environmental impacts, etc. Similar to the Eco-indicator 99 the concept of cultural perspectives is used to manage such choices and to communicate them. Acknowledging that a single truth does not exists, provides a basis for a much more effective stakeholder communication. Stakeholders that do not agree with a policy often do not want to discuss the science used in method, but the assumptions embedded into the science. The ReCiPe method enables splitting science from assumptions, and thus focussing on the effects of assumptions. A similar discussion with stakeholders can be expected when results of a method are weighted to perpare decision making. As there is no scientific basis for weighting there is not a single solution. The paper therefore also addresses three solutions for the weighting problem, based on panel weighting, prevention costs and damage costs. These methods all have their strong and weak points. We will conclude giving some guidance on how to use (and especially not use) panel weighting involving stakeholders. INCREASING THE USE AND ACCESSIBILITY OF LCA IN UNILEVER (WED 4.04); Rigarlsford, Giles1; 1 Unilever, Bedford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle management, Interactive reporting, Unilever Unilever has a dedicated Life Cycle Management (LCM) team located within it's Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC). The team has a remit to deploy Life Cycle thinking

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approaches and tools in support of business sustainability objectives; particularly those to do with product innovation and business strategy. One of a suite of tools used by the Unilever LCM team is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); its application is focused on decision-support for product design and enables the provision of environmental information to customers and consumers. However, where frequent but relatively small changes in product formulations are to be considered, comprehensive LCA studies are not always appropriate and are time consuming. Thus, to increase the accessibility of comparative LCA results in Unilever, the Interactive Reporting Interface 'I-Reports' was developed by Unilever's LCM team in conjunction with PE International Consultants. The I-Reports enables business colleagues with an understanding of the product and its life cycle, but without the technical expertise of dedicated LCA practitioners, to make product comparisons using robust ready-made models. The simple user interface enables the user to easily input product data and to generate reports in a timely manner. The ability to vary input data to see the environmental impacts of different product formulations is particularly useful for decision-making in eco-design, and is currently being piloted in this way within Unilever. The presentation will describe the I-Reports tool and how Unilever is piloting its use. SIMPLIFIED LCA: SLIM-LINE LCA FOR USE AT THE SWISS RETAILER COOP - LCA REDUCED TO THE MAX' (WED 4.05); Braunschweig, Arthur1; Caduff-Kinkel, Marloes2; 1 E2 Management Consulting AG, Zurich, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland Keywords: simplified LCA, LCA in EMS How is it possible to reach useful LCA information at a cost not higher than a long-distance flight ticket? LCA changes according to the stage in the value chain and to the questions at stake. Coop is one of the two major retailers in Switzerland, using LCA for its packaging selection. LCA for packaging is no new issue - LCA-wise it is often a straightforward analysis. However, packagings keep changing, and the environmental assessment should be available when necessary. For that reason, E2 Management Consulting developed a slimline LCA process for Coop, using all standard elements available for inventory and impact assessment including interpretation. This allows for standard comparisons at a cost of less than EUR 3000 per analysis, sometimes even half. Such standardised LCA will help to reduce the cost barrier prohibiting LCA application in everyday business situations. The presentation will describe the simplified LCA process and its elements, its application in Coop cases, and conclusions for other areas. LCA/LCC TOOL FOR DECISION-MAKING IN THE DESIGN PHASE (WED 4.06); Dimache, Aurora1; Dimache, Laurentiu1; Zoldi, Elena1; Roche, Thomas1; 1 GMIT, Galway, Ireland ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, LCC, decision-making, DFE With the increasing pressure of environmental legislation (e.g. the WEEE Directive, the ELV Directive), the selection of the most appropriate design and manufacturing processes which comply with environmental requirements have become evermore complicated and onerous on OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) as well as other players in the supply chain. In the electronics and automotive engineering industries, for example, one of the primary goals of the designer is to determine the most cost effective design alternative in order to optimise the environmental compliance of the product, according to the requirements of the WEEE Directive, the ELV Directive and other related environmental legislation. In this paper, the authors present an integrated design for environment (DFE) and cost tool – the LCA/LCC tool - which has been developed to help designers estimate both the environmental impact and the life cycle cost of their products and support them in making more cost-effective design decisions. The latter is facilitated by the underlying DFE methodology which takes a holistic view of both environmental impacts and product structure. The cost aspect of the LCA/LCC tool can be used in a concurrent engineering environment to provide estimates of manufacturing cost, scrap and rework cost, waste disposal and treatment cost, packaging cost and/or recycling cost. The objective of the LCA/LCC tool is to establish a link between design parameters and a product’s impact on the environment as well as a link between design parameters and the economic variables throughout the entire product’s life cycle. This is accomplished by the tool being based on a product model and associated design parameters, manufacturing processes and end of life scenarios. Integrated into a CAD environment, the LCA/LCC tool is intended to assist designers in the development of environmentally superior products (ESPs) with a minimisation of costs over the complete product life cycle. The output from the LCA/LCC tool is a report, citing the environmental impact and cost estimation for different design alternatives by highlighting those aspects of the product and/or the processes which have the largest influence on the environmental impact and/or on costs. What-if analyses can also be performed to compare design alternatives when using different components, materials, manufacturing processes and/or design parameters.

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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE: GSK EXPERIENCES WITH FLASCTM (FAST LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY) (WED 4.07); Jiménez-González, Concepción1; Constable, David JC2; Henderson, Richard K3; 1 GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, United States of America ([email protected]); 2 GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, United States of America; 3 GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Keywords: LCA simplified methods for industry, pharmaceuticals, industrial applications of LCA Assessment of progress towards more sustainable practices in the Pharmaceutical industry calls for a simple methodology that may be used to determine and benchmark the degree of ‘greenness’ of synthetic processes for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) using the life cycle approach. Having a simple, easy to calculate metric is particularly important at an early stage in R&D development, when route and processes are being selected and detailed environmental data are not available. FLASCTM (Fast LifeCycle Assessment of Synthetic Chemistry) is a web-based tool and methodology developed by and for GlaxoSmithKline to deliver a rapid, simple assessment of processes. FLASCTM was derived from a detailed assessment of the cradle-to-gate Life Cycle environmental impacts associated with the manufacture of materials used in a typical pharmaceutical process. FLASCTM provides a quick, streamlined life cycle impact assessment of the materials used in chemical synthetic routes, while also providing benchmarking information and some guidance. This presentation will describe GlaxoSmithKline’s experiences to date in routinely assessing the streamlined life cycle impacts of its development routes within the R&D process at different development milestones. A SIMPLIFIED LCA METHODOLOGY TOWARD THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION (WED 4.08); Selmes, Derek1; Boron, Stefan1; 1 Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA sustainability "sustainable development" simplified methodoloy "improvement assessment" SMEs Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) is a central feature of the UK Sustainable Development strategy. It is becoming more important that companies gain an insight into the sustainability liabilities of their operations with a view to creating a strategy for meeting the sustainable production challenge. Life cycle thinking and life cycle assessment have a central role to play in such strategy creation. The methodology used must, however, be straight forward and easy to apply in order to be accessible to the uninitiated and to SMEs. This paper describes a simplified LCA approach derived from the ISO14040 framework. The methodology accommodates sustainability criteria within the impact assessment and is driven by a ‘dedicated’ goal of sustainable systems. A stepwise improvement assessment then leads to the creation of strategy to take company operations toward sustainable production. Regions of the life cycle where the company can influence change are highlighted, giving the company valuable information about the extent and nature of the action it can reasonably undertake. Simplifications in methodology include the avoidance of unnecessary complications arising from LCA developed as a rigorous analytical tool. A QUICK LCA MODELING METHOD FOR ECODESIGN (WED 4.09); Wang, Hongtao1; Wang, Yongchao2; Zhu, Yongguang3; 1 College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ([email protected]); 2 College of Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; 3 ITKE Environmental Technology Company, Chengdu, China Keywords: ecodesign, LCA, processing, software Ecodesign is based on comprehensive evaluation of environmental aspects of a product along with its life cycle, in which LCA is widely recommended and practiced. However, the typical way to conduct an LCA case study, i.e. constructing a flow chart, collecting inventory data for every unit process etc., is more suitable for an existing product system rather than a new design of a product. During product design, some of processes probably don’t exist, thus LCA study has to start with the blueprint and empirical data of designers. In other words, it would be better for LCA implementation to be adapted for ecodesign work. A quick and simplified LCA modeling method for ecodesign is discussed. It starts LCA modeling with the design of a product, e.g. information of structure, parts, materials, weights, processing, etc. It also involves empirical data input from designers, which is site and product-specific information. With proper LCA database, LCAs of materials are readily modularized, but processings have to be defined in a special way, in order to make LCA computation possible. A parameter-based method to describe a processing is proposed and demonstrated with some examples. Additionally, a conceptual computerized solution is proposed based on this method.

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PRODTECT AUTOMOTIVE – A TOOL TO MEET RECYCLING AND ECO-DESIGN REQUIREMENTS USING STREAMLINED LCA (WED 4.10); Beigl, Peter1; Salhofer, Stefan1; Schneider, Felicitas1; Schiffleitner, Andreas2; Herrmann, Christoph2; 1 BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Institute of Waste Management, Vienna, Austria ([email protected]); 2 KERP Research GmbH, Vienna, Austria Keywords: design for environment, LCA streamlining, life cycle assessment, automotive industry, decision supporting tool Automotive industry is increasingly anxious to push environmentally sound processes for two reasons: to meet the requirements of the ELV directive (2000/53/EC) and to oblige the growing ecological sensitivity of stakeholders, such as interested public, customers, suppliers and legislator. Therefore ecologically relevant product properties have to be analysed over the product life cycle with a minimum amount of time, money and special qualification. The software toolkit “ProdTect Automotive” was developed in order to point out optimal recycling processes in legal and economic terms. It was designed the by KERP Center of Excellence Electronics & Environment GmbH in co-operation with MAGNA STEYR Fahrzeugtechnik AG & Co KG. The further developments done in the current project cover the optimisation of eco-design variants of parts of or whole cars. Beside the here presented ecological impacts, economical as well as marketing- and use-relevant aspects of ecologically sound product design are considered and analysed in the tool. This paper focuses on the implementation of the LCA streamlining methodology which was guided by the Institute of Waste Management at the BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences. Due to the variety of several thousands parts in a car, the integration of material databanks play a central role. Data in the IMDS-format (i.e. International Material Data System) mark the starting point for the following assessments. This predominant system was developed by major car producers in order to deliver accurate material information to fulfil the ELV directive. As a positive side effect, these standardised data facilitate the realisation life-cycle assessment as relevant parts of the necessary life-cycle inventory data (i.e. mass, material description and material composition of each part) are available. Using these material-related data, mass-related input parameters can be derived to assess the upstream processes - raw material extraction and production -, the use-phase (i.e. mainly the fuel consumption caused by the weight) and some recycling and disposal processes. Data gaps mainly emerge in the field of product manufacturing, where e.g. the necessary energy use of energy-intensive processes (e.g. for metal manufacturing) are usually not measured at each machine. An other problem is e.g. the consideration of a huge number of small parts with varying composition and properties. A two-stage procedure is proposed in order to come along with the mentioned hindrances. In a first step, a detailed LCA are carried out for three major structural parts of a car by considering a large number of impact categories as well as a large number of disaggregated parts. Based on these results and accompanying results of an extensive literature review, an appropriate level of aggregation of parts is defined in a second step, without causing significant bias of results. This procedure facilitates the use of the target user of this tool which is not assumed to have in-deep know-how in LCA methods. The paper will present the overall structure of this tool and the applied simplification methods for LCA streamlining. The project is now in process and will be finished in autumn 2007. Tools and Databases NEW NAMEA-BASED NORMALISATION REFERENCE FOR EUROPE YEAR 2000 (WED 4.11); Wesnaes, Marianne1; Weidema, Bo1; 1 2.-0 LCA consultants, Copenhagen K, Denmark ([email protected]) Keywords: Normalisation Europe NAMEA A new normalisation reference for Europe for year 2000 is provided. Compared to the 1995 normalisation reference for production in Western Europe by RIZA/CML (Huijbregts et al. 2001, van Oers et al. 2001), which is used by the majority of current life cycle impact assessment methods, the new normalisation data is based on NAMEA data (National Accounting Matrices with Environmental Accounts) and refer to the emissions related to the total final consumption in EU-27. This is a more relevant perspective for life cycle assessment, since it includes all environmental exchanges in the life cycle of the products consumed in Europe. It also allows more frequent updating, since NAMEA data are reported on an annual basis. The NAMEA for EU-27 has been constructed on the basis of Input-Output tables from 20 European countries) covering more than 98% of the total economic output in EU-27 at the aggregation level of 60 industries. The input-output data are combined with statistical emission data for the same 60 industries, available from 8 countries, covering 50-70% of the total economic output (highest coverage for CO2, less for emissions like CO, particles and lead). The average of the available Input-Output and emission data have been used as proxies for those countries for which data were lacking.

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Compared to the RIZA/CML normalisation data, which refer to resource extraction and emissions on the European territory, the new normalisation reference include the resource extraction and emissions outside the EU, but caused by European consumption. This gives large differences for land use (related to imported agricultural products), resource use (especially energy carriers) and terrestrial ecotoxicity, related to metal mining and processing. The more recent year (2000 instead of 1995) leads to some emissions being lower (especially lead, SO2, and ozone depleting substances), while better estimation methods may be the reason for higher emission data for e.g. particulates and methane. Uncertainties and sources of error will be discussed, as well as their relevance for the applicability of the normalisation data. THE ENVIRONMENTAL RELEVANCE OF CAPITAL GOODS IN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (WED 4.12); Frischknecht, Rolf1; Doka, Gabor2; Althaus, Hans-Jörg3; Nemecek, Thomas4; Bauer, Christian5; Heck, Thomas6; Jungbluth, Niels1; Kellenberger, Daniel3; 1 ESU-services, Uster, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Doka Life Cycle Assessments, Zurich, Switzerland; 3 Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland; 4 Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland; 5 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, ITC-ZTS, Karlsruhe, Germany; 6 PSI, Villigen / PSI, Switzerland Keywords: capital goods, infrastructure, environmental significance, ecoinvent data v1.2, energy production, material production, transport, waste management In the ISO standards 14040 and 14044 the capital goods are explicitly part of the product system. To quantify the environmental relevance of capital goods and infrastructures their contribution is quantified in a large variety of product and service systems. The importance is assessed on the basis of several hundreds of cradle to gate LCAs of product and service LCAs. The importance within product (and service) groups is evaluated with statistical methods by comparing the LCA results including and excluding capital goods and infrastructures. On one hand, a classification of product and service groups is proposed to give better guidance on when and where capital goods and infrastructures should be included or can be neglected. On the other hand, impact categories with a particularly extreme behaviour with regard to capital goods and infrastructures are identi-fied. The presentation will propose rules of thumb with regard to the inclusion or exclusion of capital goods and infrastructures. INDEPENDENT INFORMATION MODULES - A POWERFUL TOOL FOR LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT (WED 4.13); Buxmann, Kurt1; Rebitzer, Gerald2; Kistler, Paola3; 1 Alcan, Sierre, Switzerland ([email protected]); 2 Alcan, Neuhausen, Switzerland; 3 Alcan, Montreal, Canada Keywords: data management, ISO 14025, inventory, predetermined indicators The term "information module" has been introduced into ISO 14025 as compilation of data to be used as a basis for a Type III environmental declaration, covering a unit process or a combination of unit processes that are part of the life cycle of a product. A Type III environmental declaration provides quantified environmental data using predetermined parameters and, where relevant, additional environmental information. Such a declaration is the result of a procedure, as specified in ISO 14025, which provides a high transparency and credibility of the data. Information modules can be used as a powerful data management tool within the life cycle management of a company. Within Alcan, the production processes within a plant are modelled as independent information modules with identical predetermined parameters, which are based on elementary flows and therefore include both direct and indirect emissions and resource use. Such predetermined parameters provide for each process owner important information about the direct and indirect environmental aspects which he can control and options for environmental objectives. Independent information modules can also be combined to process chains or product systems from which the life cycle data of the products are calculated. Based on environmental data sets of member plants related to well-defined processes, industrial associations usually calculate industrial average data which can be used directly by LCA data suppliers. Especially, the Type III environmental declaration procedure invites industrial associations to work out information modules using environmental data of those processes where the industry has a special access. As an example, the European Aluminium Association (EAA) works out a tool for Type III environmental product declarations of aluminium building products based on an information module which includes all cradle-to-gate stages of the life cycle and the recycling operations. The information module can be completed to an LCA data set, if the data of the use stage of the building are known. This paper demonstrates with specific examples how LCAs can be built up from independent information modules and how such results can show the influence of different life cycle stages in a transparent way, as required as a part of the life cycle interpretation phase. It also high-lights the need for generic data of processes which are based on transparent data processing within industrial associations which fulfil the requirements of ISO 14025 on Type III environmental declarations.

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AN EMERGING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR LCAS (WED 4.14); Ciroth, Andreas1; Srocka, Michael1; 1 GreenDeltaTC GmbH, Berlin, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: open source, software, data format converter Since December 2006, an open source software for Life Cycle Assessments is created, in an international project seeking to bring together relevant international players in the LCA field. We will briefly touch upon project structure (core project team, funding consortium, testing and contributing institutions and individuals), and will then focus on two points: First, we will demonstrate the format converter, finalised in March 2007, as one module of the software, with its ability to perform loss-less data conversion between important LCI data formats, including ELCD and EcoSpold. Then, we will present the design and use of the overall software in conducting an LCA. We are convinced that this freely available LCA software will change the way LCAs and Life Cycle Management are received, and applied. Rather than swamping out existing LCA software, the open source software has the chance to broaden and foster the application of Life Cycle approaches, by creating new user groups, and new applications. We will, in the end, show an example from a critical review of an LCA study. KCL-ECO 4.1: IMPLEMENTATION AND DEMONSTRATION OF CONTINENT SPECIFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT FACTORS (WED 4.15); Behm, Katri1; Hohenthal-Joutsimo, Catharina1; 1 KCL, Limited company owned by the Finnish pulp, paper and board industries, Espoo, Finland ([email protected]) Keywords: KCL-ECO, LCA, impact assessment KCL-ECO 4.1 will be released in summer 2007 as the newest version of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) software, which is developed and maintained by KCL, The Finnish Pulp and Paper Research Institute. The KCL-ECO software consists of three components: 1) KCL-ECO LCA calculation program, which is designed for carrying out intensive LCI and LCIA calculations, 2) KCL DataMaster, a program for creating and maintaining large LCI-databases (containing of LCIA module data), and 3) KCL SPOLD data exchange program (SpoldExchange.exe), a program for importing/exporting data from/to SPOLD format files. The software is applicable for not only pulp and paper industry but also for other industry calculations. The processes are described as modules and flows, which are represented by equations that are logically related. The user may add new modules and flows with suitable equations. When modules are joined together by flows, the new equations are added automatically to the set of equations depicting the flowsheet. Once the flowsheet is complete, the equations can be solved and the results examined in the form of a report. KCL-ECO is very suitable for processes with recycling as closed loop functions, open loop functions and other allocations are easily calculated with KCL-ECO. It can handle very large systems and due to its transparent structure transports can be studied separately. In 2004 the new version came out with many new features like hiding and filtering of modules and ability to import Ecoinvent data modules. KCL EcoData is a separated KCL-ECO compatible database including 250 forest industry specific data modules in unit process format. Today KCL-ECO includes two Impact assessment methods: DAIA 98 which is a Finnish method and EcoIndicator 99 which is a method suitable for European conditions. Now in 2007 a new impact assessment era will begin as continent/country specific impact assessment factors will be implemented into KCL-ECO. This means that one flowsheet (LCA) will consist of many different impact assessment methods depending on where the production is situated. This is of high importance as e.g. in the industries which may import raw materials from one continent to the production site on another continent, and finally export the products to consumers on a third one. Using more than one impact assessment for a LCA of this type with factors specific for each continent will be more precise than previous methods. In one LCA it is of high importance to use different local assessment factors and it will now be easily possible with KCL-ECO. This will be done together with the Finnish Environment Institute who will provide us with the specific impact assessment factors. This feature will be presented and demonstrated with examples at the conference in August.

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Abstracts of Poster Presentations MONDAY Management Challenges COMBINING LCA, TRADE STATISTICS AND THE NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY TO DETERMINE THE EMBODIED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CAUSED BY INTERNATIONAL TRADE (PMON01) Jungbluth, Niels1, Frischknecht, Rolf1 1ESU-services Ltd., Uster, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: energy, embodied energy, embodied greenhouse gasses, export, greenhouse gas inventory, import, food, life cycle assessment, Switzerland By international comparison, Switzerland has a relatively low per capita output of greenhouse gas emissions. This is due partly to the fact that the national greenhouse gas inventory prepared according to the guidelines of the Climate Convention only takes domestic emissions into account. Emissions arising from the production of goods prior to import are assigned at the point where they are released to the atmosphere. This is of particular significance for countries that depend heavily on imports, such as Switzerland. To obtain a realistic picture of Switzerland's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, the emissions originating outside her national boundaries – so-called 'embodied' emissions – must be quantified. In a case study, the embodied emissions for all traded goods and services are analysed in detail for the years 1990 to 2004 on the basis of foreign trade statistics and life cycle inventory data. Additionally, an independent analysis with input-output data has been performed. Both approaches confirm the importance of embodied emissions. Direct emissions in 2004 were 53 Mio. t CO2-eq. The total embodied emissions for 2004 amount to about 78% of the emission total specified in the national greenhouse gas inventory. Thus, the total emissions are 94 Mio. t. CO2-eq. The energy sector alone accounts for 13 Mio. tonnes of imported CO2-eq. These data illustrate the significance of embodied emissions in the Swiss context. The approach highlights also the usefulness of life cycle inventory data for environmental management measures on a national level. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT INTEGRATIVE PART IN CONTINUOUS CORPORATE DECISION-MAKING (PMON02) Scharnhorst, Wolfram 1, 1 PE International GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, Stakeholder, Information condensation Stimulated in particular by the recent EU enactments concerning electric and electronic goods � RoHS, their energy consumption � EuP, and their end of life treatment � WEEE (European Commission, 2003a; European Commission, 2003b; European Commission, 2005) environmental aspects are increasingly recognised as being important ensuring sustainable economy. So far various approaches and even more tools have been developed in order to assess the environmental implications related to artificial actions. Having its methodological roots in the late 1960ies (Platt and Rowe, 2002) and being under continuous development since, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) nowadays is recognised as a very strong tool when it comes to the assessment of the environmental performance of products . The overall intention of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was and is to analyse the environmental performance of products, to identify improvement potentials and, thus, to assist to reduce the potential environmental impact attributable to the concerned products (Anonymous, 1997). Today, from the perspective of researchers as well as of consultants, the LCA methodology has been proven to be applicable to products as simple as, for instance, a sheet of paper and, on the other hand, to complex products like mobile phones or even entire mobile phone networks (Stark, 2005; Scharnhorst et al., 2006). Though being aware of the methods advantages, industry often still hesitates to practice it. Thereby the concerns range from being too expansive to unreliable results and do not end up with too complex. In order to facilitate industries to benefit of the advantages of LCA a comprehensive four-tiered LCA implementation approach is proposed. The four steps cover product profiling, stakeholder profiling, method and result profiling. Outlining the approach in general the following key aspects on how to efficiently and effectively implement LCA into the decision making process of largely internationally integrated corporations will be addressed: " Which stakeholder needs which type of information from an LCA? " Who, within a company structure, can use the LCA results most effective and efficiently? " What is the most rational strategy to interpret LCA results for decision making? " Which level of abstraction of the assessment model is optimal to support decisions?

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GREEN PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT (PMON03) Tzann-Dwo1, Hank, Hwang2, 1Wu Tung-Nang Institute of Technology,Taiwan,R.O.C., Taipei, 2IXON Technology Co.,Ltd, Taipei ([email protected]) Keywords: risk management, life cycle assessment, performance evaluation, 1 page ECOR-profile According to the European Union Directives, such as�RoHS(2006.7.1), WEEE(2006.12.31), PPw(2008.12.31) and EuP(2007.8.11), enterprises have to face the global greening tendency in Taiwan. Maintaining the normal quality management system or environmental management system is not sufficient for responding to the trends of gren procurement, green consumption or green design. In oder to help product designers or decision-makers to quickly meet the numerous green and risk management requirements on life cycle thinking model.Authors have developed a system called “Green Products Risk Management System (GpRM-IACSA-DRW1)” This system focuses on standardardizing, processing to introduce project management methodology, developing problem-solving skills, theory of constrain, risk management skills(e.g., risk identification, analysis, evaluation, and plan), design of experiment (DOE) ,performance evaluation technology ,and six sigma quality management systems (included QS9000 and QC080000) for green design and development’s five phases (Define/Measure/ Analyze/ Diagnose/ Verify) in the management and operation systems of electrical and electronic equipment in Taiwan. Finally,we created “1 page ECOR-profile for real-time control project risk management to reduce cost and promote operational efficiency in the future. EMS AND LCM IN PRACTICE AT ESTONIAN NATIONAL ENERGY COMPANY EESTI ENERGIA AS (PMON04) Lehtla, Reigo1, Meriste, Tõnis1, Talve, Siret2, 1Eesti Energia AS / Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia ([email protected]), 2Cycleplan OÜ, Tallinn, Estonia Keywords: Oil Shale energy, Life Cycle Assessment LCA, Environmental Product Declaration EPD, ISO 14001, EMAS, Product Specific Requirement PSR, open electricity market Eesti Energia AS (EE) is Estonian national energy company, covering most (>95%) of the Estonian electricity production and distribution. EE is unique energy company in the world since it is the only one, which generates electricity from oil shale. About 93% of Estonian electricity consumption is covered with oil shale energy. Mining and burning of oil shale is quite polluting and causes huge amounts of both solid waste and atmospheric emissions, so EE has started multiple environmental projects which are aimed to decrease negative environmental impact of the oil shale energy generation. On years 2002-2005 ISO 14001 based EMS was introduced in all production and distribution enterprises. 2003-2005 the EU-supported (LIFE-environment) pilot project was conducted to introduce the LCA methodology in Estonia, in the frames of the project the full scale LCA of the oil shale energy was carried out. Thorough inventarisation of all inputs and outputs of the oil shale generation cycle was carried out, oil shale energy was compared with hard coal and renewable energy. Estonia joined with EU on 2004 and on 2009 the opening of the Estonian electricity market will take place. EE will compete on European and Estonian market with other European energy companies. Therefore for EE the transparency of oil-shale energy’s environmental characteristics is very important also from marketing point of view. On 2006 two follow-up projects were initiated with the aim of the further utilization of the accumulated LCA knowledge. Environmental information project is focused on the integration of the LCA-based information into the EMS of EE. Automated database will be introduced into the EE enterprises, enabling smooth generation of environmental reports and obtaining LCA data. In another project EE steps ahead and will compose EPD for the oil-shale energy, so it can compete with other energies on open European market. Since this is new type of energy for Europe, the PSR for oil shale energy must be specified and approved. Estonian energy market acquired physical connection with European market (i.e. Scandinavian Nordpool) on 2006 while 300 MW cable Estlink was launched between Estonia and Finland. In 2007 EE started as well project to verify it’s EMS according to the EU EMAS-scheme. Since EE group already issues annual environmental report, has environmental policy and environmental targets and ISO 14001 certified subsidiaries, and simultaneously started LCA-driven projects for accumulation of the environmental data there is great amount of synergy between LCA and EMS projects. The project for utilization of the LCA data for the purposes of the prospective Life Cycle Costing project is on the planning stage currently. INCORPORATING COSTS IN LCA APPLYING AN INPUT-OUTPUT COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURE (PMON05) Settanni, Ettore1, Tassielli, Giuseppe1, Notarnicola, Bruno1, 1University of Bari, Bari, Italy ([email protected]) Keywords: Life Cycle Costing, Input-Output Analysis, Supply Chain The parallel implementation of LCC and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as complementary tools seems to exclude any formal integration of the former into the latter. Our aim, instead, is to investigate to which extent LCA and LCC could eventually share a similar computational structure, which is grounded in the well-established one for Life Cycle Inventories. Limitations of LCC and LCA as separate tools, indeed, include that, from the one hand, diverging

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economic and environmental results would force to choose between environmental or economic priorities, unless not easily quantifiable cost issues are included or a discount rate is quite arbitrarily chosen. From the other hand, to put LCA results into operation would require to identify both cost and intervention drivers which could be actually controlled as well as to manage relationships among partners throughout the supply chain. As far as some discounted cash flow analysis is combined with LCA, parallel implementation of LCA and LCC would be theoretically feasible so far as capital budgeting for durable assets is concerned, and the scope of the latter would then be narrower. Furthermore, in the extent it is the resource consumption that counts, cash flows are inappropriate for costing purposes Production processes linked by both materials and cost flows are modelled as a supply chain, and may also belong to different firms, from the raw materials supplier though the final user to the end-of-life actors. These physical relationships may be converted into financial ones by performing process costing through the input-output algebra. Resource consumption and emissions as well as cost drivers are accounted for in column vectors to allow both direct and non-volume driver tracing. A cut-off algorithm is implemented to identify those flows which are neither required nor supplied by unit processes within the chain. Primary and secondary net outputs are then scaled to match an exogenous reference flow. The economic counterpart of the macroeconomic Waste Input Output hybrid model has been adapted for the microeconomic perspective with make-use tables in order to manage recycling within the supply chain and the demand for end-of-life treatments. LCC as a method for cost accounting in a supply chain perspective which relies on enterprise input-output accounts seems more consistent with the LCA’s “physical” life-cycle. The Life Cycle Cost is defined as a vector that shows how the costs accrued in each stage according with the process costing principles up to a desired point in the supply chain. These values depend upon the costs related to externally purchased direct materials, conversion costs and environmental “internal failure” costs. This allow to determine and manage the contribution of physically driven costs, as well as the material flows that cause them, according with actual relationship along the supply chain and to avoid relying solely on discounted cash flows. Services INTEGRATING SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES INTO PROPERTY RATING AND VALUATION (PMON06) Lützkendorf, Thomas1, Lorenz, David1, 1Universität Karlsruhe (TH), School of Economics and Business Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: property, risc assessment, life cycle assessment, valuation, sustainability The building and construction sector has been termed the cornerstone of sustainability and the importance of single buildings and of buildings stocks for achieving more sustainable development has now been recognized and emphasized at the European as well as at the international level. But although the knowledge and the technical capabilities for creating and operating buildings in a genuinely sustainable manner and although the ‘green’ or ‘sustainable’ building community has developed a number of processes and tools to assess the design and performance of buildings along their life cycles, this has had insignificant impact on mainstream property investment and financing decisions. This is an important issue since the building and construction sector itself is greatly influenced through property investment and finance practices. The authors argue that the principles of sustainable development have not yet been fully adopted and integrated into property investment and financing processes since major instruments used by investors, lenders and their professional advisors – i.e. property valuation and risk assessment techniques – have not been able to (or applied for) communicating the benefits of sustainable design. Information on a building’s life-cycle-costs and environmental and social performance simply has not been part of the traditional property valuation and risk assessment processes. This is now slowly beginning to change and the main intention of this paper is to report, comment on and speed up these developments. On the one hand, new property rating systems are emerging as a means of creating risk profiles of property assets. These rating systems are intended for use within both property financing processes as a consequence of new, international banking capital adequacy rules (Basel II) as well as within property investment analyses. These rating systems also contain and assess information on a building’s functionality, environmental friendliness, adaptability and life-cycle-costs and thus, represent a possible platform to combine the interests and instruments of the banking industry with the concerns and instruments of the sustainable building community. The authors investigate if and to what extent the benefits of sustainable buildings are already considered in new property rating approaches and comment on questions concerning the relationship as well as a possible job-sharing between sustainability assessment tools and the banks’ instruments for conducting property ratings. On the other hand, certain groups of investors are beginning to realize that socially responsible investment practices (SRI) can be particularly beneficial if they are applied to property asset. In combination with a growing number of occupiers and other property market participants that are beginning to want more sustainable buildings, this creates pressure for property valuers to reflect

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sustainability issues within estimates of worth and market value. The authors argue that neglecting the benefits of sustainable design within the scope of property valuations leads to distorted price estimates; they therefore report on both progresses made as well as difficulties in adjusting traditional valuation techniques to account for issues of sustainability. The paper shows that recent developments in property investment and finance circles open up new fields of application for construction related life-cycle-assessment and management approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF INNOVATIVE ICT SERVICES, INCLUDING INDIRECT AND REBOUNDS EFFECTS (PMon07) Loerincik, Yves1, Placci, Daniel2, Temerson, Jean-Marc3, Jolliet, Olivier4, 1Ecointesys - Life Cycle Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland, ([email protected]), 2Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 3France Telecom, Grenoble, France, 4 University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, United States of America Keywords: Service, Information and communication technology, rebounds effect, hybrid LCA This presentation assesses the environmental performances of Innovative ICT (Information and Communication Technology) services in development within the research and development division of France Telecom,using two complementary Life Cycle Assessment methods, process and Input-Output LCA. The national agency for unemployed people in France experimented a France Telecom's innovative service based on visiophonic station to perform remote interviews. The environmental impact of this virtual desk has been assessed in detail. The transport of the users dominates the impacts of both the traditional service and the new service. The visiophonic station leads to important savings due to the reduction of the distance previously covered by car. The computer and related equipment have lower but still significant impact depending on the used screen. The potential savings of three other innovative services have been evaluated using a Life Cycle Assessment method and compared to the visiophonic station. A hybrid Life Cycle Assessment approach has been used to further extend its system boundaries. Although the dominance of the transport impacts is confirmed, other service-linked impacts, such as research and development, or marketing, become significant. Finally, the rebounds effect linked to the use of spare money and time was assessed assuming either that financial or time is the limiting factor.. It shows that the user choices very significantly affect the environmental performances, from “worst case activity” to reinvestments of savings for environmental friendly actions. LOCAL CLIMATE ACTION: COUNTING CHALLENGES (PMON08) Larsen, Hogne 1, Hertwich, Edgar 1, 1NTNU, Trondheim, Norway ([email protected]) Keywords: Local climate action, Carbon Footprint, Input-Output Analysis One of the challenges faced by local governments in the work with municipal climate action plans concerns accounting for the GHG emissions; what emissions should be targeted, development of emissions in time, and how to effectively measure the success of local climate action. The delivery of public services provided by local municipalities requires only a small amount of resources directly. However, services trigger resource flow indirectly, which yields the need for indicators such as Carbon Footprint (CF). The CF is based on lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from the products and services purchased by the municipality. It is calculated using Life Cycle Assessment and Input-Output Analysis. We present an analysis of the carbon footprint of public services provided by the city of Trondheim. The analysis is based on the city's accounting system. It allows for a fairly reliable calculation of indirect emissions, but some minor modifications of the accounting system are required to improve the estimates for direct emissions. We contrast the carbon footprint to the traditional indicator of GHG emission within a municipality's geographical boundaries and argue that the CF is more useful and less misleading indicator. EVALUATION OF ECO-EFFICIENT CAR LIFE CYCLES DURING A FIVE CAR MODELS SEQUENCE IN 35 YEARS (PMON09) Maruschke, Julian 1, Rosemann, Bernd 2, Negrea, Adina 3, Mosoarca, Giannin3, Lupa, Lavinia3, Ghiga, Ramona3, 1 BMW Group, Unterschleissheim, Germany ([email protected]), 2 Chair of Manufacturing and Remanufacturing Technology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, 3 Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania, Timisoara, Romania Keywords: eco-efficiency, car lifecycle, LCA, LCC In order to minimize both economic and ecologic resource consumption during car life cycles, two basically different approaches exist: On one hand, the approach is to design a car for a longer than usual life cycle and to use it for up to 20 years rather than the average car lifetime in today's markets. This approach roots back to first studies presented in the 1970s (Porsche "Langzeitauto"-Studie) and aims at slowing down material cycles. On the other hand, the approach is to replace a car as early as its successor with significant technological innovation is available on the market and represents an option to benefit from its better economical and ecological performance. This approach tries to outweigh the accelerated material cycles by benefiting from lightweight designs, hybrid power trains or even hydrogen power trains and thus aims at minimizing overall resource consumption.

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In reality, of course, the most eco-efficient strategy will be an intelligent combination of the two different approaches. Looking for example at a 35 years period, where 5 subsequent car models with a production period of 7 years each are offered to the market, at some stages it will be more efficient to keep the previous model longer and at some stages scrapping an old car and using a car of best available technology may offer less environmental impacts than using the old car furthermore. This paper presents first findings of a new evaluation model being developed at BMW Group to offer an insight into system behaviour and interaction of parameters like future technological innovations and legal changes. For that purpose the whole life cycle of chosen cars is ecologically and economically analysed by Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing. The results of these investigations feed a model that determines in various scenarios ecological and economical efficient car substitution points in scenarios evaluating and assessing 3.379 possible different car use chains of a BMW 5 Series models sequence within the period from 1995 to 2030. The data, which the assessments rely on, are directly generated by preliminary and series development projects. COUPLED COST AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE MODELLING OF COMPOSITE CAR-BODIES FOR A KOREAN TILTING TRAIN (PMon10) Jolliet, Olivier 1 Blanc, Isabelle 2, Schwab Castella, Pascale 2, Gomez, Marcel3, Ecabert, Bastien3, Manson, Jan-Anders3, Wakeman, Martyn3, 1 University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, United States of America ([email protected]), 2 Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 3Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland Keywords: Cost, Environmental, Life Cycle Modeling, Composite, Train A coupled technical cost modelling (TCM) study and environmental life cycle analysis was performed of composite car bodies for the Korean Tilting Train eXpress (TTX) project. This included the cost of both carriage manufacture and the use phase power cost, coupled with the life cycle impacts of all stages from raw material production, through carriage manufacture and use, to end of life scenarios. Metallic carriages for a production capacity of 90 carriages per year for 5 years were compared with 2 composite candidates: a hybrid steel-composite structure and full composite carriages. Results are analysed plotting cost versus energy consumption - as one major indicator of the environmental impacts - for the stages of: a) raw material production, b) manufacturing stage, and c) use phase. The coupled results show that the raw material and manufacturing phase costs are approximately half of the total life cycle costs, whilst the environmental impact is relatively insignificant (3-8%). The use phase of the car body is the most important in terms of environmental impact, for all scenarios. In terms of cost, it represents approximately half of the whole life cycle. With steel rail carriages being of greater weight, the use phase cost is correspondingly higher to give both the greatest environmental impact and the highest life cycle cost. Compared to the steel scenario, the hybrid composite variant has a lower life cycle cost and a lower environmental impact. Though the full composite rail carriage may have the highest manufacturing cost, it is nevertheless the optimum solution when considering total life cycle cost and secondly environmental impact considerations: it indeed leads to both lower total life cycle costs and lower environmental impact than all of the alternatives. Biomaterials LAND USE IN LCA OF BIOMATERIALS (PMon12) Garrain, Daniel1, Vidal, Rosario1, Franco, Vicente1, 1GID-Engineering Design Group - University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain ([email protected]) Keywords: Land use, LCA, biodiversity, life support functions, biomaterials The most usual impact categories developed in LCAs carried out by several authors on the subject of plastic products and processes have been global warming, acidification, eutrophication, ozone layer depletion, smog and fossil resource depletion [1-9]. So far, assessments made considering the usual impact categories alone have shown that products involving agricultural resources are either less sustainable or show little differences in terms of sustainability with conventional products, chiefly due to the use of fertilizers. When designing a product made of biodegradable materials, all of the impacts associated with the product along its life cycle -“from cradle to grave”- should be taken into account. The replacement of conventional materials by biopolymers entails modifications of environmental impacts which are not always evident or easy to quantify. Taking a closer look at the LCA methodology followed by most authors, one can observe that impacts such as the land use of biodegradable materials or the visual impact of a crop field are not taken into account. Does a cornfield make a better neighbour than a factory? Can the difference in visual impact between agriculture and plastic industry be quantified? Existing LCA studies of biopolymers have often neglected the land use impact category, with some exceptions [5]. Given that the organic fraction of biodegradable products often comes from agricultural waste, several environmental issues concerning the impact of crops arise, namely land occupation and transformation [10] or aesthetic impact on landscape [8]. Additionally, when replacement of

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conventional plastics by biodegradable polymers is under consideration, other topics come up, such as the environmental assessment of the disposal methods [11-12]. In this study, these new categories are developed or discussed in order to quantify human annoyance as an additional factor in LCAs. This will allow for fair comparisons between biodegradable products (or products including biodegradable parts) and their conventional counterparts. SCENARIO PROJECTIONS FOR FUTURE MARKET POTENTIALS OF BIO-BASED BULK CHEMICALS (PMON13) Dornburg, Veronika1, Patel, Martin K. 1, Hermann, Barbara1, 1Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands ([email protected]) High expectations are connected to the developments in this field of �White Biotechnology� with regard to their benefits for savings of energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as economic benefits. In this paper three scenario projections for future market potentials of bio-based bulk chemicals produced by means of White Biotechnology are developed for Europe (EU-25) until the year 2050 and potential non-renewable energy savings, greenhouse gas emission reduction and land use consequences are analyzed. We distinguish between a scenario LOW with rather unfavourable conditions for bio-based chemicals (oil price up to 30 US$/barrel; sugar price of up to 400 ¬/t; 0% p.a. physical growth in the chemical sector), a scenario MEDIUM (up to 66 US$/barrel, up to 200 ¬ /t sugar and 1.5% p.a. physical growth of organic chemicals) and a scenario HIGH (up to 83 US$/barrel, approx. 70 ¬/t sugar and 3.0% p.a. physical growth of chemicals). For these scenarios, a number of chemicals have been selected that could be replaced by bio-based products that may be good candidates for gaining large market shares in physical terms. Absolute non-renewable energy savings for Europe (EU-25) depend on the scenario chosen. In the scenario LOW in 2050, about 7%-10% of the non-renewable energy demand for the (conventional) production of the selected chemicals studied are saved, while in the scenarios MEDIUM and HIGH this percentage is about 20%-30% and 39%-67%, respectively (lower values for starch, higher values for lignocellulosics). The saving percentages for GHG emissions are in a similar range. The total land use for bio-based chemical production is relatively low in most scenarios. If starch is used as basis for fermentable sugar, the total land use ranges from 1.0 to 38.1 million ha in the three scenarios. If lignocellulose is used as biofeedstock, only 0.4 to 15.6 million ha are needed. For comparison, the agricultural area in the EU-25 was about 180 million ha in 2002. Land requirements are hence not likely to become a critical issue in the next few decades. In 2050, White Biotechnology offers substantial macroeconomic savings in the scenarios MEDIUM and HIGH (6.7 and 74.8 billion ¬) while it entails relatively small additional expenses in the scenario LOW (�0.13 billion ¬, see Section 4.5.2). The macroeconomic savings imply improved international competitiveness. The annual added value of the bio-based chemicals is estimated for 2050 at about 1.8, 8.8 and 33.2 billion ¬ in the scenario LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH respectively. We conclude from our analysis that, under favourable conditions, White Biotechnology becomes a reality, enabling substantial savings of non-renewable energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, parallel to economic advantages. Given the scenario results we conclude that the large-scale production of White Biotechnology products will most likely occur first in countries with low prices for fermentable sugar. LCA OF BIOCOMPOSITES VERSUS CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTS (PMon14) Martinez, Pilar 1, Garrain, Daniel2, Vidal, Rosario2, 1AIMPLAS Instituto Tecnológico del Plastico Paterna, Spain ([email protected]), 2GID-Engineering Design Group - University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain Keywords: Biocomposites, cotton, husk rice, recycling, thermoplastics Interest in biodegradable materials has developed as a consequence of increasing social awareness of environmental degradation and the possibilities of reducing it by selecting more environmentally-friendly products. Biocomposite materials have several advantages. Since they are based on renewable resources, biocomposites help reduce dependency on petroleum. Even though they are more expensive to produce today, their cost could be reduced with large-scale usage. Some authors [1-4] have remarked that biodegradable materials are, in some cases, less “ecological” than conventional ones, among other reasons, because of the high degree of optimisation in conventional industries. Even though the environmental impact of biopolymers is higher nowadays, they should not be rejected because of this. Instead, further research on their optimisation towards their environmental improvement should be conducted [5]. This study entails the analysis and environmental assessment of plastic and biocomposite materials using the LCA methodology. These materials are used as substitutes for wood in the construction of platforms. The proposed alternatives included a platform formed by polymeric material tubing in virgin PP and HDPE thermoplastics instead of wooden logs, along with other platforms built using biocomposite materials. These materials featured a recycled HDPE and PP matrix phase and a reinforcement phase made from agricultural waste (rice husk powder, cotton linter pellets). Four different biocomposite platforms variants were built, each one having a different reinforcement/matrix

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combination with diverse sources for thermoplastics and cotton linters. Overall, six platforms were built for comparison: • Conventional eucalyptus wood platform (W). • Virgin HDPE and PP platform (VP). • Biocomposite platform with plastic matrix coming from recycled urban post-consumer waste and reinforcement of rice husks and cotton linters from crop waste (UW&CC). • Biocomposite platform with plastic matrix coming from recycled industrial waste and reinforcement of rice husks and cotton linters from crop waste (IW&CC). • Biocomposite platform with plastic matrix coming from recycled urban post-consumer waste and reinforcement of rice husks and cotton linters from textile waste (UW&RC). • Biocomposite platform with plastic matrix coming from recycled industrial waste and reinforcement of rice husks and cotton linters from textile waste (IW&RC). OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF BIOPOLYMERS FOR THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY (PMON15) Chadha, Avrath1, Hoffmann, Volker1, 1ETH Zürich; Dept. for Management, Technology and Economics; Chair for Sustainability and Technology, Zürich, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: Sustainability, Oil Depletion, Biopolymers The dependence on fossil resources is among the greatest challenges for the world economy. On the one hand, fossil resources such as oil are limited and have to be substituted sooner or later. On the other hand, the economic impact of the oil depletion could even hit the industry much sooner. As the fossil resources diminish, prices will increase. The flow of carbon through the economy will increasingly influence - or constrain – the way society works. In our paper the focus will be on the input side of the value chain, which is related to the disposition of fossil fuels. It is foreseeable that many firms - albeit to a different degree - will be affected by carbon constraints as prices for scarce fossil resources are likely to increase. As a consequence they will have to adopt new environmental technologies in order to survive in an increasingly competitive environment. Since most polymers are synthesized from fossil-fuel raw material resources their depletion is a widely recognized environmental and economic issue. Therefore, the polymer industry is challenged in the next decades how to react to the declining global oil reserves. In order to gain independence from crude oil, there are intensive research activities for polymers produced from renewable resources, so called biopolymers. However, the launching date and diffusion of biopolymers not only depend on technological progress but also on strategic management decisions. Some pioneer firms have entered the market, whereas others have decided to wait and watch the market closely since there is tough competition from petro-based polymers in a highly price-driven market. Additionally, many firms are not fully convinced of the positive environmental effects of biopolymers. A major challenge for the industry is that the functionally ideal and cost-effective biopolymer, with all the highly valued properties of existing petro-based polymers, e. g. versatility of applications, ease of processing etc. is yet to be developed. The objective of our paper is to understand why a number of firms adopt biopolymer technology while some firms are reluctant to enter the market. Conducted interviews with experts from academia and industry suggest growing demand from customers, instability of price and lower availability of crude oil as chemical process feedstock, increasing environmental awareness in society and first mover advantages in a new market as the main reasons why firms are investing heavily in biopolymer research. Furthermore, our paper investigates how firms adopt biopolymer technology successfully and which organizational capabilities and resources are needed for that. In order to evaluate these questions, we report in our paper on several case studies in the polymer industry. Our focus is on leading raw material suppliers and converters in Europe. To cover all relevant aspects, we include strategic and technical perspectives in the case studies. Therefore our interview partners are representatives from various business units such as management, R&D, sustainability, and sales and marketing. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BIOPOLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES (PMON16) Shen, Li1, 1Department of Science, Technology and Society (STS), University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, nanocomposite, material, PLA, TPS, energy, emission, environment Bio-based polymers are produced from renewable feedstocks and may therefore be more sustainable than their conventional counterparts, especially in terms of non-renewable energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Nanoclay reinforcement can greatly improve the material properties of petrochemical polymers and therefore, for some applications, nanocomposites can reduce the overall material demand, which in turn, reduces the environmental impacts. However, it has not been studied so far, whether nanotechnology leads to similar improvements in environmental performance for bio-based polymers. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate in a quantitative manner nanoclay (nano-scale bentonite) reinforced biopolymers are more environmentally friendly than their counterparts. The

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biopolymers investigated are polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic starch (TPS). The counterparts included in the comparison are pure biopolymers (without nanoparticles), pure petrochemical polymers (without nanoparticles, e.g. PP, PE) and petrochemical polymer nanocomposites. We apply the “Ashby” method to determine the weight reduction. The method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is applied to compare the cradle-to-factory gate and cradle-to-grave environmental impacts for the selected materials. The environmental-impact indicators in this study are non-renewable energy use (NREU), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, abiotic depletion, ozone layer depletion, acidification and eutrophication. LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF HEMP PRODUCTION FOR NON-WOOD PULP (PMon17) González-García1, Hospido, Almudena1, Feijoo, Gumersindo1, Moreira, Maria Teresa1, 1Sara Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain ([email protected]) Keywords: Hemp crop, LCA, paper pulp The pulp and paper industry consumes large amounts of natural resources and, as a consequence, some countries have promoted the use of non-wood fibres. Hemp is one of the oldest known fibre crops in the world and it has been a traditional crop in Spain, being mainly grown in Catalonia (NE Spain). Its benefits (weeds suppresser, crop free from diseases, improving soil structure and no pesticide consumption) make it an attractive crop for sustainable fibre production. In fact, Hemp grown for paper pulp is one of the highest yielding and least intensive crops to cultivate. In this work, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is being used to quantify the environmental burdens associated to non wood pulp production. At the present time, data for Hemp production is being gathered from one of the biggest producer in Spain and complemented with bibliographic sources. The next step will be the collection of data for the processing stage in a representative ‘‘state of art’’ Spanish mill in order to get complete analysis of the pulp production process. FEASIBILITY STUDY OF LOCAL BIOMASS POWER PLANTS IN SPAIN (PMon45) Rodrigo Julio1, Castells, Francesc2, Butnar, Isabela2, 1Simpple, Tarragona, Spain ([email protected]), 2Universistat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain Keywords: biomass processing, heat recovery, BAT, Spain In the frame of sustainable assessment of Biofuels, it has been performed an environmental analysis of the energy production chain from two existing cultures, located in Spain: Brassica Carinata and Populus sp. For these two types of biomass, the available technologies were assessed in a life-cycle framework to determine the best set to produce the maximum amount of energy, with the least environmental impact. Different alternatives have been studied, the most feasible being the one considering the direct burning of biomass in relatively big capacity power plants (e.g. 50MW) with heat recovery. This alternative is the best whenever it is possible to establish a proper biomass supply network to feed the plant. In the case of the Populus sp. combustion, better efficiency is obtained when the raw materials are chipped before combustion. All the calculations have been performed using a software developed by our research group, LCAmanager, which has demonstrated to be an excellent tool to discriminate between the different existing options and to decide which is the combination of Best Available Technologies to produce a maximum of energy with minimum environmental impacts. Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals LCA OF AIR-SORTED QUARTZ (PMON18) Lancellotti, Isabella1, Neri, Paolo2, Andreola, Fernanda3, Barbieri, Luisa3, Bondioli, Federica3, Corradi, Anna3, Ferrari, Anna Maria4, 1Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e dell'Ambiente /, Modena, Italy, ([email protected]), 2 ENEA (National Agency for New Techincs, Energy and Environment) “Ezio Clementel”, Bologna (Italy)., Bologna, Italy, 3Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e dell'Ambiente /, Modena, Italy, 4 Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilio, Dipartimento di Scienze e Metodi dell'Ingegneria /,Reggio Emilia, Italy Keywords: LCA, Quartz, environmental impact, transport, external cost The Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis, pointing out the most harmful areas in the processes, is a valuable tool to understand where to spend resources to improve processes and make them more environmentally sustainable. This research aims to evaluate the life cycle impact of air-sorted quartz in order to establish the environmental impact onto the damage categories (human health, ecosystem quality, resources) and, in a more specific way, onto the single impact categories (i.e. human health considers: carcinogens, respiratory inorganic, climate change, ozone depletion…). The boundaries of this study go from the extraction of this type of quartz, until the quarry and finally to the customers distribution. The study is based on data collected over a year of production, provided by an Italian company. The LCA study has been performed using the SimaPro 6.0 software developed by Pré

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Consultant and three evaluation methods: Eco-indicator 99 (Dutch), EPS 2000 (Swedish) and EDIP 96 (Danish). The research has been devoted both to the environmental impact evaluation of air-sorted quartz based on the category of all resources and emissions of the process (Life cycle inventory) and to the environmental impact analysis followed by the external costs analysis. According to the Total Cost Assessment approach, the complete cost of the product has been obtained by the sum of economic and external costs. The results have been explained by analysis per substance and per process, in order to identify the most noxious process and substance and to point out possible areas of improvements. From the analysis appears that the extraction phase is the less dangerous in the entire process, while the diesel combustion and the transport by track of the finished product have a significant environmental impact. SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF PROPIONIC ACID FROM DISCHARGED WATER IN VITAMIN B12 PRODUCTION BY ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION (PMON19) Huizhou, Liu1, Zhidong, Chang1, Kang, Wang1, Bin, Li1, Yinchen, Ma1, Chao, Lei1, 1Institute of Process Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ([email protected]) Keywords: primary amine; propionic acid; extract; wastewater Vitamin B12, which is also called cobalamin, is a drug that helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells etc. It can be manufactured through either aerobic or anaerobic fermentation nowadays. Together with anaerobic fermentation producing Vitamin B12, propionic acid is also produced with almost of 2 to 4%(wt). This paper tries to investigate the potential of recovering this part of propionic acid from wastewater by solvent extraction. In this study, a primary amine, N1923, is used as the extractant, the kerosene as the diluter, and the n-octanol as the synergic reagent to research the recovery of propionic acid from the waste water. The influence of the components of the organic phase, the phase ratio, the pH of aqueous phase and operation time on the extraction yield of propionic acid are investigated. Results show that when the content of N1923 is lower than 40%, the extraction yield of propionic acid has a greatly increase with the increase of N1923’s content. After that point, the increase of the extraction yield of propionic acid becomes slight. The addition of n-octanol can suppress the emulsification trend. With the increasing of the phase ratio (o/a), the extraction yield of propionic acid has an obvious increase till the phase ratio (o/a) reaches 1:4. When the pH of aqueous phase decreases, the extraction yield of propionic acid has a rapidly increase from 20% with pH of 5.6 to about 94% with pH of 3.6. With the operation time increasing, the extraction yield of propionic acid increases. When the operation time lasts over 20 minutes, the trend keeps almost the same. An organic phase composition is proposed with the volume ratio of N1923:kerosene: n-octanol as 45:35:20, and under conditions of the phase ratio (o/a) as 1:4, the pH of aqueous phase of 3, room temperature and 20 minutes of extraction, the extraction yield of propionic acid can be over 97%. ABSORBING BENZENE EMISSIONS BY IONIC LIQUIDS AND MAGNETICALLY ROTATIONAL REACTOR FOR ABSORPTION (PMON20) Huizhou, Liu1, Chen, Guo1, Yangyang, Jiang1, 1Institute of Process Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ([email protected]) Keywords: Ionic liquid, magnetic ionic liquid, Magnetically Rotational Reactor (MRR), benzene emissions, absorption Magnetic ionic liquid [bmim]FeCl4 and ionic liquids [bmim]BF4, [bmim]PF6 were used as the absorbent of benzene emissions which cause serious environmental pollution. 0.68g benzene emissions could be absorbed by a gram of [bmim]FeCl4, 0.27 and 0.40 g/g higher than that by [bmim]PF6 and [bmim]BF4, respectively. A magnetically rotational reactor (MRR) which has a permanent magnet core and uses magnetic ionic liquid [bmim]FeCl4 as absorbent has been developed and used in absorbing benzene emissions. The rotation of the permanent magnet core provided impetus for the agitation of the magnetic ionic liquid, enhancing mass transfer and making benzene better dispersed in the absorbent. The absorption rate increased with increasing rotation rate of the permanent magnet. Desorption and recovery of ionic liquids can be easily achieved by distillation. Eco-Efficiency PLAYING WITH HYENAS (PMON21) te Riele, harry1, de Vries, Jan2, 1 Erasmus University Rotterdam, Dutch research organisation for transitions, DRIFT, ROTTERDAM, Netherlands ([email protected]), 2 Eco, Deventer, Netherlands Keywords: a systematic framework for decoupling economic growth from the environmental load of consumption. Jan de Vries and Harry te Riele (the authors) have observed that the 1990s policy trend of intervening at the specification level over a broad range of products has ended. Today’s environmental product policies focus, rather, on a few arbitrary product groups. Selectiveness should serve absolute environmental impact reduction, which asks for a rational product-selection and target framework. The

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authors propose “life-cycle impact per consumer expenditure” as a key criterion. This criterion helps to connect macro environmental impact reduction aims with product innovation targets, even under continuous economic growth, consumption pattern shifts, and rebound threats. The authors analyze the Dutch economy as an exercise. It results in 44 product groups, labeled “Hyenas” by the authors, that ought to improve their ratio score drastically between now and 2040. Some magnitudes of desired change are given. Finally, intervention processes at the Hyena group level along the lines of sustainable transition management are proposed. Joint visioning, experimental portfolios, interaction between micro, meso, and macro change levels, and gradual pressure building are crucial elements in this concept for complex change management. CPD - PRODUCT DECLARATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LCC (PMON22) Ciroth, Andreas1, Kloepffer, Walter2, Swarr, Tom3, Peesonen, Hanna4, Hunkeler, David5, 1GreenDeltaTC GmbH, Berlin, Germany ([email protected]), 2LCA Consult & Review, Frankfurt/M., Germany, 3United Technologies Corp., Hartford, United States of America, 4University of Jyväskylä, School of Business and Economics, Jyväskylä, Finland, 5AQUA+TECH, La Plaine (Geneva), Switzerland Keywords: EPD, Environmental Product Declaration, communication, Environmental LCC The value of Environmental Product Declarations following ISO 14025 is widely recognised for communicating the results of Life Cycle Assessments. Their task is to summarise key results and methodology of an LCA study, and at the same time, as a certified EPD, to ensure high quality of the aggregated information. For Environmental LCC studies, i.e. LCC studies conducted in parallel to LCAs, there exists, to date, nothing comparable. However, there is need to summarise key methods applied in an LCC study, and to contrast them to those of the Life Cycle Assessment. There might not be need to summarise the result of an LCC study which is, when given in total money terms, quickly, and sometimes prematurely, understood by decision makers. In the presentation, we will elaborate on the need to providing product declarations for LCC studies, present a proposal for performing product declarations for LCC, and, in the end, will demonstrate their application on two examples. GREEN PROJECT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MANAGEMENT (PMON23) Tzann-Dwo, Wu1, hank, Hwang2, 1Tung-Nang Institute of Technology,Taiwan,R.O.C., Taipei ([email protected]), 2IXON Technology Co.,Ltd, Taipei, Other Keywords: green design, green products life cycle, green performance assessment, RFID, 3R system, balance scoredcard 21 century have to face global competition, knowledge economy, e.com and global greening tendency.How to mobilize by quick and real-time response is top urgent issue right now.In the recent year,we didn’t need to consider end of management of product yet,then be replaced by a new concept of products design and development to reduce environment load and impact for environment management issue.Europe comittee have announced three directives:(1)RoHS should be implemented on July,01,2006;(2)WEEE’s dateline is December,31,2006;(3)EuP should be adopted on August 11,2007. Enterprises (62% export value) will face an enomourous impact in Taiwan. It maintain the normal quality management system or environmental management system is not sufficient for responding to the requirements of green designation, production, marketing, and procurement. In oder to help product designers or decision-makers to quickly meet the numerous green requirements, “life cycle thinking” is an only way to proceed to green design, prevent emission, products’ 3R-Reuse,Recycle,Regenarate on enterprise triple wins(TBL- Enironment, Economy, Social )situation. In this study, we established “Integration MIS of green products life cycle-performance assessment and RFID” to linkage four systems: (1)RFID system; (2)green products BOM inquiry system;(3)3R decision-making system;(4)ARIS-BSC green performance evaluation system to meet green requirements of low emission /toxity, energy save, easy disassembly, and 3R. TECHNOLOGICAL ECO-EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS FOR POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (PMON24) Parthey, Falko1, Mayer-Spohn, Oliver2, Smolka, Thomas3, 1BTU Cottbus, Chair for Industrial Sustainability, Cottbus, Germany ([email protected]), 2University of Stuttgart, IER, Stuttgart, Germany, 3Institute for High Voltage Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Keywords: Eco-Efficiency, Power Generation, Power Transmission Systems The protection of the environment and natural resources also for future generations is the main aim of a sustainable electrical power supply, whereas energy availability has to be guaranteed and economical aspects have to be regarded. For ensuring a sustainable electricity supply for the end-user the components of future power grids, highly efficient power plants and optimized power transmission systems with minimized losses and emissions are necessary. Until now, these technologies are often optimized only with respect to one of the following sustainable criteria: • Minimized Environmental impacts • Best Economical Value

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• Highest technical Efficiency There is a need to evaluate whether in future new power generation plants in combination with high-efficient power transmission systems foster sustainable energy consumption. Thus, as an important step towards a reliable, secure, economically and ecologically optimized future power supply, it is vital to implement a new methodology for measuring the “technical eco-efficiency” of power generation and power transmission systems. Eco-efficiency here is meant as an innovative and technology-oriented approach towards an integrated assessment of electricity generation and power transmission assessing the identified relevant technical, economically and ecologically influencing parameters as shown below. Methodology: The relevant parameters for the eco-efficiency assessment of power generation and transmission systems were identified and functional units defined. The table below summarizes these parameters, ordered by the three top-level categories design, operation and costs. Table 1: Technical Eco-Efficiency parameters Category Indicator Parameter Unit Design Environmental Profile LCA-Results Single Score [Pt] Material Input KEA [MJ/kWh] Efficiency Efficiency of generation and power transmission [%] Operation Lifetime/Load Regime Equivalent Operating Hours (EOH) [h/a] Costs Levelized Generation Costs LEC [€/kWh] The paper describes the development of a methodology named here “technical eco-efficiency” for the assessment of components in energy networks. The results of the methodology are shown for selected fossil-fuelled electricity generation technologies and power transmission lines. The result is a comprehensive representation of the identified dimensions for energy generation and power transmission systems. “CLIMATE NEUTRAL PRODUCTS”, A BIG STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION (PMON25) Spindler, Ernst-Josef1, 1Vinnolit GmbH & Co. KG, Burghausen, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: Climate effect, greenhouse gases, primary energy, non renewables, LCA, ecological compensation, internalisation of external cost, eco-efficiency, sustainable consumption, social compensation, All products manufactured and used by man contribute to the climate effect, emitting greenhouse gases during production, emitting or saving them during use and end of life activities. The amount of this climate effect can be quantified by life cycle assessments (LCA). Climate neutral Products (CnP) are more expensive than normal products. Products are offered both as normal products as practised today and parallel with an additional “Climate fee”. The purchaser chooses between both product types and decides to pay this fee or not. The “Climate fee” is used to finance activities which save emission of climate gases. The fee can be as high as to save the same amount of climate gases as is created during the product’s life cycle. Products sold with this fee can be called CnP. CnP are an extension of “climate neutral flights” to "climate neutral products". In terms of LCA this corresponds to an extension of the product system: The extended system is the sum of the product itself plus a part of a climate gas saving activity. Both parts of the extended system can be assessed ecologically by LCA: Whereas the product part normally is creating emission of greenhouse gases, the climate gas saving activities is saving these emissions, creating “negative emissions”. Economically both parts are assessed via their cost. The cost of the climate gas saving activity can be seen as a fee which responsible consumers pay to reduce the environmental impact of their consumption. We give some quantitative examples both for the climate effect of products and the cost for normal products and for the additional fee for CnP. Examples are from the sectors: Building, mobility (cars), information (computers) etc. including use phase if important. Some results and points discussed: • The additional fee is very small in terms of the product cost (< 1%). • Most climate gas saving activities save in addition corresponding amounts of primary energy (including non renewables) and other impacts. • The additional fee can be seen as a quantitative internalisation of external cost. • CnP are ecologically strongly improved products. • CnP are an important step towards sustainable consumption. • CnP are more eco-efficient in saving climate gas or non renewables than other activites in this direction. • The compensation method can be used to improve the social profile of products as well. • We discuss some critics mentioned towards this type of compensation: E.g. the relationship to the medieval type of “selling of indulgencies” (Ablaßhandel) or to the rebound effect.

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KLIMAPRO – STANDARDISED QUALITY CRITERIA/TOOL TO ACHIEVE CLIMATE NEUTRAL PRODUCTS (PMON26) Lehmann-Chadha, Martin1, 1EMPA, Technology & Society Lab, St. Gallen, Switzerland ([email protected]) Keywords: Climate change, Climate neutral product, Eco-efficiency, Emission, ISO norm, Label, LCA, Stakeholder, Standard, Tool, Value-chain. The export of agricultural products and especially food is an important source of income for developing and transition countries. Apart from old export products like coffee and bananas, new attractive revenues are achieved through trade with fresh products like tropical fruits, vegetables, fish or cut flowers. At the same time, the number of companies being aware of the long-term benefits through active investment in climate neutral products and processes is increasing. Though institutions and enterprises that are willing to get in-volved with climate protection should be able to rely on internationally accepted standards and tools. Other-wise, their effort is vulnerable to the risk of being denounced as “green-washers” or “eco-dumpers” with sub-stantial counter productive effects to their reputation. At the time being, some quality standards like “Gold Standard” developed by NGOs such as WWF or the “Voluntary Carbon Standard” (VCS) by the Climate Group are available for climate protection projects in the South. However, a widely supported standard for climate neutral products is still missing. Existing initiatives (climate neutral air traffic or climate neutral note-books) use different criteria or concepts with different effects to climate protection. The goal of the presented project is to develop and establish widely applicable and accepted criteria and practices to realise climate neutral products. They will be developed in collaboration with relevant stake-holders like companies, wholesalers, climate protection activists, NGOs and governmental organisations. A strong focus on scientific LCA-knowledge is essential. Three basic principles shall lead to a scientific sound standard for climate neutral products: full value-chain perspective of products; increase of eco-efficiency and substitution with renewable energy; and compensa-tion and/or neutralisation with independent quality control. The technical part of the project will deal with questions related to the product and process level. The tool will have to take several aspects into account: On the one hand it has to be compatible with the ISO norms 14025 (on environmental labels and declarations) and 14040 (on environmental management and life cycle assessment); on the other hand a rule set to define the product as well as the neutralisation process has to be established. Furthermore, the web-based tool should allow calculating the greenhouse gas potential of products and processes, applying existing databanks like ecoinvent or local data. On these bases, a com-pany fulfilling the criteria shall be awarded by a label similar to a fair-trade label such as Max Havelaar. Our presentation will show the idea and concept of a pilot study on climate neutral products as well as first conclusions for the next steps to be taken within our challenging project. (Topics: "LCM and EMS" or "Eco-efficiency") INTEGRATING ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN SUSTAINABILITY EVALUATIONS OF FARMS (PMON27) Meul, Marijke1, 1Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Merelbeke, Belgium ([email protected]) Keywords: eco-efficiency, Flanders, agriculture, indicators, integration Efficient use of resources is one of the major assets of sustainable production, also in agriculture. In this study we focus on four excessively used resources in agricultural production systems: nutrients, energy, water and genetic resources. Besides economic consequences, inefficient use of those resources can result in severe environmental impacts. The aim of our study is to make eco-efficiency operational for Flemish farms. In a first step we develop indicators to measure eco-efficiency on farms for each of the four resources. In a second step we present two methods to integrate all eco-efficiency measures into one sustainability evaluation for farms. The first method is a qualitative, graphic aggregation of the indicators into a ‘sustainability star’, specifically useful for communication with farmers. The second method is a quantitative method, where all indicators are integrated into a single monetary value, using the sustainable value added method. LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF POLYSTERENE AND ETHYLBENZENE-STYRENE PRODUCTION IN MEXICO (PMON28) Morales Mora, Miguel Ange1l, Candelario Rodriguez, M.M1, Herrera Galvez, V1., Cirilo Nolasco, Hipolito2, Sojo Benitez, A3, Suppen Reynaga, N.3, 1PEMEX-PETROQUIMICA, Coatzacoalcos, Mexico ([email protected]), 2Centro Mexicano para la Produccion mas Limpia, Mexico, Mexico, 3Centro de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida y Diseño Sustentable, Bosques del Lago, Mexico Keywords: Polystyrene, Styrene-ethylbenzene, Life Cycle Assessment, Petrochemical, Life cycle Polystyrene is an important thermoplastic with several applications in the packing, electronics, construction, furniture, industrial machinery and transportation sectors in Mexico. Despite the high demand of polystyrene in the country, the national production is not enough and there has been an increase of imports. Polystyrene, as a recyclable material, is an important candidate for recycling projects in México but there is lack of information about its impacts throughout its life cycle.

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This article presents the use of life cycle analysis (LCA) for two purposes: 1) identification of technological improvements in the production and 2) the compilation of a national life cycle inventory to support decision making in recycling projects and its use in environmental analyses of other products that contain polystyrene. The Cangrejera petrochemical complex was analyzed in two scenarios, the current and new designs. The two options were analyzed using the ecoefficiency evaluation methodology in a Cartesian system and calculating an environmental footprint. Unit 300 presented the biggest economic and environmental impacts in the whole styrene-ethylbenzene process. An LCA for an operation period of 20 years and with per hour calculations was carried out considering construction, operation and dismantling phases of the plant. CO2 and energy consumption were higher during the operation phase. For volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the study showed that with the technological modifications of the current process, there will be an important decrease of these emissions. Some specific improvements involving the storage tanks and the catalyst will be outlined in the paper. When compiling the life cycle inventory of the generic Mexican polysterene, the stage with most impacts was the polymer production stage, with a considerable emission of VOCs. The different important considerations made in the modeling of this product system for the national chemical life cycle inventory database are also discussed in this paper. The results obtained show that LCA is an important tool in decision making; its results have clearly shown the advantages and disadvantages of the construction of a new production plant, as well as the considerations in the redesign or a technology change. Social Responsibility QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL PERFORMANCES INTEGRATED IN THE LCA APPROACH (PMON29) De Caevel, Bernard1, Van Overbeke, Elisabeth1, Hellebaut, Fanny1, 1RDC, Brussels, Belgium, ([email protected]) Keywords: monetisation social LCM integrated RDC-Environment is developing a methodology for integrating assessment of social impacts into LCA. The quantitative approach is based on monetisation of both environmental and social types of impacts. Monetisation allows the direct comparison of environmental and social impacts one with another as well as the identification of significant contributions and of trade-offs. Assessment in the form of a single score further helps at comparing alternative systems. Social aspects are regarded in terms of effects on quality of life of both workers (work conditions) and consumers (added value of products) as well as of the society as a whole. Well-being at work is evaluated following two approaches: global and analytical. According to the analytical approach, social criteria are identified (e.g. discrimination, health and security, type of contract, etc.) and linked with changes in quality of life through monetised end-points. The global approach consists in asking workers for their willingness to accept a decrease of salary for compensating the attainment of an (ideal) improved social context of work. As presented, both approaches are tested and developed in the framework of two case studies dealing respectively with (1) the reuse of objects through the social economy circuit and with (2) the production of a specific construction material. USING HUMAN RESOURCE FEATURES FOR INTEGRATING SOCIAL ISSUES IN LCA (PMON30) Steen, Bengt1, 1Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, Resource, Sustainable development, Strategy, Human resource The primary reason for addressing social issues in LCA is sustainable development (SD), because SD is almost always thought of as based on the three pillars: ecology, economy and social issues. However, all ecological, economic and social issues are not necessarily relevant to consider for sustainable development. SD may rather be seen as a certain aspect of the three pillars. This presentation will explore the potential for using resource features in general as the base for integrating the SD pillars in LCA and human resources in particular for social issues. The potential is dependent not only of the integration of social issues but also on the integration of economic issues. Behind the concept is an underlying assumption that although we are not able to foresee all future problems, we will be as well prepared as possible if we maximize the long term availability of environmental, economic and human resources as we know them now. Resource is not and absolute concept. It is dependent on knowledge and needs. But today’s knowledge on sustainability threats and basic human needs is a valuable starting point for human resource classification in the LCA context.

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SOCIAL INDICATORS IN LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY OF STEEL PRODUCTS (PMON31) Ugaya, Cassia1, Critchii, André1, 1Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná,Curitiba, Brazil ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle assessment, social indicators, steel products, case study, inventory Traditionally, LCA takes environmental into account. More recently, several studies have been researching on how to introduce social indicators in order to be able to evaluate sustainability. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the social situation of the life cycle of some steel products. Four life cycle phases of these products were considered: steel production, heat treatment, assembling and discard. In a previous study, social indicators were evaluated and divided in two groups: organizational indicators and unit processes indicators. Examples of the former are: existence of alcohol and drugs program, freedom of association, participation in public campaign. Unit process indicators used data of employment (total, minorities, level of studies, age, management, child labor, accidents, time flexibility, profit participation), relation with society (suppliers, clients, community services, taxes and others). These indicators were further separate in benefic or hazardous indicators. Data was collected from industrial social reports as well as industries, governmental and non-governmental organizations. The heating process was divided in cementing, induction quenching, nitretation, laboratory and quality evaluation. The target year of the study was 2005 and Brazil was the region. Data that were obtained for the sector was allocated in physical properties. Some quantitative data was compared with the region where data was collected. In the current study, only the quantitative unit processes indicators were included in SimaPro and Umberto. The results showed that most of the best indicators were obtained in the assembling phase. The need of improvement was mainly in the discard phase, especially for the level of studies and employment conditions. As well as in Environmental LCI, collecting data for Social LCI was complex due to the different patterns of social reports that are available. On the other hand, some of the indicators, mainly the organizational ones, are already available in these reports, which is not true for most of the environmental data. It was also shown how to use current LC software to evaluate SLCI. DEVELOPMENT OF THE EVALUATION METHOD FOR SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES AT THE CHUBU ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY (PMON32) Hasegawa, Takahisa1, Toramaru, Takeshi2, Motoshita, Masaharu3, Inaba, Atsushi3, 1Chubu Electric Power Co., INC., NAGOYA, Japan ([email protected]), 2JAPAN NUS Co., LTD, NAGOYA, Japan, 3LCA Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan Keywords: Conjoint Analysis, LIME, CVM, Evaluation Method, Social and Environmental Activities Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. (following, Chubu) sets "Action Plan" that described not only our concrete measures but also an achievement level and period of time for environmental preservation activities and works on environmental preservation activities actively. Various types of environmental load occur in every phase of procurement of fuel and materials, power generation , usage and waste disposal. Chubu has been working on a reduction of those loads through activities in accordance with "effective use of resources" and "reduction of environmental load" specified in the Action Plan. The Japanese version of the Life-cycle Impact Assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling (LIME) has been used for an assessment of environmental impact. for an evaluation. Also, in its operation, social and environmental activity to contribute to environmental preservation activities such as "environmental management", "environmental communication" etc. are included. Chubu is also striving to those activities as well as the environmental preservation activities in electric power generation business. Though these are important in its operation, there had been no method to evaluate quantitatively the effects. So we could not evaluate the importance and the value of activities in comparison with those of activities in electric generation business. We therefore experiment with a quantitative evaluation method for social and environmental activities that can compare with final environmental load integrated by LIME. Consequently, the evaluation method for social and environmental activities that is using the same conjoint analysis as integration of LIME became available. ENHANCING CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE FINNISH FOOD CHAIN WITH A STAKEHOLDER DIALOGUE (PMON33) Katajajuuri, Juha-Matti1, Forsman-Hugg, Sari2, Mäkelä, Johanna2, Timonen, Päivi3, Paananen, Jaana2, Pesonen, Inkeri4, Ulvila, Kukka-Maaria1, Voutilainen, Pasi1, 1MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland ([email protected]), 2MTT Agrifood Research Finland Helsinki, Finland, 3National Consumer Research Centre Helsinki, Finland, 4University of Jyväskylä, School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Consumers are more and more interested in sustainable and responsible food production and consumption. A growing number of consumers want to be informed about the way the food products are produced as well as environmental impacts of food production and societal factors such as labour conditions. However, it is hard for consumers to use corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions

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as selection criteria in the food purchase situation since they lack adequate and easily available information about these issues. More and more companies in the food sector are aware of consumers’ and stakeholders’ interest towards CSR issues and have taken initiatives and made serious efforts to consider their values and actions from the point of CSR view. As a result, companies in both food industry and retail have been active in reporting not only environmental issues but also issues relating to economic and societal responsibility. Commonly accepted visions and objectives concerning CSR do not, however, guarantee that companies put their values and principles into real actions. Nor are the CSR reporting initiatives a guarantee of responsibility. To increase the interplay about responsible production and consumption between food chain actors, consumers and stakeholders, we established a joint enterprise of two research centres, MTT Agrifood Research Finland and National Consumer Research Centre, and five companies in the Finnish food chain. The objective of the project is to analyse and develop social corporate responsibility of the food chains and to study to which extent responsibility issues and elements can be linked to the product level. The research project is based on case studies and takes an action oriented approach. The project draws on three different case food products. They are rye bread, broiler products and margarine. The first two ones are products by a leading Finnish bakery and a meat processing company. The last one is a private label product by a big Finnish retail company. Data are collected by means of interviews, focus group discussions and using company documents, statistics and other data sources on CSR issues concerning the entire production chain of the case products. During the research project two intensive workshops with food chain actors, consumers and stakeholders are organized for each of the case product. The research project is challenging since at the starting point there is no agreed upon definition of what kind of ways of production and operations are responsible ones, i.e. how should the responsible supply chains and companies operate. The paper presents a research process, what kind of data have been collected and how the study is proceeding in a dialogue with researchers, representatives of case companies, consumers and stakeholders such as NGOs. In addition, the paper reveals what kind of challenges and problems are related to the learning process when research meats practice and which are the benefits for food companies participating in this type of process. Finally, the paper suggests preliminary responsibility criteria for the case products. SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS AS A COMPLEMENT TO LCA: THE CASE OF SALMON PRODUCTION (PMON34) Kruse, Sarah1, Scholz, Astrid1, Flysjö, Anna2, 1Ecotrust, Portland, United States of America ([email protected]), 2SIK - the Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Gothenburg, Sweden Keywords: LCA, sustainability, socioeconomic indicators, salmon, seafood There is a growing global recognition that sustainable industry practices are needed to maintain environmental and social well-being. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most established methods for conducting such environmental analyses; however, even though attempts have been made to integrate social aspects into the LCA framework, no set of metrics exists to describe the causal links between a product and a socioeconomic impact, nor is there a shared understanding as to how such metrics should be developed. This presentation will discuss methods for and development of a suite of socioeconomic indicators that complement the LCA methodology and provide policy makers, industry and consumers with a more comprehensive approach for assessing the cradle-to grave sustainability of a product or process. A combined top-down and bottom-up approach is used to determine relevant socioeconomic indicators. Generally recognized societal values, product/process specific issues and the financial constraints associated with collection of data necessary for measurement of the indicators are all factors considered. Indicators are then categorized based on fundamental methodological differences. We will present results from an application of these socioeconomic indicators to salmon production systems (i.e. capture and culture) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The primary focus of the selected indicators is the capture and culture phases, but the entire chain, from fishery/farm to consumer, is also included in the assessment. Additionally, we will discuss next steps for continues development and integration of socioeconomic indications within the LCA framework. Social values and sustainability have been recognized as a major issue in both production systems, but little systematic work has been done to date to integrate these considerations with a biophysically based assessment such as LCA. The inclusion of socioeconomic impact categories in an LCA of salmon, or other, production system can be useful in informing producers as to the current economic and social performance of their operations. Integrating socioeconomic aspects in the same way as biophysical impacts, to guarantee that a product has been produced in a ”fair” way along the chain, not only will complement the existing LCA framework, but also improve the approach to sustainable production.

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Electronics VIRTUALIZATION OF IT ENVIRONMENTS AS ECOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVE IN THE DATA CENTER (PMON35) Bersier, René1 1IBM Switzerland, Zürich, Switzerland, ([email protected]) Keywords: IT server virtualization data center Modern data centers are faced with the requirement to deploy dozens or even hundreds of additional servers each year. The number of installed systems are reaching hundreds up to several thousands in a single data center. This is creating an ever increasing load on electricity, cooling power and is accelerating the required replacement of outdated equipment. Virtualization of server and storage systems allows the reduction of physically needed assets with a striking reduction of needed power and cooling requirements for data centers and large IT installations. Accelerated virtualization technology exploitation in the IT industry will allow not only a reduction of environmental stress by building 'green datacenters' but also a reduction of operating costs, better usability of assets already in place and creating a more flexible IT infrastructure with a lower resistance to change. This presentation will focus on the current status of data centers, an outlook where we are heading without a turnaround and the virtualization technology available today to build and optimize new virtualized and power efficient IT infrastructures. MICROCHIP REUSE: ENVIRONMENTAL RATIONALE AND DESIGN IMPLICATIONS (PMON36) Geyer, Roland1, Oliver, John2, Amirtharajah, Rajeevan2, Akella, Venkatesh2, Chong, Frederic3, 1Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA, ([email protected]), 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, USA, 3Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Keywords: Microchips, Reuse, Design for Reuse, Moore's Law The last decade has seen unprecedented growth in the variety and number of consumer electronics. Most of these devices, be it computers, game consoles or cell phones, require highly sophisticated semiconductors such as CPUs and memory chips. The environmental impacts of semiconductor manufacturing are very large. In the year 2000 alone, the semiconductor industry manufactured a total of 28.4 million cm2 of dies, consuming 1.7 million kg of chemicals, many of them toxic, and 970 million MJ of primary energy. It is estimated that by 2015 1.7% of Japan’s electricity budget will be used by its semiconductor industry. At the same time, actual lifetimes of almost all electronic devices are decreasing. Computers are replaced after 3 years or less, cell phones on average even every 18 months. Microchips are therefore only used for a fraction of their technical lifetimes. It seems thus obvious that, for environmental reasons, microchips should be reused. There are, however, several complicating factors regarding microchip reuse, many of which are rooted in Moore’s Law, which predicts a doubling of transistor density on integrated circuits every 18 months. First, this means that it is not possible to reuse microchips in the same type of electronic product, since every new product generation is built with the current available microchip technology. Microchips thus need to be reused in a cascade of products with constant or decreasing computational demands. Second, Moore’s Law also challenges the conventional wisdom that reuse is always good for the environment, since it implies that for a given computational demand, both required die size and use phase energy demand decrease with every new microchip generation. The environmental benefits of displaced microchip production are thus less than might be expected, and reuse also foregoes the use phase energy savings that come with each new microchip generation. We present a detailed model of electronic product cascades with and without chip reuse in order to quantify the net environmental impacts of reusing microchips. It turns out that reuse is not always the best environmental option. After we determined for which types of microchips reuse has a strong environmental rationale, we present a detailed exploration of its design implications. Using microchips in a cascade of electronic devices is not without design challenges since it is likely that different applications have different computational and input/output requirements, which all need to be accommodated on one chip without squandering the environmental benefits of chip reuse. As silicon process technology continues to increase in transistor density, manufacturing yield and durability of microchips also become issues that must be addressed in designing a reuse cascade. We explore redundancy and scaling techniques to address yield and durability issues in our designs.

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Process Development DECISION SUPPORT TOWARDS TO SUSTAINABLE AND FUNCTIONAL PROCESS OPTIMIZATION (PMON38) Konstantas, Antonios1, Ackermann, Robert1, 1Technical University of Berlin, Department of Systems Environmental Engineering, Berlin, Germany, ([email protected]) Keywords: Systems Analysis, Systems Engineering, Sustainable Development Introduction: In an Industry which produces innovative products in fully accordance to the nowadays market needs the optimization of the technical processes is one of its most important actions. However, the market needs go beyond the sole technical optimization. Sustainability has an important role to the long-term business success. Thus, several available methods serve to describe, assess and evaluate the optimization in reference to sustainable development and other dimensions like the technical achievement of the optimization. Consequently, the managers and engineers face the problem to have to choose each time the suitable for the set goal method. An early taken right decision is essential as it prevents the later development of negative results and impacts. Objective: The objective of this study was the development of an algorithm which supports the involved in the process optimization actors to select for the several optimization procedure phases the most appropriate decision supporting tool or method. Decision supporting Algorithm: The algorithm is based on the systems engineering concept and was implemented in all the decision steps of the process optimization as described in the German 4090 VDI guideline. For the algorithm evolvement it was investigated the suitability of the proposed methods in accordance to the numerous steps of the process optimization procedure. In the algorithm are integrated several criteria which evaluate the decision supporting method in accordance to the particular process optimization procedure step. The criteria were classified in the overall criteria and in the specific criteria. The overall criteria serves to determine if a methodic fulfill the general requirements in order to be characterized as a method whereas the specific criteria evaluate the extent to which a method fulfills the function of the process optimization procedure steps (case-study 4090 VDI guideline). The specific criteria are further classified in the qualitative and the quantitative ones. The score of each criterion contributes to the final method evaluation score out of which the decision maker classifies the appropriateness of the method. The score of each criterion depends on its relevance or detail level to the method. Conclusion: The algorithm finally achieved its goal and set the frame within the several decision supporting methods can be evaluated in accordance to the process optimization procedure steps of the 4090 VDI guideline. Forthcoming research work focus on the algorithm application extensions in specific industrial sectors by implementing more explicit defined criteria. LCA OF FREE-CO2 PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN THROUGH METHANE DECOMPOSITION (PMON39) Dufour, Javier1, Serrano, David1, Moreno, Jovita1, 1Rey Juan Carlos University, Mostoles, Spain, ([email protected]) Keywords: free-CO2, hydrogen, LCA, comparison Our current energy system is non-sustainable due to the depletion of fossil fuels and global warming provoked by CO2 and other green house effect (GHE) gases emissions. In this context, hydrogen could be an interesting alternative since its combustion only produces H2O(v). Nevertheless, the current processes for its obtaining are based on those fossil fuels (steam reforming or partial oxidation of natural gas or light naphtas, gasification of coal or heavy fraction from petroleum) and high amounts of CO2 and/or other GHE gases are produced. On the other hand, electrolytic processes consume large amounts of electricity, which is mainly obtained from fossil fuels with the related CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new totally CO2-free processes to produce hydrogen in order to achieve sustainability. There are several alternatives under development for the medium or long-term. One of them is CH4 (natural gas) decomposition (CH4 D C + 2H2), i.e., the inverse reaction to methanation. This reaction could be performed at high temperature (> 1300 K), but several studies have proposed the use of catalysts to decrease that value down to 800 – 1100 K. These catalytic systems are based on transition metals with hydrogenation / dehydrogenation properties (Ni, Pt or Pd). Recent studies have demonstrated that carbon materials can also catalyze the reaction, opening the possibility of using that formed during the reaction and yielding an autocatalytic system. The energy required for the process could be totally or partially supplied by the hydrogen produced. This paper summarizes a comparison study through LCA between the last configuration (auto-catalytic natural gas decomposition) and the currently usual process, steam reforming of natural gas. The selected functional unit was 1 Nm3 of hydrogen and the study was focused to material and energy acquisition and manufacturing as transporting, use and end-of-life can be considered the same in both cases. Management of waste catalysts and ancillary materials was included. As expected the fully auto-catalytic and auto-supported process (considering that all the required energy was supplied by the hydrogen produced and no extra fuel was needed) gave quite better

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results than steam reforming. Nevertheless, other scenarios were studied including that energy for steam reforming was also totally supplied by the hydrogen or by the CO co-produced; that energy requirement was totally or partially satisfied by other fuels; that methane decomposition was not an autocatalytic system and fresh catalyst had to be fed for different operating times. This led to different optimal configurations as function of energy availability. HIGH YIELD METHANE GENERATION FROM WET BIOMASS AND WASTE (PMON40) Luterbacher, Jeremy1, Marechal, François2, Fröling, Morgan3, Vogel, Frédéric4, Tester, Jefferson5, 1Massachussetts Institute of Technology, EPFL and PSI, Cambridge, USA ([email protected]), 2Industrial Energy Systems Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland, 3Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 4Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland, 5Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States of America Keywords: High yield methane generation from wet biomass and waste Fuels from biomass and especially waste biomass are interesting options from a sustainability perspective. Methane as an energy carrier is interesting since there is an already existing distribution infrastructure in many countries. In addition, when used as a fuel, methane has high efficiency in the energy conversion process. Methane conversion via catalytic supercritical water gasification (SCWG) shows significantly higher methane yields compared to traditional methods such as anaerobic digestion and does not require its feed to be dried, which is an advantage compared to traditional gasification. This method has been proven to work for salt free substrates (i.e. wood chips) and processes adapted for other, salt-containing feed stocks (manure, sewage sludge etc.) are under development. These developments include the revalorization of the mineral byproduct as a fertilizer. Before implementation, the environmental systems implication of using this proposed process should be investigated. Several industrial size scenarios are constructed using a combination of process and life cycle modeling. This permits to assess the technical and economical feasibility of such scenarios as well as their associated environmental impacts. The scenarios are constructed for different Swiss feed stocks and different scales depending on different logistic options. A large (90 MW) and a small (3MW) methane production facility are modeled for a manure feedstock and one scale (50MW) is modeled for a wood feedstock. Process modeling is done using Aspen plus™ and the minimum energy requirement is determined using combined heat and power integration models. Life cycle modeling is integrated to the process models and the logistics options. The results are benchmarked toward life cycle models of concurrent methane production technologies such as anaerobic digestion and wood gasification at atmospheric pressure followed by catalytic methanation. The environmental impacts of the scenarios are determined and compared using the Ecoinvent life cycle inventories and life cycle impact assessment methods (Eco-indicator 99 and Eco-scarcity) but also Green House Gas assessment methods such as applying the IPCC 2001 radiative forcing values to the different emissions. USE OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS IN THE BIOSORBENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR OBTAINING A BIOSORBENT (PMON 41) Rodriguez Rico1, Vicente, Inés Alomá1, Falcon, Mariano Cortés1, Dominguez, Elena Rosa1, Rivas, Ramon Sardinas1, 1Ivan Leandro Central University of "Las Villas", Santa Clara, Cuba ([email protected]), Keywords: Life cycle assessment The present paper deals with the aplication of Life Ciclye Analysis (LCA) in the development of a technology to use a biosorbent, bagasse of sugar cane chemichally modificated, to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater. In the technology development the LCA was applicated in order to evaluate the enviroment impact of the process before to scale up it. The sima pro v 6.0 sofware was used to obtain the results. The energy consumption is the principal effect over ecosystems and human health damage. It was possible to modify the original technology taking into account the results of the LCA study RISK-BASED PROCESS DEVELOPMENT ON DEVICE AND OPERATION: A CASE STUDY OF METAL DEGREASING (PMON42) Kikuchi, Yasunori1, Hirao, Masahiko2, 1the University of TOKYO, Tokyo, Japan, ([email protected]), 2Laboratory of Process Systems Engineering/The University of Tokyo,Tokyo, Japan Keywords: Risk-based design, Device and operation, Metal degreasing When we develop a sustainable process, global impact and local risk should be taken into account simultaneously because these are dominant concerns of public and designer. Such non-monetary issues of risk and environmental impacts must be considered to design an industrial process. However, in specialized industries where dedicated machines are used, often scientific relation between operation and consequential effects are not systematically analyzed. In metal degreasing process, a significant amount of cleansing agents is released into the environment, and environmental impact and chemical risk originated in the cleansing agents have been crucial issues in Japan. Design of metal degreasing process heavily depends on the heuristics of engineers in machine or agent

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companies. In this study, a framework of risk-based process development on device and operation is proposed on degreasing process in metal processing. The framework enables the on-site engineers to perform life cycle and risk assessments practically used for life cycle management with risk-based design. In such design, device such as the types of utilized machine or chemical and operation such as the ways or settings of machine should be focused on to reduce the adverse effects in risk-based process development because data and information strongly connected with global impact and local risk, such as life cycle inventories, hazardous properties and exposure amounts, is largely attributable to such process parameters. A principal pillar of the framework is an analysis of the relationship between adverse effects and process parameters. The analysis is performed by translating the heuristics of on-site engineers into the physical descriptions based on physics and chemistry. Based on the results of the analysis, design parameters can be specified properly to reduce a targeted adverse effect, because the relation pass represents the physical relation through which risks are caused by the change of a parameter. The analysis can also give recommendation of evaluation items to decision-maker. If parameter can be regarded as a factor of critical phenomenon causing chemical risk, the risk category should be assessed. Thus, for both alternative generation and assessments, the analysis of relationship is a significant activity in risk-based process development. A case study was performed to demonstrate risk-based process development of a metal degreasing process using obtained process information through investigation of actual metal degreasing site. The process utilizes an open-top washing machine with manual operations and degreases connector terminal precisely using dichloromethane. The ambient surrounding of the site is residential area. The process data, which is available for the on-site engineers, was investigated. We showed that the proposed framework could develop an effective alternative to reduce global warming potentials, occupational and neighbors health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES IN LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: APPLICATION TO CHEMICAL PROCESS ENGINEERING (PMON43) Aldaco, Ruben1 1Dpto Ingeniera Quimica y Inorganica Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain, ([email protected]) Keywords: Normalization, Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), European Pollution Emissions Register (EPER),environmental impact Results of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) step in a typical Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study are not easy to be integrated in the Chemical Processes evaluation. Usually, process engineering improvements do not take into account the impact of the manufacture in terms of Life Cycle Thinking. Most efforts are focused on an improvement of energy and material efficiency, but the environmental burdens are usually not evaluated. Therefore, LCA must be directly be related to process improvements, and simultaneously compared using references in order to describe the meaning of the provided information, making it useful from a technical point of view. Dimensionless normalization is a classical procedure in Chemical Engineering but it has not been introduced in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). It may be used to assist in the interpretation of life cycle inventory data as well as life cycle impact assessment results. Dimensionless normalization transforms the magnitude of LCI and LCIA results into relative contribution by substance and life cycle impact category. Normalization can significantly influence LCA based decisions when tradeoffs exist. By using understandable methodologies to normalize LCA, it is possible to state the environmental performance of processes and products regarding to reference values, as much for emissions as for resources. Normalization is also worth willing if no direct comparison between alternatives is done, being the activity located inside a regional environmental frame. The approach for the normalization described in this work is based on an European context, further investigations are necessary to extend the European references to a global context but specific procedures to implement the regional and local aspects of this approach are restricted to Europe. In this context, the database selected for emissions normalization in the present work is the European Pollution Emissions Register (EPER-E). The database covers 50 pollutants of those activities chosen in order to include about 90% of the emissions of the industrial facilities looked at, so as to prevent an unnecessarily high burden on all industrial facilities. In addition, Resources are frequently not considered as an environmental issue to be normalized. BREF documents show the most recent data for European Best Available Technologies (BAT) for several sectors. BREF documents include resources data being encouraged to be used as references in the European context. Data in the database were compiled based on the impact methodologies and lists of environmental metrics developed by IChemE (Institution of Chemical Engineers). The IChemE Sustainable Development Progress Metrics introduces a set of indicators (environmental, economic and social) that can be used to describe the sustainability performance of an operating unit. In this work, dimensionless environmental indicators have been introduced in order to assess life cycle impact for the chemical process industries. The selected environmental indicators give a balanced view of the environmental impact of inputs – resource usage, and outputs –emissions, effluents and waste and the products and services produced.

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In the present work, the LCA of two fluoride effluent management options (chemical precipitation and crystallization process in a fluidized bed reactor) in the aluminium trifluoride (AlF3) manufacture has been carried out, being based on current reliability data sources. Life Cycle Inventory and LCIA values are normalised by EPER-BREF and a comparison in terms of different methodologies like Ecoindicator-99 and CML 2 Baseline 2000 has been made in order to test the new dimensionless normalization procedure. The dimensionless normalization of this work may be used for LCIA case studies within Cantabria region and Spanish State, and the methodology can be used to assist in a further development of a European Normalization database. Promoting Life Cycle Thinking, UNEP/ SETAC ACHIEVEMENTS AND DELIVERABLES OF THE UNEP/SETAC LIFE CYCLE INITIATIVE (PHASE 1) – OUR CONTRIBUTION TO THE GLOBAL LIFE CYCLE COMMUNITY (PMon44) Fava Jim1, Valvivia Sonia2, Sonnemann Guido3, Norris Gregory4, Udo de Haes Helias5, Bauer Christian6, 1Five Winds International, West Chester PA, USA ([email protected]), 2Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru/ UNEP DTIE Paris, Paris, France, 3UNEP DTIE, Paris, France, 4Sylvatica/ Athena Institute, North Berwick MA, USA, 5CML Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands, Forschungszentrum Karslruhe, ITC-ZTS, Germany, 5University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor MI, USA, 6FORCE Technology, Broendby, Denmark. Keywords: Life Cycle Initiative, Sustainable Consumption Production, Life Cycle Approaches UNEP and SETAC, aware of the need to support global dissemination and implementation of Life Cycle approaches, set up the Life Cycle Initiative in 2002. In the first phase of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, a secretariat was set up in the UNEP DTIE office in Paris, and three programs were established: (1) application of LCA and life cycle thinking (LCM program); development and enhancement of (2) sound LCI data and methods (LCI program) and (3) sound LCIA data and methods (LCIA program). The Initiative aims at promoting life cycle thinking worldwide in order to bring science-based life cycle approaches into practice.The first phase concludes in March 2007 with important achievements and the completion of a series of products which are presented in this paper: the set-up of a global focal point on Life Cycle topics to facilitate exchanges between the 100 leading life cycle experts and associated regional networks (Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America and Southeast Asia), enhanced Life Cycle (LC) methodologies achieved through consensus, capacity building worldwide, availability of free relevant LC guidances and materials and a global LCI database registry, among others. TUESDAY Design for Environment WHY ECODESIGN TOOLS AND METHODS DO NOT REALLY WORK (PTUE01) Goedkoop, Mark1, 1PRé Consultants, Amersfoort, Netherlands, ([email protected]) Keywords: ecodesign, Tools for designers, Indicators Many attempts have been made to develop methodologies and tools for designers, but their acceptance has been low. The author contributed to the development of several of such tools, either as software or paper based tools, but apart from some large companies who implemented ecodesign procedures, these tools do not seem to be popular among ordinary designers, especially not in SME’s. We have designed a number of alternative concepts, and tested some of these with different companies, and we think we have started to understand the problems. This paper describes some of our findings and describes a number of key issues that need to be solved, to make real progress. Examples of these constraints are: 1) Many product designs can only be changed marginally, as products are expected to operate in infrastructures or use patterns that more or less prescribe the design. For examples. All cars weight about a ton, introducing a 250 kg car is easily seen as being dangerous. A designer alone cannot change this, and ecodesign approaches should certainly reach out to higher strategic levels 2) Designers are not really motivated by LCA based indicators if they do not understand them; environmental experts developing methods do not really understand how the design process works and how designers handle information and make design decisions. 3) Most tools tell designers what not to do, but designers need to know what they should do. The paper discusses these constraints and provides recommendations on if and how ecodesign methods and tools can be improved. It also addresses the coming EuP ecodesign directive and the IPP recommendations on ecodesign. We will formulate requirements and discuss segmentation, as there are many different types of designers, all needing a specific approach.

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GREEN PROJECT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT (PTUE02) Tzann-Dwo1, Hank, Hwang2, 1Wu Tung-Nang Institute of Technology,Taiwan,R.O.C., Taipei, ([email protected]), 2IXON Technology Co.,Ltd, Taipei Keywords: green design, green prject life cycle management, 1 page EcoProfile Repor, 360 degree point-line-surface inventor According to the European Union Directives(1) RoHS should be implemented on July,01,2006; (2)WEEE’s dateline is December,31,2006; (3)EuP should be adopted on August 11,2007., enterprises have to face the global greening tendency and an enomourous impact in Taiwan. Maintaining the normal quality management system or environmental management system is not sufficient for responding to the trends of green procurement, green consumption or green design. For helping product designers or decision-makers to quickly meet the numerous green requirements in Taiwan, in this study have created “Project Life Cycle Real-time Decision-making Management System for e6Ã Green Design (Gp-DFSS-DRW3).” Which base on six sigma quality management systems for green design and development’s five phases (Define/Measure/ Analyze/ Design/ Verify) in the management and operation systems of electrical and electronic equipment in Taiwan. Finally, we used EuP Eco-Report which developed by Dutch. VHK inventory system and process green project life cycle management:(1)Find the root causes by Mind Map;(2)Problem-solving by iCATs principle;(3)Define the scope of green design technology;(4) Provide a disassembly and recovery checklist;(5)Perform the RoHS-banned substances test and analysis on homogeneous material;(6)Analyze the Material Energy Toxic Matrix(DfE Matrix);(7)Limit packaging and packaging waste;(8).Take WEEE, EUP into consideration;(9).Perform Life Cycle Inventory / Analysis / Impact Assessments;(10).Evaluate performance by 360° point-line-surface inventory; (11).Establish real-time decision-making system for risk management, interal audit and control self-assessment (e6Ã-IACSA-DRW1); and (12)Create 1 page EcoProfile Report. ECODESIGN OF A DISPENSING CLOSURE FOR PLASTIC PACKAGING (PTUE03) Dobon, Antonio1, Zayas, Jose1, Hortal, Mercedes1, Aucejo, Susana1, 1ITENE (Packaging, Transport and Logistics Research Institute) Godella, Spain, ([email protected]) Keywords: ecodesign, plastic, packaging, dispensing closure, environmental aspect Environmentally friendly product development is one of the main challenges for companies due to new consumer demands. Several methods for its practical implementation have been developed. Among them ecodesign is one of the most commonly used methods. This method includes the environmental aspect in the product design step. As well as environmental benefits, ecodesign usually means company image improvement and less associated costs. The cost reduction through the optimisation of energy and raw material consumption is one of the ecodesign benefits. Nevertheless ecodesign implementation is not easy at companies. Many of them identify some difficulties in its application that should be overcome, such as specialized staff absence, high initial investments and company management reticence’s or the effort required at new product design development among others. Some initiatives aimed to the practical implementation of ecodesign methods have emerged. One of these initiatives is the “2004-2006 Ecodesign Promoting Program” promoted by Basque Country Regional Government and coordinated by the Public Society for Environmental Management of the Basque Country (IHOBE S.A.) in Spain. Creation of new products and services that bring together environmental criteria in design methods and ecodesign implementation at various industrial sectors were some of the objectives of this program. As a result of that initiative some practical experiences on ecodesign were carried out at Basque private companies. One of them was the ecodesign of a commercial dispensing closure manufactured by TUBOPLAST HISPANIA S.A. that was coordinated by IHOBE S.A. with the technical support of ITENE as packaging ecodesign expert. The selected product was an existing plastic packaging for pharmaceutics and cosmetics that included a coextruded or coextruded plastic tube and a plastic dispensing closure. Ecodesign strategies for the dispensing closure were focused on raw material consumption minimization as well as finishing processes. The use of IHOBE’s ecodesign method allowed TUBOPLAST HISPANIA S.A. to identify in a first step the main environmental aspects to consider in the design and manufacturing processes of the dispensing closure. In a second step, process-engineering improvements (less electric consumption, industrial oil use, waste generation, etc.), cost minimization, and company image improvement were identified and quantified. At present the ecodesigned dispensing closure is sold at international markets. This paper shows a practical approach about how the ecodesign methodology could be applied in companies and to packaging products.

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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF VENDING MACHINES, AND ECOLABEL (PTUE04) KIMURA, YUKIO1, WATANABE, TOSHIHIRO2, NAKAHARA, TSUNEYUKI2, 1Fuji Electric Retail Systems Co., Ltd., Yokkaichi City, Japan ([email protected]), 2Fuji Electric Retail Systems Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Japan Keywords: Vending Machine, LCA, Ecolabel The number of vending machines operated in Japan is about 5,53 million sets with electricity being consumed 0.7% of Japan’s annual domestic power generation. This fact makes vending machines indispensable for life in Japan. At the same time this requires us to analyze and estimate the environmental impacts of vending machines. The problems we needed to solve were the reduction of electric power, energy saving, the disposal of shredder dust, space occupied by vending machines on the road, noise / vibration, light pollution, Freon correspondence and the scenery. Through product assessment and eco-design, we have been successful in making energy-saving vending machines, environmentally-balanced vending machines and empty can collecting machines, and using recycling waste materials, substituting specified Feron refrigerants and the correspondence to the RoHS Directive. Moreover using the concept, LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), numerical evaluation and the special research on requisition of materials and deduction of electricity consumption resulted in the deduction of about 40% of environmental impact in five years especially in the mass and electricity consumption. Base on this outcome we have been working on acquisition of EcoLeaf environmental labels, a Japanese title equivalent for the Environmental Label Type of ISO14040 Series. Acquisition of EcoLeaf environmental labels on vending machines will mean that the approach to the problem of environmental impact has been the most proper and positive ways. The new system used for this application, the use of the SERIES of productions for acquisition ECO LEAF has been standardized and will make the further application easier in future. This will make the LCA, the concept we have developed, the main tool for the Environmental Label and the LCA will be a strong concept for environmental impact. THE WAY TO LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF REFRIGERATORS IN POLAND (PTUE05) Kurczewski, Przemyslaw1, Kasprzak, Jedrzej1,Lewandowska, Anna1, 1Poznan University of Technology Poznan, Poland, ([email protected]) Keywords: LCM, refrigerator, ecodesign, LCA The paper presents assumptions and results of the beginning stages of a scientific project oriented on establishing the principles of the environmental designing of technical objects for life cycle management. The project is realized since the beginning of 2006 and is financed by Polish Ministry of Education and Science. The project is carried out by two scientific institutions: Poznan University of Technology and Poznan University of Economics. There is also a partner from the industry that is one of the most important companies on the Polish market, producing household equipment (refrigerators, washing machines, gas fires). This company is a precursor in implementation of the environmental management system (EMS) in Poland.In the first stage the project has been oriented particularly on main needs of expert knowledge to cover life cycle management. The goal of this stage has been defined to establish guidelines and principles of environmental designing related to the refrigerators. To achieve this goal in the first step a large study composed from LCA and LCC analyses for chosen objects has been carried out. The need of inclusion of direct and indirect environmental burdens, connected with different environmental ingredients, has been noticed. The analysis has been carried out according to the module calculations, which includes perspectives of constructional solutions and processes realized particularly in the production stage. Other activities have been also put into the scope of analysis. On the base of results, the elementary components of refrigerators life cycle have been put in order to their environmental interactions, expressed by quantity data, completed by detail characteristics. General results of the study have created a matrix of information about environmental view of different components’ compositions of different types of refrigerators. Such data have been concentrated on following issues important for designers and product managers: life cycle conscious decision making, risk information approaches, on-line monitoring of degradation processes of the materials and components, and prediction models and verification of remaining lifetime. In the beginning of the second stage of the project consumer’s expectations have been identified in the inquiry researches. Results of this research have been used as a background for planning of refrigerators construction development. Main directions of environmentally and costly oriented optimization of refrigerators have been indicated in the end of the paper. They will be considered in detail in the further stages of the project.

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Industrial Ecology MATERIAL FLOW ACCOUNTING OF SPAIN (1980-2004) (PTUE06) Sojo, Amalia1, Puig-Ventosa, Ignasi2, Gonzalez, Ana3, Russi, Daniela3, Sendra, Cristina3, Cañellas, Sílvia3, 1Centro de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida y Diseño Sustentable, Cuautitlán, Izcalli, Mexico, ([email protected]), 2Ent-Environment and Management, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain, 3Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain Keywords: Material Flow Accounting, Spain, dematerializaton, social metabolism Material Flow Accounting (MFA) has been developed by several countries, as a method to measure the metabolism or physical dimensions of a society’s consumption. It has been taken as an indirect and approximate indicator of sustainability. MFA can be used to test the dematerialisation hypothesis: that technological progress causes a decrease in total material used (strong dematerialisation) or material used per monetary unit of output (weak dematerialisation). Moreover, it is also a useful tool to obtain key indicators about a nation’s economy that could be used for both public discussion and policy making. A previous Spain’s study on MFA (1980-2000) revealed that neither weak nor strong dematerialisation took place in Spain during the period analysed. Current analysis (1980-2004) is pointing out impressive figures, such as more than 100% increment in minerals extraction from 1994 to 2004, and also a 100% increment in mineral imports in the same period. On the other hand, from 1993 to 2004 fossil fuel extraction has been decreasing in Spain, although this has been replaced by larger fossil fuel imports. Imports and exports of all categories keep increasing during the period, although imports are growing at a higher rate than exports, and even doubles the amount of exports. The results show the high and continuous growth in construction sector as well as in fossil fuels consumption (mainly imported) and a high dependence on foreign trade. However, these indicators are not fully taken into account, and the small changes in Spanish policies related with construction and energy sector seem to be induced by other drivers: European Directives, fuels scarcity, societal concerns about construction prices, etc.; rather than materials usage and environmental loads associated to Spanish metabolism. This could be in part because of lack of understanding between MFA analyst scholars and key policy making institutions, among other reasons. Efforts should be made to communicate MFA results (system knowledge) to policy makers and to the public. MFA indicators can put simply and clearly in few figures complex issues such as construction patterns in Spain. MFA results provide a better understanding of the economic system that could be very useful to support decision makers and to add elements to the public debate. An effort should be made to convert MFA indicators into “action knowledge”, when a common work involving policy makers, policy analysts and MFA analysts is needed. A SUSTAINABLE MODEL FOR ITALIAN INDUSTRIAL AREAS (PTUE07) Tarantini, Mario1, Frenquellucci, Ferdinando2, Dominici, Arianna1, Cucchi, Eleonora3, Masoni, Paolo1, 1ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Bologna, Italy, ([email protected]), 2ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Faenza, Italy, 3University of Modena Faculty of Engineering, Bologna, Italy Keywords: Industrial Ecology, Eco-Industrial Areas, Life Cycle Assessment, Waste managemen A European Union research project (SIAM, Sustainable Industrial Area Model), funded in the framework of the LIFE- Environment Program, is currently in progress. Its general objective is to integrate economic, environmental and social good practices in locating, settling and managing industrial areas. Italian industrial areas, for historical reasons, are in fact often close to cities and, even if provided with efficient infrastructures, are rarely managed at area level. Moreover the extensive use of soil is reaching unsustainable trend in several Italian regions. To improve the environmental, economical and social profile of these areas, a specific set of strategies, tools and procedures has been defined (SIAM model). Essential elements of the Model are the management at area level and the choice to involve Local Authorities, industries and stakeholders in Local Committees and Local Forums to achieve a shared vision of the area development. The model is being tested in eight industrial areas located in different Italian regions to evaluate the effects of regional specific characteristics. A case study to introduce innovative methodologies such as LCA in industrial area management has been carried out. The study focused on waste management system of 1st Macrolotto Industrial area, which host about 350 firms, 90% of which belongs to textile sector. The object of the LCA study was chosen because of the significant environmental impacts of the waste management system according to the Initial Sustainability review of 1st Macrolotto and because there were plans to modernize it.The SIAM organizational model proved to be a success factor in carrying out the LCA study, in ensuring the Local stakeholder participation and in sharing the analysis results. Moreover Local Committees proved to be important innovation drivers towards Management Consortia and the firms of the area. In this paper, after a general outline of SIAM project tools and procedures, the methodological approach and the achieved results of the LCA study are presented.

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ANALYZE OF THE AIR POLLUTION IN AN INDUSTRIAL ZONE (PTUE08) Milosan, Ioan1, Milosan, Maria Marcela2, Bancila, Ciprian2, Nan, Mariana2, 1Transilvania University of Brasov, Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, Brasov, Romania, ([email protected]), 2Environment Protection Agency of Brasov, Brasov, Romania Keywords: air, polution, dust, gases, filters, monitoring The paper presents some study in the domain of industrial ecology, regarding the air quality from some industrial zones of Brasov area. The industrial action pollution may be resulted from stationary or mobile sources and also from the increasing of some specific factors such us: gaseous indicators, industrial dusts and precipitation. From the most used metals in industry, the most polluting are: Hg, Co, Cd and Zn, obtained from metallurgy proceedings. Also the industrial sector that pollutes the environment with metallic dusts in general it's the sector of mechanical processing. It is presented some specific aspects about the industrial metallic dust from industry such us: his apparition, his consistence and the deadly effect and also some methods for the atmosphere protection. APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY SYSTEM BY APPLYING LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY IN A PALM OIL MILL (PTUE09) Weeraratne, Wadurwa Muhandiramlage Jayantha1, 1Faculty of Science And Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, BANGI, Malaysia, ([email protected]) Keywords: Palm Oil Industry, Life Cycle Analysis, Industrial Ecology Palm oil industry plays an important role in the economic development of Malaysia and in enhancing the economic welfare of the population. Despite the obvious benefits, this industry also significantly contributes to environmental degradation, both at the input and the output sides of its activities. This case study was conducted to introduce industrial ecology system to use palm oil mill wastes and byproducts in a sustainable manner. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) approach was used as a tool which can evaluate environmental impacts. The �cradle� of the assessment is the start of the biomass fuel (fiber and shell) intake to the boiler whereas the �grave� is the generation of electricity. One approach of industrial ecology practiced in the mill, the use of fiber and shell to generate energy has been selected as the scope of the study, whereas investigation into the environmental impacts was the goal of the study. An inventory of the LCA consisted the emissions of particulates, SO2 and NO2 from the boiler. There were no any adverse environmental impacts when these emissions were compared to levels imposed by the Department of Environment Malaysia. The material balance of the energy generating system indicates that there is enough fiber and shell to generate the required energy for the mill studied. Except for biomass energy generating system both fertilizer producing system by using ash and decanter cake and making of fiber from empty fruit bunch (EFB) are the appropriate systems for waste disposal. There is a high possibility to use Palm oil mill effluent (POME) that makes up 50% of palm oil mill waste, to produce energy. The production of activated carbon, medium density fiberboard (MDF) and paper pulp are other products that can be produced by palm oil mill wastes. Existing waste management systems already have some features of industrial ecology. Therefore there is a great opportunity to develop this industry in a sustainable manner. Energy Efficiency and Generation LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT, A TOOL TO DEFINE PRIORITIES IN MANAGING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (PTUE10) Gagnon, Luc1, Truchon, Myriam1, 1Hydro-Quebec. Montreal, Canada ([email protected]) Keywords: energy transport greenhouse gas emissions Many life-cycle assessments (LCAs) have been conducted to evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy options. By looking at all stages of energy systems - extraction, processing, transportation of fuels, building of power plants, combustion - LCAs ensure a minimum fairness in comparing energy options. LCAs can also serve to identify the main priorities in managing GHG emissions: 1. Controlling emissions from the transportation sector; 2. Reducing emissions from coal fired electricity generation. First priority: Often, transportation is not seen as a climate change priority, as official statistics indicate a share of less than 30% of emissions. This is misleading because it includes only CO2 emitted directly from tailpipes. With a life cycle approach that includes building of cars, oil refining, highway construction, maintenance, air conditioning of vehicles…, it is possible to show that transportation is responsible for more than 50% of emissions. LCAs have also been conducted to assess transportation technologies. Electric public transit and hybrid electric vehicles have the best performances. Second priority: In the electricity sector, life cycle emission factors from coal are many times those of renewable sources. When options such as hydropower, windpower or nuclear energy are used to replace coal fired generation, the emission reduction can reach 95%. This high rate of reduction is unusual relative to any other industrial activity. Another option to reduce emissions from coal is CO2 capture and storage; but the LCAs of this technology show limitations, as it will require huge amounts of energy.

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TOWARDS A DYNAMIC LCA FOR A RELEVANT SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS (PTUE11) Benoist, Anthony1, Dron, Dominique1, 1Center for Energy and Process - Mines Paris, Paris, France, ([email protected]) Transport is a key sector to succeed in reducing GHG emissions, particularly by introducing biofuels. Therefore, numerous LCA methods and studies are developed, with a wide range of results. Methodological choices regularly appear to have a deeper effect on these results than data themselves [1, 2], including by-products allocation, energy types or GHG species considered. However, several crucial parameters such as soil carbon, nitrous oxide emissions, or biological impact remain difficult to evaluate. They could meet physical or biological thresholds at a local (water resources, soil fertility) scale as well as at a global (CO2 quotas) scale which need to be defined. Moreover, biomass raises the question of resource availability, whose fluctuations may be increased by climate evolution. In conclusion, LCA seems to have to be completed through explicit strategic objectives (which motivated the analysis) [3] and local scenario to provide a dynamic point of view for pertinent decision-making. ‘CRITICAL SITUATION’ BASED LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF POWER PLANTS (PTUE12) Sadamichi, Yucho1 Sampattagul, Sate1, Kiatsiriroat, Tanongkiat1, Maruyama, Naoki1, Kato, Seizo2, 1Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Thailand ([email protected]), 2Dept of Mechanical Eng., Mie University, Tsu, Japan Keywords: LCIA, power plant, electricity, resource depletion There are two kinds of environmental impacts produced by lifecycle of products or services. One is ‘input impact’, which is environmental impact caused by pollutant release into the air, water and soil such as carbon dioxide emission resulting in global warming, nitrogen oxides resulting in air pollution, etc. The other impact is ‘output impact’, which is environmental impact caused by consumption of fuel and materials. ‘Input impact’ is sometimes neglected and not considered in some LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) methodologies because our lives don’t directly suffer from the ‘input impact’. However depletion of a fuel or materials means damage to our indispensable property to our society and force us to change our lifestyle. In this study, an LCIA methodology that can treat with input and output impacts simultaneously is firstly developed. This methodology converts different kinds of environmental impacts into a single index on the basis of ‘critical situation’, in which people cannot continue their lives unless they change their lifestyle. Input impact includes impact categories of energy resource depletion and natural resource depletion, and Output impact includes the categories of global warming, air pollution and acidification. The LCIA result of this methodology is expressed in the unit of the number of people who have to change their lifestyle. Secondly this methodology is applied to lifecycle of electric power plants in Japan such as LNG-fired, oil-fired, coal-fired, nuclear power plants. Inventory data is collected from investigation reports and statistical data. Our finding from the LCIA results is that coal-fired power plants has larger impacts on environment in output impact but has much smaller impact in input impact compared with other power plants. As the results, total environmental impact of coal-fired plant is almost the same as that of LNG-fired power plants. This result indicates that input impact is as important as output impact and that we have to place a high priority on input impact. ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SNG FROM WOOD FOR CURRENT HEATING AND CAR SYSTEMS (PTUE13) Felder, Remo1, Dones, Roberto1, 1Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland, ([email protected]) Keywords: biofuel, energy system analysis, external costs, life cycle assessment, wood gasification. Synthetic natural gas (SNG) from natural wood is a flexible renewable energy carrier which can be burned in gas boilers or passenger cars replacing fossil-derived fuels. SNG of appropriate characteristics can be mixed with natural gas and distributed to customers through existing pipeline infrastructure. The comprehensive life cycle-based ecological impacts of SNG are investigated using the Swiss energy wood chain as described in the ecoinvent database and compared with standard fuels providing the same service (natural gas, fuel oil, petrol/diesel, wood chips). Full energy chains are considered for all energy systems using ecoinvent as background inventory database. The life cycle overall impact assessment methodologies Eco-indicator’99 and the Swiss Eco-scarcity, IPCC account of greenhouse gases, and external costs assessment of airborne emissions provide measures of environmental damage, to be compared with each other in order to derive robust conclusions. The results indicate that the SNG system has the best ecological performance if the consumption of fossil resources is strongly weighted. Otherwise natural gas performs best, as its supply chain is energy-efficient and its use produces relatively low emissions. As expected, wood systems are by far the best in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, where SNG emits about twice as much as the wood chips system due to the wood gasification processing added which entails a lower total energy conversion efficiency. NOx and particulate emissions are major contributors to the overall environmental impact of the SNG energy chain. Direct wood combustion has a better ecological score

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when highly efficient particulate filters are installed, which may not be economically viable for small furnaces. SNG performs better than oil derivatives with all the evaluation methods used. External costs for SNG are the lowest as long as greenhouse gas emissions are valued high. When substituting oil-based fuels, SNG should preferably be used in cars, as the reduction of overall ecological impacts for external costs and most of the methodologies herewith applied is larger than in heating systems. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AS DECISION SUPPORT FOR OPTIMUM USE OF BIOGAS EFFLUENTS (PTUE14) Rehl, Torsten1, Doluschitz, Reiner1, Jungbluth, Thomas1, Müller, Joachim1, 1University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany ([email protected]) Keywords: agricultural, biogas residues, fermentation, effluent drying, fertilizer In regions with intensive livestock farming increasing installation of biogas plants with co-fermentation of energy crops is leading to an excessive supply of effluent. In this context the risk of an over-fertilisation of the agricultural land is given. Legal practice in Germany allows to apply a special maximum of nitrate on farm land. If farm size is to small in relation to the effluents, surplus material is often transported over large distances to regions with nutrient deficits. Removing water from the effluent, it is necessary to reduce transport and storage costs, to increase calorific value, to improve biological stability or to concentrate nutrients. Because of the low value of the drying product and the high energy requirement, solar dryers are a viable alternative to direct effluent application on agricultural land. Depending on the way of processing, either fertilizer or fuel can be produced. To decide about the most ecological use of the biogas effluents life cycle assessment (LCA) was chosen to model different scenarios. Methods Life cycle assessment based on EN ISO 14040-43 was performed for an integrated biogas project at the research station “Unterer Lindenhof” of the University of Hohenheim. Constructing on a life cycle inventory, categories are analysed and aspects of resources, economic, ecological and health effects are considered. The environmental consequences of producing renewable organic resources, were estimated using a special agrarian model and the GaBi 4 software from PE-International. For the environmental impact assessment, the Eco-Indicator 99 methodology was used. The data collection shows that 4,000 cu m/a manure from farm livestock is generating a power output of 180 kW via a combined heat and power unit (CHP). For the co-fermentation of 1,700 Mg/a of maize, grass and grain results in 16 cu m effluent per day or 5,600 Mg/a. Three scenarios have been taken into consideration: 1) Control: direct application of the effluents to the field. 2) Dry fertilizer: drying the effluents and recovering the nutrients for transport and storage (75% dry matter). 3) Fuel pellets: separating fluid and solid phase mechanically and drying the solid phase to produce fuel pellets (90% dry matter). Results The environmental impact categories with the main influence on the result are ecotoxic emissions, acidification, and the climate change. Ammonia emissions have shown to be responsible for more than one third of the environmental pollution during the process. It appears that due to the processing of the effluent and depending on the degree of drying and concentration of the nutrients there could be a mitigation in areas highly populated with cattle. On-farm transport of materials showed only a small influence on the overall ecological effects. The effect was higher when regional logistic of effluent, fertilizer and fuel was taken into consideration. Competitiveness of the three scenarios depends mostly on the regional market of the special products and the connecting transport distances. The full paper describes the influence of the different categories and identifies the elemental factors during the conditioning process, this allows to back up the decision finding process and to choice the right utilisation pathway. TECHNOLOGY OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY MONOFERMENTATION OF ENERGY CROPS: LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT APPROACH (PTUE15) Benetto, Enrico1, Welfring, Joëlle1, Hoffmann, Lucien2, Greger, Manfred3, Hüfner, Volker4, 1CRP Henri. TUDOR/CRTE, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg ([email protected]), 2CRP Gabriel LIPPMANN, Belvaux, Luxembourg, 3Université du Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 4IGLux, Rumelange, Luxembourg The use of energy crops as renewable and CO2-neutral energy source, and especially for biogas production, is an important means to diversify the panel of alternative energy sources, as well as the market for agriculture. Finally, it could supports achieving Luxembourg’s commitment under the Kyoto Protocol through the feeding (after treatment) of biogas into the existing natural gas grid. Continuously fed dry monofermentation technology presents many advantages compared to classical wet ones: less volume needed (smaller reactor); less material flows and transportation costs because dry processes do not involve important amounts of liquid as well as an expectedly higher gas production through the dry process, as compared to slurry-based processes. This project aimed at the development of a biotechnologically and environmentally optimized dry monofermentation technology for energy crops, based on well-established knowledge on the physical process parameters, the

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microbiological characteristics of the fermentation process and considering the potential environmental impacts/benefits, as compared to alternatives, from a lifecycle and supply chain perspective. In that sense, the aim also included the definition of sustainable crop production, based on the use of methanization residues as fertilizers, which closes the loop of material use within this sub-process. This presentation outlines the approach adopted, by presenting the results of LCA and flow analysis and clarifying the connections, influences and backside effects with the supply chain and procurement and the internal management. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF TWO BIOENERGY SYSTEMS IN MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS (PTUE16) Martinez, Carles1 Puy, Neus1, Rieradevall, Joan1, Gabarrell, Xavier1, Bartroli-Molins2, Carrasco, Juan3, Ciria, Pilar4, Antón, Maria Assumpció5, 1Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambienta de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain ([email protected]), 2Jordi Departament de Química, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain, 3Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentaries (IRTA), Madrid, Spain, 4CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain, 5IRTA, CABRIL, Spain Keywords: energy crop, forest residues, LCA, bioenergy system, Mediterranean region The replacement of fossil fuels to renewable energies as biomass is an important strategy of the European Union in order to mitigate the contribution of the energy sector to the climate change and to insure the supply and diversification of the energy sources. Thus, it is foreseen that the implementation of bioenergy systems will fulfil a decisive role in the use of renewable energies and also will reduce the fossil fuels dependence. The aim of this study is to compare two different bioenergy systems in order to identify the environmental loads associated to the entire biomass life cycle, applying Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The first one consists on biomass coming from the energy crop Poplar cultivated in Castilla León (Southern-West of Europe) with a density plantation of 10,000 plants•ha-1 and a biomass production average of 13,5 t•ha-1. The second system is based on a forest exploitation located in Catalonia (Southern-East of Europe), where forest residues (stumps, branches, etc.) are collected as a result of forestry operations. The main stages included in the systems boundaries are: biomass growth and harvesting, transportation, energy conversion in a 6 MW combustion plant and ash disposal. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate a hypothetical biomass scenario with a mixture of these two biomass sources. The results will show the benefits and barriers of both defined systems, the energy crop and the forest biomass, as a renewable energy source in a Mediterranean region. Hence, some suggestions will be drawn in order to improve the environmental sustainability of these bioenergy systems. BIOFUELS LCA ASPECTS BASED ON A PRACTICAL CASE OF INLAND WATERWAYS TRANSPORT (PTUE17) Richard, Jacques1, Leverington, Phelan1,1University of Applied Sciences of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland, ([email protected]) Keywords: industrial ecology, LCA, biofuels, biodiesel, vegetable oil Biofuels play an important role in R&D of renewable energy. The use of bio diesel or appropriate mixture of diesel oil with vegetable oil as fuel for diesel engines has the advantage of needing little or no modification of the existing engines. An experiment done in Geneva, consisting in the use of a mixture of diesel oil / vegetable oil in a propelled push boat, used to push barges of waste on the river Rhône gave the practical frame of a comparative study between 3 fuels: diesel, biodiesel and vegetable oil (SVO). Further more in this concrete case the VO used, came from frying oil waste (WVO) constitutes an interesting illustration of industrial ecology. The asset of this study on environmental impacts analysis done here is to have used practical measurements of emissions from an engine in function on the push boat, fed with diesel fuel and with a mixture of diesel-VO, and with complementary data research from bibliographic sources and data base (ecoprofils and ecoinvent). This study was on the evaluation and sensibility of the environmental impacts, depending on some hypothesis (production phase: distance and type of transport, type of culture, use of fertilizer and pesticide, which are proper to the industrial agriculture). This study shows that the results should be analysed with special caution and that several questions are still open. The study was done in two steps: in the first, the cooking function of VO was not considered, so the results of LCA of fluvial transport using this kind of push boat became as if VO was produced to be directly used as fuel (SVO), which is often the case. In the second step, the cooking function was taken in consideration. Time then came to evaluate the environmental gains realised with this case of industrial ecology: VO after use in the cooking function (as frying oil) is considered as waste, but it is considered as raw material (resource) for the fluvial transport function. In this case there is a problem of concept: how to measure impacts of successive functions? Should the impacts of the production of VO be attributed uniquely to cooking function or should they be dispatch between the two successive functions? The technique of allocations allows solving the problem in a more or less satisfying way; it is a difficult question which disserves discussion and that this case study can enlighten. Finally this study allows us to confirm that the environmental gains of biofuels scenarios are not as important as we first thought, if their vegetable raw material is produced uniquely for energy as in the

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transport function. They are of much more interest when used in an industrial ecology context where a first cooking function allows dispatching of the impacts due to production. LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF JATROPHA BIO-DIESEL IN THAILAND (PTUE 18) Sampattagul, Sate1, Suttibut, Chonticha1, Kiatsiriroat, Tanongkiat1, Sadamichi, Yucho1, 1Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University Muang, Thailand, ([email protected]) Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Management, Jatropha, Bio-Diesel, Thailand Due to the oil price in the world market is tremendously increasing. One important factor is the highly demand in the energy consumption from all around the world. Thailand is a country that relies on this primary energy and has to import huge amount of oil each year. According to the statistics in Thailand, the selling price of diesel was 11.88 [Baht/lit] in year 2000 and it drastically moves to 27.17 [Baht/lit] in year 2006. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the alternative energy which can provide the same function but cheaper price. Bio-diesel is one of the selective fuels as it has very similar properties to petroleum-based diesel. Jatropha curcas Linn. is one of the high potential of plant oil in Thailand that was chosen for study in this paper. In order to generate bio-diesel from Jatropha curcas oil, it needs to take much amount of materials, energy and release many kind of emissions which certainly affect to the environment. Therefore, to quantify and verify the advantages and useful of Jatropha Curcas bio-diesel, it is necessary to assess the Jatropha curcas bio-diesel production from the life cycle point of views. The objective of this paper is to analyze the environmental impacts of Jatropha bio-diesel from life cycle assessment (LCA) aspect for sustainable utilization.As the results, it is obviously shown that the production of Jatropha curcas bio-diesel has the highest environmental in cultivation process, bio-diesel production process and use process accordingly. A REVIEW OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF BIODIESEL (PTUE19) Pandey, Shuba1, Panwar, T S1,1The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) New Dehli, India, ([email protected]) Keywords: Biodiesel, life cycle analysis, environmental impacts Escalating oil import bills, security in supply, trade deficits and environmental concerns has stimulated the search for other alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Considering that there is a need to explore new alternatives, which are likely to reduce our dependency on oil imports, biodiesel emerges as one of the most ecofriendly option. In the past 15 years biodiesel has been steadily developed from research to full production unit in many developed countries. Now in most of the developing countries, there is a move towards cultivating energy crops specifically for the production of biodiesel. Despite, the goal of opening up this energy market, life cycle analysis or environmental evaluation are lacking and unfortunately, those studies, which have examined even the exhaust emissions, have not been entirely consistent in their conclusion so that there is a need for going into the detailed insights of the area. In this context, a study being undertaken by TERI, which seeks to review environmental impacts of biodiesel over the entire life cycle by comparing biodiesel with fossil diesel fuel with particular emphasis on the methodological approaches covering all stages of its life cycle like plantation, seed transport to crusher, crude oil extraction, oil transportation, transesterification and its utilization. In each stage, all the required input like application of fertilizer, pesticides, use of machinery etc & their associated impacts (green house effect, tail pipe emissions, acidification, eutrophication, Soil fertility and Biodiversity etc.) were examined. This study is based on published data and literature surveys and the results show that uses of biodiesel have many environmental benefits but it has few concerns also. It is beneficial in respect of energy security and GHG emissions, and as a plant-based fuel it is CO2 neutral, therefore a better alternative for sustainable mobility. However, the increase in nitrogen di oxide emissions from exhaust and other ecological impacts need to be studied in depth for long-term usage. LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT FOR A PRODUCT INNOVATION WITH A NEW PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY- DYE SOLAR CELL (PTUE20) Pastewski, Nico1 1Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, IAO, Stuttgart, Germany, ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, recycling, dye solar cells, IPP, sustainable innovation management Unlike conventional solar cells, dye solar cells use an organic dye to convert light into electrical energy. Dye solar cells are manufactured using a simple screen printing process, offering a solar cell efficiency of approx. 5% and a wide variety of design possibilities. High standards are put upon the sealing materials used in dye solar cells. A newly developed glass frit technology based on screen printing enables the practical application of dye solar modules – produced with simple manufacturing processes. In the project ColorSol® (http://www.colorsol.de), founded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the DSC technology is further developed and will be, together with industry partners, transferred into a production environment. Cooperating with architects, building planners and designers sustainable application concepts for DSCs are developed. With respect to the idea of Integrated Product Policy, we try to minimize environmental degradation, whether from their manufacturing, use or disposal caused by the product.

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External requirements derived from legal, ecological and cost-related issues, internal requirements like cost-reduction and product optimisation provides the basis for the definition of assessment criteria for our product. The technology and market development is supported by an innovation and technology analysis, comprising of environmental impact assessments for the substances used, life cycle analysis of the future product and a detailed recycling concept. The specific idea of our approach is to internalize all these methods at the earliest stage possible, which means right from the beginning. In doing this we hope to provide certainty in a long-time perspective to address all environmental aspects. The overall objective of this approach is to develop an environmentally friendly product, which will be also successful on the market.The properties of some substances used in production require that extra precautions are taken in order to improve safety regulations and environmental impacts. Health related aspects are addressed mainly as toxicity of the used substances, environmental impact aspects are addressed with local and global protection goals, presently focussing on resource saving aspects.The simplified LCA used should provide a comprehensive view of the processes and impacts involved. The method comprises cost aspects as well as environmental aspects in the different life phases of the product. It covers all the areas from the extraction of natural resources, through their design, manufacture, assembly, marketing, distribution and sale. Cost aspects are addressed as Life Cycle Costing, whereas phase costs are as relevant as production costs. Materials and energy flow analyses show the environmental performance of the different phases. The recycling concept is addressed by analysing the material flow and the design for recycling with respect to the economic and environmental benefits. The approach pays carefully attention to the specifics of each material and substance (e.g. liquid ionics, noble metal, cullets, etc.) used in terms of reuse or recycling technologies.In our presentation, we will show first results of our case study and the environmental impact assessment along the development stages with a short overview over the methodology used for a sustainable innovation management. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF A MARINE CURRENT TURBINE FOR CLEANER ENERGY PRODUCTION (PTUE21) Cavallaro, Fausto1, Coiro, Domenico2, 1Dip. SEGes - University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy, ([email protected]), 2Dpt. Aeronautical Engineering- University of Neaples, Neaples, Italy Keywords: LCA, environmental assessment, renewable energy, sea turbine Reducing risk to the environment connected with energy production is clearly stated target of the environmental control programs of many industrialised countries. Thus, it would appear that systems of energy production need to be assessed and due consideration given to their environmental impact. That renewable energy technologies, particularly in the production phase, are currently those that generate a lower environmental impact compared to traditional fossil fuel systems is now well-established. Despite this, many studies fail to include an evaluation of the impacts generated by systems designed and built for energy production over their entire life cycle. Among the more interesting and unexplored renewable energy sources there is the energy from marine tidal currents. Tidal currents are being recognised as a resource to be exploited for the sustainable generation of electrical power. In Europe the availability of this type of energy is equal to around 75 Gigawatts and the respect of the exploitable energy is equal to around 50 TWh. The aim of this paper is to provide, with the aid of LCA, a preliminary environmental assessment analysis of a innovative marine current turbine for cleaner energy production. Environmental Communication ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION (PTUE22) Heilmann, Andrea1 1Hochschule Harz, Wernigerode, Germany, ([email protected]) Keywords: Environmental Information, LCA, Software tools The EuP-directive seeks to reduce the environmental impacts caused by “energy using products” by implementing ecodesign aspects within all stages of the products life cycle. In case of motors ecodesign aspects include the optimization of the single motor (HEM -high efficiency motors) as well as the combination of a motor with variable speed drives (VSD). The market share of each is currently limited by several factors, including higher purchase costs and the lack of knowledge about the economic and ecological benefits. In many cases users are not able to assess the environmental characteristics and performance throughout a product’s life span without additional information. Therefore the EuP-directive demands environmental product declarations (EPD). EPDs present the results of a (simplified) life cycle assessment. It is obvious that EPDs generated by different motor producers should be comparable. The paper presents the main results of a study conducted for a motor producer to support future activities towards EPDs in the company and international working groups. The study compares four different software tools, which were developed mainly for the assessment of electric or electronic equipment. The results that were calculated with different software tools for one motor type vary

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widely, namely up to 95% depending on the selected impact categories. The main differences between the software tools are :-- the considered phases of the life cycle, -- the selected materials and other assumptions (for instance recycling quotas), -- load models and life span, -- selected impact categories and methods of impact assessment. None of the models compared is exceptionally good or bad concerning the usefulness for creating an EPD, but the results gathered can not be compared by users. Standardization regarding the above mentioned assumptions is very important to promote environmentally friendly purchase and use of motors. Agriculture and Food Production ASSESSING SUSTAINABLE CARBON FLOWS BY LINKING SINK CAPACITIES OF LAND WITH LCI-DATA (PTUE23) Wollenmann, Regina Andrea1 1Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Zürich, Switzerland, ([email protected]) Keywords: LCI, Land Use, Primary Production, Carbon Sequestration, Sustainability Tools for environmental analysis, such as assessments of life cycles or ecological footprints, usually evaluate land use as part of two separate scenarios, either being occupied by production activities and facilities or providing (carbon) sink capacity. However, any type of managed ecosystem acts simultaneously as both source and sink. For example, a particular silvicultural regime, whether close-to-nature, intensively managed, or fiber farm, must account for not only its sink capacity but also the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted from harvesting activities and downstream processing. My novel approach presents a methodology that considers the multifunctionality of unsealed land. This methodology is based on two assessments: 1) LCI of the production network to determine environmental performance indicators (e.g., CO2 mass and land occupied per volume unit), and 2) meta-analysis of the available carbon-sink data. Emission data were related to sink capacities of the land occupied by the primary production process in order to assess the carbon balance. The method was evaluated with two wood production regimes; (1) “close-to-nature” and (2) plantation. Intensive and extensive production regimes have both a sustainable carbon balance but a difference in remaining carbon sink capacity (about 85 kg/m3 for plantation wood and about 180 kg/m3 for close-to-nature regimes). The carbon release per m3 of processed wood for sawn timber and oriented strand board is of about 70 kg and 107 kg, respectively. From the perspective of a sustainable carbon balance within production processes therefore the degree of further processing determines the appropriate production method of wood. However, our results also indicate that an “ecological labor division” between intensively managed and natural forests offers opportunities for maximizing carbon sequestration. LCA OF IMPORTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS – IMPACTS DUE TO DEFORESTATION AND BURNING OF RESIDUES (PTUE24) Jungbluth, Niels1, Frischknecht, Rolf1, 1ESU-services Ltd., Uster, Switzerland, ([email protected]) Keywords: imported food products, ecoinvent, life cycle inventory, deforestation Life cycle assessment (LCA) of imported oil plants life soybeans or plant oils, e.g. palm oil, is an important issue in many LCA studies for food products and animal production. Quite often imported products are assessed with the same data as national products. Country specific aspects for the location of production might thus be forgotten. In an ecoinvent project for the investigation of biofuels several such agricultural products have been investigated. The aim of this project is to investigate data for biomass production, conversion to biofuels and use for transport services. The production of fuels like ethanol, rape seed methyl ether, BTL (biomass-to-liquid), etc. is investigated in a way consistent with the existing ecoinvent datasets. The findings from this project are quite interesting also for studies on food products. The presentation highlights methodological issues relevant for global biofuel production, like accounting for CO2 emissions due to land transformation and clear cutting of tropical rain forests. Results from the LCA study for soybeans and oil produced in Brazil and the US, sugar produced in Brazil as well as for palm oil production in Malaysia is presented. The assessment shows that CO2 and particle emissions due to deforestation and burning of harvesting residues might form an important part of environmental impacts throughout the life cycle. Especially the issue of deforestation should be taken into account for countries with increasing agricultural production area. INVESTIGATING DIVERGING SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES WITH THE MENTAL MODEL APPROACH (PTUE25) Schoell, Regina1, Binder, Claudia2, 1SIE,Geograpisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ([email protected]), 2Social and Industrial Ecology, Dept. of Geography, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland Keywords: Mental Models, Pesticides, Risk perception This presentation addresses the question, why MFA results are not readily implemented at regional level. Our hypothesis is, that diverging system perspectives among stakeholders hinder the

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implementation of MFA results. We present and discuss the potential of the Mental Model Approach (MMA) for investigating the diverging system perspectives of stakeholders and show first results from an empirical case study of agricultural production in Colombia, South America. We adapted MMA for analyzing the differences and misunderstandings between experts and farmers perspectives regarding farmers’ livelihood and the dynamics of the agricultural production system. 10 experts and 10 farmers were interviewed. The questions included (i) definition of the four livelihood capitals; (ii) the relationship and dynamics among the capitals within farmers’ production system; and (iii) the actors in farmers’ agricultural production context. Qualitative and statistical analysis of the data provided a general system and 10 system diagrams for each group. Additionally, for each person interviewed the deviation from the general “expert” or “farmer” system was determined. Finally we gained an overall view of all perceptions of the system as well as their divergences and critical tradeoffs regarding farmers’ management decisions. Our analyses showed that the system perception differed between experts and farmers in three aspects: (i) capitals definition and ranking with respect to importance for the sustainability of farmers livelihood; (ii) understanding of the system and its dynamics; (iii) importance of the agents in the farmers’ agent network. These results suggest that definition and selection of measures for changing farmers’ production system towards a more sustainable path are likely to differ between both stakeholder groups. That is, that measures solely developed by experts will not have the desired effect as they depart from a different systemic logic than the one farmers have. RELATING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS TO INCOME INDICATORS AT THE FARM LEVEL: ANALYSIS OF ACCOUNTANCY AND TRACEABILITY DATA IN JAPAN (PTUE26) Hayashi, Kiyotada1 1National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan, ([email protected]) Keywords: Environmental impacts; Income indicators; Crop yields; Farm records; Eco-efficiency Agricultural and environmental policies to ensure food safety and to protect natural environment have been established in Japan. The main features of these policies are that the objectives for them may correspond to the areas of protection in life cycle impact assessment terminology and that the attention is paid to improvements in fertilizer and pesticide application practices. However, the policy impacts, which are related to the environmental and income impacts of the agricultural practices, have not fully been analyzed. One reason may be the lack of well-organized databases such as the Farm Accountancy Data Network in Europe. Therefore, this study analyzes the relationship between the environmental impacts of agricultural practices such as fertilizer and pesticide application and income indicators including crop yields and gross income. The data used in this study are farm accountancy data, which are gathered to clarify the environmental and income impacts of management practices for reducing fertilizer and pesticide application, and traceability data, which are recorded to secure traceability of farm products. Rice and vegetable farms are analyzed. The results indicate that in, for example, pesticide application for rice cultivation, there is a positive relationship between environmental impacts and crop yields. This means that in order to increase crop yields, environmental degradation is unavoidable; there is a trade-off between environmental and agronomic performances. In contrast, there is a negative relationship between environmental impacts and gross income. This implies that strong sustainable improvements in eco-efficiency can be realized, although the same kind of tendency can sometimes be difficult to find in these data. PROTEIN-RICH FOOD CHAINS (PTUE27) Sevenster, Maartje1 1CE Delft, Delft, Netherlands, [email protected] Keywords: allocation, food production In western food consumption, protein sources are mostly animal. The production chain of animal proteins causes an exceptional amount of environmental burden, as is thought, primarily related to the fact that the protein conversion of animal metabolism is inefficient. Vegetable protein sources, such as legumes and soy, staple diet in the east, have therefore gained some popularity. The recent introduction of a “milk burger” in the Netherlands has provided a reason to reconsider the above. The burger is made from skim milk in a process similar to cheese making. The protein conversion for milk is more efficient than for meat. Also, cream and beef are valuable byproducts in the skim milk life cycle. These two factors significantly reduce the impacts of this animal product. This does not necessarily hold for cheese as, firstly, most cheese is made from full-cream milk and, secondly, more liters of milk are needed for a kg of product. In this presentation these effects and comparisons will be described in more detail for several protein-rich food chains, as well as the influence and pro’s and con’s of allocation.

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DECONTAMINATION OF MEAT WITH SONO-STEAM – ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS (PTUE28) Schmidt, Anders1, Nonboe, Ulf2, Jensen, Allan Astrup2, 1FORCE Technology, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark ([email protected]), 2FORCE Technology, Brøndby, Denmark Keywords: Life cycle assessment, life cycle screening, simplified LCA, food processing, food production Fresh food products contaminated with bacteria is a common source of illness in most countries. Until now, decontamination has been possible only at the expense of food quality. A new concept, Sono-Steam, combining steam und ultrasound effectively destroys bacteria without affecting meat quality or look. Although some energy is used in the decontamination process, this consumption and its related impacts on the environment is insignificant in the life cycle perspective. Here, pig farming is clearly dominating, with conventional slaughterhouse processes giving a small contribution. The study concludes that the process holds a promise for a significant decrease in the number of illnesses related to intake of contaminated food, with an almost invisible increase in global and regional environmental impacts as the only drawback. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTION OF ALFALFA (PTUE29) Gallego, Alejandro1, Hospido, Almudena1, 1Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), Santiago de Compostela, Spain, ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle assessment, alfalfa, dairy cows Spain occupies the 6th position in annual milk production in the European Union (Eurostat, 2006). Within Spain, Galician dairy cattle play a fundamental role with a contribution of 30,92% (MAPA, 2005). According to an study of milk production in this region (Hospido, 2005), one dairy cow consumes 1136 kg of alfalfa per year to produce 8387 litres of milk, which means 135,42 grams per litre of milk. Taking this into account, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of alfalfa is being carried out to assess the environmental effects associated to the production (including soil management, sowing, use of fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides, irrigation and harvesting) and distribution of this crop. Bibliographic references as well as visits to farms, are the main sources of information for the inventory phase. The CML 2 baseline 2000 methodology developed by Leiden University is selected for the LCIA stage (Guinée et al., 2001). This contribution will present the main results of the assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF APPLE PRODUCTION AND IMPORT IN SPAIN. (PTUE30) Soler-Rovira, Jose1 Arroyo-Sanz, Juan Manuel1, Usano-Martinez, Maria Cruz1, Moya-Huelamo, Manuel1, Gonzalez-Torres, Francisco1, 1Departamento Produccion Vegetal: Fitotecnia, EUIT Agricola, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, ([email protected]) Keywords: agriculture, indicators, sustainability, trade, transport Spain is a big fruit producer and it has important trade flows with other EU member states. In recent years international trade of fresh fruits and vegetables has also increased due to market liberalisation and technical development of agricultural practices, conservation processes and transport facilities. So, there is a need to assess the environmental and social impacts of intensive agricultural production but also those regarding to international trade. Apple production and trade is a good case study because it accounts for 14% of total fruit consumption in Spain, and 20% of this is imported from other countries. France, Chile, Portugal and Italy are the four more important countries that export apples to Spain. The aim of this work is to assess socio-economic sustainability and environmental impact of apple production in Spain and those four exporting countries; but also evaluate the environmental impact of the life cycle of apple including post-harvest treatments, long distance transport, distribution and elimination. So, we have developed and LCA study complemented with socio-economic indicators, as producer income stability, international justice, producer-market equity, export competitiveness and export-oriented farming. These indicators were aggregated with and internal normalisation approach using linear utility functions. LCA was done for one apple (0,24 kg) considering the subsystems: agricultural production, production and transport of fertilisers, production of polyethylene boxes for harvest and transport, post-harvest refrigeration, transport from production zones to Spain and waste disposal. Data were collected from statistical databases, literature, technical reports and local experts' knowledge. Potential environmental impacts were normalised with factor data for the world for the year 1995. The results of the LCA show that total environmental impact is higher in Chile than in EU countries. Taking into account only the agricultural production phase, Spain and Portugal show the worst environmental performance. The main impact categories of agricultural production are water and energy consumption and photochemical oxidant formation. But a very high proportion of environmental impact may be attributed to transport, mainly when the distances to Spain market increase. The main impact categories of transport are photochemical oxidant formation, eutrophication and energy consumption. Considering the socio-economic dimension, Chile shows and export-oriented farming with relative low producer prices that erode societal sustainability compared to EU producers.

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Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Products IMPLEMENTING THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE THROUGH STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT FOR PRODUCT AND SERVICE DEVELOPMENT (PTUE31) Cucuzzella, Carmela1, De Coninck, Pierre1, 1University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada ([email protected]) Keywords: sustainable design, precaution principle, stakeholder process, ethical framework The precautionary principle can be integrated into the decision making process during the conception of products and services in a perspective of sustainable development as a complement to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). This can assist stakeholders in arriving at just and fair decisions based on the complexity and uncertainty of data. LCA provides powerful insights for addressing the environmental aspects of sustainability. Based on an attitude of prevention, LCA seeks to reduce a product’s negative impacts by assessing the various phases of a product’s life-cycle and taking appropriate action. However, in cases of uncertainty of harm, it is not obvious how to define an appropriate course of action because the LCA process is not equipped to handle such decisions; decisions cannot be easily rationalized because of this inherent lack of data. Therefore, by integrating the precautionary principle through stakeholder engagement, in the perspective of an ethic for the future, such decisions could ultimately be justified and can complement the existing LCA process. This approach therefore becomes pertinent, particularly for stakeholders in their practice of product and service development. Methods such as alternative assessment and precautionary deliberation can assist in this shift towards sustainability. DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A LCM TOOL TO SUPPORT OPTIMISATION OF PACKAGING SYSTEMS FOR THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES. (PTUE32) Horne, Ralph1,Majumdar, Juin1, Verghese, Karli1, Carre, Andrew1, Fitzpatrick, Leanne2, Grant, Tim1, 1Centre for Design, School of Architecture and Design, Melbourne, Australia, ([email protected]), 2Birubi Innovation, Melbourne, Australia Keywords: sustainable, packaging, waste minimisation, LCA, software tool In the context of food and beverage consumption, the terms packaging and sustainability may appear to be disparate. Packaging has long been viewed by environmentalists as the archetypal example of the inherent wastefulness of modern consumer society. Nevertheless, packaging is essential in conveying and identifying goods, and protecting them during transport and up to the point of consumption. We therefore need packaging, and it follows that we need to optimise the function and reduce the environmental impact of packaging as far as possible. With this aim in mind, a definition is presented of sustainable packaging, and a description is provided on the context and development of PIQET, a LCM tool which allows quick evaluations of the environmental impact of different packaging systems. A range of case studies are then used to test and explore various parameters of different packaging systems, and results are discussed. These results include both expected and potentially counter-intuitive outcomes, and the implications for packaging designers and food and beverage brandowners. Conclusions are drawn regarding the policy and practice implications of the research, and prospects for the future development of PIQET and related LCM tools are outlined. INFLUENCE OF WATER CONSUMPTION DURING THE LIFE CYCLE OF SOFT DRINK PRODUCTION. (PTUE33) Rosa Domínguez, Elena1, Rodriguez Rico, Ivan2, Gonzalez Colin3, Suppen, Nidya4, 1Central University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Cuba, ([email protected]), 2Leandro Central University of "Las Villas", Santa Clara, Cuba, 3Mireya Instituto Tecnologico de Toluca, Toluca, Mexico, 4Centro de Analisis de Ciclo de Vida, Mexico DF, Mexico Keywords: Life Cycle, water comsumption, pinch tecnology, ecoindicators The water is the main resource used in the soft drink production. This paper was made an analysis of Life Cycle in the soft drink production using Ecoindicators 99. The analysis of the results demonstrated that there is high water consumption due to its use in cleaning of equipment, which is made without a suitable control of the operation. The high water consumptions in the industry have environmental repercussions due to: High power costs of pumping that imply high consume of electricity , diminution of the resource water and greater costs of treatment that imply high consume of chemicals. The environmental profile of each stage and the general process in the present conditions was determined using software SimaPro version 6,0, obtaining the environmental ecoindicators for each impact and damage category. The results allowed to analyze measures to obtain the water saving by means of the optimization of the consumption being used the Pinch technology. The economic analysis demonstrated the feasibility of the solutions. Once made the technical and economic analysis, from each one of the technological solutions, it is come to evaluate the ecoindicators with the SimaPro, in order to evaluate the environmental improvements that were obtained in each one of the stages by means the diminution of the total Ecoindicator of the process. The water recovered in water treatment stage can be used in the first stages of later cleanings of sand filters and coal filters, causing a diminution of 16% in the environmental total impact generated in this stage, from the same form obtain diminutions of 13 % in the simple syrup stage, 48 % in the finished syrup stage and 23 % in the

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bottling stage. When reducing the impact in the water treatment stage, also diminishes the environmental impact in the plant waste water treatment plant, because the wastewater flux to treat diminishes. The total indicator of the optimized stage is 16% minor than the stage without optimizing. Even though the Ecoindicador 99 methodology don’t consider water consumptions explicitly in the damages models, it is possible to establish the influence of use of this resource and the influence in Ecoindicadotors value. Scenario Analysis CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT FOR A PROSPECTIVE CANADIAN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SUSTAINABILITY-TRACKING PROGRAM (PTUE34) Bacchus, Paul1 1Environment Canada, Gatineau, Canada, ([email protected]) Keywords: sustainability, tracking, environment, protocol In its most recent Report on Plans and Priorities 2006-2007, Environment Canada reiterated its commitment to a made-in-Canada approach to environmental sustainability. The department states as its ecosystem sustainability goal, the desire “to develop and implement innovative strategies, programs, and partnerships to ensure that Canada's natural capital is sustained for present and future generations.” This goal will require the active participation of all sectors of society, government, and industry in shifting towards sustainable production and consumption practices. Because of the substantial ecological impact of the energy sector, Environment Canada is focusing some effort on assessing the sector with respect to environmental sustainability. Currently, there is a need to develop the concept of sustainability tracking with respect to the energy sector. As a science based department, Environment Canada demands “results oriented” solutions and places an emphasis on “strengthening performance measurement.” A tracking program based on these requirements will allow Environment Canada to move forward on its mandate. The program also aims to development a protocol that will enable Environment Canada to quantify the environmental impact of technologies. This will provide a basis for comparing different processes and technologies from an environmental point of view and support decision making. This protocol will be based on current scientific knowledge and on a thorough review of existing benchmarks and quantification methods. This protocol will enable Environment Canada to define short term, mid term and long term environmental goals for energy technologies. INTEGRATED TOOLS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT: DJERBA (TUNIS) APPLICATION (PTUE35) Giuseppe, Ioppolo1 1Università degli Studi di Messina-Dip. studi su Risorse Impresa Ambiente e Metodologie quantitative, Messina, Italy, ([email protected]) Keywords: local development, decisionmakers support system, GIS, e-governance A project for transference of Know-how has been set up by the local authority of Lipari in Sicily and that of Houmt Souk, on the island of Djerba (Tunisia). This project, funded by the Regional Authority of Sicily, comes under the framework for decentralised Cooperation envisaged by Italian and EU law in relation to developing and transitional countries and economies.Over the first year of the project a procedure to aid collaboration between public bodies was perfected. A simple yet effective tool was created allowing citizens to actively participate in formulating ideas and projects for sustainable development on the island of Djerba. A Local Area Management and Development (L.A.M.D.) model was adopted to achieve this and was boosted by two strategy tools: the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) of the island of Djerba and a local development portal. The approach taken to understand the regional area was built into the model along the lines of local Agenda 21; generating local coalitions between diverse interests by bringing them together in workshops and forums aimed at creating a hierarchy containing the full range of local responses to the need for economic development. A new policy approach was thereby developed via transference of knowledge/experience. While respecting the needs posed by environmental sustainability, the decision making process for local area strategic planning was re-engineered to generate corporate governance that is truly “representative” of the geographical area and to architect a set of concerted and programd processes. A new modus operandi for local area management was thus implemented using the two abovementioned decision making tools. The strategic objective was to ensure positive synergy between the priorities for economic development and environmental concerns, integrating local area rules with other means to enhance understanding of the area in question. Undoubtedly, the main result regarded the introduction and integration of a paradigm using tools and actions to transform the local area into a proactive system that is able to build sustainable competitiveness in economic and environmental terms. Tangible results of the work undertaken are the setting up of a GIS system, the active involvement in designing and launching a portal for local development, and lastly the identification of a set of priority actions for development.

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AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE EVOLUTIONARY SCENARIOS OF A UNESCO CULTURAL SITE: THE CINQUE TERRE PARK IN ITALY (PTUE36) Lombardi, Patrizia1, Besio, Mariolina2, Marchese, Francesco2, 1Polytechnic of Turin, Turin, Italy, ([email protected]), 2University of Genova, Genova, Italy Keywords: Scenario analysis, Agriculture Landscape Management, Spatial Decision Support System This paper will develop evolutionary scenarios and hypothetical visions of future assets for the agricultural landscape of the Cinque Terre (Five Lands), UNESCO cultural heritage site, in Italy. Here local communities have deeply modified original natural assets. Now, this millenarian land faces a dangerous hydro geological disease risk. Current landscape is the result of a complex process of relationships between human activities and natural conditions and evolutions. Agricultural life is specifically subject to transformation; the territorial heritage is threatened in term of its physical, social and cultural integrity. The evolutionary scenarios of this land will illustrate future agricultural assets with the aim to support the management activity of the Five Lands Park. The paper will illustrate the work which has been carried out for analysing the evolution dynamics of this landscape. This analysis has been developed using an integrated decision spatial support system: a technical spatial tool, the G.I.S. Geomedia® (Intergraph), associated to a multicriteria decision support technique (weighted summation). The work has been supported by the institutional participation of the technicians and administrators of the Park. It has been based on the preliminary development of the Vegetarian Landscape Map followed by an analysis and evaluation of the priorities of intervention of the agricultural areas. The result is the development of three scenarios of the territorial assets, reflecting different potential political management strategies: an institutional (present) asset, a (future) hypothetical positive/sustainable asset and a (future) negative/catastrophic asset. CAR RECYCLING SOLUTIONS IN POLAND IN THE LIGHT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES (PTUE37) Lewicki, Robert1, Kurczewski, Przemyslaw1, Klos, Zbigniew1, 1Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland ([email protected]) Keywords: recycling, end-of-life vehicle, waste management, scenario Conditions specific for different fields of industrial processes, services and other areas of human activities promote or hinder implementation of different sustainable solutions. Such a situation concerns also car recycling problems and growing number of the out-of-use cars and forces to look for environmental friendly ways of waste management and accelerates activities to implement them. The study presented in the paper concerns different aspects of car recycling in Poland. Age structure of used cars registered in Poland, import statistics and other data concerning Polish car market are analyzed on the background of forecasting number of end-of-life vehicles. Economical, environmental, technical and legal conditions of Polish car recycling system are reviewed as a source of the data about actual situation and probable changes in the future. The main problems of development of the recycling network are identified and presented in the paper. Lack of unified system of car recycling, problems of legal recycling stations and growing number of illegal „recycling” stations curb possibilities of significant changes in this sphere. In 2006, resolutions of directive 2000/53/EC were implemented into Polish law system and actual situation concerning the proceedings with out-of-use vehicles should have been changed, but imprecise regulations on national ground still are not favourable to improvement situation. In the paper general description of the initial study on car recycling solutions in Poland is presented. Different scenarios, which are characterized in detail to define changes in the number of cars recycled in Poland in the future, and environmental consequences of these scenarios, are analyzed. The method LCA and Ecoindicator 99 are used for calculations. The main environmental impacts are classified in three general categories: human health, ecosystem quality, resources. Consequences of the average car recycling in Polish conditions are defined. Obtained results of detailed calculations are presented, and potential improvements are noticed. Results illustrate the scale of environmental consequences of car recycling problem. Mentioned above results, which are analyzed on the background of actual state and for specified scenarios, can support activities oriented towards finding the optimum environmental solution and these scenarios can be based on planned government policy activities in the area of recycling management. Obtained results confirm that LCA tools may be helpful in evaluation of environmental consequences of end-of-life processes. LCA OF NEW COMMUNICATIVE DEVICES: CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES (PTUE38) Zayas, Jose1 1ITENE (Packaging, Transport and Logistics Research Institute) Godella, Spain, ([email protected]), Hortal, Mercedes1, Aucejo, Susana1, Dobon, Antonio1 Keywords: sustainability, communicative devices, life cycle costing, life cycle assessment In current times, sustainability is being considered on the whole life cycle (life cycle thinking) and supported on three main pillars: Environmental, economic and social, and in every stage of the life cycle. Therefore, these pillars become of rising importance on defining sustainability of packaging. The life cycle thinking drives a life cycle approach supported by several methods and based on: Environment: a methodology like LCA provides information about the environmental impacts within the life cycle of a product. Economy: economic aspect could be studied by means of a life cycle costing. It

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is intended to estimate the economic impact in terms of cost also during the life cycle of the packaging. Society: social aspect reaches high relevance in sustainability of a product due to consumer acceptance may drive to the success of product on the market. In this context, new communicative devices shows a new challenge to determine their impact over the environment. They have been introduced during the last decades and, as far as technological developments come up, they represent new challenges to researchers. One of these devices is relative humidity (RH) indicator. It can be incorporated on packaging to provide information about humidity modifications by means of visual colour changes. It is still under development and represents a new opportunity to packaging store control but, it also presents new constraints to the currently used end of life treatment. This paper shows how to evaluate opportunities and constraints in order to estimate their sustainability. LCA of Metal Products AVOIDED BURDEN APPROACHES APPLIED ON RECYCLING OF MATERIALS IN VIEW OF THE ISO STANDARDS AND THE ECO-EFFICIENCY CONCEPT (PTUE39) Frischknecht, Rolf1 1ESU-services, Uster, Switzerland, ([email protected]) Keywords: Cut-off, avoided burdens, sustainability concepts, eco-efficiency, life cycle assessment The "avoided burden" approach for the recycling of plastics and metals is frequently applied in life cycle assessment case studies. Substantial shares of the environmental impacts of primary material production are credited to the product system delivering the material to be recycled. The presentation first examines the room for interpretation in the new ISO 14040 and 14044 documents with respect to allocation in recycling processes. The following topics will be addressed: a) allocation procedure, b) allocation parameters, c) allocation when applying the "avoided burden" approach, d) allocation of resource extraction and final disposal, and e) time aspects. Secondly, the avoided burden approaches on recycling of products are discussed with respect to their consequences on economic assessments made on the same products. Decisive factors such as the lifetime of the product under analysis (short- versus long-living products) and the actual setting of the system boundary between two product life cycles (when recyclable material leaves or when secondary material enters a product system) will be highlighted. Recommendations will be given when and how to apply the "avoided burden" approach in particular with respect to eco-efficiency considerations. LCA AS A TOOL FOR CONTROLLING THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES: APPLICATION TO THE TREATMENT UNIT OF SURFACE (PTUE40) Sihem, Tireche1, Abdelaziz, Tairi1, 1Université M’hamed Bougara, Boumerdès, Algeria ([email protected]) Keywords: Life cycle assessment; Treatment unit of surface, éco-design,the environment Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is gaining widespread acceptance in the field of support systems for making environmental decision-making. Indeed, the way environmental problems are seen and tackled by such an approach, comes within the framework of sustainable development thinking. LCA actually enables listing and quantification of environmental burdens and related impacts over the whole life cycle of a product, process or activity, ‘from cradle to grave’ according to the accepted expression. The objective of this study is to show how a life cycle assessment approach can be used to direct the development of technical activities according to environmental considerations. The case study deals with the introducing the preventive treatments into the environmental management of our companies and especially to introduce the concept éco-to conceive and that of economy of the resources first. As field of study we chose the sector of metal industry and more exactly one of the most significant Company of Algeria of surface treatment " ORFEE ", Considering the importance of these products on the national and international market (households, hotel trade, canteens...). It manufactures cutlery, flatware out of stainless and silver to locate in the industrial park of Bordj menael. The goal is to propose a step ACV, which can make it possible the company to cross the step towards the design of respectful products of their et environment because of their relationship with the environment (use of raw material, of energy, absence of die of recycling...) for that we have to use software SIMPRO 5.0. The finality of this work is to be able to place at the disposal of the industrialist a method of éco-design, which will enable him to integrate ecological dimension upstream manufacturing processes (volume, design, materials...) and with with dimensions of other concerns such as the cost and the technical feasibility of the product. THE FERROUS DUSTY WASTES IN THE ROMANIAN STEEL INDUSTRY;CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSING TRIALS (PTUE41) Gheorghe, Iorga1, Stan Stefan1, Perparim, Demi2, 1Metallurgical Research Institute,Bucharest, Romania ([email protected]), 2MIGRAL Limited, Bucharest, Romania Keywords: EAF,dust,propertis,recycling,solutions The steel production from Romania generates every year about 230,000 tons of wastes as powders and sludge containing 25-60% Fe but also important quantities of other metals like Zn (<15%)and

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Pb(<2%). They are also produced approximately 32% dusts (BF + EAF) and 68% sludge (BF and BOF). From this whole quantity, about 90.000 t/year is recovered and recycled inside the integrated flow, the balance being stored. These stored wastes need to be previously processed by a physical or chemical transformation with help of mini flows, and applying conventional or non-conventional processes, pyro/hydro-metallurgical. As dusty wastes unrecicled in romanian steel industry until now we can note: BOF fine sludge, blast furnace sludge and EAF dust. The present work which is developed in the framework of a research program financed by the Romanian Government, regarding “the ecology of metal cycle” made an approach of this segment of dusty wastes that are not used yet, foccusing especially on the EAF dust. We sampled on the production flows representative samples from the following dusty wastes: EAF dust, BF sludge, BOF fine sludge. The paper presents a synthesis of the main material characteristics established for every type of waste took into account of a rheological, physical-chemical and mineralogical nature The results of grading analyses made by FRITSCH ANALYSETTE 22, showed the pattern of waste distribution with the form lny = a+bx+cx0,5, and dm = 0.5 – 0.6 ¼m. The wetting kinetics of samples made of ferrous wastes, determined by the method of water absorption in material column has the following form: y = a+bexp(-0.5(ln(x/c)/d)2) [Log-Normal] with r2 Coef Det = 0.997. The study of waste samples’ morphology was made with a HITACHI scanning electronic microscope model S-2600N, equiped with X rays spectrometer, energy dispersive (EDAX). The measured properties values showed that: 1) the Fe concentration varied between 25-37% in EAF dust, reaching about 57% in converter fine sludge; 2) important concentrations of Pb and Zn can be found in EAF dust, 1-2% and 10-16% respectively, which asks for separate recovery processes. 3) from a grading point of view it results that the wastes are included in ultra-fine material category (max. 0.6 ¼m for EAF dust and BOF sludge and max. 25 ¼m respectively for BF sludge). 4) the wetting rates are comparable for EAF dust and BOF sludge, which suggests that they can be processed together. 5) from a mineralogic point of view in the EAF dust, the ratio Zn/Fe = 0.585 (which corresponds to the Franklinit) and in BF sludge it is of 0.188 (which corresponds to a complex spinel). 6) from a morphologic point of view it was found a cluster formation made of elementary particles. The paper presents also the ways of technological testing that we intend to approach in the following stages in order to solve the problem of capitalisation for this kind of wastes A STUDY ON THE ESTIMATION OF CALCULATION GUIDELINE ABOUT EMISSIONS OF GHGS IN NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES (PTUE42) Chung, Jin-DO1 Kim, Jang-Woo1, Kim, Jung-Tae1, Ko, Byoung-Su1, 1Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea ([email protected]) Keywords: Greenhouse gas, Lead, Kyoto protocol Environmental, economic and social problems that effected by using fossil fuel became a big issue since Kyoto protocol came into force on 16 Feb 2005 that ratified by Russia for advanced countries and the member of OECD countries include Korea. It is reasonable that South Korean economy goes down once 2nd commitment period (2013~2017) starts related on reducing CO2 regulation. South Korea prepares to set the accurate standard about limitation of greenhouse gases emission for industries that use huge quantities of energy to correspond for any other countries. However there are not accurate standard or limitation for non-ferrous metal industries compare to what metal industries have. In this study, we performed basic research based on setting standard and limitation of quantities and a kind of greenhouse gases for non-ferrous metal industries that produce Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu and ingot. The results shows;The 4 nonferrous metal producing industries that produce ingot shows common fact that emissions from stationary combustion, mobile combustion and fugitive emission. The kind of greenhouse gases are CO2, CH4, N2O and PFCs. Especially, it was mainly CO2 in non-ferrous metal process. There were greenhouse gases from desulfurization facility since reduction of CaCO3 and CaO. The research define amount of CO2 from combustion of additional fuel equal to stationary combustion. The prediction equation of greenhouse gases for all nonferrous metal has been developed. However, we need to develop for Al which had been stopped since 1991 and Mg which will start to produce ingot when from 2007. Finally, the developed prediction equation of the amount of GHGs from this study will affect construction of estimation guideline on other non-ferrous metal industrial. REFINING AND RECYCLING OF THE NICKEL BASED HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS USED IN AVIATION (PTUE43) Maksyuta, Innola1 1Phisical-Technological Institute for Metals and Alloys, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine ([email protected]) Keywords: vacuum induction remelting, superalloys, wastes, superalloys, refining Vacuum induction melting (VIM) currently is the main process of manufacturing cast products of heat-resistant alloys for critical applications (for instance, blades, and other GTE parts). However, in terms of the effectiveness of refining and improving the quality of the alloys VIM seems to have exhausted its tech¬nological capabilities. On the other hand, a rather urgent problem for Ukrainian gas turbine construc¬tion industry is deep refining of heat-resistant alloy wastes for bringing the maximal possible quantity o| metal back into production, as these alloys now are purchased abroad. New technology for the remelting of superalloys waste are based on the vacuum and the combined

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vacuum induction and electron beam melting (VIM+EBM). The effectiveness of the new process was verified in refining the wastes of heat- and corrosion-resistant alloys used to make the blades of stationary (navy and industrial) GTE. It was found that com¬bined melting provides refining of alloys from impu¬rities and non-metallic inclusions. Compared to VIM the metal of combined melting is characterized by a more fine-grained structure and more pure grain boundaries. Optimizing the morphology of strength¬ening structural elements (g¢-phase, carbides of MC-type, �27!6) results in an increase of high-tempera¬ture ductility of the alloys and long-term strength with preservation of other mechanical characteristics at a sufficiently high level. In all the cases the charge consisted of casting wastes of these alloys in the form of gates and lost heads of castings. The above wastes were mechanically cleaned prior to charging into the furnace. The charge weight in the experiments was 8~8.1 kg with the maximal power of induction heating of 40 kW. The power of electron beam heating in all the melting runs was kept at the level of not more than 50 % of that of induction heating, and when the electron beam heating was switched on the induction heating power was decreased, respectively. Thus, the specific power consumption did not exceed this value for VIM. The duration of electron beam heating was calculated from the condition of four-times high-temperature treatment of the melt due to its staying in the focal spot zone on the pool surface. For the above metal weight it was about 10 min. Alloys ZhS3DK were selected as the objects of study. In the first stage the wastes were remelted by the combined VIM + EBM method in order to refine the metal, and standard size charge billets of 90 mm di¬ameter were produced. In the second stage these charge billets were used to cast samples by the technologies accepted in Com¬pany «Motor Sich», in order to study the properties. Samples of ZhS3DK alloy (12 mm diameter, (SO mm length) were produced by the method of equiaxial solidification in VIM. Samples produced by the above methods were used to study the composition, macro- and microstructure, room temperature mechanical properties, long-term strength, and structure of sample fracture (after ten¬sile testing). 13 Analysis of the obtained data indicates that com¬positions of alloy samples produced by all the melting processes correspond to the set requirements. Com¬bined melting provides the alloys refining from lead, oxygen and nitrogen. A higher content > I gases in the upper part is found in billets of 90 mm diameter. Technology of combined induction and electron beam melting can be recommended for refining the regular casting production wastes of alloys ZhS3DK with subsequent production from them of aircraft GTE blades by the standard technologies of their manufacture. Mechanical properties of the alloys were studied at room temperature and long-term strength in the accepted standard modes of testing. Mechanical properties and long-term strength of the alloys produced by combined melting meet the requirements of the specification and exceed the av¬erage level of similar properties of batch-produced metal It is logical to study the possibility of refining at combined induction and electron beam melting of offgrade wastes of heat-resistant alloys to bring them back into production. WEDNESDAY LCM in Emerging Countries HOW TO FOSTER LCM ADOPTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (PWED01) Gonzalez, Arturo1 1Universidad Iberoamericana, Santa Fe Campus, Mexico City, Mexico, ([email protected]) Keywords: LCM in Developing Countries Some of the limitations in developing countries to adopt innovative approaches to Life Cycle Management are grounded in several factors among others, the very few academic courses at university level, lack of information in local languages of the publications and support materials, still a lot of scepticism about the economic individual gains in favour of the environment, very low level of consumer demands, absence of governmental involvement, etc. To face these challenges some isolated and up to now unconnected professionals have been trying to introduce the concept, the management tools and the practice of the LC Initiative. However the results are relatively slow, since there is not any institutional support to expand the practice. The paper will examine such limitations and explore some of the practical solutions through a concerted effort between public and private institutions in tandem with the academy where we are educating the future administrators and entrepreneurs. The creation of a specialized centre for research, training and promotion of the modern and varied tools related to LCM is urgent. This organization will address the practical problems of the small and medium enterprises, which include the majority of the business in Mexico. For training purposes, the idea is to produce several up gradable DVDs in Spanish to address the user’s needs, such as introductory to advance course, sector applications and also to spread out the information including consumer associations and other end users. The paper is offering the initial design for an Internet portal to be the main channel of communication for all the interested stakeholders for other parts of Mexico and some Latin American countries. After the presentation we invite donors interested in the project to sponsor these ideas an discuss the ways and means to do it.

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DESIGN AND SUSTAINABILITY: PROJECT PARAMETERS IN EMERGING COUNTRIES (PWED02) Gauer José, Regina1, 1University of São Paulo – Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, São Paulo, Brazil, ([email protected]) Keywords: Sustainability, Design in Emerging Countries, Life Cycle Design, Recycling The aim of this work is to provide project parameters regarding the use of materials and consumer goods. Here we provide guidelines for the development of sustainable products and services which reassure the importance of the theme in this century, especially facing developing economies. These are the results of a 3-year research in the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. The project was sponsored by FAPESP (Foundation Towards the Research in the Estate of São Paulo) and part of it was developed as a co-tutor program along with POLIMI (Politecnica de Milano). Making the city inhabitants concerned about the destination of the 15 thousand tons of waste daily produced in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, is a big challenge. Few people are aware that São Paulo is the third largest producer of waste, only behind Tokyo and New York, and that from the daily 5 thousand tons of recyclable waste produced only 10% are actually recycled. This problem turns even larger as we take into account that in 2025 around 75% of the world’s population will be city inhabitants producing three quarters of the world’s pollution. Some changes in this scenario in the city of São Paulo can be achieved by implementing already tested strategies from Europe or the USA, such as making industries responsible for the products they generate, such as batteries or other pollutant materials. They can also be achieved by developing area-focused solutions to specific problems, such as creating regularly distributed disposal centres in the city or organizing the urban layout so that its metabolism works as a circle, consuming what is generated and producing as little waste as possible. The main project strategies in which to rely on to reduce the amount of waste are product refills, dematerialization and multifunction of electro domestics and computers, use of clean and renewable energy, reuse of materials, recycling and reduction in the use of natural resources. Cities can also take part in these changes by adopting public transportation, implementing cycle lanes and making the urban plans denser, concentrating services and users and avoiding unnecessary vehicle circulation. We also stress the fact that industries will soon have no other choice but to make their services and products into environmentally friendly ones. This fact, nevertheless, should rather not be seen as a deterrent, but can and should be faced as a new business differential. Companies providing environmentally correct products will have good reputation and be prepared for legislation regarding stronger control over pollution and waste disposal to be implemented in the not so far future. Turning eco-friendly products and services more accessible to the overall population, making sure that legislation is respected, that new parameters towards recycling and sustainability are set and specially by teaching new generations about the importance of the theme are the main basis for a possible and sustainable future. "REPAIRING" TO LENGTHEN PRODUCTS' LIFE CYCLE. CONSIDERATIONS IN MEXICO. FACT & POSSIBILITIES (PWED03) Velasco Becerra, Martha Elena1, 1Barcelona, Spain, ([email protected]) This paper aims to show the importance kept on the practice of repairing as a technique to reduce waste and to extend products’ life cycle. A comparison among a country in via of development, as Mexico and those already developed, as Spain, is settled down. Attending to the importance that is advised by postponing the elimination phase on products’ life cycle, the waste minimization technique is a tool that intend reduce waste at its minimum level, and as mentioned before, repairing is an option to reach this goal. Facts show that in the countries in development just as the case of Mexico, the most advantage of a product must be reached before it gets useless. The economical level, which is higher for those who live in developed countries, lets them –more than for the ones living in developing countries- be provided by products which offer them a higher comfort and life’s quality; and so they are used to replace them constantly. According to this, it can be seen that the appreciation or value that is given to the products in Mexico is higher. Throwing furniture or appliances in the street are situations that rarely are observed in Mexico and that, in the other hand, are practiced every day at Spain. The culture of repairing has become an unpopular practice at this european country because people consider more profitable to acquire a new product than sending it to be fixed. This situation also is caused because manpower is more expensive in comparison of the countries in development. It is also very common to find out that in Mexico most of the people are accustomed to fix themselves the products that get damage, trying to lengthen the products’ life cycle. Without being aware, with these actions Mexico is practicing the waste minimization technique more than in the most of developed countries. This can be observed in the rate of waste generation by inhabitant. While in 2003, waste generation per inhabitant in Mexico was 935 grams (SEDESOL, 2003) in Spain the rate was 1375 and in other european countries the average increased to 1580 grams (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2003). Although this situation shows an optimistic panorama in Mexico (making a comparison with developed countries) the reality does not get support on such a pleasant reason. The true is that this

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situation is generated because of economical matters and not thanks to an ecological conscience which should exist in the people. Anyway, the fact is that by today, Mexico should take advantage of the practices that right now are carried out. Government must learn by experiences lived before at developed countries. Today is the appropriate moment to begin the campaigns to promote the consciousness and the environmental education promoting the practice of repairing like tool or technique to get waste reduction and to lengthen the products’ life cycle delaying their arrival to the last phase, the elimination or discard. ESTABLISHING BRAZILIAN OFF-SET PAPER DATABASE ON ECOSPOLD FORMAT (PWED04) Kulay, Luiz Alexandre1, da Silva, Gil Anderi1, USP, São Paulo, Brazil ([email protected]) Keywords: paper, cellulose, hardwood, eucalyptus, EcoSpold, ISO, 14048, database Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) definitely consolidates its position as a support technique in different levels of the decision making process. Some reasons make this condition be achieved: the possibility offered by LCA to identify environmental improvements in products, processes and services; its systemic approach; and, the capability of the technique in coordinating efforts with different management mechanisms. In order keep the credibility of its results, LCA must to continue improving its technical contents, and, in this frame, some effort must be done in terms of defining a common methodological structure; build up consistent regional and local impact assessment evaluation models for other important zones in terms of scarcity of natural resources and pollution generation – as South America, Asia and Africa; and establish a coherent and universal procedure for data documentation. This paper brings one more contribution, particularly to the last point, performing the Brazilian Off-set paper database according the EcoSpold format statements. The option by EcoSpold was based on structural factors of the format. EcoSpold is a common data exchange format used for life cycle inventory (LCI), and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods, that is based on XML (eXtended Markup Language). The XML schemes facilitate the data exchange between different LCA-databases and software. Because of this, EcoSpld XML-files are able to be directly implemented in commercial LCA software products. EcoSpold can easily be extended by LCA-software-specific requirements and up-wards and downwards compatibilities pose no major problems either. Finally, EcoSpold format complies with the technical specification ISO/TS 14048 – Data Documentation Format, thus permitting consistent documentation of data, reporting of data collection, data calculation and data quality, by specifying and structuring relevant information. The option by Off-set paper as the database to apply EcoSpold format is related to the particularities of this product. With about 220 companies spread for 16 of its states, Brazil reached in 2002 a production of 5.2 million paper tons – distributed as cardboard, packaging and to paper print; this amount relieved it 11º position in the world-wide market of the sector. Paper print is the second category of paper produced in the country, participating with about 28% of the total national production. One of the main reasons for the Brazilian success in this sector is due to the features of fibrous raw material used in the production of paper. Extracted from planted forests of eucalyptus these fibers, with short dimensions originally called hardwood, are able to confer sufficiently adequate properties to paper print. Brazil is prominence in terms of pulp eucalytus extraction, supplying the world-wide market of hardwood with widely recognized comparative advantages. This condition relieved it to the 7º ranks in the international market of cellulose with about 6 million ton produced. Such performance can be explained by combination of factors: growth cycle of eucalytus of about 7 years; know how in handling the land; favorable climatic condition; and a vast extension to plantation. The scope of the present study embraces eucalyptus production, hardwood pulp extraction and to paper print production. NORMALIZATION IN LCA: REVIEW AND DISCUSSION (PWED05) Rodrigues Sousa, Sabrina1 Roberto Soares, Sebastião1, Magno de Paula Dias, Alexandre1, Maia de Souza, Danielle1, 1Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) - Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil ([email protected]) Keywords: Normalization; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA); Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) A decision making process requires the analysis of multiple criteria, which are generally conflicting. An example is the purchase of a car, which can be characterized by price, style, fuel consumption, etc. The same occurs in a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), where the environmental performance of a system is evaluated considering the impact categories indicators, which are described in different units. Thus, normalization appears as a preliminary stage to minimize this problem, once it makes possible the comparison, ranking and aggregation of attribute values in a common scale, enabling the evaluation of each alternative by one single value. Further more, it allows the establishment of distinctly scaled references for each analyzed criterion. The normalized result is obtained, basically, through the ratio between the inventory data and a reference value, defined for each impact category. However, there are many different ways to conduct the normalization procedure. The simple type uses the maximum value as a reference for positive criteria and the minimum value for negative ones; the linear, when the maximum and minimum values are used simultaneously; and the vectorial, when each column of the decision making matrix is divided by its own reference value. Although it is an

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optional step, normalization is considered by many Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methodologies. It can be carried out in different phases of the study, such as after the inventory or characterization step; as part of the weighting procedure; and even directly as an input for interpretation. In LCA, two ways of data transformation are emphasized: internal, used to solve problems of non-commensurable units; and external, which helps the evaluation of relative significance of results among different categories. On the first, indicators can be related to the maximum value among alternatives, to a baseline value (selected from one alternative), or to the sum of the results of a certain category. On the second one, the reference value is an estimate of the total impacts in a category for a chosen system or region, during a chosen time period. Another known normalization technique is the Distance-to-Target, in which the reference is an emission goal to be achieved. It can be applied with or without the accomplishment of the classification and characterization steps. In spite of its advantages, normalization has been pointed out as a cause of inconsistent choices when associated to multiple criteria decision making. Studies demonstrate how the results of MCDM methods, like TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and ELECTRE (Elimination Et Choix Tradusant La Realité), based on non-linear transformations, violate certain mathematical conditions, such as "independence of the value scale" and "contraction consistency", since they introduce different relative approximation of attributes values, being able to modify the final result and affecting directly the final decision. Finally, linear normalizations must be preferentially used once the effects caused by this type are not sufficient to change the rank of alternatives. SELECCIÓN DE MATERIALES: ACV* EN ELEMENTOS DE UNIÓN ROSCADOS PARA TUBERÍA (PWED06) Fúquene, Carlos Eduardo1, Cordoba, Nazly1, 1Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia, ([email protected]) Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment, PVC, Brass, Pipes threaded unions Los fabricantes de productos han ejecutado su selección de materiales de acuerdo con una investigación de mercados y un diseño de producto que apunta al cumplimiento de especificaciones técnicas para satisfacer las necesidades de sus clientes dentro de una relación costo beneficio favorable. Sin embargo, la variable ambiental solo se ha empezado a tener en cuenta de manera reciente. La exigencia cada vez mayor por parte del mercado, de productos de bajo impacto ambiental, legislaciones más estrictas en relación con el control de la contaminación y la inclusión de la variable ambiental dentro del comercio globalizado ha forzado a la industria a tomar conciencia y acción concreta en la prevención de la contaminación. Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto ambiental de elementos de unión roscados para tubería durante su ciclo de vida, como apoyo al proceso de selección de materiales, entre PVC y bronce, aplicado a un caso específico en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: El estudio partió del procesamiento de materias primas para luego analizar y recolectar datos de los procesos de extrusión (plásticos) y fundición (metales) en empresas dedicadas a estas actividades de manufactura. Posteriormente, con barras de PVC y bronce, se prepararon y fabricaron los prototipos de uniones en el Centro Tecnológico de Automatización Industrial de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Este proceso realizado en los laboratorios, difiere del proceso tradicional industrial, tomando en cuenta que se parte de tuberías en PVC y bronce que al ser mecanizadas permiten obtener las uniones roscadas requeridas. Los datos fueron analizados a través del uso de una herramienta informática para análisis de ciclo de vida. Discusión: El PVC y el bronce compiten en accesorios para tubería pero por costos el polímero tiene gran acogida en el mercado colombiano ambiental. En la sociedad colombiana se están iniciando esfuerzos para proveer una infraestructura adecuada en el tratamiento de los residuos de plástico. De manera informal empresas pequeñas recuperan polímeros utilizados para incorporarlos en sus procesos industriales. El uso de bases de datos no propias de la región latinoamericana afecta los resultados del estudio. Conclusión: Las empresas de manufactura consultadas no están en la posibilidad de cambiar sus procesos para seleccionar un material con menor impacto ambiental, mostrando que prevalece la norma por sobrevivir que una cultura por el medio ambiente. Sin embargo, en futuros proyectos de investigación, se puede trabajar en el control y mejoramiento de los procesos para disminuir los efectos ambientales de los mismos. Se observó en los procesos analizados que la utilización de material reciclado influye en la valoración ambiental de los productos. ACV APPLICATION IN STARCH PRODUCTION FOCUSING BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS MANUFACTURE IN BRAZIL (PWED07) Allganer, Katlen1, Innocentini Mei, Lucia Helena1, Carvalho de Medeiros, Maria Aparecida1, 1Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Limeira, Brazil, ([email protected]) Keywords: starch, biodegradable polymers, renewable raw materials, LCA This study attempts to estimate the main environmental impacts of starch manufacture in Brazil, from corn cultivation through thermoplastic starch (TPS) production, using glycerol as plasticizer. It was taken into account Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, which is a tool used for measuring environmental sustainability and identifying environmental performance-improvements objectives. Wet milling process is the main method of starch extraction from corn in Brazil, where corn is the biggest

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culture in terms of grain volume and cultivated area, contributing to great amount of rural employment. The country is the third-biggest corn manufacturer in the world behind the United States and China. Brazil is also a very rich country in natural resources, having great opportunities to take important part in the development of the environmentally responsible plastics industry, intending to displace petrochemical-based polymers. EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS DURING THE LIFE CYCLE OF FAÇADES OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS (PWED08) Taborianski, Vanessa Montoro1, Prado, Racine Tadeu Araújo1, 1University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, ([email protected]) Keywords: energia, gases de efeito estufa, fachadas, avaliação de ciclo de vida The construction industry is one of the major pollution sources due to the high consumption of energy in its life cycle. In addition consumed energy construction of a building, during its operation, several systems contribute to this consumption and air conditioning is the most important among these systems. The energy consumption of the air conditioning system is related, among others things, with the outdoor air temperature and the indoor required air temperature. The façades are the elements in which the transference of heat happens from the outdoor environment to the indoor environment in high buildings. So, the typologies of façade contribute to the energy consumption in life cycle of the buildings. The objective of this work is to analyze the emissions of greenhouse gas during the life cycle of façades of commercial buildings, through of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). In this initial study, it is showed only the borders defined for the cycle of life of the façades and the entrance data of the inventory. A STRATEGY TO IMPROVE GLOBAL WATER RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS. ESTRATEGIA PARA OPTIMIZAR LA EFICIENCIA DEL USO DEL AGUA EN LA PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA (PWED09) De Leon Cifuentes, Willian Erik1, Aanton Vallejo, Maria Assumpció1, 1IRTA, CABRILS, Spain, ([email protected]) Keywords: ETc, corn, bean, potato, water avaiability. Palabras clave: ETc, maíz, frijol, patatas, disponibilidad de agua. Life cycle assessment studies have given a lot of importance to materials and energy fluxes but there is no general agreement about how to handle the water use. From a global perspective, water scarcity and water management are important problems in agriculture. One way to increase global water use efficiency in agriculture could be to shift production from areas with low water availability to areas with high water availability. This approach could be relevant especially for those developing countries where water availability is not a limiting factor, and could contribute to the development of marginal areas in these countries. Nevertheless, to identify the best crop options with respect to their comparative ecological suitability will require accurate knowledge of the different crops being grown in each of the locations, the water availability, climate, soil-type, social and technological factors, etc. In this study, we assess water use for three major crops in Guatemala, namely corn, (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), in different regions: Huehuetenango, Quetzaltenango, Escuintla, Cobán, Petén, Zacapa and Jutiapa and compare these data with water availability from Guatemala, Spain and U.S.A. with the final objective of assessing the feasibility at a conceptual level of shifting at least a part of the production of the above mentioned crops from Spain and U.S.A to Guatemala. A holistic assessment would consider all aspects that influence such a shift in cropping pattern and location. However, the present study considers the aspect of water resource (availability and use) only, hoping to at least provide guidelines for taking decisions on which crop is more suited to what location from the viewpoint of global water resource use. Los estudios de ciclo de vida, hasta hoy en día, han tenido en cuenta principalmente los flujos de energía y materiales, no existiendo acuerdo en como tratar el recurso agua, siendo este uno de los factores que deberían considerarse, especialmente en los sistemas agrícolas. El manejo del agua en agricultura, asociado a su escasez, es uno de los problemas más importantes que hoy en día debe afrontar la humanidad. Una manera de aumentar la eficiencia del agua en agricultura sería desplazar la producción de áreas con limitados recursos de agua a zonas con unos más altos recursos, siempre y cuando la vocación de los suelos sea agrícola y no forestal. Esto podría ser especialmente importante para países en desarrollo en donde el agua no es un factor limitante, pudiendo significar un empuje a zonas en que su subsistencia se basa en la agricultura. Sin embargo esto significa conocer bien las necesidades hídricas de los cultivos y las posibilidades de las diferentes regiones, clima, suelo, factores sociales y tecnológicos para poder adoptar la mejor opción de cultivo y las mejores técnicas de producción que signifiquen un mejor uso desde un punto de vista ecológico de este elemento por unidad de producto. En este trabajo se analiza el consumo de agua para tres importantes cultivos en Guatemala, maíz (Zea mays), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) y papa (Solanum tuberosum), las áreas que se tomaron en cuenta son los departamentos de Huehuetenango, Quetzaltenango, Escuintla, Cobán, Petén, Zacapa y Jutiapa. Estos valores se comparan respecto a la disponibilidad de agua en Guatemala, España y Estados Unidos de América. Los estudios de ciclo de vida tienen una perspectiva global considerando los diferentes aspectos que

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pueden afectar al medio ambiente. Sin embargo, este trabajo pretende incidir en la toma de decisiones de que cultivo es el más apropiado en relación la disponibilidad y uso del agua. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF OLIVE OIL IN A SYRIAN DRY AREA (PWED10) Saadé, Myriam1, Erkman, Suren1, Jaubert, Ronald1, 1University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, water management, emerging country This work aims at assessing socio-economical potential and environmental impacts related to a new water exploitation strategy in a Syrian dry area. Since the mid 1990s, we can observe new developments with the expansion of irrigated olive trees in the Syrian dryer areas. In the study area, olive trees were first planted in 1993 and reached 1670 hectares in 2002. It can be noted that there is evidence of the presence of large olive orchards during the Byzantine period. Olive trees require light irrigation in summer ranging from 300 m3/ha to 600 m3/ha. For farmers and local engineers, olive cultivation is considered as an interesting strategy. For the Syrian administration, groundwater is overdrafted. However, previous studies observed that, locally, water is not obviously overexploited. Nonetheless, groundwater remains a fragile resource. Olive growing is a mid-term investment and farmers have interest to assure the long term availability of groundwater. The challenge of the methodology being developed is to give an exhaustive image of the regional environmental impacts, related in particular to the consumption of natural resources and energy for olive oil production, considering the local particularities and the large range of individual practices and interests. LCA seems suitable for assessing environmental impacts through a complete life cycle of olive oil production, because impacts occur at different stages of the production process. Also, detailed flows have to be known, linked with local variability and vulnerability. The overall objective of the proposed project is to contribute to the definition of strategies aimed at improving the sustainability of groundwater use in the dry areas of central Syria and increasing agricultural income. Thus socio-economic aspects are essential and consistent indicators, such as income and employment, have to be linked to environmental impacts. The study will be conducted in close collaboration with the NGO Aga Khan Foundation which is the main recipient of the results of the research. SUSTAINABILITY MANAGAMENT OF SUPPLY CHAINS – CASE STUDY OF A PERUVIAN MINING COMPANY (PWED11) Valdivia, Sonia1Azabache, Richard2, 1Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru / UNEP DTIE Paris, Paris, France, ([email protected]), 2Compania de Minas Buenaventura, Lima, Peru Keywords: Gold mining, supply chain, Peru Inversiones Mineras del Sur S.A. (INMINSUR) is one of Compañia de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A.’s ten subsidiaries. The later is a Peruvian mining company that ranks among the top 10 gold producers worldwide. INMINSUR extracts gold from its mine called Antapite, located in the southern Andes of Peru, in the poorest region of Peru with 95.4% of its population under the “poverty line”. Antapite provides work to more than 1,200 people; where 85.2% of them comes from 10 supplier companies. Antapite has a certi�ed environmental management acc. to ISO 14001, which has extended its application to also cover health and security aspects and its scope to also cover Antapite’s suppliers. The suppliers provide services previous to the extraction stage. Antapite has supported the implementation of EMSs by its 10 suppliers and furthermore Antapite has a “supplier assessment policy”, which requires compliance with at least the following criteria: Compliance with the law, attention to health and security aspects of employees or sub-contractors, positive impacts on the neighborhood, and minimum pollution of water courses. The implementation of an extended EMS in Antapite (INMINSUR) and its 10 suppliers, har lead to the following results along the Life Cycle: • less utilization and consumption of: explosives (then less air and dust emissions), water, and consumption and fuel for the workers transportation (then less air emissions and waiting times) • less generation of construction wastes (e.g. rests of cement) • non use of toxics in the exploration phase. • controlled disposal of sludge from exploration processes • less number of accidents in the mine site A general outline will be presented about the experiences and difficulties gathered, benefits observed and lessons learnt. PROPOSTA DE UM MODELO PARA APLICAÇÃO DA AVALIAÇÃO DE CICLO DE VIDA NA ANÁLISE AMBIENTAL DE FLUIDOS DE CORTE EMPREGADOS NAS INDÚSTRIAS DO SETOR METAL MECÂNICO (PWED12) de Paula Dias, Alexandre Magno1, Soares, Sebastião Roberto1, Maia Souza, Danielle1 ,Rodrigues Sousa, Sabrina1, 1Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina/Depto de Eng. San. e Ambiental, Florianópolis, Brazil ([email protected]) Keywords: Fluidos de corte;Impacto ambiental;Avaliação de ciclo de vida;Setor metal mecânico Fluidos de corte são produtos auxiliares, amplamente utilizados para melhorar o desempenho dos aspectos tecnológicos dos processos de usinagem, nas indústrias do setor metal mecânico. Estes

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produtos possuem como função principal, a lubrificação e a refrigeração na região de contato entre a peça usinada e a ferramenta de corte. Apesar dos benefícios tecnológicos, esses produtos representam devido à sua toxicidade e à grande quantidade de resíduo gerado, uma séria ameaça para o meio ambiente. Durante seu ciclo de vida, existe o risco da poluição do solo e da água devido a vazamentos durante armazenagem, transporte e lavagem de peças usinadas; poluição atmosférica provocada pela evaporação de fluido de corte durante o processo de usinagem e também risco de agressão à saúde do operador através de doenças pulmonares, irritações na pele e outras. Os elevados custos de disposição final de tais produtos, também não devem ser ignorados. Atualmente não existe tecnologia desenvolvida capaz de eliminar totalmente o uso de fluidos de corte nos processos produtivos. Dentre as diversas estratégias de ação para diminuir seu consumo e consequentemente diminuir os impactos negativos, destacam-se a usinagem a seco, a usinagem com quantidades mínimas de fluidos de corte, o prolongamento da sua vida através de um adequado controle e manutenção durante o uso e também, o desenvolvimento de produtos menos agressivos ao meio ambiente. Porém, um grande número de empresas no Brasil, sobretudo as de pequeno e médio porte, não possuem acesso ou ainda não tem condições de fazer uso de novas tecnologias como a usinagem a seco ou com quantidade mínima de fluidos de corte. Como fator agravante para o meio ambiente, grande parte dessas empresas, ignoram ou apenas tangenciam os aspectos relacionados à manutenção, controle, manuseio e disposição final de tais produtos. A falta de cuidado com esses aspectos, além de contaminar o meio ambiente, provoca a deterioração precoce dos fluidos de corte, com conseqüente diminuição do seu tempo de vida, provocando um maior consumo e um aumento dos danos ambientais. Essa deterioração é causada, sobretudo pelas transformações químicas e pela degradação bacteriológica durante o processo de usinagem. Devido à sua variada e complexa composição química e diferentes formas de utilização, com diferentes variáveis envolvidas, a realização de um estudo do potencial de impacto ambiental de fluidos de corte através da avaliação de ciclo de vida (ACV), representa um grande desafio. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de um modelo para aplicação da metodologia de avaliação de ciclo de vida na análise ambiental de fluidos de corte empregados nas indústrias do setor metal mecânico, considerando as particularidades da realidade brasileira. Para cada etapa da avaliação do ciclo de vida prevista nas normas da série ISO 14040, são descritos os pontos mais relevantes que foram observados no desenvolvimento deste modelo, assim como as hipóteses simplificativas necessárias à realização deste estudo. Waste Management THE REUSE OF THE ARMED POLYESTER FIBER GLASS WASTES (PWed13) Negrea, Petru1, Ciopec, Mihaela1, 1Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania, Timisoara, Romania ([email protected]) Keywords: PFG, clinker, incineration, waste management The production evolution of the unsaturated and armed polyesters fiber glass (PFG) is determinate by the advantages offered by this material: weight reduction of the pieces, resistance to the chemical agents and bad weather as against the metals objects, energy consume reduction needed for the finite pieces obtaining by simplification and removal of a lot of production phases, increased work productivity, accessible price of the materials. The prime materials used to the production of the plastic armed materials with glass fibre are: unsaturated polyester resin, styrene, initiator (per benzoate tert butyl), inhibitor (para benzquinones ), viscosity reduction, zinc stearate, filling materials (aluminium hydroxide, calcium carbonate), pigments (zinc sulphur, titan dioxide, iron trioxide), thickened (magnesium oxide in resin, fiber glass, polyethylene folly. The use domains of these materials are: body elements, compounds for automobiles, compounds for micro wale, boxes for electric junction, stadium chairs, water basins, etc. The chemical analyse, caloric content and thermal analyze made on this armed polyester fiber glass wastes shows the incineration possibilities of these in the furnace of the cement obtaining, the resulted oxides inlet in the clinker composition. LCA OF THERMOPLASTICS RECYCLING (PWED14) Garrain, Daniel1, Vidal, Rosario1, Martinez, Pilar2, Belles, Maria, 1GID-Engineering Design Group - University Jaume I, Castellon, Spain ([email protected]), 2AIMPLAS Instituto Tecnológico del Plastico, Paterna, Spain Keywords: LCA, thermoplastics, recycling, HDPE, LCI In the past 30 years, global plastic consumption has multiplied by 10, reaching an estimate value of 100 M tonnes per year. However, this technological development has not foreseen the implications of product recycling. The recycling of these materials is a must given their limited or no biodegradability and the fact that they cause the depletion of a non-renewable resource like petroleum (they account for 4% of Europe’s total petroleum consumption), in addition to their visual impact on landfills. Thermoplastics make up roughly 80% of the plastics produced today. There are hundreds of types of them and new variations are being developed. But not all thermoplastics are recyclable. The most commonly recycled thermoplastics are PE, PP, PS and PVC.

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The most widespread recycling process is mechanical recycling, by which plastics are recovered from the waste stream. Plastics undergo sorting, shredding and washing processes to yield plastic flakes, pellets or powder. The material hence obtained is ready for its subsequent transformation into new products. This type of recycling is the best option from the environmental perspective when compared to chemical, physicochemical or energy recovery recycling, although it is not optimised from the economic viewpoint. In this study, real data from the industry is used in the analysis of the environmental impact of plastics recycling by means of the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to the products and processes involved in mechanical plastic recycling of two types of thermoplastics: (1) black HDPE for extrusion or blow moulding coming from industrial scrap and (2) transparent PS for injection coming from municipal waste. In both cases, transport to the recycling plant was taken into account, in addition to material sorting, washing, drying, extrusion and pelletisation. Moreover, in the case of PS, urban garbage collection operations were included. The results obtained were compared with assessments made by other authors [1-2] and with the impact associated with the manufacturing of virgin thermoplastic according to databases [3-5]. The interpretation of these comparisons leads us to conclude that the recycling process has been optimised over the past years, thus reducing its environmental impact. Furthermore, the clear advantages from the eco-efficiency viewpoint of plastic recycling against direct manufacturing from petroleum are highlighted. RECOVER OF THE ZN, CU AND CO IONS FROM THE BOTTOM ASH RESULTED FROM THE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCINERATION (PWED15) Ciopec, Mihaela1, Negrea, Petru1, Iovi, Aurel1, Mosoarca, Giannin1, Lupa, Lavinia2, Ghiga, Ramona1, 1Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania, Timisoara, Romania ([email protected]), 2University Politehnica Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Timisoara, Romania Keywords: PFG, clinker, incineration, waste management The view of Romanian adhesion at the European Union lead to the European legislation transpose in the waste administration domain. If until now the waste problem was “resolved” almost in totality by their discharge in cesspool, in present exist programs which has in view the reduction of the waste quantities, and their reuse. The recycling eliminates the pollution and conserves the natural resources. The most benefit for the environment is joined not by the wastes storage is by the energy conservation and pollution prevention by using in the production process of material resulted from recycling. The wastes contain in a meaningful proportion valuable materials like: paper, cardboard, glass, and various metals. The integrated waste management allowed the recover of these materials and their reuse. The incineration process is a thermal process of solid waste elimination through which is reduced the wastes mass and volume. The used of combined incinerators with the recover of the energy allowed the reduction of the wastes quantity and their energy recover, while is controlled the gas emission quality from the process. In this paper we purposed to make some studies on a bottom ash arise from the incineration process of the hazardous materials resulted from the hospitals and pharmaceutical industry. The resulted bottom ash, after the elutriation tests, was established to be inert wastes which can be storage without any unfavourable impact on the environment or on the organisms. Because of his higher content of valuable metals we tried to extract the Zn, Cu and Co ions from the ash and to recover them under various compounds. THE OBTAINING OF IRON RED PIGMENT FROM SLUDGE RESULTED BY SPENT ACID NEUTRALIZATION (PWED16) Lupa, Lavinia1, Ciopec, Mihaela1, Negrea, Petru1, Iovi, Aurel1, Negrea, Adina1, Mosoarca, Giannin1, Ghiga, Ramona1, 1University Politehnica Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Timisoara, Romania, [email protected] Keywords: ammonium extraction, sludge, iron recycling Hot-dip galvanization is one of the oldest and reliable commercial methods for protection of steel against corrosion. To achieve a homogeneous surface reaction, and hence a uniform zinc alloy coating, the surface of the work must be chemically prepared by a series of treatments before dipping in zinc. These usually include degreasing, to remove oil or grease from the surface of the work, acid pickling to remove iron oxides such as rust or scale, and fluxing to activate the surface and promote reaction with zinc. With a past reputation as a “dirty industry’ galvanizers have abated environmental impact and currently recycle the majority of solid waste zinc products. However, by far the greatest quantity of waste produced by galvanizers is the sludge resulted from the neutralization of the spent acid. Pickling is carried out in hydrochloric acid. Spent pickling acid is a solution containing various concentrations of HCl, FeCl2 and ZnCl2. The residual acid is neutralized with lime, so the residual waters can be discharged to the sewerage and the solid precipitates are sent in the most of the cases to landfill. This treatment process results in all potentially valuable iron and zinc being lost.

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In this paper we tried to put in good use the valuable metals from the sludge by recovering the iron ions under iron red pigment form, which can be used at the construction materials obtaining. The zinc ions from the sludge were removed by extraction in ammonium solution and the residual sludge was incinerated and the resulted iron oxide was submit to a complex analyze (chemical, X-ray diffraction, IR spectrum, thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis) to establish if this can be used as iron red pigment. HYBRID LIFE CYCLE INVENTORIES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION (PWED17) Butnar, Isabela1, Castells, Francesc1, 1Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain, ([email protected]) Keywords: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA); hybrid IO-LCA models; municipal solid waste incineration Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of a production activity using material and energy flows. Environmental Input-Output (IO) does the same but with monetary flows. Although very specific and detailed, LCA has the main disadvantage of little availability of data that reduces the boundaries of the analysis to few more processes than the production process itself. On the other side, IO allows estimations at national or regional levels, but its results are aggregated and unspecific. To improve their strength and reduce their weakness, recent approaches have tried to bring together IO and LCA in a common framework known as “hybrid IO-LCA models”. In this study we adapt and apply two hybrid models, specifically the tiered-hybrid and the integrated hybrid methods, to the case of a Spanish incinerator. We use specific data on the purchases and sales of the incinerator during year 2000, the Spanish IO tables and sectoral environmental data provided by the Spanish Institute of Statistics for the same year. Our results show that applied to end-of-life processes, the two hybrid models give the same results meanwhile the tiered-hybrid model is easier to apply in practice. Using together IO and LCA in hybrid models allows making trade-off analyses between the economy and environment. METHODOLOGY TO DETERMINE THE CATEGORIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN COMPOSTING PLANTS (PWED18) Cadena, Erasmo1, Font, Xavier1, Artola, Adriana1, Sánchez, Antoni1, 1Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain ([email protected]) Keywords: Composting; GHG emissions; LCA; Mechanical biological treatment; Municipal solid The method has as main objective to analyze the environmental impacts generated by the composting plants of municipal solid waste (MSW), focusing in the emissions of NH3, N2O and CO2, gases that are emitted in great quantity in the fermentation period of this type of biological process and that are part of the greenhouse gases. Different composting technologies (windrow and tunnel) are studied. This method is built for three main stages: 1. Application of a check list on the operation and expenses of fuel and electric power of each one of machines and facilities that intervene in the composting process; 2. Measure of the gases emissions as NH3, CO2, N2O, CH4 and VOC, as well as the emission rate. For the system of piles, the measures of NH3 and emission rate are carried out by means of sensors to different points of the pile creating a map of coordinates that it helps to identify the specific flows for each sampling point. The map points are very important in the piles system to define emission areas, because the entry and exit air flux aren’t controlled. In the case of the tunnels system, the measures are analyzed to the exit of the biofilter and the air flux is already controlled. For the analysis of the CH4, VOC and N2O samples are taken in inert bags. In the piles system sampling is performed on three points of the pile (to the beginning, half and final) and in the tunnels system samples are taken in the biofilter exit. Later these samples are analyzed with chromatographic methods; 3. The third part of this method is to carry out composting material analytics, as determination of the humidity, organic matter, bulk density, porosity, biodegradable O2 and total Nitrogen. After the three stages, the data are integrated to obtain the matter and energy balances of the system, that is to say, the life cycle analysis of the composting process. The energy expenses values of the machineries and facilities are converted to units of CO2 and these are stuck to the emissions global balance. With all of these values at the end of the method the indicators of impacts were determined like: the yield impact on the MSW, energy/production compost consumption, waste production, compost produced, water consummate and soil occupied. Finally, the indicators are analyzed with Sigmapro software in the next categories of environmental global impacts: global warming (GWP100), ozone layer depletion (ODP), human toxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication. Equally the results are utility to define the improvements in the infrastructure for each type of treatment technology and identify emissions zones. This methodology has been proven in real composting plants, piles and tunnels, giving good results in systems efficiency and they have been compared to determine the advantages of each technology on the other one. In the same way the results indicate that the first maturation stage are emitted the biggest quantity of NH3, VOC and other nitrogenous compounds emissions due to the thermophilic phase, when the microorganisms have a high activity of degradation.

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STUDY OF TREATED CRUMB RUBBER WASTE IN CEMENT STABILIZED SOIL BLOCKS (PWED19) Parasivamurthy, Prakash1, SHARMA, CHANDRAMOILESWAR1, C.S, Chandrashekaramurthy1, 1C.M.R.T.U, R.V.Vidyanekatan, R.V.C.E, Bangalore, India, ([email protected]) Keywords: Cement(C), Treated Crumb rubber (CR), Compressive strength, Flexural strength, C The Nation faces ecological problems due to the accumulation of waste automobile and truck tires. The best management strategy for scrap tires that are worn out beyond hope for reuse or retreading is recycling. Utilization of scrap tires should minimize environmental impact and maximize conservation of natural resources. The regulatory practices include landfill bans and scrap tire fees. Because rubber waste does not biodegrade readily, even after long periods of landfill treatment, there is renewed interest in developing alternatives to disposal. One possible solution for this problem is to incorporate rubber particles into cement-based materials. Scrap tires can be shredded into raw materials for use in hundreds of crumb rubber products While very little rubber from used tires goes into the production of new tires, a host of other products made from recycled tire rubber have come on the market. Chips of shredded tire rubber are used as fill in engineering projects. More finely chipped and screened tire rubber is used is playground and landscaping mulch. Crumb rubber is used to make better asphalt, while rubber mixed with urethane is used to make athletic track surfaces and a variety of molded products. The crumb rubber market has been one of the fastest-growing scrap tire markets over the last six years. In this study, use of Treated Crumb rubber wastes in producing cement stabilized soil blocks has been investigated. There are several parameters involved in using Treated Crumb rubber waste in cement stabilized soil blocks production, namely the rate of added Treated Crumb rubber waste, the amount of cement used as stabilizer and block processing. The performance of these parameters can be measured by the interplay between main factors: constituent materials used (modified crumb rubber, cement, soil and water) and quality of block processing methods employed. Powdered tyre rubber, was surface-treated in aqueous solutions, at room temperature, under stirring. The tests revealed that the optimum Treated crumb rubber content was found to be 7% by weight of Cement. The use of Treated tyre rubber as addition to cement paste show satisfactory results in mechanical properties,it has few desirable characteristics such as lower density, higher fracture toughness and better Rutting performance.The paper concludes that it is possible to significantly , improve the dimensional stability and rutting performance of cement stabilized soil blocks to the extent, that they can be suitably used for construction of Pedestrian and low volume roads POST-INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING MATERIAL FOR DESIGNERS DELIGHT: SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE FASHION PRODUCTS (PWED20) Musmanni, Sergio1, Quiros, Ana2, 1National Cleaner Production Center San José, Costa Rica, ([email protected]),2Ecoglobal Advisors, San Jose, Costa Rica Keywords: Packaging, Fashion, Social-Responsibility, Open-Loop, Recycling Cleaner production efforts in the food industry can obtain important waste reduction levels including packaging lines optimization. Certain amount of laminated flexible films are rejected during the start up and shut down operations and no recycling options could be identified for such materials in Costa Rica.The films might be transformed into weaving materials for the production of handbags, purses, belts and other products which display very bright colors and metallic surfaces, attractive for fashion designers and others. The utilization of the scrap films avoids the use of new resources in the production phase and also prevents the materials from reaching the landfills. The initiative offers in addition, a socially responsible alternative option for the enterprises producing the scrap since the products are made by people with no other source or very marginal, income. A Life-Cycle Assessment was performed for the products and results will be presented regarding the reduction of environmental impacts for the open-loop recycling of the laminated films. Social impacts and considerations will be discussed as the result of the implementation of this project and the involvement of industries as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives. Design for Sustainability initiatives from external stakeholders –the pilot project was funded by the Swiss Embassy- provides solutions to some waste materials and complements the internal efforts on cleaner production. “THE VISCIOUSE CYCLE OF OCEAN POLLUTION AS A RESULT OF OFFSHORE AND ONSHORE PETROLEUM ACTIVITIES (PWED21) Abubakar, Babagana1, 1Independent Researcher, Surulere, Nigeria ([email protected]) The Gulf of Guinea region is located on the Atlantic side of Africa; the sub region has a total population of approximately 190million people. It comprises of five different countries and their territorial waters, which are as follows: Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Cameroon. The sub region is blessed with so many types of natural resources ranging from petroleum, Natural gas, Bitumen, Uranium Diamond and Gold to mention but a few. However the region since the last two decades started attracting the World’s attention as a result of the continuous increasing discoveries of new oil fields on both its on shores and off shores. In view of this extra ordinary increasing discoveries of new oil fields in the region, the Gulf of Guinea has become a “Gold

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rush” to the oil companies and it has so far attracted almost all the top oil firms in the world including; Exxon Mobil, Shell, Total, Texaco, Agip, Chevron, Slumberger, Stat Oil and Conoco Phillips among many other oil giants. In the more recent time even the U.S. Marine Corp have stationed their War Ship in the territorial waters of the Gulf in the name of providing protection to the “Liquid Gold” (Petroleum) underlying the beneath of the region. OIL ACTIVITIES AND ITS ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS IN THE GULF OF GUINEA: As a result of the geometrically increasing oil activities in the region ranging from Drilling, Gas flaring, Bunkering and Exploration activities, there was increase in the general pollution of the region. For example recent reports released in June, 2005 by the internationally renown nongovernmental organization on environmental pollution the Netherlands based Climate Justice program and the Nigeria’s Environmental Rights Action, Under the aegis of friends of the Earth, had it that the region is ranked top on the world’s total flare with Nigeria along accounting for 16 percent of the world’s total flare. Another example is the increasing cases of oil spillages leading to the increasing cases of pollution of farmlands, rivers, wells and the environment in general. Apart from all these, what is even becoming more worrisome is that none of all these oil firms operating in the region is able to account on how it disposes its industrial toxic waste generated as a result of its industrial activities within the region. Finally Geological strata are adversely destroyed by seismographic activities, Sea creatures are destroyed by oil pollution and Means of livelihood of revering dwellers are often threatened by pollution. THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE OIL FIRMS OPERATING IN THE REGION AND THE INHABITANTS OF THE GULF OF GUINEA: Recent research has indicated that there is no good relationship existing between the oil companies and the inhabitants of this region. As a matter of fact an ordinary inhabitant of this region sees the oil companies as his enemies simply because the oil companies are the main cause of the pollution that lead to the degradation of Lands for farming, the extinction of so many types of sea foods they enjoy in the region prior to the commencement of the petroleum activities in the region, that is not all but what is even becoming more worrisome under this condition is the inhuman act of dumping of unprotected and untreated industrial toxic wastes or the Radioactive waste by the oil companies operating in the region on the lands of the inhabitants. For example in March, 2005 one of the internationally respected oil giant the Anglo-Dutch Shell Petroleum oil company was accused by the Amukpe Community of Sapele Local Government area of Delta State in Nigeria for burying toxic wastes in their lands (Punch Newspapers; 9 June, 2005 P.13). EMANATING PROBLEMS AS A RESULT OF THE PETROLEUM ACTIVITIES IN THE GULF OF GUINEA REGION: Recent research has indicated that the inhabitants of this region especially those occupying the Islands, the Mangrove Swamp areas, the Niger Delta region and all those living within 20 kilometres range from the Atlantic Ocean, have increasing cases of cancerous Tumours, child respiratory illness, brain disorders, infertility and premature deaths. In addition to the problems of poor productivity in their farmlands, the corrosion of their roofing sheets and the rapid decline in seafood. POSITION OF THE GOVERNMENTON THE OIL ACTIVITIES IN THE GULF OF GUINEA REGION Apart from the government of the federal republic of Nigeria who is single handedly trying to de-pollute (clean) the region through the establishments of several agencies all the remaining other governments in the region until after incessant, adequate and intense pressures from the local communities affected by the pollution in the region, in addition to the pressures from the media and some nongovernmental organizations resulted in the establishment of petroleum development commissions in their countries, but the fact still remains that the ordinary inhabitant in the region has not yet benefited from such schemes, and instead the pollution in the region is increasing much more catastrophically in nature than ever before. POSITION OF THE NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE REGION: Apart from the Nigeria’s Environmental Rights Action, the impacts of all the remaining other nongovernmental organizations in the region are not yet felt, but instead many of such organizations enjoy corruption in the name of royalties from the powerful and rich petroleum companies operating in the region. At the international level apart from the climate justice program that recently released report on flaring activities in the region, all the other international nongovernmental organizations are not focusing their attention to this part of the world. In view of the situation more is still expected from the nongovernmental organizations in order to help in retarding the increasing pollution in this part of the world. RECOMMENDATIONS: After identifying how the pollution in the Gulf of Guinea region is increasing in relation to the increasing petroleum activities, I have come up with the following suggestions/recommendations. 1. AFRICAN UNION RESOLUTION: The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in conjunction with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) should use their capacity to be able to influence the African Union (AU) to pass a resolution banning the illegal dumping of radioactive waste, Gas flaring and Costal bunkering in this part of the world. 2. RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATION: The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, in conjunction with the United Nations Environmental Agency, the International Atomic Energy Agency and with the corporation of the African Union should send team of researchers to come and

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investigate this trend on petroleum pollution in the Gulf of Guinea region and proffer possible solutions in checking the menace. 3. PUBLIC AWARENESS: (A) The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the African Union, Nongovernmental organizations with the collaboration of the African governments should be organizing and sponsoring conferences, seminars and workshops involving all the stakeholders in the matter in order to educate people and companies on controlling the pollution, from time to time. (B) There should be an enlightenment units for public awareness of this ill under the various governments of Africa. (C) Laws on pollution should be enacted and imposed stiff penalties on defaulters. (D) The Petroleum Development Commissions should be more effective. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION: We sighted the causes of petroleum pollution and its associated problems in the Gulf of Guinea, in relations to the role of the oil companies, the governments and the nongovernmental organizations. Although because of the continuous rediscoveries of new oil fields in the region has continuously attracted more oil companies into the region and also increased the pollution of the region in return, but yet some governments are trying in fighting the menace by establishing the Petroleum Development Commissions and also by allocating lion shares from their annual budgets to the polluted areas, local governments and states or counties. Despite the efforts by the governments in the region towards combating the menace, the increasing cases of cancerous tumours, child respiratory illness, infertility, land degradation, the corrosion of the roofing sheets, premature deaths, river pollution, well pollution and decline in sea food, records still show that the problem of pollution in the region keeps on increasing. APPLICATION OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT TO INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CHIHUAHUA (PWED44) Gomez, Guadalupe1, Meneses, Monserrat1, Castells, Francesc1, 1Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain ([email protected] ) Keywords: Solid Waste, management The final disposal of solid waste in countries with developing economies are often characterized by inadequate collection service, little or inexistent treatment and uncontrolled dumping. In Chihuahua, México the urban solid waste are collected and deposed into landfill. Here, scavengers collect some of the recycling materials. To design an integrated solid waste management system it is crucial to characterize the waste composition. The first objective of our study is to analyze the urban solid waste composition for different socioeconomic levels of population in Chihuahua. The second objective is to apply life cycle assessment methodology to evaluate and compare different waste treatment methods. Household solid waste were collected, analyzed by hand and separated in fifteen fractions. Our results show that the organic material is the predominant fraction in urban solid waste and the amount of waste is proportional to population economic level. In this study three possible alternatives for the management of solid wastes in Chihuahua are proposed: existing landfill, landfill with environmental control and incineration. These scenarios were analyzed with the methodology of life cycle assessment. The impact categories considered in this study are abiotic depletion, climate change, human toxicity, photo-oxidant formation, acidification and eutrophication. From the three analyzed scenarios the incineration with heat recovery is found to have the lower environmental impact. Nevertheless, for a more complete analysis, economic and social factors are to be considered besides the environmental impacts. To develop more adequate management strategies, it is also essential to monitor landfills and to weight the incoming waste in order to have a more efficient record of Urban Solid Waste deposited. Construction SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE BUILDING SECTOR: APPLICATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (PWED22) Ortiz, Oscar1, Castells, Francesc1, Sonnemann, Guido1, 1University of Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain, ([email protected]) Keywords: Building sector, developing countries, environmental impacts, LCA, life cycle thinking, sustainable development, user friendly tool. Life Cycle Thinking is a straightforward strategy by focusing on the application of LCA in pursuit of better activities within the building sector, thereby improving social, economic and environmental aspects of the sustainable development. The present work reflect that the building industry, a worldwide emerging sector is gaining attention for improving these aspects. In order to optimise these pillars, a life cycle tool -LCA Manager- has been developed to evaluate environmental impacts for constructions materials and other building techniques to minimize the energy consumption during the use phase. An application of this tool is then presented to evaluate materials and make decisions to reach main issues of sustainable construction. Inventories are taken from the Ecoinvent database. This tool follows the International standards of series ISO 14040. The methodology was applied to a case study within the Colombian building sector. The results of this exercise are analyzed and

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presented. An explanation of the users, limitations of the tool and methodologies are evaluated. This work concludes that the methodology applied for the selection of building materials is a user friendly tool and play an important role in developing countries helping decision making to minimize environmental impacts and consequently achieve sustainable development, an important theme fundamental for present and future generations. WITH LCM TOWARDS A MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN NZ (PWED23) Kellenberger, Daniel1, Nebel, Barbara1, 1Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand, ([email protected]) Keywords: LCA, LCM, building, component, wall, retrofit An improvement of the sustainability of residential buildings is a key issue in New Zealand. An LCA model for a typical New Zealand home the “exemplar house” has been developed. The model includes the most common building components including materials/products for external cladding, roofing and flooring in six variations for one building design, in three climatic regions, with three different heater types and two different heating schedules. The study has shown that the influence of the materials on the overall result is very high due to the short daily heating periods and the quite low average temperature (18ÚC). Based on this, a model to calculate the ecological impact of a range of existing and future residential buildings in New Zealand was developed. This model is based on statistical data of the existing housing stock, but also on current market shares of building products and materials and on the existing heating performance (type of heater, energy requirement, heating schedule, etc.). From that the ecological impact of the housing stock in New Zealand has been calculated. A detailed analysis of an exterior wall (including retrofitting) mainly using New Zealand specific product data has shown the economical and ecological investments versus overall gain. Data have therefore been gathered in close cooperation with the industry. In a first step the following wall components were studied: - a light timber framed wall of an existing building, typically built prior to 1972 without insulation, timber weatherboards for the external cladding and gypsum board for the internal lining (currently less than 30 % of the housing stock actually has wall insulation.) - a new wall component with the same materials but with insulation to a code compliancy level, good practice and best practice as suggested in the NZ insulation standard For the existing, not insulated wall component a retrofitting scenario has been modelled and assessed. It mainly includes on one hand the development of two comparable product systems (life span modelling) and on the other hand the definition of the actual work related to retrofitting (removal and disposal of the internal lining, the fitting of glass wool insulation, and the putting up of new plasterboard). The building code for New Zealand is currently under review with a strong emphasis on including environmental aspects of sustainability. The results of the studies are used to provide scientific information to the Department of Building and Housing on the overall environmental impact of the actual housing stock, the potential beneficial consequences of changes to the building code and to demonstrate the benefit of smart retrofitting on the example of a wall component. LCA OF INNOVATIVE HIGH ENERGY PERFORMANCE ENVELOPE (PWED24) Monticelli, Carol1 1Politecnico di Milano - Dept. BEST, Milano, Italy, ([email protected]) Keywords: Building envelope, light materials, environmental performance, LCA We have addressed the theme of the impact of building products on the environment and the efficiency of covering systems within the framework of research on the application of the LCA method in building and architecture, with emphasis on the energetic and environmental efficiency of solutions throughout the entire life cycle of the building. It is now the belief that the building industry must be aware of supporting the environment and must spread a culture of prevention and safeguard the construction and its effects. The specific problem is the impact on the environment of certain light technological solutions - dry, low thermal transmitting - used in the construction of external petrimetrical vertical walls, during all phases of their life cycle. The wall systems are a determinating factor in the energy consumption of buildings: the commitment by the designers and producers must lead to the creation of energetically efficient wall systems which give a solid answer to the quality of living and to the environment. It is fundamental to identify the consequences of the creation of a building component. The objective is to highlight some indications for a project which is as near as possible to answering all the requisites of eco-compatibility, through tools of comparison between the different systems of dry covering, analysed and with certain methods of analysation. This could allow, in the projectual phase, a more conscientious choice of the less influencing solutions, with an equal level of performance, to reduce the environmental load to that associated in the range of its entire performance. The definitive methodology used on the impact of the environment of material and components, analysed in an experimental project, is the Life Cycle Assessment, an informative methodology on the life cycle of the product with the indication of energy consumption and the quantification of

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environmental impact. The materials’ and buildings’ assessment has been done by three different methods of evaluation (EPS – Sweden; EcoIndicator – Holland; Edip 96 - Danemark). It has been possible to compare the differences and the analogies through these, with indications for an adaptability on the building sector. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS COMPARING STRUCTURAL STEELWORK WITH OTHER CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES (PWED25) Passer, Alexander1, Cresnik, Guido1, Schulter, Danilo1, Maydl, Peter1, 1Institute of Technology and Testing of Building Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria, ([email protected]) Keywords: Integrated Environmental Performance of Buildings, Life Cycle Assessment, EPD Until now construction activities were primarily focused on the construction costs. Nowadays the building sector is changing towards sustainability. In Austria a new standard for the ecological quality for public funding of residential buildings has been developed. This leads to an increasing interest for sustainability combined with financial incentives. It further motivates producers of building products to assess the ecological performance of their products. The voluntary environmental declaration of building products based on the mandate M/350 �Integrated Environmental Performance of Buildings� will lead to a product specific and EU-wide harmonized assessment. Accordingly the building material producers can show their individual environmental responsibility with a high acceptance of stakeholders. A pre-feasibility study for the �Austrian Steel Association� was performed by the authors to point out a SWOT-analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) of steel for constructions as well as to identify a future call for action for the steel construction industry towards sustainability. Three office buildings with load bearings systems made of steel, timber and reinforced concrete were compared. For the ecological assessment a life cycle analysis (LCA) on the basis of the ISO 14040 was undertaken. Within this paper the authors investigate how the ecological benefits of sustainable construction can already be assessed. Further several difficulties of assessing constructions are being demonstrated. The authors show that generic datasets for construction products have essential uncertainties which are unacceptable for comparisons of construction products. Finally the authors show that recycling or dismantling as well as durability or structural design can not be adequately depicted by life cycle assessments based on recent draft standards. UTILIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE MATERIALS IN PRODUCTION OF SHELL CONCRETE ELEMENTS (PWED26) Cechmanek, Rene1 1Research Institute of Building Materials, Brno, Czech Republic ([email protected]) Keywords: GFRC, glass fibres, waste materials Shell concrete elements reinforced with fibres have a lot of benefits, among others they minimize production, transport and assembly costs, and save the environment as well. Due to utilization of various kinds of waste materials from different sources of industry is possible to reduce also raw materials costs and save natural resources of raw materials, which are used for concrete production nowadays. It is also possible to achieve significantly better properties of mentioned elements in comparison of a current level. LCA OF A PREFABRICATED CONCRETE SHED PRODUCED BY A SICILIAN FIRM. (PWED27) Siracusa, Giuseppe1, La Rosa, Angela Daniela1, Neri, Paolo2, Ingrao, Carlo1, 1Department of Physical and Chemical Methodology for Engineering, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, ([email protected]), 2ENEA (National Agency for New Techincs, Energy and Environment) “Ezio Clementel”, Bologna (Italy). Bologna, Italy Keywords: concrete precast, life cycle assessment, environmental sustainability, industrial building The aim of the present work is to characterize and analyze the main environmental impacts related to the life cycle of a prefabricated industrial shed made of reinforced concrete and produced by the Sicep s.p.a., a joint-stock company located in Catania (Italy). The study was developed using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology and the Simapro 7.0 software. The production process consists of several steps including mixing of raw materials (cement, inert, water and additives) in the concrete mixing plant and transferring, by means of small trucks, to the production lines in order to produce several types of precasts. The first stage of the LCA, was to define the system boundaries. Then, the functional unit was chosen, assuming as functional unit a medium industrial shed, (a shed with a plant surface of about 1720 m2 which is the main size produced by the company) with a temporal horizon of life of approximately 50 ÷ 60 years. It is opportune to specify that the choice of considering the “shed” as functional unit was thought of great interest for the evaluation of the environmental impacts generated by the productive activity. This work was developed distinguishing the concrete production process from the shed production process considering that the first is about producing the concrete in the concrete mixing plant, while the second concerns the fabrication of the precasts (beams, pillars, panels, Ondal tiles), composing the shed, beginning from the concrete produced. For the concrete production the functional unit of 1 m3 of concrete was chosen. This process, once implemented in the

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program, was recalled in the shed production, considering that the amount of concrete necessary for the shed was 377 m3. In order to give a better rank of details to the study we choose to develop both the analysis of the concrete production and the shed production. LCM IMPLICATIONS OF BUILDING PRODUCTS FROM RIVERINE DREDGED MATERIALS (PWED28) Watts, Daniel1, Axe, Lisa1, Nzihou, Ange2, Depelsenaire, Guy3, 1New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, United States of America ([email protected]), 2Ecole des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, Albi CT Cedex 09, France, 3Solvay, HSE-DCRT, Bruxelles, Belgium Keywords: Green Building, Dredged Materials, Novosol, Life Cycle Assessment, Comparative Present-day development design, building practices, and construction operations are evolving rapidly in the direction of more environmentally preferable outcomes. The Green Building movement, as it is called in some places, relies in part on evaluative protocols such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) to rate high performance green buildings. Many factors are considered in the ratings, including use of recycled materials and materials obtained regionally. Increased demand for such materials on the part of building owners who want to achieve high ratings from the protocol could be expected to create a market for such materials. Yet, there are no readily available comparative tools that can be used to quantify the environmental and energy benefits of such materials. Application of Life Cycle Assessment tools can provide such a comparative mechanism. This paper will report the results of such an assessment using a case study based on the application of the Solvay Novosol® process that facilitates incorporation of locally produce dredged materials from shipping channels into building materials such as bricks and blocks. Factors considered include energy use and savings, material use and savings, as well as environmental implications. The comparative tool is generally applicable to other types of sources and materials. LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF ORIENTED STRAND BOARD (OSB3) PRODUCTION (PWED29) Benetto, Enrico1 1CRP H. TUDOR/CRTE, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg, ([email protected]) Oriented strand board type 3 is a particle board made from strands with a high ratio of slenderness, used for packaging, interior finishing, for load bearing and cladding applications in wood frame construction and in vehicle manufacture and exhibition construction. Because of the size of the strands, OSB production needs relatively large amounts of glue and also involves formaldehyde and odorifeous emissions. The lifecycle related is quite multifunctional and is particularly concerned with the use of biomass. A Life Cycle Management approach was used to improve the environmental performances of OSB3 production from a lifecycle perspective. A new production process was designed and assessed through LCA and flow analysis. First, a comprehensive picture of the mass and energy flows at the production plant was obtained. Then, by including the supply chain, the environmental benefits provided by the new production process, and their relation to the supply chain, were highlighted. The main environmental issues and the related effects in the supply chain considered are: VOC emissions during and after the production of OSB; energy savings for drying; reduction of glue and water consumptions. This presentation outlines the approach, by presenting the results of LCA and flow analysis and clarifying the connections, influences and backside effects with the supply chain and procurement and the internal management. IDENTIFYING PRIORITIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCTION POLICY FOR BUILDINGS USING LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH (PWED 45) Lo, Shih-Chi1, Chao, Chia-Wei2, 1 Architecture and Building Research Institute, Ministry of the Interios, Taipai County, Taiwan ([email protected]), 2Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan The Kyoto Protocol forced to limit anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to reduce climate change. However, the life span of buildings last more than 30 years which is far longer than any other industrial products. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact and effect of the Kyoto Protocol to building industry in Taiwan. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, green building policy was proposed by building sector to reduce the CO2 emissions in Taiwan. The promotion plan of green building was an integrated environmental policy that incorporated building legislation, eco-labeling, green public procurement, and renovation project of existing building. In this study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare the green building policy with traditional building control. The environmental impacts of buildings were divided, according to their life cycles, into 5 stages, including raw building material, building planning and design, construction, operation and demolition. The energy consumption in operation stage was the highest of the whole life cycle. The main sources of CO2 emissions in buildings were building equipments and household appliances, for example, air-conditioning, lighting, power, computer and washing machine etc. Therefore, the energy use and CO2 emissions were selected as impact category and indicators. The ratio of new buildings was approximately 3% compared to the existing buildings of 97% in Taiwan. The building envelope design code has strict limition on CO2 emissions, but consequences were not very convenenceing due to lack of other relating codes such as air-conditioning and lighting systems design code etc. Conversely, for other 97% existing buildings, the potential on CO2 emissions reduction was higher than new

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buildings. Furthermore, the reduction benefits will increase more, if the energy efficiency of the household appliances can be enhanced. In conclusion, the strategies of CO2 emissions reduction according their importance were proposed. Simplified Methods EXERGETIC LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: A RESOURCE CONSUMPTION AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT TOOL (PWED30) Dewulf, Jo1, Van Langenhove, Herman1, 1Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ([email protected]) Keywords: Exergy, Exergetic life cycle assessment Whereas environmental life cycle assessment has grown predominantly through detailed assessment of the impact of emissions during a life cycle of a product or service, today emphasis shifts more and more towards resource intake and resource efficiency analysis in a world with a growing demand for products and energy. Resource intake and resource flow through our industrial system are ruled by the law of thermodynamics: there are thermodynamic constraints on the conversion of resources into products. The last years, research has shown that thermodynamics – although traditionally rather theoretically perceived and taught – is mature to be coupled with a life cycle approach. Particularly the second law of thermodynamics offers opportunities to quantify energy and materials, being very different in nature, into one single unit. It also enables quantification of conversion efficiency, i.e. it allows one to quantify the useful work out of the resources that can be embodied into the products. The basic analytical tool here is the exergy concept. Exergy can be defined as the maximum part of a resource that can be converted into useful work taking into account the prevailing environmental conditions. In this presentation, we show the principles and results obtained of this exergetic life cycle assessment, with examples from applications in solid waste treatment, biofuel production, building sector and the pharmaceutical sector. The applications demonstrate the nature of energy and materials that are brought into the production chains and where the losses of useful work are situated in the overall chain. LCA-THINKING IN DEVELOPMENT ON COMPANY DEVELOPMENT (PWED31) Braunschweig, Arthur1 1E2 Management Consulting AG, Zürich, Switzerland, ([email protected]) Keywords: Life cycle thinking; company strategy; simplified LCA/LCM tools The strategy of a company defines the major developments it tries to achieve. So including environmental issues in strategy development is a key to reach improved environmental efficiency of products and services. Using standardized life cycle data modules and focusing on key environmental impacts, it is possible to assess a range of products. Based on the example of a Swiss machinery company, it can be shown how such life cycle information may be used to reshape a company strategy, including environmental aspects. Of course, on strategy level environmental aspects will only be one element to be considered when ultimately defining the company strategy. DESIGN FOR COMPLIANCE – A LCA BASED APPLICATION IN THE ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY (PWED32) Held, Michael1, Ilg, Robert1, Stichling, Jürgen2, 1University of Stuttgart, Chair of Building Physics (LBP), Department Life Cycle Engineering, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany ([email protected]), 2PE Europe GmbH, Leinfelden-Echterdingen (Stuttgart), Germany Keywords: LCA in Practice, Broadening of LCA Application, Industry Requirements Today the significance of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), as well as Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) information, is underlined by standards and regulations, e.g. the Sustainable Consumption and Production Action Plan (SCP) of the European Commission including the Communication on Integrated Product Policy (IPP). In practice, the LCA/LCI market is characterised by a variety of practitioners, e.g. environmental experts, product and process designers, marketing and communication people, with different focus and requirements in use and application of LCA/LCI results. The availability of an appropriate set of tools, practical and adopted to a day to day application, meeting the individual requirements is indispensable to strengthen and support the use, benefit and acceptance of LCA as well as LCI in industry. The goal is to empower the applicability and feasibility of LCA/LCI information in practice by addressing the specific questions to be answered within industry – simplified and focussed in application, but without restriction in quality of data and results. The consideration of End-of-Life issues, e.g. in terms of reusability, recyclability and recoverability of vehicles or recycling quotas for end-of-life electric and electronic products, is one example where industry, in particular the automotive and the electronics industry, encounters questions of compliance regarding environmental regulations applied to their products: The car producers have to comply with the EU directive on end-of-life vehicles (ELV), in particular with the amendment of the directive 70/156/EWG. The producers of electronic products face similar compliance questions with the regulations on “Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment” (WEEE), “Restriction of the use of certain

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hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment” (RoHS) and “Energy using Products” (EuP). To meet the variety in application of LCA-/LCI-based information, ranging from compliance questions up to the support of design for environment activities, an integrated tool was developed – the so-called GaBi 4 DfX. The software system GaBi 4 DfX, which was developed in close cooperation with experts from industry, is an extension of the state-of-the-art LCA software system GaBi 4 and supports design for: Compliance – DfC, Environment – DfE, Recycling – DfR and Disassembly – DfD. The presentation will shortly describe the general requirements on LCA/LCI application discussed with industry and will then give a detailed insight into the GaBi 4 DfX software solution and the resulting possibility to support industry within their day-to-day LCA-/LCI-related work. The specific focus of the presentation will be on the product-model based analysis of the material composition, the recyclability, the tracking of substances of concern as well as the disassembly strategy of products from the electronics industry. Tools and Databases THE ECOTOOL COM.PRO.: A DECISION SUPPORT MODEL FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL BUILDING DESIGN (PWED 33) Giordano, Roberto1, Torresan, Matteo1, 1Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy, ([email protected]) Keywords: Environmental Building Design;Eco Tool;Building Materials;Life Cycle Assessment The Environmental Design in construction sector is related to several topics. The eco-compatibility of materials and products can be assumed as one of the most significant. Such significance is due to the increasing importance ascribed to environmental and energy performances of building materials on an European scale (i.e. EPD, Ecolabel, etc.) and a national and local scale (i.e. new Regional regulations and building codes). In the last decade several Research Centres have been developed database and simplified tools based on the Life Cycle Assessment Approach focused on industrial and building products and materials. The Department of Human Settlements Science and Technology of Polytechnic University of Turin has been playing an active role in energy and environmental analysis of buildings and in the development of assessing tools. The paper deals with the implementation of “COM.PRO”: COMpatibility of PROducts, a simplified Ecotool aimed at assessing the eco-compatibility of building products in their own life cycle. COM.PRO is an application software based on an evaluation model that takes into account the following aspects: energy consumption and emissions due to production and transport, thermal performances in life span, durability and potential recycling. The production and transport energy analysis and the emissions evaluation are strictly related to Life Cycle Assessment method. The thermal performances follow the European Directive 2002/91, while the values concerning the durability and the potential recycling have been drawn from laboratory test, dedicated reports and focused database. The COM.PRO Ecotool answers to different needs. First of all it is targeted to architects in order to help them in decision making during the preliminary stages of a project. Secondly it can be used in the assessment of existing buildings by the eco-compatibility analysis of their materials and components. Thirdly it is a useful tool for the definition of different refurbishing building strategies. In the end COM.PRO would contribute to overcome the lack of environmental information related to building products complying with the requirements included in the building codes carried out by Regions and Local Authorities. BUILDING LIFE CYCLE. TOOLS FOR BUILDING COMPONENTS AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT (PWED34) Allione, Cristina1 1Politecnico di Torino, Pinerolo, Italy, ([email protected]) Keywords: Building Life Cycle Approach, LCA, Ecotools, Ecosoftware In the research activity carried out in this PhD’s Project, the Ecodesign approaches and tools are transferred into the Building Sector in order to check the common concepts between these two cultures. This main goal is justified by the awareness that in the building sector several changes have been done. First of all to conform itself to Sustainable principles, and then, in wide use of building components which can be taken into account as industrial products. Underlying that the main difference between an industrial product and a building is the ecocompatility concept because for a building, not as an industrial product, it is obtain from the satisfaction of three aspects: energy and materials eco-efficiency, the fulfilment of the individual comfort of building occupants and the synergic relation between building and its site and climate. This research has been deal with the environmental eco-efficiency features In relation to this main purpose, it has been developed a sort of “toolbox” for designers which includes several type of software tools, linked to evaluation methodologies (Life Cycle Assessment, LCA or Life cycle Cost, LCC) or to advanced industrial knowledge and Ecodesign strategies helpful during the design process. They can be assumed as operative tool, useful the design stage, where the design concepts are outlined and there are a lot of chances of achieving better environmental performances of building life cycle.

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Specifically, the study has been focused on a review of the main software, which nowadays are available from the Ecodesign and Green Architecture fields . Every software has been carefully analysed on a common format, which highlights the following aspects: object of the study (industrial product or building component), classification, methodology and backgrounds, Life Cycle Phases studied, data required to start the analysis, results gathered by the software (and the different ways on showing them), evaluation system used for the environmental cost analysis, target user, its utility in the different process design phases and kind of database included. The results of this study are explained and summarized using a matrix scheme, which underlines some common aspects of them such as: life cycle phases included, classification, target user, environmental costs accounting and environmental impacts assessment. In this way, it is possible to show the state of the art of these software, understand how they can be combined together in a synergic way and support the architects during the choice of suitable tools throughout the building planning activities. CALCULATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENTS WITH AN INTEGRATED PRODUCT-PROCESS MODEL (PWED35) Alber, Sebastian1, Greif, Andre2, 1Institut of Technology and Sustainable Product Management Vienna, Austria, ([email protected]), 2Institut of Technology and Sustainable Product Management, Berlin, Germany Keywords: Life Cycle Inventory, life cycle costing, Recyclability Index, Dissassembliy sequence, bill of materials The paper gives some practical results of calculations from an integrated product-process model in the automotive sector.The software was created as a part of the SEES (Sustainable Electrical and Electronic System for the Automotive Sector) Project, funded by the European Commission. In this context the End-of-Life Vehicle Directive calls for increasingly stringent requirements on the end-of-life practices for automobiles, including quotas for recycling, reuse and recovery working towards the goal of sustainability in the automotive sector. Using the software, a product-process-model can be created and aspects relevant for the sustainability of a car can be analysed. In this way, different design and end-of-life scenarios can be quantitatively compared. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATASETS FOR THE ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EUROPEAN ALUMINIUM ASSOCIATION (PWED36) Leroy, Christian1, Schäfer, Jörg2, Bertram, Marlen3, Nordheim, Eirik1, 1European Aluminium Association, Brussels, Belgium ([email protected]), 2Gesamtverband der Aluminiumindustrie e.V. (GDA) Düsseldorf, Germany, 3European Aluminium Association, International Aluminium Institute Brussels, Belgium Keywords: Life Cycle Inventory, aluminium, Europe, LCA, EPD For many years, life-cycle thinking is part of the philosophy of the European Aluminium industry. The European Aluminium Association (EAA) supports the use of LCA and has collected, for more then 10 years, LCI data representative for aluminium in Europe. Whenever organisations are doing LCA for aluminium products in which it is appropriate to use European data, EAA contributes in supplying information and data, making its best to provide information in line with the study goal and scope. This paper will highlight the various phases of the LCI process like the questionnaire development, the survey organisation and the consolidation process for developing averaged European environmental data related to the various aluminium processes and sub-processes. The presentation will emphasise how practical issues, especially regarding data allocation and consistency, have been solved in order to maximise representativity and robustness of the consolidated data. From these “as-collected” consolidated data, LCA information modules have been developed through a combination of the processes including some modelling aspects and system expansion. The methodology for developing these LCA information module and for calculating the associated elementary flows and environmental indicators will be explained. To conclude the presentation, the use of these LCA information modules will be presented for 2 specific applications: an EPD of an aluminium window frame and 2 generic LCI datasets of aluminium semi-products developed for the European Platform on LCA. A STUDY OF CO-PRODUCT ALLOCATION RULES IN CREATING LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY (PWED37) Curran, Mary Ann1, 1US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, USA ([email protected]) Keywords: life cycle inventory, allocation, co-product How one calculates a life cycle inventory (i.e. the input and output data) for use in life cycle assessment (LCA) can have a great effect on the final results. Although much attention has been paid to allocation methodology by researchers in the field, specific guidance is still lacking and allocation methodology continues to be in a state of flux. Earlier research has focused on the effects of applying various allocation schemes when creating life cycle inventories. A literature search was conducted on the various allocation schemes that are used to create life cycle inventories, with a focus on industrial processes. The results are grouped by ‘general guidelines’ and ‘industry-specific’ applications.

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Further, in order to determine the impact of different allocation approaches upon choice of product, a study was conducted to assess air and water emissions during the production, distribution and use of three hypothetical fuel systems (data that represent conventional gasoline and gasoline with 8.7% and 85% ethanol were used as the basis for modeling). Various allocation schemes (weight, volume, market value, energy and demand-based) were applied across each system, from raw material extraction through product use, and carried through the impact assessment phase. Impact indicators for global warming, ozone depletion, and human health noncancer (water impact) are lower for the ethanol-containing fuels, while impact indicators for acidification, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, human health cancer, human health criteria, and photochemical smog are lower for conventional gasoline. The relative ranking of conventional gasoline in relation to the ethanol-containing fuels was consistent in all instances, suggesting that, in this case study, the choice of allocation methodology has no impact on indicating which fuel has lower environmental impacts. This presentation will give a brief overview of what allocation is and why it is an important issue in life cycle assessment methodology, the results of the literature survey and the initial results from testing various allocation schemes and evaluating their impacts across the gasoline and ethanol-containing fuels. KEY FACTORS OF DIFFERENCES IN EUROPEAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION PLANTS (PWED38) Fröhlich, Markus1, Beigl, Peter1, 1Institute of Waste Management, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, ([email protected]) Keywords: Life Cycle Inventory, Waste Management, Ecoinvent 2000, GaBi 4, Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Life Cycle Management (LCM) is a more and more common tool for reaching the goals of the tree pillars of sustainability. Thereby one of the main factors to reach reliable results is an adequate database. Background of this paper is a compilation of Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) for waste management processes from an inquiry of data from waste management plants in Austria (Fröhlich, 2005). The received data are used for a comparison of already available LCIs in Switzerland and in Germany with data from Austria. Thus it is possible to find out if the LCIs of the adjoining states can find use also for Austria, or not. Data for Switzerland were taken from the "ecoinvent 2000"-database, published by the Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. For Germany the study "Ökobilanz für Getränkeverpackungen II" from the Federal Environmental Agency Berlin (Schmitz et al. 2000), as well as the extension database IX "Recycling economy" (2004) from the GaBi 4-Software were used. For a detailed analysis, data for MSWI with grate firing were selected. To analyse the costs of waste treatment processes, an extensive evaluation of literature was undertaken (Beigl and Putz, 2005). The result is a process-related waste management cost database (ABF-WMC) with more than 1600 datasets, this permits to analyse a wide spectrum of short-term cost drivers (e.g. number of operating hours) or long-term cost drivers, such as capacity utilisation or plant layout in opposition to traditional cost-accounting where the volume of output was assumed as the only cost driver. During the comparison of the LCIs differences up to eleven orders of magnitude appeared for some parameters. However, most values lay in the range of two to three orders of magnitude, which is also corresponding to the limits of variation of the data from the waste management plants within Austria. Analyses in detail explain connections of the differences in the orders of magnitude of the data values concerning operational factors, e.g. composition of the input, technology differences in the flue gas cleaning or sewage treatment, national or regional peculiarities, e.g. differences in the limit values given in laws, and database-related factors, e.g. the age of the databases or level of aggregation. The objective of this paper is to give an overview about the problems of comparing cost-relevant as well as environment-relevant data, to show possible methods to improve comparableness and to point out, and if possible, to quantify key factors. UPDATING LCI DATABASES: EXPERIENCE AND CHALLENGE (PWED39) Fischer, Matthias1, Florin, Harald2, Ilg, Robert 1, Pflieger, Julia1, 1University of Stuttgart, LBP, Dept. Life Cycle Engineering (GaBi), Echterdingen, Germany, ([email protected]), 2PE International, Echterdingen, Germany Keywords: LCI Database, Update, High Quality LCI Data A decisive and determining factor with respect to acceptance, use and benefit of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) information is the availability of high quality Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data. Up-to-date and consistent LCI data meeting the necessary quality requirements is indispensable to support LCA practitioners within their daily work. As shown in the project “GaBi Databases 2006” the methodology used for the database creation process is in principle the same approach as followed by an LCI database update process (independently of the database module), e.g. system boundary definition, definition of the type of database, level of aggregation, format and standards of documentation, specification of data sources, etc. – having always the ISO 14040 and 14044 as a reference. The presentation will provide an insight into the LCI database update activities of the University of Stuttgart and PE International GmbH and will demonstrate the importance to involve stakeholders

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from industry, government and research institutes already at an early stage of the process to ensure an accepted and successful outcome of the project. IMPROVING THE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT BY IMPROVING THE INDOOR AIR QUALITY (PWED40) Rühle, Thomas1, Lenel, Severin2, 1Intep - Integrale Planung GmbH, München, Germany, ([email protected]), 2Intep - Integrale Planung GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland, [email protected] Keywords: indoor air quality, health, calculation tool, building label, rating system Project Goals The life cycle of a building is assumed to be 80 years. A number of factors influence the selection of building materials and components including cost, design, performance, and availability. Sustainable design seeks to minimize environmental health impacts caused by building materials. The selection of materials must focus on primary materials with the least impact. For each stage of building life cycle sustainable design aims at reducing the output of energy and resources, as well as minimizing the impacts on ecosystems and health. A healthy workplace or living space supports the occupants' health and well-being. This leads' to fewer costs. As an important aspect of the life cycle assessment you have to consider was is needed to improve the indoor air quality (IAQ). A mathematical model allows to predict the future indoor air quality. Architects and other consultants can use a calculation-tool to optimize the construction and surfaces during the design phase. Starting Position People spend 80% of their lives in buildings. Indoor air quality is one of the major factors effecting their well-being. The increase of air pollution caused by various effects leeds to fogging effects, MCS Syndrom (Multi Chemical Sensitivity Syndrom), sick building syndrom and general discomfort. If one does not take into account the requirements for well-being and health, one reduces the life cycle assessment of buildings. No method has been developed yet that would allow to quantitatively evaluate indoor air quality. The existing building label, MINERGIE-ECO, evaluates energy efficiency, environ¬mental impact, and the ecological quality of building materials. Implementation The project 'Systemnachweis MINERGIE-ECO' includes the development of a calculation tool.This development is based on the existing rating system MINERGIE-ECO. The Tool has to be user-friendly, accurate, and reliable. The qualitative criteria ('comfort' for example) have already been developed in a questionnaire. The indoor air quality criteria can be calculated in a quantitative way. The evaluation of the indoor air quality will be evaluated in the form of a module, called 'Raummodul'. Therefore the emission data of building materials for VOC, formaldehyd and other substances are collected in a catalogue of materials . This catalogue is based on existing emission data from different sources. Further information, like, for example, room capacity, air change rate, quantity and consistence of surface materials further information is necessary. In order to evaluate data and make predictiones regarding indoor air quality, reference values have to be taken into account. By this process, a classification system ranging from 'very good' to 'bad quality' becommes possible. The results are combined with those recieved from the questionaire. For the application of the label a software tool will be developed. The user can change and optimize the building design and the building materials and simultaneously observe the results of the changes. For more information about MINERGIE-ECO see: www.minergie.ch www.eco-bau.ch APPLICABILITY OF GREEN PURCHASING GUIDELINES IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES (PWED41) Leire, Charlotte1 1International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics Lund, Sweden, ([email protected]) Keywords: Green purchasing, guidelines, support systems, sustainable consumption Over the last decades, pressure on organizations to consider environmental aspects when purchasing goods and services has become noticeable in most European countries. In particular the Scandinavian countries have been notorious for pushing green purchasing policies. Policy developments, in turn, have been reflected by a number of initiatives that aim to facilitate green purchasing practices. Many of the initiatives are undertaken by local, regional and state organizations, and are in the form of guidelines that target the purchasing of finished products. Together, the Scandinavian countries offer a wide range of different types of guidelines. However, studies indicate that the use of these is low. So far, there is no systematic overview of the applicability of the guidelines. This paper provides a first classification of publicly available green purchasing guidelines in the Scandinavian countries. The applicability of the green guidelines is discussed in terms of the information that they provide, as well as their product coverage, publishing format, life-cycle orientation, support for life-cycle costing, and outreach. The research indicates that most of the green guidelines share traits in regard to raising awareness amongst practitioners; however it also suggests that the guidelines differ in terms of the practical help that they offer.

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SELECTING SOIL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES USING SUSTAINABLE LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT: METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY (PWED42) Navarro, Jennifer1, López, Eva María1, 1Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain, ([email protected]) Keywords: Life Cycle Thinking; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Life Cycle Costing (LCC); Sustainable Life Cycle Management. Applying life cycle thinking to the integration of the three pillars of sustainability is an emerging field. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a framework for sustainability assessment and comparison of different industrial technologies with the same purpose, based on the ISO 14040 series. The methodology proposed has four steps as the ISO standards. To integrate the three pillars of sustainability the analytical hierarchical process was used followed by a consistence method and a sensibility analysis. The results were represented in a triple bottom line framework. The methodology was applied to a case study where a set of remediation technologies of contaminated soil were assessed and compared. Several sustainability indicators were chosen to analyze the impacts of the technologies. The results showed that this methodology can be used as a decision making tool for sustainability reporting. The clearer presentation of results allows seeing the weak points of each technique to compare and improve them if it is appropriate. NEW WAYS FOR HUNGARIAN LCA (PWED43) Szita Tóth, Klára1, Molnár Sípos, Tímea2, István, Zsolt2, 1University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary, ([email protected]), 2Bay Zoltán Foundation for Applied Research Institute of Logistics, Miskolc-Tapolca, Hungary Keywords: on-line LCA database, electricity generation, waste treatment, environmental load This paper describes the main results of the first bigger Hungarian LCA project. The focal points of the project are: energy- and waste management. In this project data inventory is based on results of the international research, with consideration of Hungarian conditions. The most popular LCA softwares (SimaPro, GaBi) have been used for data production and as assessment tools. The first period of the research was methodological development of data collection, than the Hungarian energy mix and main waste scenarios have been developed. Finally there were made the database building and the on-line available developing. We have developed an LCA database based on the 2004/2005 Input-Output table (IOT) for Hungary. The database contents the most significant characteristic of electric generation and municipal waste treatment. Both of field have been evaluated by the process analysis method and added to environmental loads inside We made for both of field a sample analysis, as a guide to the assessment. An online version of the system will be available for public users. This LCA database could help small and medium-sized enterprises to design environmentally and could make the availability of objective environmental assessment easier. Furthermore, its positive effects on market positions, business opportunities, consumption models and on sustainability performance can not be doubtful.

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Author Index A Aalstad, Ragnhild We 3.14 Aanton Vallejo, Maria Assumpció

PWed9 Abdelaziz, Tairi PTue40 Abubakar, Babagana PWed21 Ackermann, Robert Tu 1.05,

PMon38 Adachi, Yoshihiro Tu 1.10 AFRANE, GEORGE We 1.10 Akella, Venkatesh PMon36 ALBER, Sebastian PWed35,

Mo 3.12 ALDACO, RUBEN PMon43 Allen, Christopher Mo 4.07 Alles, Carina Mo 4.02, Mo 2.07 Allganer, Katlen PWed7 Allione, Cristina PWed34 Alsema, Erik Mo 3.14 Althaus, Hans-Jörg We 3.01,

Tu 4.03, We 4.12 Alvarado, Carmen We 4.03 Amirtharajah, Rajeevan PMon36 Anderl, Reiner Tu 1.06 Andreola, Fernanda PMon18 Ansems, Toon Mo 2.11 Antón, Maria Assumpció,PTue16,

Tu 3.06 António, Ferreira Tu 3.04 Aoustin, Emmanuelle Mo 4.03,

We 2.06 Arana, Lorea Tu 1.04 Arena, Alejandro Pablo, We 1.08 Arroja, Luís Tu 3.04 Arroyo-Sanz, Juan Manuel,

PTue30 Artola, Adriana PWed18 Aucejo, Susana PTue3, PTue38 Audouin, Alice Tu 4.01 Aumonier, Simon, We 2.03 Axe, Lisa, PWed28 Azabache, Richard, PWed11 B Bacchus, Paul, PTue34 Bae, Junghan, We 4.01 Baldasano, José María We 2.15 Baldo, Gian Luca Tu 3.18 Bancila, Ciprian PTue8 Barberio, Grazia We 2.02 Barbieri, Luisa PMon18 Barthel, Leif-Patrik Mo 3.07 Bartroli-Molins, Jordi PTue16 Basson, Lauren Mo 1.02 Bauer, Christian We 1.06, We 4.12,

Mo 3.02, Tu 2.01, PMon44 Baumgartner, Daniel U. Tu 3.02 Baun, Anders Tu 4.09 Beck, Jessica Mo 1.02 Bedoya, Cesar We 3.13 Beermann, Martin Mo 4.01 Behm, Katri We 4.15 Beigl, Peter We 4.10, PWed38 Belles, Maria PWed14 Benetto, Enrico PWed29 Benoist, Anthony PTue11 Benoît, Catherine Mo 3.08 Benveniste, Gabriela Tu 3.18 Bergmann, Lars Mo 1.10 Bernardes, Marco Mo 4.11 Bersani, Raffaella Mo 4.07 Bersier, René PMon35 Bertram, Marlen Tu 4.14, PWed36 Besio, Mariolina PTue36 Bieda, Boguslaw Tu 4.08 Bin, Li PMon19

Binder, Claudia Tu 1.10, PTue25, We 3.01, Tu 4.07

Binder, Marc We 3.06 Blanc, Isabelle PMon10 Blavot, Christophe We 1.07 Blesl, Markus Tu 2.04 Boesch, Michael We 2.08 Bogatu, Corneliu We 2.05 Bohne, Rolf André We 3.14 Bondioli, Federica PMon18 Boron, Stefan We 4.08 Bosemans, Werner , Keynote,

Mo 4.07 Bowe, Scott We 3.11 Braune, Anna We 3.03, We 3.06 Braunschweig, Arthur PWed31,

We 4.05 Bréant, Philippe Mo 4.03 Brent, Alan Mo 1.06 Broadbent, Clare Mo 4.07, Tu 4.15 Brunklaus, Birgit We 3.09 Buchgeister, Jens Tu 2.08 Budde, Oliver Mo 4.05 Bull, Kirsten-Verena We 1.09 Buonamici, Roberto We 2.02 Busch, Timo Tu 1.13 Butnar, Isabela PWed17, PMon45 Buxmann, Kurt We 4.13 C C.S, Chandrashekaramurthy

PWed19 Cadena, Erasmo PWed18 Caduff, Gabriel Mo 1.07 Caduff-Kinkel, Marloes Tu 4.03,

We 4.05 Campioli, Andrea We 3.12 Candelario Rodriguez, M.M.

PMon28 Cañellas, Sílvia PTue6 Carrasco, Juan PTue16 Carre, Andrew PTue32 Carreiras, Manuela Tu 3.04 Carvalho de Medeiros, Maria Aparecida PWed7 Castanheira, Érica Geraldes

Tu 3.04 Castells, Francesc PWed22,

PWed42, PWed17, Tu 3.06, PWed44, PMon45

Castillo, Renzo Tu 2.08 Cavallaro, Fausto PTue21 Cebrian-Tarrason, David Mo 2.04 Cechmanek, Rene PWed26 Cécile, QUERLEU Tu 2.09 Chadha, Avrath PMon15 Chao, Chia-Wei We 2.11 Chao, Lei PMon19 Chayer, Julie-Anne Tu 1.15 Chen, Guo PMon20 Chong, Frederic PMon36 Chung, Jin-DO PTue42 Ciopec, Mihaela PWed13,

PWed16, PWed15 Ciria, Pilar PTue16 Cirilo Nolasco, Hipolito PMon28 Ciroth, Andreas We 4.14, PMon22 Citherlet, Stéphane We 3.07 Civit, Barbara We 1.08 Clegg, Allen We 2.09 Cohen, Brett Mo 1.02 Coiro, Domenico PTue21 Collins, Michael We 2.03 Constable, David JC We 4.07,

Mo 2.13 Contreras, Ana Margarita Tu 3.15 Cordoba, Nazly PWed6 Cornier, Alain PMon37 Corradi, Anna PMon18 Crépon, Katell Tu 3.02

Cresnik, Guido PWed25 Critchii, André PMon31 Cucchi, Eleonora PTue7 Cucuzzella, Carmela PTue31 Culver, David Mo 4.02 Curran, Mary Ann PWed37 D da Silva, Gil Anderi We 1.04,

We 1.02, PWed4 Daigo, Ichiro Tu 1.10 Dale, Bruce Tu 4.05 Daoud, Wassim Tu1.05 De Beaufort, Angeline Mo 4.07 De Caevel, Bernard PMon29 De Coninck, Pierre PTue31 De Haas, David We 2.10 De Leeuw, Bas Mo 4.15 De Leon Cifunentes Willian Erik

PWed9 De Paula Dias, Alexandre Magno

PWed12 De Quervain, Bernhard We 4.09 De Schryver, An We 4.03 De Tommasi, Roberto Mo 1.14 De Vries, Jan PMon21 Degli Innocenti, Francesco Mo 2.01 Deimling, Sabine Tu 3.05 Delmas, Magali Tu 2.19 Dennis, John Mo 2.02 Depelsenaire, Guy PWed28 Dewulf, Jo PWed30, Tu 3.15 Dias, Ana Cláudia Tu 3.04 Dias Pereira, Carlos Tu 3.04 Dimache, Aurora We 4.06 Dimache, Laurentiu We 4.06 Dittrich-Krämer, Brigitte We 1.14 Dobon, Antonio PTue3, PTue38 Doctori Blass, Vered Mo 1.08,

Tu 2.19 Doka, Gabor We 2.01, We 4.12 Doluschitz, Reiner PTue14 Dominguez, Elena Rosa PMon41 Dominici, Arianna PTue7 Dones, Roberto Tu 2.01, PTue13 Dornburg, Veronika PMon13 Dose, Julia Tu 1.05 Dron, Dominique PTue11 Dufour, Javier PMon39 Dux, Dunja Tu 3.08 E Eagan, Patrick We 3.11 Ecabert, Bastien PMon10 Emptage, Mark Mo 4.02 Erkman, Suren, PWed10, Tu 1.12,

We 1.07, We 1.13, Tu 3.12 Erlandsson, Johan Tu 2.18 Espinoza-Orias, Namy Mo 1.04 Eugster, Martin We 1.15 F Fahrni Hans-Peter, Keynote Falcon, Mariano Cortés PMon41 Fava, Jim Mo 4.15, Mo 1.01,

PMon44 Feifel, Silke Mo 2.05 Feijoo, Gumersindo PMon17,

PTue29 Felder, Remo Mo 1.13, PTue13 Ferrari, Anna Maria PMon18 Fischer, Matthias PWed39 Fischer, Ulrich Mo 4.04 Fisher, Karen We 2.03 Fitzpatrick, Leanne PTue32 Fleischer, Günter Tu 1.05 Florin, Harald PWed39 Flysjö, Anna PMon34 Foley, Jeff We 2.10

189

Font, Xavier PWed18 Foradini, Flavio We 3.07 Forsman-Hugg, Sari PMon33 Franco, Vicente PMon12, Mo 2.04 Frankl, Paolo Tu 2.11 Freddy, Marechal Mo 4.07 Freiermuth Knuchel, Ruth Tu 3.05 Frenquellucci, Ferdinando PTue7 Friot, Damien We 1.13, Tu 3.12,

Mo 1.14, Tu 2.02 Frischknecht, Rolf PTue39.Tu 2.06,

We 4.12, PTue24, PMon1 Froelich, Daniel Tu 3.10, PMon37 Frydendal, Jeppe Mo 4.08 Fröhlich, Markus PWed38 Fröling, Morgan PMon40 Fúquene, Carlos Eduardo PWed6 G Gabarrell, Xavier PTue16 Gagnon, Luc PTue10 Gaillard, Gérard Tu 3.08, Tu 3.05 Gallego, Alejandro PTue29 Gallon, Nicole We 3.03 Galvez, Maria Elena Mo 2.14 Garrain, Daniel PMon14, PWed14

Mo 2.04, PMon12 Garret, Peter We 2.03, Tu 1.09 Gassó, Santiago We 2.15 Gauch, Marcel Mo 2.08 Gauer José, Regina PWed2 Gaus, Hansjoerg Tu 2.12 Geerken, Theo Tu 3.11, Mo 2.06 Gerber Jürg, Keynote Gesan-Guiziou, Geneviève Tu 3.10 Geyer, Roland Mo 1.08, PMon36,

Tu 4.16 Gheewala, Shabbir Tu 2.10 Gheorghe, IORGA PTue41 Ghiga, Ramona PWed13, PWed16,

PWed15 Ghoumidh, Anis Tu 4.01 Gifford, John We 3.02 Ginn, Jamie Mo 4.02 Giordano, Roberto PWed33 Giuseppe, Ioppolo PTue35 Glisovic, Srdjan We 1.01 Goedkoop, Mark Mo 4.10,

We 4.03, PTue1 Golovatchev, Julius Mo 4.05 Gomez, Guadalupe PWed44 Gomez, Marcel PMon10 Gonzalez, Ana Citlalic PTue6 Gonzalez, Arturo PWed1 Gonzalez Colin, Mireya PTue33 González-García, Sara PMon17 Grant, Tim We 4.02, PTue32 Greger, Manfred PTue15 Greif, Andre PWed35, Mo 3.12 Grießhammer, Rainer Mo 3.09 Guenther, Edeltraud Tu 1.18 Gugerli, Heinrich Tu 4.12, Tu 4.13 Güereca, Leonor Patricia We 2.15 H Halder, Markus Mo 1.14 Halmann, Martin Mo 2.14 Halubek, Philipp Mo 1.10 Hank, Hwang PTue2,

PMon3, PMon23 Harding, Kevin Mo 2.02 Harmsen, Jan Tu 1.02 Harrison, Susan T.L. Mo 2.02 Hartley, Ken ( 180 ) We 2.10 Hasegawa, Takahisa PMon32 Hashimoto, Susumu Tu 1.10 Haskins, Cecilia Tu 4.10 Hassanzadeh, Mehrdad PMon37 Hauschild, Michael Tu 4.09 Hayashi, Kiyotada Tu 3.07, PTue26 Heck, Thomas Tu 2.01, We 4.12

Hedemann, Jan Tu 2.02 Hedges Keith Wed3.10 Heijungs, Reinout Mo 3.05 Heilmann, Andrea PTue22 Held, Michael Mo 3.07, PWed32 Hellebaut, Fanny PMon29 Hellweg, Stefanie We 2.08, Tu

4.03, Tu 3.16, Mo 2.12, We 1.12

Henderson, Richard K We 4.07, Mo 2.13

Hennessey, Susan Mo 4.02 Hermann, Barbara PMon13, Herrera Galvez, V. PMon28 Herrmann, Christoph Mo 1.10,

We 4.10 Hersener, Jean-Louis Tu 3.08 Hertwich, Edgar PMon8 Hildesheimer, Gabi Mo 1.14 Hirao, Masahiko PMon42, Mo 4.04 Hirschberg, Stefan Tu 2.01 Hischier, Roland We 1.15,

We 1.04, Mo 2.08 Hoffmann, Lucien PTue15 Hoffmann, Volker Tu 1.14, PMon15 Hohenthal-Joutsimo, Catharina

We 4.15 Holleran, James Mo 3.01 Hondo, Hiroki Tu 4.06 Hoppe, Holger Tu 1.17 Horne, Ralph PTue32 Hortal, Mercedes PTue3, PTue38 Hospido, Almudena PMon17,

PTue29 Hubbard, Steven We 3.11 Huijbregts, Mark Tu 3.06 Huizhou, Liu PMon20, PMon19 Hung, Ming-Lung We 2.11 Hungerbuhler, Konrad Mo 4.04,

Mo 2.12 Hunkeler, David PMon22 Huppes, Gjalt Mo 3.05 Hüfner, Volker PTue15 Hölscher, Thomas Tu 3.05 I Ilg, Robert Tu 4.15, PWed32,

PWed39 Inaba, Atsushi Mo 4.06, PMon32,

Mo 3.03 Ingrao, Carlo PWed27 Innocentini Mei, Lucia Helena

PWed7 Iovi, Aurel PWed16, PWed15 István, Zsolt PWed43 Itsubo, Norihiro Mo 4.06, Mo 3.03 J Jaubert, Ronald PWed10 Jekel, Martin We 3.05 Jenkins, Robin Mo 4.02, Mo 2.07 Jensen, Allan Astrup PTue28,

Mo 4.08 Jeske, Udo Mo 4.14 Jiménes-Guerrero, Pedro We 2.15 Jiménez-González, Concepción

We 4.07, Mo 2.13 Jolliet, Olivier We 1.13, Tu 3.12,

PMon7, PMon10, Tu 1.16 Jonasson, Karl M. Tu 4.04,

We 4.12 Jungbluth, Niels PTue24, PMon1,

Tu 2.06 Jungbluth, Thomas PTue14 Juniper, Christopher Tu 1.15 Juraske, Ronnie Tu 3.06 K Kagawa, Shigemi Tu 3.13 Kang, Wang PMon19 Kasprzak, Jedrzej PTue5

Katajajuuri, Juha-Matti Tu 3.03, PMon33 Kato, Seizo PTue12 Kellenberger, Daniel PWed23,

We 4.12, We 3.02 Kempener, Ruud Mo 1.02 Kharel, Govinda Prasad Mo 3.04 Khoo, Hsien Hui Mo2.10 Kiatsiriroat, Tanongkiat PTue18,

PTue12 Kicherer, Andreas We 1.14 Kikuchi, Yasunori PMon42 Kim, Jang-Woo PTue42 Kim, Jung-Tae PTue42 Kim, Seungdo Tu 4.05 KIMURA, YUKIO PTue4 Kistler, Paola We 4.13 Klingele, Martina Mo 4.14 Kloepffer, Walter Mo 3.06, PMon22 Klos, Zbigniew PTue37 Knöri, Christof We 3.01 Ko, Byoung-Su PTue42 Koehler, Annette We 2.08 Kollegger, Andreas Mo 4.01 Kondo, Yasushi Tu 3.14 Konstantas, Antonios PMon38 Kreissig, Johannes We 3.03 Kruse, Sarah PMon34, Tu 3.01 Kulay, Luiz Alexandre PWed4,

We 1.02 Kurczewski, Przemyslaw PTue5,

PTue37 Kägi, Thomas Tu 3.05 Köhler, Annette Tu 4.03, We 1.12 L La Rosa, Angela Daniela PWed27 Ladenburger, Richard Mo 1.09 Laenen, Pieter We 2.03 Lalive, Annick Tu 4.13 Lambert, Sylvain Tu 4.01 Lancellotti, Isabella PMon18 Lang, Daniel J. Tu 4.07 Lant, Paul We 2.10 Larsen, Hogne PMon8 Laurin, Lise Tu 2.05 Lavagna, Monica We 3.12 Lebofa, Mantopi Tu 4.11 Lee, Sang-Yong Mo 4.06 Lehmann-Chadha, Martin PMon26 Lehtinen, Jarkko We 2.04 Lehtla, Reigo PMon4 Leire, Charlotte PWed41 Lenel, Severin PWed40, We 3.07 Leroy, Christian Mo 4.07, PWed36 Leverington, Phelan PTue17 Lewandowska, Anna PTue5 Lewicki, Robert PTue37 Leyk, Stefan We 3.01 Ligthart, Tom Mo 2.11 Lixandru, Benoni We 2.05 Loerincik, Yves PMon7, Tu 1.17 Lombardi, Patrizia PTue36 López, Eva María PWed42 Lorenz, David PMon6 Lounis, Zoubir Tu 1.01 Luciani, Roberto Tu 2.14, Tu 1.08 Lupa, Lavinia PWed13, PWed16,

PWed15 Luterbacher, Jeremy PMon40 Lützkendorf, Thomas PMon6 M Ma, Hwong-Wen We 2.11 Magno de Paula Dias, Alexandre

We 1.05, PWed5, Mo 4.09 Maia de Souza, Danielle Mo 4.09,

PWed5, We 1.05, PWed12 Maillard Ardenti, Yvan Mo 1.11 Majumdar, Juin PTue32 Makishi, Cecilia We 3.03

190

Maksyuta, Innola PTue43 Malmodin, Jens Mo 3.11 Manhart, Andreas Mo 3.09 Manson, Jan-Anders PMon10 Marache, Marie Tu 3.10 Marchese, Francesco PTue36 Marechal, François Mo 4.03,

PMon40 Margni, Manuele Tu 1.16, Tu 1.16 Marosky, Nora Tu 1.06 Martchek, Ken Tu 4.14 Martinez, Carles PTue16 Martinez, Pilar PMon14,

PWed14,Mo 2.04 Maruschke, Julian PMon9 Maruyama, Naoki PTue12 Mascia, Daniele Mo 1.03 Mashoko Iivison Wed1.11 Masoni, Paolo Tu 2.14, Tu 1.07,

We 2.02, PTue7 Massard, Guillaume Tu 1.13 Masu, Smaranda We 2.05 Matsumoto, Toru We 2.13 Matsuno, Yasunari Tu 1.10 Maya Altamira, Larisa Tu 4.09 Maydl, Peter PWed25 Mayer-Spohn, Oliver PMon24,

Tu 2.04 Mbohwa Charles Wed1.11 Meier, Anton Mo 1.13 Melk, Katharina Tu 1.07 Meneses, Monserrat PWed44 Meriste, Tõnis PMon4 Meul, Marijke PMon27 Michaud, Renée Tu 1.15 Milosan, Ioan PTue8 Milosan, Maria Marcela PTue8 Miyano, Yuzuru Mo 3.03 Modahl, Ingunn Saur Tu 1.03 Molina, Sergio Tu 2.13 Molnár Sípos, Tímea PWed43 Monticelli, Carol PWed24 Moora, Harri We 2.07 Morales Mora, Miguel

AngelPMon28 Moreira, Maria Teresa PMon17,

PTue29 Moreno, Jovita PMon39 Moriizumi, Yue Tu 4.06 Mosgaard, Mette Tu 2.16 Mosoarca, Giannin PWed13, PWed16, PWed15 Motoshita, Masaharu PMon32,

Mo 3.03 Moya-Huelamo, Manuel Tue30 Murakami, Shinsuke Tu 1.12 Muska, Carl Mo 2.07 Musmanni, Sergio PWed20 Müller, Georges Tu 3.08 Müller, Joachim PTue14 Müller-Sämann, Karl PTue14 Müssig, Jörg Mo 2.03 Mäkelä, Johanna PMon33 N Nakahara, Tsuneyuki PTue4 Nakajima, Kenichi Tu 1.12 Nakamura, Shinichiro Tu 1.12 Namikawa, Osamu Mo 3.03 Nan, Mariana PTue8 Nansai, Keisuke Tu 3.13 Navarro, Jennifer PWed42 Nebel, Barbara PWed23, We 3.02 Negrea, Adina PWed13, PWed16 Negrea, Petru PWed13m PWed16,

PWed15 Nema, Arvind K We 2.12 Nemecek, Thomas Tu 3.07,

Tu 3.02, We 4.12 Nereng, Guro Tu 1.03 Neri, Paolo PWed27, PMon18

Nonboe, Ulf PTue28 Nordheim, Eirik PWed36 Norris, Gregory Mo 4.15, PMon44 Notarnicola, Bruno Mo 1.03,

PMon5 Ntiamoah, Augustine We 1.10 Nyland, Cecilia Askham Tu 1.03 Nzihou, Ange PWed28 O Okaka, Wilson We 1.03 Oliver, John PMon36 Ortiz, Oscar PWed22 Osset, Philippe Tu 4.01, Tu 3.10 P Paananen, Jaana PMon33 Pandey, Shubha PTue19 Panwar, T S PTue19 Parasivamurthy, Prakash PWed19 Parent, Julie Mo 3.08 Parthey, Falko PMon24 Passer, Alexander PWed25 Pastewski, Nico PTue20, Mo 3.14 Patel, Martin K. PMon13 Peesonen, Hanna PMon22 Pennington, David Mo 4.07 Pérez, Maylier Tu 3.15 Pergreffi, Roberto We 2.02 Perparim, DEMI PTue41 Perucca, Massimo Tu 3.18 Pesonen, Hanna-Leena Mo 3.10 Pesonen, Inkeri PMon33 Petrie, Jim Mo 1.02 Pfister, Stephan We 1.12 Pflieger, Julia PWed39, Mo 4.12,

PWed39 Pietroni, Lucia Tu 2.11 Placci, Daniel PMon7 Platt, Kristian Tu 1.06 Poganietz, Witold-Roger Tu 1.06 Polo de la Borda, Alicia PWed11 Prado, Racine Tadeu Araújo

PWed8 Pressenda, Frédéric Tu 3.02 Preston, Chris Mo 2.13 Puig, Rita Mo 1.03 Puig-Ventosa, Ignasi PTue6 Puy, Neus PTue16 Q Quiros, Ana, Keynote, Mo 4.15,

PWed20 R Rabiller Baudry, Murielle Tu 3.10 Raggi, Andrea Mo 1.03 Rahimifard, Shahin We 2.09 Raun, Egon Tu 2.16 Rebitzer, Gerald, Keynote, We 4.13 Redon, Estelle We 2.06 Rehl, Torsten PTue14 Remmen, Arne Mo 4.08 Remy, Christian We 3.05 Revéret, Jean-Pierre Mo 3.08 Rex, Emma Tu 2.17 Richard, Jacques PTue17 Rieradevall, Joan PTue16 Rigarlsford, Giles We 4.04 Rinaldi, Caterina Tu 2.14, Tu 1.07 Rivas, Ramon Sardinas PMon41 Rivela, Beatriz We 3.13 Roberto Soares, Sebastião

Mo 4.09, PWed5, We 1.05 Roche, Thomas We 4.06 Rodrigo, Julio Mo 3.12, PMon45 Rodrigues, Delcio We 1.04 Rodrigues, Fernanda M. We 3.04 Rodrigues Sousa, Sabrina PWed5,

Mo 4.09, PWed12, We 1.05

Rodriguez Rico, Ivan Leandro PMon41, PTue33

Roes, Lex Mo 3.14 Rosa Domínguez, Elena Tu 3.15,

PTue33 Rosemann, Bernd PMon9 Rubik, Frieder Tu 2.11 Rubli, Stefan Tu 4.12 Ruggeri, Bernardo Tu 3.18 Russi, Daniela PTue6 Rühl, Jan Mo 1.09 Rühle, Thomas PWed40 Rønning, Anne Mo 1.12 S Saadé, Myriam PWed10 Sadamichi, Yucho PTue18 Sagisaka, Masayuki Tu 2.10 Sakagami, Masaji PMon32 Salhofer, Stefan We 4.10 Saling, Peter We 1.14 Sampattagul, Sate PTue18 Sánchez, Antoni PWed18 Sang-Yong, Lee Mo 3.03 Santos, Ronaldo Tu 3.15 Sarlée, Willy Mo 2.06 Saur Modahl, Ingunn Mo 1.12 Scalbi, Simona We 2.02 Scharnhorst, Wolfram PMon2,

Mo 4.14 Schebek, Liselotte We 1.06,

Tu 1.06, Mo 3.02 Schiffleitner, Andreas We 4.10 Schmehl, Meike Mo 2.03 Schmidt, Anders PTue28 Schmidt, Jens Ejbye Tu 4.09 Schmincke, Eva Tu 2.15 Schneider, Felicitas Tu 3.09,

We 4.10 Schneider, Martin Tu 4.12 Schoell, Regina PTue25 Scholz, Astrid PMon34, Tu 3.01 Scholz, Roland W. Tu 3.07, Tu 4.07 Schuhmacher, Marta PWed42 Schulter, Danilo PWed25 Schwab Castella, Pascale We 1.07,

PMon10 Schäfer, Jörg PWed36 Schönfeld, Uwe Mo 2.03 Selmes, Derek We 4.08 Sendra, Cristina PTue6 Serrano, David PMon39 Settanni, Ettore PMon5 Sevenster, Maartje PTue27,

Tu 2.03 Sharma, Chandramoileswar

PWed19 Sharratt, Paul Mo 1.04 Shen, Li PMon16 Shuster, Kara Tu 2.19 Sihem, Tirechet PTue40 Silva Lora, Electo We 2.14 Simmons, Diana Tu 1.14 Siracusa, Giuseppe PWed27 Smith, Timothy Tu 2.13 Smolka, Thomas PMon24 Soares, Sebastião Roberto

PWed12 Sojo, Amalia PTue6 Sojo Benitez, A. PMon28 Soler-Rovira, Jose PTue30 Sonesson, Ulf Tu 3.01 Sonnemann, Guido PWed22,

Mo 4.15, Mo 4.08, Mo 4.13, PMon44

Spindler, Ernst-Josef PMon25 Spirinckx, Carolin Tu 3.11, Mo 2.06 Spörri, Andy Tu 4.07 Srichandr, Panya We 3.08 Srivastava, Amitabh Kumar

We 2.12

191

Srocka, Michael We 4.14 Steen, Bengt PMon30 Stefan, Stan PTue41 Steinberger, Julia We 1.13, Tu 3.12 Steiner, Roland Tu 2.02 Steinfeld, Aldo Mo 2.14 Steinhilper, Rolf PMon9 Stenmarck, Åsa We 2.07 Stichling, Jürgen PWed32 Streicher, Martin We 1.15 Stromman, Anders Hammer

We 3.14 Suh, Sangwon We 4.01 Sundqvist, Jan-Olov We 2.07 Suppen, Nidya PTue33 Suppen Reynaga, N. PMon28 Suttibut, Chonticha PTue18 Swarr, Tom Mo 1.01, PMon22 Sylvester, Robert Mo 4.02 Szita Tóth, Klára PWed43 T Taborianski, Vanessa Montoro

PWed8 TAKASE, Koji Tu 3.14 Talve, Siret PMon4 Tan, Reginald B.H. Tu 2.07 Tarabella, Angela Mo 1.03 Tarantini, Mario PTue7 Tassielli, Giuseppe PMon5 Te Riele, harry PMon21 Teixeira, José M. Cardoso We 3.04 Temerson, Jean-Marc PMon7 Tester, Jefferson PMon40 Thiede, Sebastian Mo 1.10 Tikul, Doolwit We 3.08 Tillman, Anne-Marie Tu 2.18 Timonen, Päivi PMon33 Toffoletto, Laurence We 2.06 Tommasi, Federica We 2.02 Toramaru, Takeshi PMon32 Torresan, Matteo PWed33 Truchon, Myriam PTue10 Trudel, Jean-Sebastien Mo 3.13 Tuchschmid, Matthias Mo 1.14 Tyedmers, Peter Tu 3.01

Tzann-Dwo, Wu PMon3, PMon23, PMon23

U Udo de Haes, Helias Mo 4.15,

PMon44 Ugaya, Cassia PMon31, Mo 4.13,

We 1.04 Ulvila, Kukka-Maaria PMon33 Usano-Martinez, Maria Cruz

PTue30 V Valdivia, Sonia Tu 4.17, PWed11,

Mo 4.13, Mo 4.15, Mo 4.08, PMon44

Van Harmelen, Toon Mo 2.11 Van Langenhove, Herman

PWed30, Tu 3.15 Van Overbeke, Elisabeth PMon29 Vares, Sirje We 2.04 Veith, Susanne Mo 2.07 Velasco Becerra, Martha Elena

PWed3 Vercalsteren, An Tu 3.11, Mo 2.06 Verghese, Karli PTue32 Vicente, Inés Alomá PMon41,

PMon12 Vidal, Rosario PWed14, Mo 2.04,

PMon14 Vilas Boas, Layla We 2.14 Vince, François Mo 4.03 Vink, Erwin Mo 2.10 Vogel, Frédéric PMon40 von Buttlar, Hans-Bernard Mo 2.03 von Geibler, Justus Mo 1.05 von Richthofen, Julia-Sophie

Tu 3.02 von Waldow, Harald Tu 4.11 Voutilainen, Pasi PMon33 Voß, Alfred Tu 2.04 Vrana, Bruce Mo 4.02 W Wakeman, Martyn PMon10 Wang, Hongtao We 4.09

Wang, Yongchao We 4.09 Wanichpongpan, Wanida Tu 2.10 Warsen, Jens We 1.06 Watanabe, Toshihiro PTue4 Watts, Daniel PWed28 Weeraratne, Waduruwa

Muhandiramlage Jayantha PTue9

Weibel, Marcel Mo 1.07 Weidema, Bo Tu 4.02, We 4.11 Weiss, Martin Mo 2.09 Welfring, Joëlle PTue15 Wernet, Gregor Mo 2.12 Wesnaes, Marianne We 4.11 Wetecki, Michael We 4.01 Wetzel, Christian We 3.03 Wittlinger, Rolf We 1.14 Wittstock, Bastian We 3.03 Wolfbauer, Jürgen Mo 4.01 Wollenmann, Regina Andrea

PTue23 Woodley, John M Mo 2.13 Wright, Eileen We 2.09 Wursthorn, Sibylle Mo 3.02 Wäger, Patrick Mo 2.08 X XUE, Yonghai We 2.13 Y Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Mo 3.03 Yamamoto, Noriaki Mo 3.03 Yangyang, Jiang PMon20 Yinchen, Ma PMon19 Z Zah, Rainer Tu2.07 Zamagni, Alessandra Tu 2.14,

Tu 1.07 Zayas, Jose PTue3, PTue38 Zhidong, Chang PMon19 Zhu, Yongguang We 4.09 Zikic, Vesna We 1.01 Zimmermann, Mark We 3.11 Zoldi, Elena We 4.06 Zufía, Jaime Tu 1.04

192

Keyword Index 1 page EcoProfile Repor PTue02 1 page ECOR-profile PMon03 1,3 propanediol (PDO) Mo2.07 2000 Watt society Tu4.13 Wed3.10 360 degree point-line-surface

inventor PTue02 3R system Mon23 A absorption PMon20 action learning Mo1.01 adapted technology Tu4.11 additive model Tu3.07 advertising Tu4.01 Africa Wed 1.07 agent-based models Mo1.02,

Wed3.01 agriculture Tu3.08, PMon27,

Wed1.07, PTue14, Tu3.05, PTue30,Mo3.08

Agriculture Landscape Management PTue36 agroecosystem modeling Tu4.05 air PTue08 air pollution Mo2.10 alfalfa PTue29 allocation PWed37, PTue27 allothermal biomass gasification

Tu2.08 alternative sanitation Wed3.05 aluminium PWed36, Mo2.14 Aluminium Mass Flow Analysis

Tu4.14 Ammonia Mo2.14 ammonium extraction PWed16 anaerobic treatment Wed2.10 and environmental decision-making

Tu2.05 APGDBD Tu3.17 Architects Tu2.13 Artisanal Tu4.17 audits and policy Wed1.03 automotive electrical and electronic components Mo3.12 automotive industry Wed4.10 Avaliação de ciclo de vida

PWed12, PWed08 avoided burdens PTue39 B background data Tu2.02, Tu2.06 balance scoredcard PMon23 baling-wrapping landfilling Wed2.15 batteries Wed2.03 bean PWed09 benchmarks Wed3.10 benzene emissions PMon20 bill of materials PWed35 bio based bulk chemicals PMon13 biobased products Tu4.05 biocatalysis Mo2.13 Biocomposites PMon14 Biodegradable Mo2.04 biodegradable material Mo2.06 biodegradable polymers PWed07 Bio-Diesel PTue18, Tu2.09,

PTue17, PTue19, Tu2.10 Biodiversity PMon12 Biodynamic Tu2.19 Bioenergy Tu2.06, Tu3.05 bioenergy system PTue16 biofuels Wed1.11, PTue17,

Mo4.02, PTue13, Mo2.08, Tu4.05, Tu2.06

biogas Tu4.11 biogas production PTue15 biogas residues PTue14

biological nutrient removal Wed2.10

biomass Mo2.09, PMon11, PMon40

biomass-to-energy Mo4.01 biomaterials PMon12 Biopolymers PMon15, Mo2.04,

Mo2.10 Bioprocesses Mo2.02 bioreactor Wed2.06 biorefinery Mo4.02 Blue Angel Tu2.11 Brass PWed06 Broadening of pplicationPWed32 Broiler Tu3.03 Building Tu2.13, PWed23,

Wed3.15, Wed3.09 building design Wed3.06 Building envelope PWed24 building label PWed40 Building Life Cycle Approach

PWed34 Building Materials PWed33,

Wed3.15 Building sector PWed22 bus body component Mo2.03 business decision making Mo3.10 business guide Mo4.08 C C PWed19 CAD Tu1.18 calculation tool PWed40 capability maturity model Mo1.01 capacity building Mo4.11, Wed1.04 capital Tu4.02 capital goods Wed4.12 car lifecycle PMon09 carbon Mo2.14 carbon exposure Tu1.18 Carbon Footprint PMon08 Carbon Sequestration PTue23 Carbonization Mo2.10 case study Tu4.10, Tu2.19,

PMon31, Wed3.05 CBA Mo3.03 Cellulose PWed04 Cement Wed1.07 cement production Wed2.08 Cement(C) PWed19 Certification Tu2.19 CExC Mo4.01 Characterization Wed1.05 characterization factors Wed1.08 chemical PMon11 chemical process engineering

PMon43 chemicals Tu1.02, Mo2.12, Mo2.11 China Wed1.13, Wed1.15 chocolate production Wed1.10 City of Zurich Tu4.13 Climate change PMon26, Tu4.16 Climate effect PMon25 Climate neutral product PMon26 Clinker PWed15, PWed13 CO2 emission Mo3.04 CO2 Equivalent Model Tu4.14 cocoa supply chain Wed1.10 collection rate Tu1.18 communication PMon22, Tu4.01,

Tu2.12 communication campaigns

Wed1.03 communicative devices PTue38 company strategy PWed31 comparative assessment Tu2.01 comparative LCA Mo3.13 Comparative PWed28 Comparison PMon39 Complexity Tu2.13

Component PWed23 Composite PMon10 compostable plastics Mo2.01 Composting PWed18 Compressive strength PWed19 concrete bridges Tu1.01 concrete precast PWed27 Conjoint Analysis PMon32 consequential environmental

assessment Tu4.04 consequential LCA Tu4.16 consistency Tu2.02 construction waste Tu4.07 constructions Wed3.15 consumption PMon21, Tu3.13 co-processin Wed2.08 co-product PWed37 corn PWed09 corporate Tu3.03 corporate social responsibilities

Mo3.08 Cost PMon10 costa rica Wed1.09 cost-benefit analysis Wed4.01 cotton PMon14 creativity Tu1.02 credibility Tu2.13 Crop yields PTue26 Crystal Bal Tu4.08 customer integration Mo1.05 Cut-off PTue39 CVM PMon32 cycle of material Tu4.15 D dairy cows PTue29 dairy industry Tu3.04 data Mo3.07 data format converter Wed4.14 data management Wed4.13 data transfer Tu1.18 database Tu2.06 decentralized energy production

Tu4.11 decision support tool Wed2.07,

Wed4.10, PTue35 decision-making Wed4.06,

Wed3.01 decoupling economic growth

PMon21 deforestation PTue24 dematerializaton PTue06 design Tu1.03, Tu1.02 design for environment Wed4.10,

Wed4.06, Tu1.18 Design for Reuse PMon36 design framework Mo4.04 design implications Wed3.15 Design in Emerging Countries

PWed02 design tools Mo2.11 destinations Mo3.01 developing country Tu4.11, Tu3.12,

PWed22 development of environmentally-friendly products Tu1.18 Device and operation PMon42 diffusion theory Mo1.07 dimensionless variables PMon43 dispensing closure PTue03 disposable cutlery Mo2.01 disposal Wed2.03 Dissassembliy sequence PWed35 Dissemination Mo4.13, Wed1.01 distance-to-target weighing Mo2.09 Dredged Materials PWed28 drinking cups Mo2.06 durability Wed3.15 dust PTue08, PTue41 dye solar cells PTue20

193

dynamic LCA PTue11 dynamic material flow analysis

Tu1.18 E EAF PTue41 early phase Mo4.04 Eco Tool PWed33 Ecodesign PTue01, PMon37,

PTue05, Tu1.18, PTue40, Tu1.04, Tu3.10, Wed3.08, Wed4.09, PTue03

Eco-efficiency PMon26, Mo3.01, Mo3.04, Wed1.14, Mo3.05, PTue39, PTue26, Mo3.02, PMon09, PMon24, PMon27

eco-efficiency analysis Mo2.06 ecoindicators PTue33 Eco-Industrial Areas PTue07 Ecoinvent PTue24, Tu2.06,

Wed1.15 Ecoinvent 2000 PWed38 ecoinvent data v1.2 Wed4.12 Ecolabel PTue04, Tu2.17, Tu2.12,

Tu2.11 ecological compensation PMon25 ecological footprint Wed4.02 ecological sanitation Tu4.11 eco-management Mo3.05 economic framework Tu3.05 economical costs Mo4.03 economy Tu1.18, Tu2.05 ecoprom Tu3.10 Ecosoftware PWed34 EcoSpold PWed04 Ecotools PWed34 Efficiency Mo4.01 efficient sustainability assessment

Wed3.06 effluent drying PTue14 e-governance PTue35 E-learning Mo4.12 electric and electronic productsMo3.03 electrical products PMon37 electricity PTue12 electricity generation PWed43 electricity technologies Tu2.01 electronic paper Mo3.13 electronics Mo3.09 electrophoretic displayMo3.13 EMAS PMon04 embodied energy PMon01 embodied greenhouse gasses

PMon01 emerging countries Wed1.14,

PWed10 emerging technologies Tu4.03,

Tu4.04 Emission PMon26, PMon16,

Wed2.08 EMS Mo1.12 end-of-life management Wed2.09,

Mo1.08, Wed3.02 end-of-life vehicle PTue37 energia PWed08 energy PMon11, Mo4.01, PMon16,

PMon01 energy crop PTue16 energy efficiency Mo3.11 energy generation PMon40,

Mo2.08 energy infrastructure Wed1.13 energy intensity Mo3.04 energy mix Tu3.17 energy policy Tu2.02 energy production Wed4.12 energy system analysis PTue13 energy transport greenhouse gas emissions PTue10 energy use Wed3.15, Mo1.12

Energy-using Product (EuP) Mo4.06, Tu1.18

envIMPACT Mo1.11 environmenal communication

Tu2.16 environmenetal impact Wed3.10 environment Mo4.04, PTue34,

PMon10, PTue40 environmental aspect PTue03 environmental assessment PTue21 Environmental Building Design

PWed33 environmental communication

Tu2.17, Tu2.13 environmental compliance Tu1.18 environmental design Wed3.08 environmental impact

Wed2.12,Tu3.02, Mo2.04, PMon18,nTu3.15, PTue26, Wed2.04, Wed1.10, PTue19, PWed22, Tu3.04, Mo2.09

environmental impact pattern Mo3.02

environmental improvement potentials Wed3.03 environmental indicators Tu2.01 environmental information management Tu2.18, PTue22 environmental information systems

Tu2.18 environmental label Tu2.14,

Tu1.18, Wed3.02 Environmental LCC PMon22 environmental life cycle assessment Wed2.01 environmental load PMon21,

PWed43 environmental management

Tu1.18, Wed3.09, Tu1.03 environmental management information systems Wed1.09 Environmental Management System Mo1.07, Tu1.18 environmental performance

Wed3.15, PWed24, Wed3.09, Mo1.03, Wed1.09

Environmental Product Declaration EPD PMon04, PMon22, Tu2.15, Tu1.03, Mo4.14, Tu2.15, PWed25, Wed3.15, PWed36

environmental significance Wed4.12

environmental standards Tu2.19 environmental sustainability

PWed27 environmental systems study

Wed3.09 EPD PMon22 EPER Mo3.02 ETc PWed09 Ethanol Wed1.11 ethical framework PTue31, Tu2.16 eucalyptus PWed04 EuP Tu1.18 Europe PWed36 european platform on Lca Mo4.07 Evaluation Method PMon32 exergetic analysis Tu3.15 Exergetic life cycle assessment

PWed30 Exergy PWed30 exergy analysis Tu2.08 export PMon01 extended product Mo4.05 external costs PTue13, PMon18 extract PMon19 F fachadas PWed08 Farm records PTue26

Farms Tu3.08 Fashion PWed20 feedstuffnTu3.02 fermentation PTue14 fertilizer Introduction PTue14 filters PTue08 Finnland PMon33 Flanders PMon27 Flexibility Wed3.15 Flexural strength PWed19 Fluidos de corte PWed12 Food PMon01 Food chain PMon33 food industry Tu1.18, Tu3.09 food processing industry Tu4.09,

PTue28 food production PTue27, PTue28 food waste Tu3.09 forest residues PTue16 forest-based industry Mo2.05 Framework Mo1.10 free-CO2 PMon39 frijol PWed09 future markets Mo1.05 future scenario Tu2.02, Tu4.02 G GaBi 4 PWed38 galvanizing sludge recycling

Wed2.01 gases PTue08 gases de efeito estufa PWed08 gate to gate Wed3.15 generic model Wed3.03 GFRC PWed26 GHG emissions PWed18 GIS PTue35 glass fibres PWed26 global perspective Wed1.12 global warming Tu1.03 globalization Mo4.10 gold Tu4.17 Gold mining PWed11 grain legume Tu3.02 green architecture Wed3.08 Green Building PWed28, Wed3.06 green coffee processing Wed1.09 green design PMon23, PTue02 green metrics Mo2.13 green performance assessment

PMon23 green prject life cycle management

PTue02 green products life cycle PMon23 Green purchasing PWed41 Greenhouse gas PTue42, Tu2.10,

PMon25 greenhouse gas emissions Mo3.13 greenhouse gas intensity Mo1.11 greenhouse gas inventory PMon01 guidelines PWed41 gypsumboard Wed3.02 H Haber-Bosh Mo2.14 hard coal Tu2.04 hardwood PWed04 HDPE PWed14 Health Wed3.07, PWed40, Mo4.04 Heating Tu3.11 Hemp crop PMon17 hemp fiber Mo2.03 heterogenous consumer behavior

Tu3.14 hidden costs Wed2.01 High Quality LCI Data PWed39 High yield methane generation from

wet biomass and waste PMon40

Household Tu3.13, Tu3.09 HRA Wed2.11

194

Human resource PMon30 Hurdles Tu1.18 husk rice PMon14 hybrid IO-LCA models PWed17 hybrid LCA PMon07 hydrogen Mo1.13, PMon39 I IEA Wed2.11 impact assessment Mo4.10, Wed4.03, Wed4.15, Tu3.04 impact categories Wed1.05 impact function Tu3.07 Impacto ambiental PWed12 impacts of consumption Tu3.12 import PMon01 imported food produc ts PTue24 improvement Tu3.03 improvement assessment SMEs

Wed4.08 incineration Mo2.10, Wed2.14,

PWed13, PWed15 Income indicators PTue26 India Wed1.13 Indicators Mo3.07, PTue30,

PMon27, PTue01 indoor air quality PWed40 industrial applications of LCA

Wed4.07 industrial building PWed27 Industrial Ecology PTue09, Mo3.04,

Tu1.18, Tu1.18, PTue07, PTue17

industrial symbiosis Wed1.07, Tu1.18

Industry Requirements PWed32 Information and communication technology PMon07 Information condensation PMon02 information system Mo4.13,

Mo1.08 infrastructure Wed4.12 innovation Mo1.05 inorganic fertilizer Wed2.05 Input-Output Analysis PMon05,

Wed3.15, PMon08, Tu3.13, Tu1.18

Integrated Environmental Performance of Buildings PWed25

integrated product policy Tu2.11 integration Tu2.11, PMon27 integrative approach Mo4.05 intensive agriculture Tu3.07 Interactive reporting Wed4.04 internalisation of external cost

PMon25 international markets Wed1.02 inter-organizational networks

Mo1.03 inventory Wed4.13, PMon31 inventory estimation Mo2.12 Ionic liquid PMon20 IPP PTue20 iron and steel industries Mo3.04 iron recycling PWed16 ISO PWed04 ISO 14001 PMon04 ISO 14025 Wed4.13 ISO 14048 PWed04 ISO norm PMon26 IT server virtualization data center

PMon35 J Jatropha PTue18 K KCL-ECO Wed4.15 key risk-area identification Wed4.01 know-how transfer Wed1.01

Kyoto protocol PTue42 L Label PMon26 Land Use PTue23, PMon12 Landfilling Wed2.06, Wed2.14 Latin America Wed1.02 LCA and LCC case studies Mo3.12 LCA application Tu2.15 LCA in EMS Wed4.05 LCA in Practice PWed32 LCA simplified methods for industry

Wed4.07 LCA streamlining Wed4.10 LCA sustainability Wed4.08 LCA Tool Tu1.18 LCC Wed4.06, Mo2.11, PMon09,

Wed3.04, Mo3.03 LCI Wed3.02, Wed1.06, PWed14,

Mo2.12, PTue23 LCI data update Tu2.04 LCI Database PWed39 LCIA PTue12, Tu3.06, Mo3.03,

Wed1.12, Mo4.09, Wed1.08 LCIA methods Wed1.05 LCM Wed4.01, PTue05, PWed23,

Mo4.08 LCM and NGOs Mo2.08 LCM in Developing Countries

PWed01 Lead PTue42 lead-free solder Tu1.18 learning Tu3.03 leather supply-chain Mo1.03 Life Cycle Mo1.10, PTue33,

Tu2.03, Tu1.02, Tu3.09, Tu2.10, Mo3.07, PMon28, Mo1.04, Tu1.18, Mo1.09

life cycle approach Tu4.06 life Cycle benefit Tu4.15 life cycle considerations Tu2.17 Life Cycle Costing Tu1.18,

PWed35, Mo3.14, PTue38, Wed2.13, PMon05

Life Cycle Design Tu1.01, PWed02 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) PWed05, Wed1.05 Life Cycle Initiative Mo4.13 Life Cycle Inventory PWed36,

Tu4.17, Wed1.04, PTue24, Tu2.06, Tu4.08, PWed35, PWed37, PWed38

life cycle inventory database Wed1.15

Life Cycle Management PTue18, Tu3.08, Mo4.08, Tu4.08, Wed1.14, Mo4.11, Mo1.01, Mo1.06, Wed4.04, Mo1.04

Life Cycle Modeling PMon10 life cycle screening PTue28 Life Cycle Thinking Mo4.14,

Mo4.11, PWed31, Mo4.08, Mo4.12, PWed22, Mo4.07

life support functions PMon12 life Mo4.15 life-cycle approach Wed2.06 life-cycle inventory Wed3.15 lifecycle value management

Mo4.05 life-time expected Wed3.15 light materials PWed24 lightweight boards Mo2.05 LIME PMon32 Mo4.06 Local climate action PMon08 local development PTue35 logistics Wed2.04 M magnetic ionic liquid PMon20 Magnetically Rotational Reactor (MRR) PMon20

Maíz PWed09 Management Mo1.10 PWed44

Mo3.01 management tools Mo1.05 mangroves Tu4.06 manufactures Mo1.09 manure Wed2.05 marketing Tu2.12 material PMon11, PMon16 material and energy flows Mo2.05 Material Flow Accounting PTue06 material flow analysis Mo2.05,

Tu4.15, Wed2.11, Tu1.18 material flow management Tu1.18 material flows Tu4.12 material production Wed4.12 material recycling Tu1.18 meat production Tu3.02 Mechanical biological treatment

PWed18, Wed2.06 Mediterranean region PTue16 Membranes Tu3.10 Mental Models PTue25 Metal degreasing PMon42 metallurgical process Tu1.18 methane PMon40 methods Wed3.15 Tu1.02 methyl methacrylate (MMA) Mo4.04 Mexico PWed03 MFA Wed3.15 Microchips PMon36 mineral materials Tu4.12 MIPS Tu1.18 Model Tu3.12, Tu3.14, Mo2.05,

Mo2.02 Monetarisation Wed2.01 monetisation social LCM integrated

PMon29 monitoring PTue08 monofermentation of energy crops

PTue15 Monte Carlo simulation Tu4.08 Moore's Law PMon36 MS-Excel Mo2.02 multilayer film Mo2.04 multi-objective optimization Mo4.03 Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) PWed05, Mo1.02 municipal solid waste Wed2.14,

PWed18 Municipal Solid Waste Incineration

PWed38, PWed17 municipal waste management

Wed2.15 N nanocomposite PMon16 national datasets Wed1.04 natureworks Mo2.10 network structure Mo1.04 neural networks Mo2.12 newsprint Mo3.13 nitrate leaching Tu3.05 non renewables PMon25 Normalization PWed05, Wed4.11 Notebooks Mo3.09 Novosol PWed28 O O.R.-textiles Tu1.18 obsolete scraps Tu1.18 ocean pollution PWed21 office Mo1.12 Oil Depletion PMon15 Oil Shale energy PMon04 on-line LCA database PWed43 open electricity market PMon04 open source Wed4.14 Open-Loop PWed20 optimal waste management

scenarios Wed2.07

195

optimisation of operational traffic Mo1.14

organic Tu2.19 organic photovoltaics Mo3.14 organic waste Mo2.01 organizational behavior Wed3.09 Oriented Strand board production

PWed29 P Packaging PWed20, PTue32,

PTue03 Palm Oil Industry PTue09 Paper PWed04 paper pulp PMon17 parametrised LCA Tu2.04 partnership project Wed1.14 passenger car Mo1.13 performance evaluation PMon03 perspective Wed4.03 Peru PWed11 Tu4.17 Pesticide Tu3.06 Pesticides PTue25 Petrochemical PMon28 Petroleum PWed21 PFG PWed13, PWed15 Pharmaceuticals Wed4.07, Mo2.13 pilot plant Tu4.03 pinch technology PTue33 Pipes threaded unions PWed06 PLA Mo2.10, PMon16 Plastic PTue03 PLM Mo4.05 POEMS Tu1.18, Tu2.14 Policy Tu1.18 policy-making Mo1.12 polluted soils Wed2.05 pollution PTue08 polylactide Mo2.10 Polystyrene PMon28 Potato PWed09 Power Generation PMon24, Tu2.03 power plant PTue12 Power Transmission Systems

PMon24 precaution principle PTue31 predetermined indicators Wed4.13 prediction Wed2.13 primary amine PMon19 primary energy PMon25 Primary Production PTue23 primary resources Wed2.08 process design Mo4.03 process development Mo4.02 processing Wed4.09 procurement Tu1.18 product Tu2.17 product development Mo1.07 Product Specific Requirement PSR

PMon04 product sustainability assessment

Mo3.09 product sustainability information

Mo3.10 production Mo3.07 production facilities Mo1.09 production-consumption chain

Wed1.13 productivity Tu4.02 property PMon06, PTue41 propionic acid PMon19 prospective LCA Tu4.03 protocol PTue34 PTP Mo2.03 PVC PWed06 PVD Tu3.17 Q Quartz PMon18 R

Ranking Tu3.06 rating system PWed40 ratio model Tu3.07 rebounds effect PMon07 Recyclability Index PWed35 Recycling PWed20 PTue20 Tu4.16

Wed2.03 Wed2.08 PWed14 Tu4.15 Wed2.04 PMon14 PWed02 Tu4.12 PTue37 PTue41

recycling mineral construction material Wed3.01 recycling/recovery Mo3.12 redesign Mo3.12 reference data Wed1.06 refining PTue43 refrigerator PTue05 regional characterization Mo4.09 regional economic development

Tu1.18 regionalization Wed1.05 Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) Mo4.06 renewable energy PTue21 renewable raw materials PWed07 residential buildings Wed3.03 Resource PMon30 resource depletion PTue12 resource management Tu4.12,

Wed3.01 resources Tu4.02 retail Tu3.09 retrofit PWed23 Reuse PMon36, Wed2.04 RFID PMon23 risc assessment PMon06 risk management Wed4.01,

PMon03 risk measures Tu2.03 Risk perception PTue25 Risk-based design PMon42 RoHS Mo3.03 S Safety Mo4.04 safety and health Mo2.11 SALCA Tu3.08 Salmon Tu3.01, PMon34 scale up Tu4.03 scenario PTue37 scenario analysis Mo4.06,

Wed2.13, Tu4.09, PTue36 scenario approach Tu4.06 scenery of LCA Wed1.02 score Tu3.06 screening LCA Tu1.18 Tu3.06

Tu2.14 sea turbine PTue21 seafood Tu3.01 PMon34 secondary minerals products

Tu4.07 selection Tu4.01 Service PMon07 service activities Mo1.12 service life scenarios Wed3.15 Setor metal mecânico PWed12 Shredding Mo3.12 simplified LCA Wed4.05, PWed31,

PTue28, Wed4.08 SLCA Mo3.09 Sludge PWed16 small-scale mining Tu4.17 social Mo3.07, Tu2.05 Social and Environmental Activities

PMon32 social costs Wed2.01, Mo2.10 social housing Wed3.04 social impacts Tu4.02 social indicators PMon31, Mo3.06 Social Life Cycle Assessment

Mo3.08

social metabolism PTue06 social science Tu1.18 Social-Responsibility PWed20,

PMon33 societal assessment Mo3.06 socioeconomic indicators PMon34 socio-technical change Tu4.04 software Wed4.14, Mo3.12,

Wed4.09, Tu1.18 Software tools PTue22, PTue32 soil remediation techniques

PWed42 solar energy Mo1.13 solid hardwood flooring Wed3.15 solid oxide fuel cells Wed2.09 Solid Waste PWed44 solid waste management Wed2.12 solutions PTue41 Sorona Mo2.07 Spain PTue06 Spatial Decision Support System

PTue36 spatial differentiation Mo4.09 Stakeholder PMon02, Tu2.16 stakeholder communication

Wed4.03 stakeholder process PTue31 standards Wed1.03 starch PWed07 statistic Mo3.07 steam coal Tu2.04 steel PMon31, Mo4.12 Strategy PMon30 structural agent analysis Tu1.18 Styrene-ethylbenzene PMon28 success factors Tu2.12 sugar production Tu3.15 sugar production by-products

Tu3.15 superalloys PTue43 supermarket carrier bags Tu3.16 supplier cooperation Tu1.03 Supply Chain PMon05, PWed11,

Mo3.09, Wed4.0 support systems PWed4 surface functionalisation Tu3.17 Sustainability PTue23, Mo4.12,

PMon06, Tu3.01, Wed3.04, PMon34, Tu4.05, PTue30, Tu4.06, Mo4.02, Tu1.18, Wed2.13, PMon15, PTue34, PTue38, PWed02, Mo1.04, Mo3.07, Tu1.02, PTue32

sustainability analysis PTue11 sustainability assessment Mo3.06,

Mo1.05 sustainability concepts PTue39 sustainability evaluation Mo3.05 sustainability indicators Wed1.11 sustainability science Mo1.06 sustainable buildings Tu4.13,

Wed3.07 sustainable business Tu1.18 sustainable community Tu4.10 sustainable construction Wed3.06 sustainable consumption and production Mo4.15, PWed41 sustainable design PTue31 Sustainable Development PMon38,

PMon30, PWed22, Mo1.10, Mo1.06, Wed4.08

sustainable food product Tu1.04 sustainable growth Tu4.10 sustainable innovation

management PTue20 sustainable processes Mo2.13 sustainable production and

consumption Tu3.11 Sustainable swots Mo3.10 Switzerland Tu1.18 system boundaries Wed2.02 system dynamics Mo1.02

196

Systems Analysis PMon38 Systems Engineering PMon38 T TCO Mo1.09 technology assessement Mo1.06 technology management Mo1.06 technology transfer Wed1.03 telecommunications Mo3.11 terrestrial eutrophization Wed1.08 textile Wed1.13 Thailand PTue18, Tu2.10, Wed3.08 thermochemical cycle Mo2.14 thermoeconomical analysis Tu2.08 thermoplastics PWed14, PMon14 third party verification Tu2.14 time Wed3.09 tool Mo1.11 Tools for designers PTue01 Tourism Mo3.01 TPS PMon16 Tracking PTue34 Trade Tu3.13, PTue30, Tu4.06 Train PMon10 transition countries Wed1.01 transport Mo1.13, Mo2.08, Tu3.11,

PMon18, Mo1.12, PTue30 Treated Crumb rubber (CR)

PWed19 Treatment unit of surface PTue40

Type III Tu2.15 U Umberto Wed1.09 Uncertainties Wed2.06 UNEP/ SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

Mo4.15, Mo4.08 UNFCCC Wed1.06 Unilever Wed4.04 Update PWed39 urine separation Wed3.05 used edible oils. Tu2.09 user friendly tool. PWed22 V vacuum induction remelting

PTue43 valuation PMon06 value chain Tu1.18 vegetable oil PTue17 vehicle leightweighting Tu4.16 Vending Machine PTue04 visciouse cycle PWed21 W wall PWed23, Wed3.02 waste Wed2.08, Wed2.14,

PWed26, PTue32, Wed2.08, Wed2.13, PWed43

waste hierarchy Wed2.07 Waste IO Tu1.18 Waste Management PWed38,

PTue07, Mo2.01, PTue37, PWed15, PWed13, Wed2.11, Wed2.04, Wed2.15

waste recycling Wed2.02 waste-management Tu4.11 wastes PTue43 wastewater Tu4.09, PMon19,

Wed2.10, Wed3.05 water avaiability. Palabras clave:

ETc PWed09 water comsumption PTue33 water management PWed10 water Use, Wed1.12 WEEE Wed1.15 weighting Wed4.03 white biotechnology Tu4.05 wood gasification. PTue13 wood waste Mo2.10 Y yield function Tu3.07 Z zeolite Wed2.05 zinc Wed2.05