3GPP 5G Standardization Status

3GPP 5G Standardization Status RF and mm-Wave Challenges of New Radio

Dominique Brunel – Technical Director, Standardization

Copyright © 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. D.Brunel, Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1st May 2017

Outline

5G Definitions and Time Plan:

ITU, 3GPP, IEEE

Higher Data Rates, Why and How?

3GPP 5G Specification Status

LTE and NR: Similarities and Differences

Operation, Spectrum, Modulation, Waveforms

Impacts on Architecture, Technology and Design

mm-Wave T/R module

Power Amplifier performance

Conclusions

Annex: Glossary and Definitions

Page 2


5G DEFINITION AND TIME PLAN

Page 3


Which 5G?

Lots of acronyms, a lot of 5G buzz…

…But what is this all about? Page 4

LTE NR

5G

NG

5G?

Sub-6GHz

mm-Wave

SA NSA

Dual Connectivity

Shared Uplink

eMBB

uRLLC

mMTC

FDD

TDD

ITU

3GPP IEEE

other

Massive MIMO

Beam-Forming

Phase1

Phase2


International Telecommunication Union

5G Definition: IMT2020

Page 5

Use Cases Headline Numbers

Beyond mobile phones

and data rates which

was 4G Focus:

Connecting

People and Things

Peak Data Rate

20Gbps

User Data Rate

100Mbps

Higher Density

& Mobility

Lower Latency

eMBB drives most

parameters

Latency is key to

uRLLC

Density is key to

mMTC


3GPP Timeline to provide candidate

technology for IMT2020

Page 6

Based on 3GPP 12-15 Month Release Schedule, using

both 5G/NR rel.15 and LTE Advanced Pro rel.13/14

RAN Study in 2016:

– RAN1: mm-Wave channels,

waveforms, coding, numerology

– RAN4: mm-Wave coexistence

study delivered to ITU

– Core network evolution

Accelerated Rel15 Plan: First

Spec Delivery December 2017!

– Priority to eMBB use case

– Priority to NSA operation

– Both sub-6GHz and mm-Wave

– Early deployments (Phase1)

10x1week meetings per year

1500+delegates with WW footprint

The Standardization Powerhouse


What about IEEE Technology?

IEEE has Relevant Technology for 5G: – IEEE 802.11ac/ax (sub-6GHz broadband multi-user access)

– IEEE 802.11ad/ay (mm-Wave short range point to point )

– IEEE 802.11p (V2V), IEEE 802.11. ah (IoT, but low market traction)

– mm-Wave unlicensed spectrum has been allocated (lots!)

But… – Limited resources to tackle the complete scope

– Needs to attach to a core network as seamless connectivity is the goal

Approached 3GPP to: – Have IEEE technologies interfaces supported by 3GPP core network

including 5G evolution

– Have a common submission to ITU including 3GPP and IEEE

technologies

Page 7


HIGHER DATA RATES,

WHY AND HOW?

Page 8


Why Higher Data Rates?

Page 9

Who Needs 10Gbps Data Rate? – Latest LTE data rates are >1Gbps in DL (using 256QAM, 4x4 MIMO

and Carrier Aggregation)

– Peak data rate will be distributed across users in one cell

– There is 100x ratio between peak and cell edge data rates so 10Gbps

peak means 100Mbps in mobility conditions

– Higher user density with good average throughput

Data Rate is Downlink (Download) Dominated:

Even if you can get good

video streaming with a few

tens of Mbps the “buffering

wheel” has become the

“dropped call” frustration

for smartphones


Downlink Data Rates

Uplink Data Rates

Higher Data Rate: Which Recipe?

Page 10

Beyond headline peak data rates, the key is what is available across the cell

Depends on the level of accessible: – MIMO order (numbers of antennas)

– Modulation order: QPSK to 256QAM

– Bandwidth (Carrier Aggregation)

Highest MIMO or modulation orders only available close to the base station

BW is the only way to increase data rate at cell edge today…

…but the phone has limited power capability


Higher Data Rates: Limitations

Limited output power capability of the phone means larger bandwidth is not increasing data rate at cell edge – Power is spread over a larger bandwidth so SNR at base station

reduces

Some UL data rate is needed for Ack/Nack – ~5% of DL data rate is needed => 100Mbps DL at cell edge requires

5Mbps UL

Even downlink data rate at cell edge is limited by UL capability

Recently 3dB higher power class (HPUE) has been introduced for TDD systems to improve coverage

Only other option:

Antenna gain with beam forming: 3D and MU-MIMO

Cell densification: small cells

Page 11


3GPP 5G SPECIFICATION STATUS

Page 12


3GPP Features By Release

Each release provides new set

of features, but market

introduction follows its own pace

Introduction of mm-Wave in a

phone will require significant

innovation on the radio and the

network side

Page 13

Sub-6GHz provides evolutionary

path from LTE to 5G/NR

(New Radio)

mm-Wave learning curve via fixed

wireless use cases:

last mile / backhaul / point to point

Accelerated


Data Rates: Where Are We Now With LTE?

Page 14

Category Combination

Best DL Data Rate [MBPs/features]

Best UL Data Rate [MBPs/features]

DL UL (64/256QAM)

Data rate

DL CC / MIMO / Modulation

64 QAM

256 QAM

UL CC SISO

9 5, 16 450 3 / 2x2 / 64QAM 75 100 1

10 13, 18 450 3 / 2x2 / 64QAM 150 200 2

11 5, 16 600 3+ / 4x4 / 256QAM 75 100 1

12 13, 15, 18, 20 600 3+ / 4x4 / 256QAM 225 300 2 to 3

16 3, 5, 7, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20

1000 5 / 4x4 / 256 QAM 75 150 225

100 200 300

1 2 3

18 1200 4+ / 4x4 / 256QAM

19 1600 3+ / 4x4 / 256QAM

* Maximum 5CC CA combinations specified today: bold combination possible only

DL 3CC/4x4/256QAM => 600Mbps

UL 2CC/SISO/64QAM => 150Mbps

Advanced LTE phones

and networks today:


LTE and NR Similarities and Differences: Use Cases and Operation

Page 15

uRLLC and mMTC early deployments already covered with LTE

LTE rel. 14 implements early steps of eMBB

NR provides evolutionary step with <6GHz and revolutionary step at mm-Waves addressing all use cases

eMBB still the driving use case with a clear business model

Different NR operating modes to ease transition

Use cases \ System 3GPP LTE rel. 14 Comment

Spectrum 0.6-6GHz 2.3-5GHz 24.25-40GHz first deployments <6GHz for mobile and >24GHz for fixed wireless

enhenced Mobile

BroadBand (eMBB)

DL/UL 256 QAM

100MHz DL

60MHz UL

HPUE, 4x4 MINO

1Gbps DL/100Mbps UL

Up to 400MHz

bandwidth U/DL

MU-MIMO

Up to 1GHz

bandwidth U/DL

Beam forming

Priority set in Release 15 as this is the

driving use case with clear business model

Features are carefully designed to support

future use cases.

ultra-Reliable Low

Latency

Communication

(uRLLC)

V2V/V2X, sTTI

Mixed numerology

shorter CP

Symbol level

switching

Beam mangement

and latency?

Early use cases supported by LTE release 14

Further improvement with <6GHz

mm-Wave for point to point (Backhaul/last mile)

When beam management mature >24GHz

massive Machine

Type

Communication

(mMTC)

Cat NB1 "NB-IoT/C-IoT"

(10-100kbps)

Cat M1 (1Mbps)

Cat1 1Rx (10Mbps)

Early use cases very well supported by LTE

release 14 from few bytes to Mbps.

Future use cases for 5G mostly related to eMBB

support in transportation

3GPP NR rel. 15

Spatial multiplexing for higher density

>100Mbps connected car

Gbps to buses, subways, trains….


LTE and NR Similarities and Differences: Air Interface Details

Page 16

The slide with a complex table: lets see in details in next slides

Parameter \ System 3GPP LTE rel. 14 Comment

Spectrum 0.6-6GHz 2.3-5GHz 24.25-40GHz Use of wider spectrum at mm-Waves and >2.3GHz TDD

Duplex methodsFDD (mostly <2.3GHz)

TDD (mostly >2.3GHz)

mostly TDD >2.3GHz

UL sharing <2GHzTDD

TDD spectrum is priority as larger bandwidths are available and

DL/UL reciprocity helps for massive MIMO and beamforming

DL Waveforms CP-OFDM

UL Waveforms SC-FDMA

single

15kHz 15/30/60KHz 60/120/240kHz

FFT sizes 2K higher aggregated bandwidth capability

DL Modulations QPSK+16/64/256QAM QPSK+16/64/256QAM QPSK+16/64QAM

UL Modulations QPSK+16/64/256QAMQPSK+16/64/256QAM

+ filtered PI/2 BPSK?

QPSK+16/64QAM

+ filtered PI/2 BPSK

DL MIMO4x4 with active antennas

at base station (sectors+tilt)

4x4 with beam

forming/MU-MIMO at

base station

UL MIMO 2x2 MIMO (not used) 2x2 MIMO

Channel Bandwidth 20MHz 100MHz 400MHzwith higher spectrum usage of 95-98% vs 90% for LTE

large bandwidth as only option for higher data rates

Aggregation options

Intra-band contiguous

Intra-band non-contiguous

Inter-band

Dual Connectivity

low frequency anchor band needed for roaming and beam

management

continuous aggregation (no gap between carriers)

DL aggregated BW up to 100MHz up to 400MHz >1GHz

UL aggregated BW up to 60MHz up to 400MHz? >1GHz?

3GPP NR rel. 15

filtered CP-OFDM

filtered CP-OFDM

low PAPR DFTS-OFDM

multiple and mixedNumerology (sub-carrier spacing)

large aggregated BW to make use of large shunks of spectrum

newly avaliable >24GHz and 3-5GHz spectrum

bandwidth in UL may not be useful

fi ltered OFDM for higher spectrum usage but more importantly for

mixed numerology (NOMA):

=> results in higher PAPR

=> symetrical DL/UL allow relaying, pear-to-pear

=> addition of low PAPR waveform for UL especially for mm-Wave

higher modulation order use at higher frequencies is l imited by

available SNR

=> use of 256QAM (and 64QAM?) questionable at mm-Wave

=> addition of PI/2 BPSK in UL

multiple numerologies allows higher doppler robustness

(500km/H train) and reduced symbol length (latency)

Beam forming +

Polarisation (256+ antenna array at BS and

up to 16 antenna array at UE)

Beam forming is needed to combat path loss and cell edge

limitations:

=> beam forming and MU-MIMO <6GHz at BS

=> beam forming at both UE and BS with rank2 MIMO

Dual connectivity LTE anchor+NR Data: NSA

NR only: SA (mostly for point to point)

Intra-band continuous

Inter-band

2/4/8K


NR Operation: Non Stand Alone

Page 17

NSA = Dual LTE + NR connectivity and LTE core network – LTE data + control anchor DL and UL connection

– NR data + control DL and UL connection

– NR can be sub-6GHz or mm-Wave

– LTE anchor connection to manage discovery, mobility, coverage

– Helps Beam Management for Beam Forming on BS <6GHz and UE+BS >24GHz

NSA is key to enable 5G/NR in mobile phones with smooth evolution

Priority operating mode for specification development

LTE umbrella cell

NR small cells

UE

DL UL

DL

UL


NR Operation: Stand Alone

Page 18

SA = NR connectivity and NG (New Gen.) core network – Ultimate goal to obtain all 5G benefits, especially latency

– Slower deployment – Can’t leverage existing LTE network

– Very challenging beam management for mm-Wave mobility

Early implementation with mm-Wave fixed wireless – Last mile connection / Backhaul

Then Easily “Tracked” UEs – Metro, Train, Cars…

NR small cell UE

DL

UL

Mobility Case

• Discovery

• Handovers

• Beam management

mm-Wave fixed

wireless case:

• Beam set-up


NR Operation: UL Sharing

Page 19

UL Sharing = NR connectivity + control plane via LTE UL – LTE control anchor connection

– NR data + control connection

– NR can be Sub-6GHz or mm-Wave

Halfway between NSA and SA

Makes use of available LTE UL resources

LTE umbrella cell

NR small cells

UE

UL

DL

UL


5G Spectrum: <6GHz and >24GHz

Page 20

Only TDD spectrum with WW footprint at 3.5GHz and 24-29GHz

Few 100MHz (2.5 to 5GHz) to few GHz bandwidths (above 24GHz)

Maximum channel bandwidth of 100MHz for sub-6GHz and 400MHz at mm-Wave compared to 20MHz for LTE


5G Spectrum: Deployment

As a first step, 2.3GHz to 6GHz TDD spectrum is the only option to provide operators with up to 100MHz channel bandwidth and small cell deployment in dense areas.

Lower FDD spectrum <2GHz can be used as LTE anchor control plane and roaming. Also for IoT.

The mm-Wave spectrum will be hard to apply to mobile phone at the start due to complex beam management

Used for point to point communication first – Backhaul, last mile, self backhaul

When mature, mm-Wave will bring the extra bandwidth needed for the insatiable data consumption demand of smartphones users

Page 21


>24GHz: How to Make Cellular Work?

Beam forming at Base Station (BS) and User Equipment (UE) to combat significant path loss: – At 28GHz: 90dB path loss over 30m! (omnidirectional)

– Beam forming gain = 10*Log(number of antennas in array)

– BS: 64 antenna = 18dB gain, 256 antennas = 24dB gain

– UE: 4 antennas = 6dB gain, 16 antennas = 12dB gain

Antenna phase arrays is the only way for cellular operation at mm-Wave

Small cells with 200-300m radius

Quasi Line of Sight (LOS) operation: – Direct or Reflected path

– Subject to blockage (more than blocking)

Beam management is essential

Including mobility

Page 22

Head, hand, finger blockage

LOS

Blockage by environment


>24GHz: Phone Architecture

Page 23

Based on linear or square arrays of

antennas: patch, dipole, with dual

polarization….

Need distributed antenna arrays for the UE:

mm-Wave T/R module close to the antenna

Centralized BB/IF transceiver close to the

MoDem

BB/IF TRX

Multiple arrays are needed to

beam-form in all directions

(but not simultaneously)

Transmit / Receive phase arrays with

beam-forming/steering capability

MoDem

mmW TR module

mmW TR module

mm

W T

R m

od

ule

mm

W TR

mo

du

le

Active beam

Diversity beam

po

ssible

be

am

possible beam

4x4 antenna array beam


Technology and Design >24GHz

At mm-Wave frequencies any trace loss is prohibitive (PCB/Package/IC)

Antenna, package and PA, switch and LNA need to be intimately integrated

Power splitting, phase shifting and LO distribution is also a source of power consumption and performance loss

All T/R paths with phase shifting and up/down conversion must be integrated on one IC

With multiple paths the distributed PA have lower power requirement allowing IC integration

Chosen IC technology needs to provide: – High Fmax for PA and LNA (with high voltage capability for PA)

– Low back end capacitive and resistive loss and low substrate loss (high density digital back end is not good)

– With capability for relatively dense digital for fast controls and calibrations

Page 24


>24GHz: IC Technology options

Ft is not enough for PA

and LNA

Need Fmax at least 5x

operating frequency

Fmax needs to include

access metallization to

transistor!

>150GHz Fmax for

28GHz

>300GHz Fmax for

70GHz

SOI CMOS and

BiCMOS offer good

options

Page 25


>24GHz: PA Technology options

High power capability needed for macro base station: GaN pHEMT is a key technology

At higher frequencies and for medium power InP HBT

For the phone implementation at high frequencies: SiGe HBT, SOI and bulk CMOS close the gap.

Large Scale Integration technologies are a good option at mm-Wave frequencies

Page 26

Transistor Technology nodes: Survey conducted for over 700 papers published from 2008 to 2013 compiled by Prof. Slim Boumaiza, University of Waterloo.

28

GH

z

70

GH

z

70

GH

z

28

GH

z


Some 45nm RF SOI CMOS Examples

Good T/R switches up to 70 GHz (<2dB IL)

LNA with >10dB gain and 3dB Noise Figure

PA performance verified at 60GHz

Good integrated passives and low loss substrate and back end

High density digital CMOS

Strong option for mm-Wave T/R phase array

Page 27

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Iso

lati

on

an

d R

etu

rn L

oss

[d

B]

Inse

rtio

n L

oss

[d

B]

Frequency [GHz]

ON branch Insertion Loss

OFF branch Isolation

Antenna port Return Loss


Typical mm-Wave T/R Module Solution

Integrated antennas

Either IF or BB interface

Miniature high-Q filters

(SAW / BAW) are not

available at these

frequencies

Image reject filters for IF

case

Differential design for

harmonics

Simple transmission line

filters on IC or package

Page 28

Package

IC

PA

LNA

BB

/IF Splittin

g

Phase shifter

PA

LNA

Phase shifter

PA

LNA

Phase shifter

PA

LNA

Phase shifter

PLL

4T/4R mm-Wave module

Can be used as a sub module for bigger

arrays especially for small cells


NR Waveforms: Mixed Numerologies

Mixed numerology: possibility to use different OFDM

Sub-Carrier Spacing in same band Needed for shorter symbols (latency) and Doppler (500km/h)

Page 29

Larger sub-carrier spacing

no longer orthogonal with

smaller subcarrier spacing:

no zero at sub-carrier

Non-filtered waveform Filtered waveform

Filtered waveform required:

Still some small guard-band

needed

Overlapping interference

Filtered Sin(x)/x


LTE and NR Modulation Schemes

QPSK + 16/64/256QAM already used in LTE

1024QAM specified in Wi-Fi but only usable at a few meters distance

But higher modulation order requires higher Signal to Noise Ratio. It is difficult to maintain it at higher frequencies: – Difficult to obtain at mm-Wave due to higher path loss

– Higher sub-carrier spacing to account for higher phase noise contribution

– Lead to the addition of P/2 BPSK (1b/symb) in NR

Page 30


NR Waveforms: Main Waveform

Filtered CP-OFDM is the New NR Waveform: Enables multiple numerology

Allow better spectrum usage and continuous spectrum aggregation

Page 31

…But used both in DL

and UL

…And 3dB higher PAPR

than LTE uplink (SC-

FDMA)

Higher linearity

required by the PA

Further challenge at

mm-Waves

PAPR is independent of

underlying modulation

and signal bandwidth

No further SNR loss

for higher modulation

LTE

NR

3dB


NR Waveforms: Low PAPR Options

Recognising the higher CP-OFDM PAPR and potential issues at cell

edge and at mm-Wave low PAPR waveforms are also considered

Page 32

DFT-s-OFDM QPSK

waveform is agreed in UL

with very similar PAPR

than existing LTE SC-

FDMA used in UL

PI/2 BPSK is also

assumed for mm-Waves

and provides 7.5dB relief

Further spectrum shaping

is evaluated with

significantly lower PAPR

Shaped PI/2 BPSK

NR CP-OFDM

7.5dB

LTE SC-FDMA NR DFT-s-FDMA

5dB


Impact of New Waveforms on UE PA

Technology and Design

Pout / PAE vs 20MHz BW Waveforms measured on <6GHz LTE PA:

The more complex NR waveform results in close to 3dB more power back-

off and 20% loss in efficiency

At same output power, the battery current would more than double

NR DFT-s-OFDM QPSK has similar result than LTE QPSK SC-FDMA

DFT-s-OFDM waveform needed at cell edge

Filtered PI/2 BPSK waveform: up to 3dB power boost with 30% PAE gain.

Lower PAPR is key for mm-Wave and closing the link <6GHz (UL limited)

Page 33

BW 20MHz/15kHz sub-carrier spacing

System LTE NR

Waveform SC-FDMA DFTS-OFDM CP-OFDM

modulation QPSK filtered PI/2 BPSK PI/2 BPSK QPSK QPSK 64QAM

ACLR [dB] -31.9 -31.2 -31.1 -31 -31 -31.1

Pout [dBm] 29 31.8 30 28.9 26.8 26.6

MPR [dB] 0.3 -2.5 -0.7 0.4 2.5 2.7

Rel. PAE [%] 100% 131% 113% 100% 83% 81%


Impact of New Waveforms on UE PA

Technology and Design: Bandwidth

Page 34

BW 20MHz 100MHz 200MHz 300MHz 400MHz

System LTE LTE NR LTE NR LTE LTE NR

Waveform

SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA

CP-OFDM

SC-FDMA

CP-OFDM

SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA

CP-OFDM

modulation QPSK 64QAM QPSK 64QAM QPSK 64QAM 64QAM QPSK

ACLR [dBc] -31.9 -31.0 -30.6 -31.1 -31.2 -31.1 -31.0 -31.2

Pout [dBm] 29.0 27.0 26.4 26.7 25.8 25.3 23.1 23.0

MPR [dB] 0.3 2.3 2.9 2.6 3.5 4 6.2 6.3

Rel. PAE [%] 100% 81% 75% 79% 70% 67% 49% 49%

Pout / PAE vs BW QPSK waveforms measured on <6GHz LTE PA:

The 100MHz NR waveform result in 3dB higher PA back-off than LTE 20MHz waveform and 25% lower PAE

NR CP-OFDM QPSK requires more back-off than 64QAM LTE SC-FDMA

DFT-s-OFDM waveform needed for large BW and high power

200MHz and 400MHz BW needs up to 3dB more back-off

Linearity and PAE of wide bandwidth PA is a key challenge!


Impact of new waveforms on UE PA

technology and design

Page 35

• New NR waveforms provide benefits in terms of flexibility in spectrum use:

mixed numerology, continuous aggregation, spectrum confinement

• But…

– PA linearity and efficiency suffers from higher PAPR waveforms and larger channel

bandwidths.

– At mm-Waves power consumption is even further challenged

– Efficiency enhancement techniques like Envelope Tracking and closed loop

correction are challenged by higher signal bandwidth and no longer deliver benefits

… but is also not applicable to an array of PAs.

No compromise on PA technology

Analog and feedforward pre-distortion: Doherty, DPD, APT…

Before PA: nice signals

After PA: All lost!


5G UE RF Challenges Summary

Page 36

<6GHz PA efficiency competitiveness

of NR vs LTE:

More complex waveforms

Larger Bandwidths

Large operating bands vs LTE: 3.5GHz band is ~25% BW compared

to 15% today (Wi-Fi 5GHz)

Bands multiplexing at antenna:

More bands, more combinations,

more antennas

Antenna efficiency 0.6-6GHz

Coexistence in 2.5-6GHz range: LTE / NR / Wi-Fi concurrent operation

>24GHz Complex multipath T/R IC and

module with: PA/LNA/Switch, phase shifters &

up/down conversion

Antenna integration, test

Power consumption: PA efficiency, LO/IF/BB interfaces

Spurious emissions: Harmonics, in device coexistence with

<6GHz and other mm-Wave bands

(no High filtering available)

Beam control: Phase step control, path matching,

beam calibration, test


CONCLUSIONS

Page 37


Technologies for 5G Analog and Digital

Analog technology: Large BW (100MHz to GHz I/Q BB

or multi GHz complex IF) and high dynamic range

(>60dB) I/Q ADCs and DACs

Digitally corrected (dynamic matching) high speed ADCs

and DACs integrated with digital SoC

Higher complexity (up to 8K) and faster FFTs (240kHz

symbol rate)

Fast control plane (low latency)

Complexity of multi RAT support (LTE / NR / LAA / Wi-Fi)

Use of advanced digital CMOS beyond 14nm is a must

for power consumption and size for BB modem

Page 38


Technologies for 5G RF FE and TRX

Table addresses passive and active technology for RF FE

<6GHz transceiver still uses mainstream CMOS

SOI CMOS is the technology of choice for UE implementation:

Low power (LNA / switches) and high complexity RF FE <6GHz

Highly integrated mm-Wave T/R Phase Arrays

Page 39

>24GHz <6GHz

LTE Anchor LTE/NR NR NR


Conclusion: RF Front-end Trends

More bands and TX/RX paths

Higher complexity modules – Multi band and CA capable PA, switch, filters

and LNA integrated module <6GHz

– 4 to 16 T/R paths integrated in a single die co-

integrated with antenna pattern on the module

for mm-Wave

With 256+ antenna array for beam

forming and small cells: – Base station RF front end gets closer to UE

technology

– Needed to enable the high density of base

stations at low cost

Page 40


THANK YOU!

Transition to 5G is possibly a bigger step than

transition to 4G was:

…Lots of room for innovation and a lot of work

…A new frontier for RF toward 100GHz

…With also challenging business cases

…and new applications

Page 41


Annex: Glossary 3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project

4G: 4th Generation Wireless Technology

5G: 5th Generation Wireless Technology

Ack: Acknowledged

ACLR: Adjacent Carrier Leakage Ratio

ADC: Analog to Digital Converter

APT: Adaptive Power Tracking

BAW: Bulk Acoustic Wave

BB: Base-Band

BiCMOS: Bipolar CMOS

BPSK: Bi-Phase Shift Keying

BS: Base Station

BW: Bandwidth

CA: Carrier Aggregation

CC: Component Carrier

CP-OFDM: Cycle Prefix OFDM

CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide

Semiconductor

DAC: Digital to Analog Converter

DFTS-OFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform

Spread OFDM

DL: Down-link (base station to phone)

DPD: Digital Pre-Distorsion

DRX: Diversity Receiver

eMBB: enhanced Mobile BroadBand

eMTC: Enhanced Machine Type

Communication

FEMiD: Front End Module integrated

Duplexer

FFT: Fast Fourier Transform

Ft: Transition Frequency

Fmax: Maximum Oscillation Frequency

Page 42

GaAs: Gallium Arsenide

GaN: Gallium Nitride

HBT: Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor

HPUE: High Power UE

IC: Integrated Circuit

IF: Intermediate Frequency

IMT: International Mobile Telecommunications

InP: Indium Phosphide

IPD: Integrated Passive Device

I/Q: In-phase, Quadrature phase

ITU: International Telecommunication Union

FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

KPI: Key Performance Indicator

LAA: Licensed Assisted Access

LNA: Low Noise Amplifier

LO: Local Oscillator

LOS: Line of Sight

LTE: Long Term Evolution

Nack: Not Acknowledged

NB-IoT: Narrow Band Internet of Thing

NG: New Generation (5G core network)

NR: New Radio (5G air interface)

NSA: Non Stand-Alone

MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output

mMTC: massive Machine Type Communications

MoDem: Modulator Demodulator

MPR: Maximum Power Reduction

MU-MIMO: Multi-User MIMO

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex

PA: Power Amplifier

PAE: Power Added Efficiency

PAMiD: Power Amplifier Module integrated

Duplexer

PAPR: Peak to Average Power Ratio

PCB: Printed Circuit Board

pHEMT: Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility

Transistor

QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RAN: Radio Access Network

RAT: Radio Access Technology

RF FE: Radio Frequency Font-End

RX: Receive

SA: Stand-Alone

SiGe: Silicon Germanium

SiGeC: Silicon Germanium Carbide

SISO: Single Input Single Output

SoC: System on Chip

SC-FDMA: Single Carrier Frequency Duplex

Multiple Access

TDD: Time Division Duplex

TRX: Transceiver

TX: Transmit

UE: User Equipment

UL: Up-link (phone to base station)

uRLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency

Communications

V2V: Vehicle to vehicle

WW: World Wide

xQAM: x state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Documents

3GPP 5G Standardization Status