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Figure 12.1

Kontinuitas kehidupanDidasarkan atas reproduksi sel atau pembelaha

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100 µm

(a) Reproduction. An amoeba,

a single-elled eukar!ote, isdi"iding into t#o ells$ Eahne# ell #ill be an indi"idual

  organism %L&'$

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• (rganisme multiseluler tergantung

pada pembelahan sel untuk)

 – *erkembangan %dari sel !ang ter+ertilisasi'

 – *ertumbuhan

 – epair0 µm00 µm

(b) Growth and development. .his mirograph sho#s asand dollar embr!o shortl!a+ter the +ertili/ed egg di"ided,+orming t#o ells %L&'$

(c) Tissue renewal. .hese di"idingbone marro# ells %arro#' #illgi"e rise to ne# blood ells %L&'$

Figure 12.2 B,

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Semua organisme

kompleks berasal dari asingle +ertili/ed egg$

&elalui pembelahan

sel, umlah selmeningkat

Sel kemudianterspesialisasi danberubah menadi+ungsin!a masing

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Tipe pembelahan sel

• Mitosis: – Growth, development & repair

 – Asexual reproduction (yields identical cells)

 – Occurs in somatic (body) cells

• Meiosis:

 – exual reproduction (yields di!!erent cells)

 – Occurs in speci!ic reproductive cells

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*hases o+ &itosis

1$ *rophase$ *rometaphase$ &etaphase2$ Anaphase

3$ .elophase

• *embelahan sel menghasilkan selanak !ang seara genetik identik

• Sel harus menduplikasikan materialgenetikn!a

 – 4e+ore the! di"ide, ensuring that eah

daughter ell reei"es an e5at op! o+

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Distribution o+ 7hromosomesDuring 7ell Di"ision

• *ada persiapan ell di"ision, D6Abereplikasi dan kromosom memadat

•  .iap hromosome !ang terduplikasimemiliki dua sister hromatids, !angberpisah selama ell di"ision

• Sentromer merupakan daerah eking

dari hromosome !ang terduplikasi,diaman dua hromatids terikat dengandekat

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Figure 12.1

prophase

18

metahase

Anaphase

 .elophase

7!tokinesis

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7ell di"ision results in genetiall!idential daughter ells

• Sel menduplikasikan material genetiksebelum membelah, utk memastikanbah#a tiap sel anak menerima op!

D6A dengan tepat• A ell9s endo#ment o+ D6A %its geneti

in+ormation' is alled its genome

• &olekul D6A dalam sel ter-pakmenadi kromosom

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• Setiap spesies eukariot memiliki seumlahtertentu kromosom pada nukleus

• Sel somatik %nonreproduti"e' memiliki set kromosom

• :amet %reproduti"e ells) sperm and eggs'memiliki umlah kromosom setengah umlahkromosom sel somatik

• Kromosom eukar!otik terdiri dari kromatin,

sebuah komple5 D6A dan protein !angmemampat selama pembelahan sel

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0$3 µm

7hromosomedupliation%inluding D6As!nthesis'

7entromere

Separation

o+ sisterhromatids

Sisterhromatids

7entromeres Sister hromatids

A eukar!oti ell has multiplehromosomes, one o+ #hih is

represented here$ 4e+oredupliation, eah hromosome

has a single D6A moleule$

(ne dupliated, a hromosomeonsists o+ t#o sister hromatids

onneted at the entromere$ Eah

hromatid ontains a op! o+ theD6A moleule$

&ehanial proesses separatethe sister hromatids into t#o hromosomes and distribute

them to t#o daughter ells$

Figure 12.!

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• *embelahan sel pada eukariot terdiridari)

 – &itosis, the di"ision o+ the nuleus

 –7!tokinesis, the di"ision o+ the !toplasm

• :amet diproduksi dalam pembelahansel !ang disebut meiosis

• &eiosis menghasilkan sel anak !angtidak identik dengan induk !aitu han!amemiliki 1 set kromosom

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*ada pembelahan sel, +ase mitosisbergantian dengan inter+ase

• *ada tahun 1;;, ahli anatomi lemming mengembangkan

pe#arna untuk mengamati kromosomselama mitosis dan sitokinesis

• 4agi >lemming, terlihat sel tumbuhmembesar

• Sekarang dapat diketahui ban!ak peristi#akritis teradi selama tahapan siklus sel

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>ase-+ase dalam siklus sel

• Siklus sel terdiri dari

 – >ase mitosis – Interphase

I6.E*?ASE

:1S%D6A s!nthesis'

:  7  !

  t  o   k   i  n  e  s   i  s

  &   i  t  o

  s   i  s

&  I  .  ( .  I  7  %  &  '  *  ?  A S E  

Figure 12."

• Interphase

 – :1 phase

 – S phase

 – : phase

•  .he mitoti phase – mitosis – !tokinesis

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*hases o+ the 7ell 7!le

• Siklus sel terdiri dari

 – &itoti %&' phase %mitosis and !tokinesis'

 – Interphase %ell gro#th and op!ing o+

hromosomes in preparation +or elldi"ision'

• Interphase %terdiri dari sekitar @0

dari siklus sel' !ang dapat dibagidalam sub +ase) – :1 phase %BCrst gap' – S phase %Bs!nthesis'

 – :- phase %Bseond gap'

i i di i d i h

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• &itosis terdiri dari 3 phases

 – *rophase

 – *rometaphase

G2 #F $%T&R'*& 'R#'*& 'R#+&T'*&

7entrosomes%#ith entriole pairs'7hromatin

%dupliated'

Earl! mitotispindle

Aster

7entromere

>ragmentso+ nulearen"elope

Kinetohore

6uleolus 6ulear

en"elope

*lasma

membrane

7hromosome, onsisting

o+ t#o sister hromatids

Kinetohore mirotubuleFigure 12.

6onkinetohoremirotubules

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 – &etaphase

 – Anaphase

 – .elophase

7entrosome at

one spindle pole

Daughterhromosomes

+&T'*& %'*& T&-#'*& % /T#0$%&*$*

Spindle

&etaphaseplate 6uleolus

+orming

7lea"age+urro#

6ulearen"elope+orming

Figure 12.

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•  .he mitoti spindle – mikrotubul !ang mengontrol pergerakan

kromosom selama mitosis

• Spindle munul dari sentromer – spindle mirotubules

 – asters

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• *erakitan spindle mirotubules dimulaidari sentrosom - mirotubuleorgani/ing enter

• Sentrosom bereplikasi membentuk dua

sentrosom !ang bermigrasi ke kutub!ang berla#anan, dan spindlemirotubules tumbuh dari sentrosom

• Aster %a radial arra! o+ shortmirotubules' munul dari tiapsentrosom

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 .he Spindle .he Spindle

  Spindle memiliki struktur seperti web terbuat dari mirotubule $ Sangatpenting pada mitosis karena mengatur

kromosom untuk berada pada posisi!ang benar

Mitotic center 

Microtubule A cell at metaphase a spindle

S i dl i t b l

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• Some spindle mirotubules – 4erikatan dengan kinetohores hromosomes

7entrosomeAster

Sisterhromatids

&etaphase*late

Kinetohores

("erlappingnonkinetohoremirotubules

Kinetohoresmirotubules

7entrosome

7hromosomes&irotubules0$3 µm

1 µmFigure 12.

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7hromosomes attahed to7hromosomes attahed to

spindle during nulear di"isionspindle during nulear di"ision

. ki d + i t b l

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 .#o kinds o+ mirotubules• 0inetochore microtubules berikatan dengankinetohores hromosomes dan menggerakkan kromosom kedaerah meta+ase

• %on3inetochores o"erlap satu sama lain tetapi tidakberikatan dengan hromosome

1 µm

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• *ada ana+ase, sister hromatid berpisah

 – Dan bergerak sepanang kinetohore mirotubulesmenuu arah berla#anan uung sel

*pindlepole

0inetochore

Figure 12.4

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Initiation of  Anaphase

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• 6onkinetehoremirotubules +rom oppositepoles – ("erlap and push against

eah other, elongating the ell

• In telophase – :enetiall! idential daughter

nulei +orm at opposite ends

o+ the ell

•  .he mirotubules shorten b!depol!meri/ing at their kinetohore

ends

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7.(KI6ESIS7.(KI6ESIS

  ivision o5 the c6toplasm

  +itosis is the splitting o5

the nucleus.

6to3inesis is the splitting o5c6toplasm

  $t usuall6 begins during%'*&

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• *ada sel he#an

 – 7!tokinesis teradi oleh proses !ang disebutlea"age, membentuk sebuah a lea"age

+urro#

7lea"age +urro#

7ontratile ring o+miroClaments

Daughter ells

100 µm

(a) leavage o5 an animal cell %SE&'

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• *ada sel tumbuhan, selama !tokinesis

 – .erbentuk plat sel %ell plate'

Daughter ells

1 µmFesiles+ormingell plate

=all o+patent ell 7ell plate 6e# ell #all

(b) ell plate 5ormation in a plant cell %SE&'Figure 12.7 B

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• &itosis in a plant ell

1 'rophase. .he hromatinis ondensing$

 .he nuleolus isbeginning todisappear$Although not!et "isiblein the mirograph,the mitoti spindle isstaring to +rom$

'rometaphase.=e no# see disretehromosomesG eah

onsists o+ t#oidential sisterhromatids$ Laterin prometaphase, thenulear en"elop #ill+ragment$

+etaphase. .hespindle is omplete,and the hromosomes,

attahed to mirotubulesat their kinetohores,are all at the metaphaseplate$

naphase. .hehromatids o+ eahhromosome ha"e

separated, and thedaughter hromosomesare mo"ing to the endso+ ell as theirkinetohoremirotubles shorten$

Telophase. Daughternulei are +orming$&ean#hile, !tokinesis

has started) .he ellplate, #hih #illdi"ided the !toplasmin t#o, is gro#ingto#ard the perimeter o+ the parent ell$

2 3

6uleus6uleolus

7hromosome7hromatineondensing

Figure 12.18

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*urpose o+ Interphase H to dupliate ellontentsG @0 o+ the ell9s gro#th !le

*urpose o+ &itosis H to di"ide the genetimaterial into e5at t#o hal"es

*urpose o+ 7!tokinesis H to di"ide all other

ontents %e5ept nuleus' into t#o ells

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In binary fission

 – The bacterial chromosome

replicates

 – The two daughterchromosomes actively move

apart

*rokar!otes %bateriaand arhaea' reprodue

b! a t!pe o+ ell di"isionalled binar! Cssion

LE 1-111

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#rigin o5 replication

ell wall

'lasmamembrane

Bacterialchromosome

E. coli  cell

Two copieso5 origin

hromosomereplication begins.*oon therea5ter,one cop6 o5 theorigin moves rapidl6toward the otherend o5 the cell.

LE 1-11

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#rigin o5 replication

ell wall

'lasma

membraneBacterialchromosome

E. coli  cell

Two copieso5 origin

hromosomereplication begins.*oon therea5ter,

one cop6 o5 theorigin moves rapidl6toward the otherend o5 the cell.

Replicationcontinues. #ne cop6o5 the origin is nowat each end o5 thecell.

#rigin #rigin

LE 1-11ell wall

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#rigin o5 replication

ell wall

'lasmamembrane

Bacterialchromosome

E. coli  cell

Two copies

o5 origin

hromosome

replicationbegins.*oon therea5ter,one cop6 o5 theorigin movesrapidl6 towardthe other end o5the cell.Replicationcontinues. #necop6 o5 theorigin is now ateach end o5 thecell.

#rigin #rigin

Replication9nishes.

The plasmamembranegrows inward,andnew cell wall isdeposited.Twodaughtercells

result.

A comparison of mitosis and meiosis

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A comparison of mitosis and meiosis

A comparison of mitosis and meiosis: summary

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A comparison of mitosis and meiosis: summary