Basjiruddin ABagian Neurologi FK-UnandAnatomyAnatomically, the human nervous system is a complex of two division1. CNS-he !N", comprising the #rain and spinal cord, is enclosed in #one and wrapped in protective covering $meninges% and &uid-'lled space(2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)-he )N" is formed #y the cranial and spinal nerve $Fig *(*%NeuronsNeuronsvaryin si+e and complexityFor example, the nuclei of one type of small cere#ellar cortical cell $granule cell% are only slightly larger than the nucleoli of an adjacent large )ur,inje cell-otor neuron are usually larger than sensory neuronshe cell #odies is the meta#olic and genetic center of a neuron $see 'g .-/%Dendrites0endrites receive incoming synaptic information and thus, together with the cell #ody, provide the receptive pole of the neuron-ost neuron have many dendrites $see 'g(.-/%A single axon arises from the most neuronshe axon is a cylindrical tu#e of cytoplasm covered #y a mem#rane, the axolemma"ynapses!ommunication #etween neurons usually occurs from the axon terminal of the transmitting neuron $presynaptic side% to the receptive region of the receiving neuron $postsinaptic side%Neuroglial cells outnum#er neurons in the #rain and spinal cord1. Macroglia2. strocytes!. "ligodendrocytes#. Microgliahe central portion of the nervous system consist of the #rain and theelongated spinal cord $'g *-.%he #rain has a tiered structure and form a gross point of view, can #e su#divided into the cere#rum, the #rain stem, and the cere#ellumhe cere#rum $fore#rain% consist of the telenchepalon and the dienchepalonhe telenchepalonincludes the cere#ral cortex $the most highly envolved part of the #rain, sometimes called gray matter%"u# cortical white matter, and the #asal ganglia, which are gray masses deep within the cere#ral hemisphereshe white matter carries the name #ecause, in a freshly sectioned #rain, it has a glittening appearance as a result of its high lipid-rich myelin contenthe white matter consist of myelinated '#ers and does not contain neuronal cell #odies or synapseshe major su# division of the dienchepalon are the thalamus and hypothalamushe #rain stem consist of the mid #rain $mesenchepalon%, pons, and medulla o#longatahe cere#ellum includes the vermis and two lateral lo#es(he #rain which is hollow, contains a system of spaces call ventriclesAnatomi 1emisfer "ere#rumKedua hemisfer merupa,an #agian ter#esar ota, "ul,us dan Fisura Utama)ermu,aan hemisfer sere#rum mengandung #anya, 'sura dan sul,us yang memisah,an lo#us frontalis, parietalis, o,sipitalis, dan temporalis dari satu sama lain dan dari insula(Bagian-#agian ota, yang terleta, diantara sul,us dinama,an ,onvolusi atau girus"ul,us sentralis memisah,an lo#us frontalis dari lo#us parietalisFisura ,al,arina dimulai pada permu,aan medial hemisfer de,at ,utu# o,sipitalis dan mem#entang ,e depan ,e daerah sedi,it di #awah splenium dari ,orpus ,alosumBagian dari ,orpus ,alosum #er#entu, #usur2#agian anteriornya yang meleng,ung, genu #erlanjut ,e anteroventralis se#agai rostrum(3o#us frontalis3o#us frontalis mem#entang dari ,utu# frontal ,e sul,us sentralis dan 'sura lateralis 3o#us parietalis3o#us parietalis mem#entang dari sul,us sentralis ,e 'suraparieto-o,sipitalis, ,e arah lateral, lo#us ini meluas sampai ,e 'sura lateralis sere#rum 3o#us 4,sipitalis3o#us 4,sipitalis yang #er#entu, limasterleta, di #ela,ang 'sura parieto-o,sipitalis(5nsula adalah #agian ,orte,s sere#rum yang tenggelamhe )eripheral Nervous "ystem $)N"% consist of spinal nerves, and their associated ganglia $group of nerve cells outside the !N"%he nerve contain nerve '#ers that conduct information to $a6erent% or from $e6erent% the !N"THE SPINAL CORD AND THE ASCENDING AND DESCENDING TRACTSVERTEBRAL COLUMNThe vertebral column is the central bony pillar of the bodyThe vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused to form the sacrum), andcoccy!eal (the lo"er 3 are commonly fused)hespinalcordiscomposedofaninner coreofgraymatter,whichissurrounded #y an outer covering of white matter2 there is no indication that the cord is segmented($%& M''(%4ncrosssection,thegraymatterisseen asan1-shapedpillarwithanteriorand posterior gray columns, or horns united #y athingraycommissurecontainingthe small central canal()*+'( M''(%hewhitematter,forpurposesof description,may#edividedintoanterior, lateral,andposteriorwhitecolumnsor funiculi heanteriorcolumnoneachsidelies #etweenthemidlineandthepointof emergence of the anterior nerve roothelateralcolumnlies#etweenthe emergence of the anterior nerve roots and the entry of the posterior nerve rootsheposteriorcolumnlies#etweenthe entryoftheposteriornerverootsandthe midlineAnatomi luar "umsumulang Bela,ang"umsumtulang#ela,ang$medulaspinalis, ataumielyn%merupa,anmassajaringan syaraf yang #er#entu, silinder memanjangdanmenempatiduapertiga#agianatas ,analspinalorangdewasadidalam ,olumna verte#ralis-asing-masing segmen dari sumsum tulang #ela,ang mempunyai 7 a,arKe/*sarafspinalyangmunculdari sumsumtulang#ela,angmempunyaisatu a,ar ventralis dan satu a,ar dorsalisA,ar ventralisA,arventralismempunyaia,sonneuron motori,A,ar dorsalis-asing-masing a,ar dorsalis #erisi sera#ut aferen dari sel-sel saraf dalam ganglionnya0ermatomKomponensensori,darimasing-masing sarafspinaldidistri#usi,an,esuatu dermatom,yaitusuatu#agiansegmendari ,ulit dengan #atas yang jelas )olapersarafan,ulit#iasanyamengi,uti distri#usi segmental dari persarafan oto-otot yang po,o,8at Kela#u $"u#stansia 9ricea%Kolumna:"uatu)otonganmelintang darisumsumtulang#ela,angyang memperlihat,an#agiandalamdarimassa +at,ela#uyang#er#entu,huruf1yang di,elilingi oleh +at putih -engandung : "istem sera#ut Ascenden "istem sera#ut 0escendenheascendingtractsconducta6erent information,whichmayormaynotreach consciousness(heinformationmay#e divided into two main groups :*( ;xteroceptiveinformation,which originatesfromoutsidethe#ody,such as pain, temperature, and touch.( )roprioceptiveinformation,which originatesfrominsidethe#ody,for example, from muscle and joints(Pain and 'emperature Path,ays-ateral Spinothalamic 'racthe pain and thermal receptors in the s,in and other tissues are free nerve endingsPain %eception)ain can #e divided into two main types : fast pain and slow painFastpainisexperiencedwhitina#out