3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges

1

SRB 041406 ver1

3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges

Suresh R. BorkarAdjunct Faculty, Dept of ECE, Ill Instt. of Tech.

[email protected] 14, 2006

2

SRB 041406 ver1

3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges

Where are we?

3G Wireless Summary

Where do we Want to go?

Evolution to Seamless Networking

4G Wireless

Challenges

The one who stays still is left behind

3

SRB 041406 ver1

Where are We?

Classic Wireline MaBell Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

– US Universal coverage achieved early 1980’s “Wireless” First Generation Analog Systems

– Speech

– AMPS, TACS Second Generation Digital Systems

– Enhanced Capacity

– CDMA, D-AMPS, TDMA, GSM, DECT, PDC 2.5 Generation Systems

– Low Speed Data

– GPRS, EDGE Third Generation Systems

– “INTERNET” on Wireless

– WiFi/HyperLAN <-> WiMAX/HyperWAN <-> CDMA2000/WCDMA

– Evolution to All IP Network including VoIP

4

SRB 041406 ver1

Representative Wireless Standards

GSM/TDMA

– Time Division Multiplexing based access

CDMA

– Code Division Multiplexing based access

OFDM

– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Many toys to play with

5

SRB 041406 ver1

TDMA/FDMA

slot 1 slot 2 . . . Slot nFrequency 1 Circuit Circuit CircuitFrequency 2 Circuit Circuit Circuit

.

. Downlink Path

.Frequency Frequency n Circuit Circuit CircuitDomain

Frequency 1 Circuit Circuit CircuitFrequency 2 Circuit Circuit Circuit

.

. Uplink Path

.Frequency n Circuit Circuit Circuit

Give the same air to all

6

SRB 041406 ver1

CDMA

t

Freq:Chips

user 1user 2

usern

Separated by PN codest

Message

t

Resulting Signal

X

I I I

All persons are created equal

Channelization code: Separate xmissions from a single source from each otherScrambling code: separate different sources from each otherSpreading Code = Channelization code x Scrambling code

7

SRB 041406 ver1

Multipath Arrival of Signals

Transmittedsymbol

received signal Modified with the combinedat each time delay channel estimate symbol

finger #1

finger #2

finger #3

YY

8

SRB 041406 ver1

CDMA Rake Receiver

Input signal(from RF)

correlator

code generator

channel estimator

phase rotator delay equalizer

Timing (Finger allocation)

Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3

Matched filter

SUM I

SUM Q

Combiner

I

QI

Q

9

SRB 041406 ver1

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA

Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally efficient manner without requiring multiple local oscillators (802.11a and 802.16)

Based on use of IFFT and FFT

Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality in CDMA using Walsh Code

10

SRB 041406 ver1

3G Services

2MHz video telemedicineconferencing Video on Mobile

demand TV

electronicInternet radio newspaper

Bandwidth pagingaudioconferencing messaging Mobile

radio

Faxvoice

1KHzbi-directional unidirectional Broadcast/

multicast

Who is first? – the customer; who is second? - No one

11

SRB 041406 ver1

Key Mobility Services

Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS)

– Text, sounds, images, and video

– Transition from Short Message Service (SMS)

– Open Internet standards for messaging

Web Applications

– Information portals

– Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

Location Communications Services

– Location Awareness Based

Personalization of information presentation format

– Service capability negotiations (MExE environment)

12

SRB 041406 ver1

Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)

CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming)

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

• Mobile user <-> ISP <-> corporate server

• Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality

Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services

Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

• Subscriber profile, charging information, Service information, numbering information

• Integration of array of services, content conversion to heterogeneous services, network user profile, location aware services

Take the claims with a grain of salt

13

SRB 041406 ver1

GSM Network

BSS

HLRAuC

C, D

Gw-MSC C

E, ISU

P

PSTN/ISDN

ISUP

GSM04.08

Call

MSCVLR

A

UE

SMS-GW

Billing Center

SCP

STPIN

gsmSCFSSP

Circuit domain

14

SRB 041406 ver1

GSM & GPRS

BSS

HLRAuC

C, D

Gw-MSC C

E, ISU

P

PSTN/ISDN

ISUP

GSM04.08+

Call

MSCVLR

A

UE

SMS-GW

Billing Center

GGSN

PDN

Gi

Gb

SGSN

Data, voice, videocall

GSM04.08+

Gr

Gc

Gn

CGw

Ga

Ga

SCP

STPIN

gsmSCFSSP IP Services

Circuit domain Packet domain

15

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA/UMTS

UTRAN

HLR+AuC

C+, D+

Gw-MSC C

E+, ISU

P

PSTN/ISDN

ISUP

GSM04.08++

Call

3G-MSCVLR

Iu-cs

UE

SMS-GW

Billing Center

GGSN

PDN

Gi+

Iu-ps

3G-SGSN

Data, voice, videocall

GSM04.08++

Gr+

Gc+

Gn+

CGw

Ga+

Ga+

SCP

STPIN, CAMEL

gsmSCFSSP IP Services

Circuit domain Packet domain

16

SRB 041406 ver1

GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and ServicesGSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services

High

Bit Rate, Kbps

Low

Tex

t M

essa

gin

gMobility

Voi

ce

76.0 GPRS 384.0 EDGE UMTS 2 Mb/s9.6 14.4HSCSD

CS

Data

Fax

GSMHSCSDGPRS

EDGE

UMTS

(stationary)

(Car / Train)

17

SRB 041406 ver1

3G Evolution

GSMHSCSD15.2 kbps

GPRS170 kbps

EDGE473 kbps EDGE Ph2

GRAN473 kbps

TDMACDPD43.2 kbps

TD-SCDMA284 kbps

TD-SCDMAPh 22 Mbps

PDA/PDC-P14.4 kbps

WCDMA FDD2 Mbps

WCDMA TDD 2 Mbps

WCDMA HSDPA 10 Mbps

cdmaOne76.8 kbps

CDMA2000 1x307 kps

1XEV-DO (HDR) 2.4 Mbps

1XEV-DV (HDR) 5.4 Mbps

WLANIEEE 802.11b11 Mbps

HyperLAN254 Mbps

IEEE 802.11 a/h54 Mbps

HarmonizedHyperLAN2And IEEE 802.11a

Ref: Honkasalo et al, WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and Beyond, IEEE Wireless Communication, Apr 2002

3.5G2.5G

WiMAX/HyperMAN also in the mix

18

SRB 041406 ver1

Some Representative Current Wireless Options

3G Cellular (WCDMA)

– Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in frequency – (“symmetric”)

– Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in time – allows “asymmetric” traffic (adjust time slots in uplink and downlink)

3G Cellular (CDMA2000) Wi Fi

– 802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2

– 2.4 GHz band WiMAX

– 802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (“portable”)

– 5.8 GHz band; 10 – 20 Mbps symmetrical BW Blue Tooth

– RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage

– 2.4 GHz band

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Survival of the fittest

19

SRB 041406 ver1

3G WCDMA

Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Domains, Protocols, and Channels

Radio Resource Management

Network Dimensioning and Optimization

Quality of Service (QoS0 and Location Services

The favored twin sister of CDMA2000

20

SRB 041406 ver1

Release 99

Radio Bearer Negotiations Traffic Classes Complex Scrambling Speech Codec – (eight) Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) Battery Life Transmission “spatial/antenna” diversity Compressed Mode

– Measurements in multiple frequency

– Use of transmission time reduction techniques # PDP Contexts per IP Address QPSK; coherent detection; Rake receiver Short and Long Spreading Codes Multicall – several simultaneous CS calls with dedicated bearers of

independent traffic and performance characteristics Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)

Phase 3

A lot to gobble

21

SRB 041406 ver1

Release 4

Bearer Independent Core Network

Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation (TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC)

Low Chip Rate TDD Operation

Network Assisted Cell Change

FDD Repeater

NodeB Synchronization for TDD

IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and non-real time traffic

– Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7

Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW (Connection management subtasks)

Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment

22

SRB 041406 ver1

Release 5

IP Transport in UTRAN

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps)

Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex)

IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS)

“Guaranteed” End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain

Global Text Telephony

Support for Real Time Services in packet domain

CAMEL Phase 4

23

SRB 041406 ver1

HSDPA

Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps

Same spectrum by both voice and data

– Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)

– Fast link Adaptation

– Both code and time division for channel sharing

Transmission Time interval 2 ms

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)

– Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)

QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreading factor fixed to 16

Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH)

New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info

24

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA Domains

User Equipm ent Dom ain

Access Network Dom ain

Core Network Dom ain

Infrastructure Dom ain

Cu

Mobile Equipm ent Dom ain

USIM Dom ain

Hom e Network Dom ain

Transit Network Dom ain

Uu Iu

[Zu]

[Yu]

Serv ing Network Dom ain

Standardization of architecture (domains) and standardization of protocols (strata)

25

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA Protocol Layers

ApplicationProtocol

DataStream(s)

ALCAP(s)

TransportNetworkLayer

Physical Layer

SignallingBearer(s)

TransportUser

NetworkPlane

Control Plane User Plane

TransportUser

NetworkPlane

Transport NetworkControl Plane

RadioNetworkLayer

SignallingBearer(s)

DataBearer(s)

26

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer

L3

control

control

control

control

LogicalChannels

TransportChannels

C-plane signalling U-plane information

PHY

L2/MAC

L1

RLC

DCNtGC

L2/RLC

MAC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLC

Duplication avoidance

UuS boundary

BMC L2/BMC

RRC

control

PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP

DCNtGC

L3/RRC

27

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA Channels

Logical Channels Control TrafficBCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH SHCCH DTCH CTCH

Mac -b -c/sh -d

Common DedicatedTransport Channels BCH PCH FACH RACH UL CPCH DSCH DCH

Physical Channels Mapped to Transport Channels DedicatedPCCPH SCCPCH PRACH PCPCH PDSCH DPDCH DPCCH SCH

CPICHAICHPICHCSICHCD/CA-ICH

Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interfaceLogical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface

Channels made by soft hats

28

SRB 041406 ver1

Mapping Between Channels

SCHCPICHAICHPICHCSICHCD/CA-ICH

CCCHDCCHDTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH

DCCHDTCH

RACH CPCH DCH PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH

LogicalChannels

TransportChannels

Uplink Downlink

PCCPCH SCCPCHPRACH DPDCHDPCCH

PDSCHPCPCH

MappedPhysicalChannels

DedicatedPhysicalChannels

DPDCHDPCCH

N to M

29

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA Channel Usage Examples

Dedicated channels Common channels Shared channelsDCH FCH RACH CPCH DSCH USCH

Uplink/ Both Downlink Uplink Uplink Downlink Uplink, onlyDownlink in TDDCode Usage According to maxm Fixed Fixed Fixed Codes Codes

bit rate codes per codes per codes per shared sharedcell cell cell btw users btw users

Fast Power control Yes No No Yes Yes NoSoft handover Yes No No No No NoSuited for Medium or large Small Small Small or Medium Medium

data amounts data data medium or large or largeamounts amounts data data data

amounts amounts amountsSuited for bursty No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yesdata

Flexibility comes with responsibility

30

SRB 041406 ver1

Radio Resource Management

Power Control

Handover

Access Control

Load and Congestion Control

Packet Scheduling

31

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA Power Control (near = far)

YY

NodeB

Keep received powerlevels P1 and P2 equal

Power control commandsto the UEs

UE1

UE2

Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)Open Loop Power ControlClosed Loop Power ControlOuter Loop Power Control

Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA)

32

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA Handovers

YY

sector 1

sector 2

RNC

The same signal is sentfrom both sectors to UE

RNC

YY

YY

NodeB1

NodeB2

The same signal is sent fromboth NodeB's to UE, except for thepower control commands

macro diversitycombining in uplink

Hard and Inter-frequency handoversIntersystem cell-reselection“Equivalent PLMN mode” (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode)

Softer

Soft

33

SRB 041406 ver1

Handover Algorithm

Pilot Ec/IO of cell 1



Reporting_range- Hysteresis_event 1A

T T T

Reporting_range+ Hysteresis_event 1B

Hysteresis_event 1C

Connected to cell 1

Event 1A- add cell2

Event 1C= replace cell1with cell3

Event 1B= remove cell3

A relay race with multiple batons

34

SRB 041406 ver1

Network Dimensioning and Optimization

Dimensioning Criteria

– Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service

Dimensioning

– Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor

– Estimation of average interference power

– Coverage end Outage probabilities

Optimization

– Performance Requirements

– Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes

Don’t force a round peg in a square hole

35

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos)

Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer

– Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate

– Authentications

Traffic class Conversational class Streaming class Interactive class BackgroundFundamental Preserve time relation Preserve time Request response Destination is notcharacteristics (variation) between relation (variation) pattern expecting the data

information entities of between information Preserve data within a certain timethe stream entities of the integrity Preserve dataConversational pattern stream integrity(stringent and lowdelay)

Examples of the voice, Streaming Web browsing, Backgroundapplication videotelephony multimedia network games download of emails

video games

One way communications is no communications

36

SRB 041406 ver1

Location Services (LCS)

SMLC

UE

Node B

LMU type B

HLR

Gateway MLC

External LCS client

Le Lg

Lh

LMU type A

Um

Iu

Iub

gsmSCF

Lc

MSC

BSC

BTS LMU type B

A/ (Gb)/ (Iu)

Abis

SRNC SMLC

Lb Ls

Uu

<- alternative -> (R98 and 99)

<- alternative ->

SMLC

Lp

UTRAN

GERAN

Cell ID basedObserved Time Difference Arrival – Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)Network Assisted GPS

You can run but you cannot hide

37

SRB 041406 ver1

Why Move Towards 4G?

Limitation to meet expectations of applications like multimedia, full motion video, wireless teleconferencing

– Wider Bandwidth

Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards hampering global mobility and service portability

Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs’; need a new integrated network

Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more efficient modulation schemes

Need all all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged video and data

Incessant human desire to reach the sky

38

SRB 041406 ver1

Where Do We Want to Go?

Seamless Roaming

Integrated “standard” Networks

Mobile Intelligent Internet

Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks

We are no longer in Kansas, Toto

39

SRB 041406 ver1

Upcoming

3.5 G

– Evolved radio Interface

– IP based core network

4G

– New Air Interface

– Very high bit rate services

– Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP worlds

And Now for Something Completely Different

40

SRB 041406 ver1

R-SGW

Gi

Mr

Gi

Ms

MGW

MGCF

MRF

PSTN/Legacy/External

Mm

Mw

Legacy mobilesignalingNetwork

Mc

Cx

AlternativeAccess

Network Mh

CSCF

Mg

T-SGW

CSCF

HSS

MSC Server

Gi

MGW

GMSC Server

NbMc Mc

NcT-SGW

Iu

3G All-IP Reference Architecture

Iu

Gi

R Uu

Gn

Gc

Gp

Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

Signalling Interface

Gr

Other PLMN

Gn

Applications& Services

SCP

CAP

TE MT

SGSN

GGSN

HLR

SGSN

GGSN

MultimediaIP Networks

UTRAN

41

SRB 041406 ver1

N_B

PSTN/ISDN

N_B

RNCRNC

Iub

IubIur

Internet/Intranet/ISP

Application servers

WirelessData

Server

www, email

IP

SGSN

GGSN

IP Firewall

HLRAuC

PCMSS7

3G-MSC

ATM GTP+/IP

N_B

Internet/Intranet/ISPPSTN/ISDN

Application servers

N_B

RNCRNC

Iub

IubIur

ATM GTP+/IP

WirelessData

Server

www, email

IP

PCMSS7

IP Firewall

GGSN

IP

PSTN/ISDN

MGCFHSS CSCF SGW

MGW

MRF

(G)MSCServer

MGW3G-MSC

SGSN

GGSN

WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network

UTRAN

42

SRB 041406 ver1

3.5G Radio Network Evolution

High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission

schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signaling optimization

Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20 MHz spectrum

Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50 ms (dormant to active)

> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz Eliminate “dedicated” channels; avoid macro diversity in DL Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL Support voice services in the packet domain Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality

Indicator (CQI) measurements

43

SRB 041406 ver1

3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture

Evolved Packet Core

Evolved RAN S1 Gi

Op. IP

Serv. (IMS, PSS, etc…)

Rx+

S2

GERAN

UTRAN

GPRS Core

Gb

Iu

S3

MME UPE

Inter AS Anchor

S4

non 3GPP IP Access

HSS

PCRF

S5

S2

S7

S6

WLAN 3GPP IP Access

* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface

Source: www.3gpp.org

44

SRB 041406 ver1

Key 3G and 4G ParametersAttribute 3G 4G

Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data as add-on

Converged data and VoIP

Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid – integration of Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue Tooth, Wide Area

Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz

Component Design Optimized antenna; multi-band adapters

Smart antennas; SW multi-band; wideband radios

Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz

Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps

Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM

Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3; turbo

Concatenated Coding

Switching Circuit/Packet Packet

Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph

IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)

Operational ~2003 ~2010

45

SRB 041406 ver1

Key 4G Mobility Concepts

Mobile IP

– VoIP

– Ability to move around with the same IP address

– IP tunnels

– Intelligent Internet

Presence Awareness Technology

– Knowing who is on line and where

Radio Router

– Bringing IP to the base station

Smart Antennas

– Unique spatial metric for each transmission

Wireless IP <---> IP Wireless

46

SRB 041406 ver1

4G Networks Advances

Seamless mobility (roaming)

– Roam freely from one standard to another

– Integrate different modes of wireless communications – indoor networks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals; radio and TV; satellite communications

100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area) IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and

video

– IP RAN Open unified standards Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

– Successor to “SS7”; replacement for TCP

– Maintain several data streams within a single connection Service Location Protocol (SLP)

– Automatic resource discovery

– Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through IP-based service and directory agents

The demise of SS7

47

SRB 041406 ver1

4G Networks Advances – cont’d

Diameter

– Successor to “Radius”

– Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)

Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)

HSS

– Unified Subscriber Information

Application developers, Service providers, and content creators

Expand beyond the circle

48

SRB 041406 ver1

Key Challenges Spectral Efficiencies

– Challenge Shannon’s fundamental law of data communications (BW, Sig/No)

– Hardware Frequency Synthesis techniques esp. for Frequency Hop (FH) systems

– Traffic characteristics management (burstiness, directionality)

Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)

– Baseband process using parallel equal bandwidth subchannels

– MC-CDMA; OFDM

– Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

– Add cyclic extension or guard band to data

– Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to Average Ratio (PAVR)

No pain, no gain

49

SRB 041406 ver1

Key Challenges - cont’d - 1

Signal Processing and optimizations

– Handling extremely large number of users

– Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions

– Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes

– Spectrum Pollution

– Multi path re-enforcement / interference

– Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference suppression techniques (ISI and MAI)

50

SRB 041406 ver1


Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)

– N Dimensional vector spaces

– IFFT, FFT

– Advanced DSP’s for parsing and processing data

Smart / Intelligent Antennas

– Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI

– Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays

– Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)

Manage Entropy

51

SRB 041406 ver1


More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs

– Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity, tunable filters, spurious rejection, power consumption

– Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques

– Tight closed Loop power control

– Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments

– Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios

– Error Correction Coding

– “Perfect” Synchronization / phase alignment between Xmitter and Receiver

• Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero crossing)

– Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals

• A/D and D/A transformations

52

SRB 041406 ver1

4G RF/IF Architecture Example

Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm

53

SRB 041406 ver1

4G Transreceiver Processing Example

Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm

54

SRB 041406 ver1


All IP Network

– Tunneling and Firewalls

– Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime location tracking, distributed policy management

– Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic

• Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversions Planetary Interoperability

Integration across different topologies

– Multi Disciplinary Cooperation

WPAN WLAN

WWAN WMAN

There is packet at the end of the tunnel

+ IP

55

SRB 041406 ver1


Distribute intelligence to the edges

– Very Smart User equipment; away from “network Centric” architecture

– Access routers

– Miniaturization esp User Equipment

Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)

– Encryption Protocols; Security and “trust of information”

– Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness

– Dynamic optimization of scarce resources

Advanced Used interactions / presentation

– Improved User interfaces

– advanced Speech recognition and synthesis

– Flexible displays

56

SRB 041406 ver1


Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs

– Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents

– Web Adaptiveness – global database schemes, global error corrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learning algorithms

– Symbolic manipulation

– Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse information sources

Standardizations and Regulatory

– Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming

– Spectrum

– Cooperation/coordination among global Spectrum Regulators

57

SRB 041406 ver1

4G Forums

Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe

Next-Generation Internet (NGI)

– Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA, NIH etc.)

– High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA), DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),

Internet2

– US Universities Initiated

– Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)

58

SRB 041406 ver1

Summary

Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user

bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user interface

Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G

– Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls

– Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard, authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation

Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical space, esp. User Equipment (UE)

IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G

IP in the sky with diamonds

59

SRB 041406 ver1

Back-up

60

SRB 041406 ver1

1st Generation Analog Cellular Systems

Standard Region Frequency (MHz)

Channel Spacing (kHz)

No. of Channels

Modulation Data Rate (kbps)

AMPS USA 824-849 869-894

30 832 FM 10

TACS Europe 890-915 935-980

25 1000 FM 8

ETACS UK 872-915 917-950

25 1240 FM 8

NMT 450 Europe 453-457.5 463-467.5

25 180 FM 1.2

NMT 900 Europe 890-915 935-960

12.5 1999 FM 1.2

C-450 Germany Portugal

450-455.74 460-465.74

10 573 FM 5.28

RTMS Italy 450-455 460-465

25 200 FM -

Radiocom 2000

France 414.8-418 424.8-428

12.5 250 FM -

NTT Japan 870-885 25 600 FM 0.3JTACS / NTACS

Japan 860-870 915-925

25 400 FM 8.0

61

SRB 041406 ver1

2nd Generation Cellular and Cordless SystemsSystem Country

IS-54 USA

GSM Europe

IS-95 USA

CT-2 Europe, Asia

CT-3 DCT-90 Sweden

DECT Europe

Access Technology

TDMA / FDMA

TDMA / FDMA

CDMA / FDMA (DS)

FDMA TDMA / FDMA

TDMA / FDMA

Frequency Band

BS(MHz) 869-894 935-960 869-894 864-868 862-866 1800-1900MS(MHz) 824-849 890-915 824-849

Duplexing FDD FDD FDD TDD TDD TDDRF Channel Spacing (kHz)

30 200 1250 100 1000 1728

Modulation Pi/4 DQPSK

GMSK BPSK / QPSK

GFSK GFSK GFSK

Frequency Assignment

Fixed Fixed Fixed Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic

Power Control

MS Y Y Y N N NBS Y Y Y N N N

Speech Coding

VSELP RPE-LTP QCELP ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM

Speech rate (kbps)

7.95 13

8 (variable rate) 32 32 32

Channel Bit Rate (kbps) 48.6 270.833 1228.8 72 640 1152Channel Coding

1/2 rate convolution

1/2 rate convolution

1/2 rate forward, 1/3 rate reverse, CRC

None CRC CRC

62

SRB 041406 ver1

3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards

UMTS-WCDMA CDMA2000

"No' Backward Compatibility Backward compatibility with CDMAOneCell Sites not synchronized Cell sites synchronized thru' GPS timingEach cell site with different scrambling Adjacent cell sites use diffferent time offsetcode for spreading of same scrambling code for spreadingComplex soft Hand Over Simple Soft Hand OverScrambling code 38,400 chips; frame Preudo Random (PN) sequence of lengthof 10 ms 215 - 1 chips; period of 26.67 ms; different

site offset of 64 chipsOVSF Codes Walsh Codes

63

SRB 041406 ver1

Cdma2000 Layered Structure

Unique to cdma2000

SignalingServices

Packet DataApplication



TCP UDP

IP PPP

High SpeedCircuit NetworkLayer Services

LAC Protocol Null LACLAC

MACControlState

Best Effort Delivery RLP

QoS ControlMultiplexing

MAC

Physical Layer

UpperLayers

(OSI 3-7)

LinkLayer(OSI 2)

Physicallayer(OSI 1)

64

SRB 041406 ver1

UMTS Spectrum Allocation

Europe

Japan

Korea

USA

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200

GSM 1800DL DECT

IMT-2000TDD

IMT-2000UL

MSSUL

IMT-2000TDD

IMT-2000DL

MSSDL

PHSIMT-2000UL

IMT-2000DL

IMT-2000DL

IS-95DL

IMT-2000UL

PCS/UL PCS/DL

65

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols

PHY

Phy-up

MAC

RLC

RRC

MM

CM

ATM

AAL2

FP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-UNI

SSCOP

PHY

AAL5

SSCF-UNI

ALCAPNBAP

Phy-up

MAC

RLC

RRC

PHY

ATM

Q.2630.1

Q.2150.1

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

IuUP

AAL2

PHY

ATM

Q.2630.1

Q.2150.1

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

IuUP

AAL2PHY

ATM

AAL2

FP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-UNI

SSCOP

PHY

AAL5

SSCF-UNI

ALCAP NBAP

UE Node B RNC Core

RANAP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-NNI

SCCP

MTP3B

RANAP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-NNI

MM

CM

SCCP

MTP3B

CODEC

66

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA PACKET CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS

SMGMMRRCRLC

MAC-cdPHY-up

FP FPPHY-upMAC-cd

RLCRRC

NBAPALCAP ALCAPNBAP

AAL2SSSAR

AAL2SSSARSAALSAAL SAALSAAL

AAL5AAL5 AAL5AAL5ATM ATMPHY PHY

PHY

CDMA

PHY

CDMA

UE/MTE NODE B RNC SGSN

Uu Iub Iu-ps

67

SRB 041406 ver1

WCDMA PACKET USER PLANE PROTOCOLS

IP

RLCPDCP

MACPHY-up

FPALCAP

PHY-upMACRLC

PDCP

AAL2SAALAAL2 SAAL

FP ALCAP

ATM ATM

PHY PHY

PHY

CDMA

PHY

CDMA

UE/MTE NODE B RNC SGSN

Uu Iub Iu-ps

68

SRB 041406 ver1

HSDPA Protocol Architecture

L2

L1

HS- DSCH

FP

RLC

L2

L1

L2

L1

L2

L1

HS-DSCH

FP

Iub Iur

PHY

MAC

PHY

RLC

Uu

MAC-hs

HS- DSCH

FP

HS-DSCH

FP

MAC-c/sh

MAC-D

69

SRB 041406 ver1

IMS Architecture

UTRAN

Home

Serving PS domain

IMS

Home

Serving PS domain

IMS

S-CSCFI-CSCF

GGSNSGSN

HSS

P-CSCF

Other IP/IMS network

70

SRB 041406 ver1

StandardsIEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)

IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)

IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)

IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41)

IS-54: 1st Gen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHz channel

IS-88: CDMA

IS-91: Analog Callular air interface

IS-93: Wireless to PSTN Interface

IS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone)

IS-124: Call detail and billing record

IS-136: 2nd Genr TDMA (TDMA control channel)

IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS)

IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability (WNP)

IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on to TIA/EIA 95-B)

71

SRB 041406 ver1

Glossary3GPP:3G Partnership ProjectAAA:Authentication, Authorization, AccountingAMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec)ANSI:American National Standards InstituteARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses

(Japan)BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN

2) 2.5 MbpsCAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced

LogicCDMA:Code Division Multiple AccessCWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards

group (China)ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers AssociationEDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM EvolutionETSI:European Telecommunications Standards InstituteFDD:Frequency Division DuplexFDMA:Frequency Division Multiple AccessGGSN:Gateway GPRS Support NodeGMSC:Gateway MSCGPRS:General Packet Radio ServiceGSM:Global System for Mobile communicationGTP:GPRS Tunneling ProtocolHIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area NetworkHLR:Home Location RegisterHSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched DataHYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access networkIMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMT:International Mobile TelecommunicationsITU:International Telecommunications Union OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading FactorPDN:Public Data NetworkPLMN:Public Land Mobile NetworkPSTN:Public Switched Telephone NetworkQoS:Quality of ServiceRAB:Radio Access BearerRNC:Radio Network ControllerRRC:Radio Resource ControlSGSN:Servicing GPRS Support NodeSIM:Subscriber Identity ModuleTDD:Time Division DuplexTDMA:Time Division Multiple AccessTTA:Telecommunications Technology Association

(Korea)TTC:Telecommunications Technology Commission (Japan)UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkVoIP:Voice over Internet ProtocolWCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple AccessWLAN: Wireless Local Area NetworkWPAN: Wireless Personal Area NetworkWWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network

72

SRB 041406 ver1

References1. www.3gpp.org2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 20013. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 20014. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad,

Artech House, 20015. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry, Beijing, 2002 6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 20007. www.mobileinfo.com

Documents

3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges