3b Buchanan Smith

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EuprimNetHannah Buchanan-SmithUniversity of Stirling, Scotland

Gottingen, October 2007

Behavioural Needs/Environmental Enrichment

Types of enrichment

{ Physicalz Enclosure

{ Size (alteration){ Complexity (panels for apparatus)

z Accessories{ Internal

z Permanent (furniture, bars)z Temporary (toys, ropes, substrates)

{ External (hanging objects, puzzles)

{ Socialz Contact

{ Conspecific(pair, group, temporary, permanent){ Contraspecific (human, non-human)

z Non-contact

{ Visual, auditory, cooperative device{ Human, non-human

{ Occupationalz Psychological (puzzles, control over environment)z Exercise (mechanical devices, run etc)

{ Sensoryz Visual (tapes, television, images, windows)z Auditory (music, vocalisations)z Other stimuli (olfactory, tactile, taste)

{ Nutritionalz Delivery frequency, schedule, presentation, processingz Type (novel, variety, browse, treats)

{ Adapted from Bloomsmith et al., 1991


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Types of enrichment{ Physical

z Enclosure{ Size (alteration){ Complexity (panels for apparatus)




{ Socialz Contact


z Non-contact{ Visual, auditory, cooperative device{ Human, non-human






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Social Environment

{ Compatible conspecific(s) provides moreappropriate stimulation than any otherpotential environmental enrichment factor(e.g., Schapiro et al., 1996; Lutz and Novak, 2005; Rennie

and Buchanan-Smith, 2006b).

{ Utilize its repertoire of social behaviour

{ Social buffer to stress (Smith et al., 1998).

{ Natural social grouping in the wild can beused as a guide

Grooming

reduces heart rate

helps with bonds

But also used in reconciliation

Self-grooming, andself-directed can be

a concern

Rearing and Weaning

Mother-infantseparation impacts:

{ Behaviour

{ Physiology

{ Biochemistry


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Minimum and preferred weaning ages for macaques

specified in various guidelines on the husbandry and

care of laboratory primates

unless on veterinary advice, e.g. mother is unable to rear baby unless specifically required by the experimental protocol

apart from infants which are unable to be reared by their mother behavioural indicators should be used

-12 LASA/MRC 2004

-10-12SCAHAW 2002

126 (1kg) Home Office 1995

10-126Berlin Workshop, Poole et al1994

126 PVEN, Poole & Thomas 1995

128 Council of Europe 2003

-12-18IPS 2007

Preferred

(months)

Minimum

(months)

Guideline

Prescott, CCWP of the PSGB (in preparation)

Individual differences

Hand-Rearing

Impact on welfare and science?

Social hous ing

{ Same sex peer groups (up to 100)

{ Impact on welfare and science?


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Types of enrichment






{ Socialz Contact








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{ Socialz Contact








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{ Jeans cages....


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Mirrors - beware

Playback of naturalvocalisation?


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{ Waitt, Buchanan-Smith and Morris(2001)

{ Macaques willwork for a viewof humanactivity!


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Types of enrichment






{ Socialz Contact








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{ Socialz Contact








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TV{ Beware

differencesin vision,flicker rateetc.

Importance of a

view!!

{ visualstimulation

(outdoors light, weatherbirds etc)

{ predictability

Can place

bird tables etcto encourageother animals


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Chimpanzees - Fritz et al, 1997

Light

Low light intensity decreasesfertility in common marmosets(Heger et al. 1986).

Guidelines/legislation poor

Potentially easy way to improvewelfare


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Effect of light Badihi and Buchanan-Smith, submitted

The monkeyscould turn the

light on/off byusing a touchsensitive button

at any timebetween 7:00to 17:00 for 18

consecutivedays.

Monkeys point of view Our point of view

Study design

36 pairs

12 Master pairs 12 Yoked pairs 12 Unaffected pairs

Baseline phase - 3 focal observations per ind.

Test phase - 10 focal observations per ind.

Post test phase - 3 focal observations per ind.

Results: Effects of additional light

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

.05

Allogroom

*

Autogroom

*

Scent mark

Scratch *

Watch obs.

Percentoftime

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

**

Agitated

locomotion

***

Calmlocomotion

*

Inactive alert

Inactive rest ***

Close to device

Percentoftime

Light on Light off


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Results: Study conditions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

*

Agitated

locomotion

*

Inactive rest

Watch obs. ***

Calm locomotion

Inactive alert

Percentoftime

Master Yoked Unaffected

Summary of light

{ Only 4 groups used the light for over 70% of thetime.

{ Marmosets choose to increase illumination.

{ Although they touched the button less after the first 4days but kept the cage lit for similar percentages of

the time during the whole Test phase.

{ An increase in light intensity has positive effects onwelfare

Music inconsistent results

Chimpanzees - soft vocal music

{ aggression and active exploration

{ resting and social behaviour(grooming)

{ adult males during morning hours.

(Howell et al. 2003)


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Music inconsistent results

{ Both tamarins and marmosets preferred slowtempo to fast temp music, and when allowed tochoose between slow tempo musical stimuli andsilence they preferred silence!

McDermott & Hauser, 2007

Quiet please!

Olfactory

{ Introduce different scents, anddifferent tastes


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Types of enrichment






{ Socialz Contact







Nutritional enrichment

{ Consider:

z Calorific intake

z Dietary restrictions/confounds withscience

z Increase in aggression


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Foraging and insect capture

Questions?

Ideas (some better than others) at:

http://www.prime-apes.org/html/enrichment.html

http://www.friendsofwashoe.org/chimpanzee_enrichment.shtml

Documents

3b Buchanan Smith