GLOBAL WATCH MISSION REPORT

Biomimetics: strategies for product design inspired by nature – a mission to theNetherlands and Germany

JANUARY 2007

Printed in the UK on recycled paper with 75% de-inked post-consumer waste content

First published in March 2007 by Pera on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry

© Crown copyright 2007

URN 07/504

Global Watch Missions

DTI Global Watch Missions have enabled smallgroups of UK experts to visit leading overseastechnology organisations to learn vital lessons aboutinnovation and its implementation, of benefit to entireindustries and individual organisations.

By stimulating debate and informing industrialthinking and action, missions have offered uniqueopportunities for fast-tracking technology transfer,sharing deployment know-how, explaining newindustry infrastructures and policies, and developingrelationships and collaborations.

Disclaimer

This report represents the findings of a missionorganised by Thoughtcrew Ltd on behalf of FaradayPackaging Partnership (FPP) with the support of DTI.Views expressed reflect a consensus reached by themembers of the mission team and do not necessarilyreflect those of the organisations to which themission members belong, Thoughtcrew Ltd, FPP,Pera or DTI.

Comments attributed to organisations visited duringthis mission were those expressed by personnelinterviewed and should not be taken as those of theorganisation as a whole.

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that theinformation provided in this report is accurate and upto date, DTI accepts no responsibility whatsoever inrelation to this information. DTI shall not be liable forany loss of profits or contracts or any direct, indirect,special or consequential loss or damages whether incontract, tort or otherwise, arising out of or inconnection with your use of this information. Thisdisclaimer shall apply to the maximum extentpermissible by law.

Cover image: Glass sponge (Euplectella) skeleton, formed by silica

spicules that unite into complex geometric structures

(Ken M Highfill/Science Photo Library)

Grant for Research and Development – is available through the nine English RegionalDevelopment Agencies. The Grant for Researchand Development provides funds for individualsand SMEs to research and develop technologicallyinnovative products and processes. The grant isonly available in England (the DevolvedAdministrations have their own initiatives).www.dti.gov.uk/r-d/

The Small Firms Loan Guarantee – is a UK-wide, Government-backed scheme that providesguarantees on loans for start-ups and youngbusinesses with viable business propositions.www.dti.gov.uk/sflg/pdfs/sflg_booklet.pdf

Knowledge Transfer Partnerships – enableprivate and public sector research organisations to apply their research knowledge to importantbusiness problems. Specific technology transferprojects are managed, over a period of one tothree years, in partnership with a university,college or research organisation that has expertise relevant to your business.www.ktponline.org.uk/

Knowledge Transfer Networks – aim to improvethe UK’s innovation performance through a singlenational over-arching network in a specific field oftechnology or business application. A KTN aims to encourage active participation of all networkscurrently operating in the field and to establishconnections with networks in other fields thathave common interest. www.dti.gov.uk/ktn/

Collaborative Research and Development –helps industry and research communities worktogether on R&D projects in strategicallyimportant areas of science, engineering andtechnology, from which successful new products,processes and services can emerge.www.dti.gov.uk/crd/

Access to Best Business Practice – is availablethrough the Business Link network. This initiativeaims to ensure UK business has access to bestbusiness practice information for improvedperformance.www.dti.gov.uk/bestpractice/

Support to Implement Best Business Practice

– offers practical, tailored support for small andmedium-sized businesses to implement bestpractice business improvements.www.dti.gov.uk/implementbestpractice/

Finance to Encourage Investment in Selected

Areas of England – is designed to supportbusinesses looking at the possibility of investingin a designated Assisted Area but needingfinancial help to realise their plans, normally in the form of a grant or occasionally a loan.www.dti.gov.uk/regionalinvestment/

Other DTI products that help UK businesses acquire andexploit new technologies

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Biomimetics: strategies for product design inspired by nature

– a mission to the Netherlands and Germany

REPORT OF A DTI GLOBAL WATCH MISSION

JANUARY 2007

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CONTENTS

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BIOMIMETICS: STRATEGIES FOR PRODUCT DESIGN INSPIRED BY NATURE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

1 INTRODUCTION 5

1.1 Background 51.2 Mission aims 51.3 Objectives 61.4 Coordinating body 61.5 Mission location 61.6 Mission participants 7

2 BACKGROUND TO BIOMIMETICS 8

2.1 Introduction 82.2 Flight 92.3 Architecture 102.4 Textiles 112.5 Typical topics 112.6 Information retrieval 11

3 EXAMPLES OF BIOMIMETIC 13APPLICATIONS: BIOLOGICALLYINSPIRED PACKAGING

3.1 Introduction 133.2 Objective 133.3 Biomimetics in packaging 133.4 Industrial mission delegates and 13

biomimetics3.4.1 ColepCCL, Laupheim, 13

Germany3.4.2 COSi – Creative Outsourcing 13

Solutions International, UK3.4.3 Procter & Gamble/Gillette, 14

Reading, UK3.5 Applications and opportunities in 14

biomimetic packaging encountered during the mission3.5.1 Philips, Eindhoven, the 14

Netherlands3.5.2 DEAM – University of Delft, 14

the Netherlands

3.5.3 University of Groningen, 14the Netherlands – University of Cambridge, UK

3.5.4 Institute for Textile 15 Technology and ProcessEngineering (ITV Denkendorf),Germany

3.5.5 DaimlerChrysler Research 16and Technology, Ulm, Germany

3.5.6 Max Planck Institute for 16Metals Research, EvolutionaryBiomaterials Group, Stuttgart,Germany

3.5.7 University of Freiburg, 17Plant Biomechanics Group,Germany

3.5.8 Max Planck Institute of 17Colloids and Interfaces,Potsdam, Berlin, Germany

3.5.9 BIOKON/EvoLogics GmbH, 18F&E Labor Bionik, Berlin,Germany

3.5.10 University of Applied 18Sciences, Magdeburg-Stendal, Germany

3.5.11 Dr Mirtsch GmbH, Teltow, 19Berlin, Germany

3.5.12 INPRO, Berlin, Germany 193.6 Summary 193.7 Conclusions 20

4 APPLICATION OF BIOMIMETICS 21IN OTHER INDUSTRIES

4.1 Introduction 214.2 Architecture 214.3 Automotive 214.4 Healthcare 234.5 Dry adhesives 234.6 Discussion 244.7 Samples of biomimetics related 24

to industry

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4.7.1 Steerable endoscope 254.7.2 Adaptive braided bag filter 264.7.3 Fin ray 264.7.4 Acoustic camera 274.7.5 Bionic propeller 284.7.6 Plants as concept generators 284.7.7 Self-healing structures 29

5 COMMERCIAL VALUE OF 30BIOMIMETICS

5.1 Commercial case for biomimetic 30solutions5.1.1 Devices 305.1.2 Optimisation 315.1.3 Functional surfaces 31

5.2 Role of funding 315.3 Incubators and consortia 335.4 Discussion and conclusions 33

6 BIOMIMETICS AND PRODUCT 35DESIGN

6.1 Introduction 356.2 A technique, not a style 356.3 What product designers should 35

know6.3.1 Who does what? 36

6.4 What is the appeal to designers? 366.5 The commercial case 376.6 Conclusions 37

7 INTEGRATING BIOMIMETICS 38INTO PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

7.1 Introduction 387.2 Processes 38

7.2.1 Top-down process 387.2.2 Bottom-up process 39

7.3 Tools 407.4 Conclusions and recommendations 40

8 CONCLUSIONS AND 42RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 Conclusions 428.2 Recommendations 42

APPENDICES 44

A Suggestions for further reading 44B Host organisations 45C Mission participants 47D List of exhibits 56E Glossary 58F Acknowledgments 60

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This DTI Global Watch Mission to Germanyand the Netherlands during 15-19 January2007 was coordinated by Thoughtcrew Ltd1

– an associate member of the FaradayPackaging Partnership (FPP).2 The vision forthe mission came from Professor JulianVincent3 of the University of Bath who hasbeen actively involved in the study ofbiomimetics for the last 15 years. Havingreached 64 during the mission week itseemed time to formally recognise thepotential contribution of biomimetics toindustry in the UK.

Globally there are four key centres ofresearch in biomimetics: the UK, Germany,the Netherlands and the USA. Germany leadsthe way in terms of taking an integratedapproach that embraces research andcommercial application. Over €30 million (~£20 million) has been invested by theGerman Government in the development of anetwork of competence.

The mission team discovered that in theNetherlands the situation was similar to thatfound in the UK. There were a number ofleading research institutes and commercialorganisations applying biomimetic conceptsto developing product and design ideas.However, these efforts were isolated and,unlike BIONIS4 in the UK, the Netherlandsdoes not have a network to share ideas.

In Germany the BIOKON5 network has amuch bigger footprint in terms of marketingefforts, organisation and knowledge transfer.

However, they do not seem to be significantlyfurther forward in terms of real products onthe shelf although there was a better linkbetween fundamental research and thecreation of prototypes.

There is a real opportunity to create a criticalmass of thinking, research and commercialacumen at the European level, driven by the UK.

The future

This mission was a milestone in the evolutionof biomimetics in the UK. Whilst there havebeen a significant number of researchendeavours in centres such as Bath andReading the UK has struggled to achievecritical mass to get ideas from the lab ontothe shelves.

The mission provided the catalyst to create aEuropean initiative to deliver the benefits ofbiomimetics. The intention of the missionteam is to start with the packaging andproduct development opportunity under theumbrella of the FPP. The team has alreadysecured enthusiastic support from theorganisations met on the mission and intendoffering this as a channel of knowledge to UKbusinesses that wish to use biomimetics tohelp them think, design and produce profit.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1 Thoughtcrew Ltd: www.thoughtcrew.net

2 Faraday Packaging Partnership (FPP): www.faradaypackaging.com

3 Professor Julian Vincent, University of Bath: www.bath.ac.uk/mediaexpertise/julianvincent.htm

4 BIONIS (Biomimetics Network for Industrial Sustainability): www.extra.rdg.ac.uk/eng/BIONIS

5 BIOKON (Bionik-Kompetenz-Netz – Bionics Competence Network): www.biokon.net

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1.1 Background1.2 Mission aims1.3 Objectives1.4 Coordinating body1.5 Mission location1.6 Mission participants

1.1 Background

The mission studied the development andapplication of biomimetics6 by industry andcommerce in Germany and the Netherlandsand explored the development and value ofgeneric design rules and procedures whichcan be drawn from nature.

Good design is fundamental to the successof consumer products in today’s marketplace.Significant competitive advantage can begained from focusing on introducingstrategies for innovation in the new productdevelopment process. Influencing the designof the packaging for this type of product isalso important as it frequently acts as a keymarketing tool at the point of sale.

However, packaging has many functions whichmust be considered during the design process:

• Containing the product to allow transportto point of sale

• Protecting products from externalcontamination to ensure freshness andprevent unwanted tampering

• Informing the consumer regarding thecontents and their impacts

• Marketing the product at point of sale

The changing landscape of consumerexpectations means that packaging must beeasy to open, convenient, attractive and often

should offer additional functionality such asextra shelf life. Sustainability is also becominga key driver both through legislativerequirements and consumer demand.

Biomimetics is ‘sold’ on the promise ofinnovations with a shorter development time.The novelty is due to the different ways inwhich biology implements various physicaland chemical principles and the differentroutes it uses to solve the problems we alsosee in our technology. The mission thereforeconcentrated on the ease with whichtechnical and design advances can be madeusing biology as a paradigm.

1.2 Mission aims

This mission aimed to explore a range oftechnological, design and commercial issuesrelating to the application of biomimeticdesign principles and concepts:

• Increase awareness in the UK FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods) and relatedindustry about the commercial benefits ofbiomimetics and hence support growth inUK supply chains from product conceptthrough to final product

• Promote application of biomimetics toconsumer products and their packaging, inparticular in relation to food, household,personal care and pharmaceuticals

The benchmarks gathered during the missionare both technical and commercial. Thetechnical benchmarks relate to the ability ofthe technologies to deliver competitiveadvantage in terms of cost or performance inthe targeted applications. The commercialbenchmarks look at the process by which

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1 INTRODUCTION

6 The term ‘bionics’ is used in Germany – this is synonymous with the UK term ‘biomimetics’

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companies have developed the technologyfrom concept to commercial production. Therole of academic research, governmentfunding and private-sector partnerships andfinance are included.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of the mission were to:

• Gain awareness of the state ofdevelopment in biomimetics research inleading European countries – eg who isdriving this research, how effectively is ittranslated into commercial benefits?

• Identify mechanisms of networking orinformation access to improve industryawareness, and links between academiaand industry/end users

• Mine key successful case studies – such asthe DaimlerChrysler ‘bionic car’ – andassess the level of commercial benefitsderived from applying biomimeticprinciples, and identify the mechanisms androutes by which benefits have occurred

• Gauge the general level of awarenessamong national industry

• Assess the importance placed onbiomimetics and the extent to which othercountries have raised awareness of itamong industrial designers

• Benchmark the UK biomimetics activitywith other countries

• Explore the ways in which the countriesare stimulating the development of new products that utilise biomimeticconcepts and understand the roles ofpublic sector (national and regional) andprivate-sector investors

• Explore and brainstorm the ways in which biomimetics can add value to thesupply chain for FMCG and other high-volume products

1.4 Coordinating body

Faraday Packaging Partnership (FPP) was thecoordinating body for the mission. FPP was

formed in 1997 as one of the original FaradayPartnerships funded by the Engineering andPhysical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)and DTI. Since then it has established a strongfee-paying membership base made upprimarily of international brand owners in theconsumer products arena and packagingproducers, along with world-leading specialistsuppliers. Confident of its immediate future,FPP has recently embarked on an expansionprogramme as a specialist application node tothe newly formed Materials KnowledgeTransfer Network (KTN) managed on behalf ofDTI by the Institute of Materials, Minerals andMining (IOM3).

The wide-ranging membership base providedFPP with a unique platform from which todraw members of the mission and moreimportantly to ensure dissemination anduptake of the outcome. In particular the fullportfolio of dissemination mechanismsestablished by FPP will be used to generateinterest and engagement and provide coreparticipation for the dissemination event.

The research leading to the mission, and day-to-day coordination, was through an SMEassociate of FPP – Thoughtcrew Ltd –subcontracted to provide resources forproject management and planning.Specifically, Phil Richardson – ManagingDirector of Thoughtcrew Ltd – was missionleader. He has a background in life sciences,is a chartered biologist, and holds an MBAfrom the Open University (where he alsolectures on strategy and business operations).He is an experienced project manager with atrack record of working at board level, whilstcurrently researching a PhD in biomimetics.

1.5 Mission location

The central focus on Germany is due to itsworld-leading position in biomimetics at bothacademic and industrial level, with severalhigh-profile operations being formed oracquired by companies.

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Germany is probably the world leader inpractical biomimetics, partly because thescientific base has always been strong, duemainly to the activity of a few academics.German industry is also very open to newtechnologies, and the relationship betweenthe universities, Max Planck Institutes andFraunhofer Institutes is particularly significantin ensuring effective transfer of technology.BIOKON (Bionik-Kompetenz-Netz – BionicsCompetence Network) has been veryeffective in supporting the research andcreating a clear route for technologytranslation to industry.

Many of the world’s leading biomimeticoperations are based in Germany, includingthe ‘bionic car’ from DaimlerChrysler.

In the Netherlands the European Space Agency(ESA) is actively applying ideas from nature in awide range of areas of biomimetics reported inan extensive web site with applications inspace exploration. It has a rudimentarydatabase and a collection of interesting andrelevant reports, all fully referenced.

1.6 Mission participants

The mission participants came from a broadspan of industry, including FMCGmanufacturers, designers, packaging,materials and consulting:

Dr Cathy BarnesFaraday Packaging Partnership

Geoff HollingtonHollington Associates

Dr Matthias GesterProcter & Gamble

Professor Julian VincentUniversity of Bath

Patrick PoitevinCOSi Ltd

Dr Martin KempDTI Global Watch Service

Johannes SchampelColepCCL

Brian KnottInstitute of Materials, Minerals and Mining

Phil RichardsonThoughtcrew Ltd

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Exhibit 1.1 Mission team at the Radisson Hotel, Berlin; L-R: Matthias Gester, Geoff Hollington, Martin Kemp,Julian Vincent, Cathy Barnes, Patrick Poitevin (front), Johannes Schampel (behind), Brian Knott, Phil Richardson

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2.1 Introduction2.2 Flight2.3 Architecture2.4 Textiles2.5 Typical topics2.6 Information retrieval

2.1 Introduction

Can innovation be managed? The history ofadvancement shows that we depend on thevision and efforts of people going beyondwhat is considered rational or possible andseeing what happens. This is an orderly wayof doing things in that it gives a framework.Think the unthinkable, then rationalise it andbring it into the common ambit.

This is also what happens with biomimetics.The underlying assumption is that natureperforms a function with the least amount ofenergy, uses the commonest materials, and isthe most reliable (though it may rely heavily onfeedback control). Speed is rarely important,mostly because it would take too much energyor would involve dangerous chemistry. Somecritical processes (escape responses, decisionmaking) can happen very quickly. However,growth can take its time – the emphasis beingon having viable offspring before we die.

By doing everything in water and usingdiffusion gradients, nature produces aproduction line with few moving parts and, byvirtue of the cell membrane, a highly controlledchemical environment. The problems of gettingsynthesised material across the membrane aresolved by a packaging system wherebyproducts are labelled then wrapped in a globeof membrane which establishes its interior as

destined to be outside. The globe fuses withthe cell membrane and the topologicalprediction is fulfilled. The spare membranewhich inevitably accumulates on the cellsurface is tucked away and recycled in a sort ofcellular face-lift.

Biomimetics7 – which we here mean to besynonymous with ‘biomimesis’, ‘biomimicry’,‘bionics’, ‘biognosis’, ‘biologically inspireddesign’ and similar words and phrasesimplying copying or adaptation or derivationfrom biology – is a relatively young studyembracing the practical use of mechanismsand functions of biological science inengineering, design, chemistry, electronicsand so on. The word was first coined by OttoSchmitt, a polymath, whose doctoral researchwas an attempt to produce a physical devicethat mimicked the electrical action of a nerve.By 1957 he had come to perceive what hewould later label biomimetics as adisregarded – but highly significant –converse of the standard view of biophysics.He said: ‘Biophysics is not so much a subjectmatter as it is a point of view. It is anapproach to problems of biological scienceutilising the theory and technology of thephysical sciences. Conversely, biophysics isalso a biologist’s approach to problems ofphysical science and engineering, althoughthis aspect has largely been neglected.’

The related word bionics was coined by JackSteele of the US Air Force in 1960 at ameeting at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base inDayton, Ohio. He defined it as ‘the science ofsystems which have some function copiedfrom nature, or which represent characteristicsof natural systems or their analogues.’

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2 BACKGROUND TO BIOMIMETICS

Julian Vincent

7 Julian F V Vincent et al, Biomimetics: its practice and theory, J R Soc Interface (2006) 3:471-482; www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/mgat4etrtl2tpnk2up67/

contributions/k/0/4/8/k048171720104k70.pdf

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At another meeting at Dayton in 1963,Schmitt said: ‘Let us consider what bionicshas come to mean operationally and what itor some word like it (I prefer biomimetics)ought to mean in order to make good use ofthe technical skills of scientists specialising,or rather, I should say, despecialising into thisarea of research. Presumably our commoninterest is in examining biologicalphenomenology in the hope of gaining insightand inspiration for developing physical orcomposite biophysical systems in the imageof life.’

The word made its first public appearance inWebster’s Dictionary in 1974, accompanied bythe following definition: ‘The study of theformation, structure or function of biologicallyproduced substances and materials (asenzymes or silk) and biological mechanismsand processes (as protein synthesis orphotosynthesis) especially for the purpose ofsynthesising similar products by artificialmechanisms which mimic natural ones.’

However, people have looked to nature forinspiration for more than 3,000 years, sincethe Chinese first tried to make an artificial silk.

2.2 Flight

Leonardo da Vinci studied birds flying anddesigned some machines, but never made any.

Clement Ader designed and made a flyingwing aircraft designed by copying bats’wings, to the extent that they folded andwere supported and shaped in exactly thesame way. The first aircraft, the Eole, had asingle steam engine with a four-bladedbamboo propeller made in the form of birdfeathers. Each wing could be swung forwardand aft separately by a hand-operated crank,thus changing the position of the centre ofpressure and consequently the pitch of theairplane. Wings could be flexed up and downby foot pedal; wing area and camber couldalso be changed by crank action. However,

with so many degrees of freedom in thedesign, and the difficulty the pilot had invarying these controls in flight, stability wascompromised. On 9 October 1890 Ader flewabout 50 m but the flight was not consideredto have been controlled or sustained. Adercompleted another aircraft, the Avion III, in1897. It was generally similar in concept andappearance to Eole, but had two engines andsimplified wings. Two tests of the Avion IIIwere conducted on a circular track but it didnot fly although Ader claimed to have flown adistance of 300 m.

Flying seeds inspired serious investigationsinto the theory of flight; one of these was theseed of the liana Alsomitra macrocarpa,which could glide great distances withinherent stability. Several of the earlyexperimenters with tailless aircraft, includingIgo Etrich, adapted these principles to thedesign of powered, sustained flight in heavier-than-air machines. In 1904 Etrich built agraceful tailless glider in the shape of theAlsomitra seed made of bamboo, canvas andwire. By 1906, practice glides with sandbagsfor passengers had been successfullyconducted, and the glider made what wasperhaps the first successful flight of aninherently stable, manned aircraft. In 1907Etrich installed a 40 hp engine into a seconddesign, and on 29 November 1909 flew hisfirst sustained powered flight. It then becameobvious that simply adding a power plant tothe wing was not the way to advance, soonce again he turned to nature for thesolution. To the Alsomitra wing he added thetail of a bird. The aircraft that evolved was theTaube (dove), a class of aircraft that wasproduced in a bewildering number of versionsfor both civil and military use. Between 1910and 1914, 54 manufacturers produced over500 of these aircraft, in 137 differentconfigurations. The Taube was easilyrecognised by the distinctive Alsomitra-shaped wings and dove-like tail, andpossessed such inherent stability that it couldfly itself.

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2.3 Architecture

Architects commonly use biology as a libraryof shapes. As decoration (Art Nouveau,Jungendstil and the like) this is obviouslyacceptable, but the client still has to be able toafford it. Unfortunately biology is also usedineptly as a structural rationale. In Swift’ssatire of the Royal Society in ‘Gulliver’sTravels’, ‘There was a most ingenious architectwho had contrived a new method for buildinghouses, by beginning at the roof, and workingdownwards to the foundation; which hejustified to me by the like practice of thosetwo prudent insects the bee and the spider.’

It is uncertain whether Joseph Paxton gothis ideas for the Crystal Palace from theleaves of a giant water lily: he used a leaf asan illustration during a talk at the RoyalSociety of the Arts in London, showing howto support a roof-like structure, and the mythmay have grown out of overenthusiasticreportage. Certainly there is little similaritybetween the design of the water lily leaf(which uses support of radial tapering beams)and the design of the roof of the CrystalPalace (which, with its corrugations, moreresembles other types of leaf such as beechor hornbeam). The original impetus for thecorrugated roof occurred about 20 yearsearlier, when Paxton copied an idea to ensurethat sunlight could go through the glassunimpeded during the morning and evening,but with a longer light path at midday,perhaps giving a little protection at the hottestpart of the day.

There are stories that Eiffel’s tower wasbased on the structure of trabecular struts inthe head of the human femur, or the taper ofa tulip stem. In fact it was constructed toresist wind loading, a topic in which Eiffel wasan early expert. In the construction of thetower, the curve of the base pylons wascalculated so that the wind loads wereresisted related to their force and themoment exerted with height. Thus even in

the strongest winds the top of the towermoves no more than 12 cm.

Antonio Gaudí was fascinated by naturefrom childhood. He studied nature’s anglesand curves and incorporated them into hisdesigns. Instead of relying on geometricshapes, he mimicked the way trees grow andstand upright. The hyperboloids andparaboloids he borrowed from nature wereeasily reinforced by steel rods and allowed hisdesigns to resemble elements from theenvironment. This was enhanced by hisexperimental approach to design, such thathe established the lines of force in hisbuildings then arranged the supporting stonearound them, thus producing authentic tree-like structures.

For many years Frei Otto worked onlightweight structures in the University ofStuttgart. He leaves a legacy of examiningnature, especially spiders’ webs, as a sourceof inspiration for tent-like tension structures,exemplified by the Munich Olympic Stadium.The roof of Stuttgart Airport is supported byhis tree-like structures. Not all his ideas wereas successful, for example his notorious‘pneu’ studies, where he claimed that allbiology is the product of inflatable structures,totally missing the point that the shape of asoap bubble is necessitated by the inability ofthe liquid soap film to resist shear; thereforethe skin of an object shaped like a soapbubble will also be shear-free and thus lighterand more efficient.

Richard Rogers in his Reith Lectures on thebuilt environment leant heavily on nature as asource of inspiration and on the possibilitiesof an ‘intelligent’ building which, like anorganism, could sense the externalenvironment and alter its outer covering insuch a way as to keep the internalenvironment ideal.

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2.4 Textiles

In the early 1940s George de Mestral, aSwiss inventor, went for a walk in the forestwith his dog. Upon his return home henoticed that the dog’s coat and his trouserswere covered in cockleburs. His inventor’scuriosity led him to study the burs under themicroscope, where he discovered the hookedends of the bristles that stick out from theseeds. This became the basis for a zip, laterdeveloped into a two-sided fastener. One sidehas stiff hooks like the burs; the other hasloops like the fabric of his trousers. The resultwas Velcro, named for the French words‘velour’ (velvet) and ‘crochet’ (hook). Thechallenge was then to make machinery thatcould produce textured fabrics that wouldwork reliably. After considerableexperimentation, de Mestral developedspecial looms and hook-cutting machinery.Currently Velcro Industries is (as itsadvertising literature assures us) a technicallydriven global organisation and the industryleader. It offers hundreds of different hook-and-loop products and fastening systems. Itmakes fastening tapes of woven and knittedconstruction and custom-designed specialityfasteners made of various materials indifferent shapes and sizes.

2.5 Typical topics

The mission was shown developments insome of the subject areas listed below. Thislist is by no means exhaustive; it should coverthe whole of biology.

• Behaviour• Bumpy surfaces• Camouflage• Chemistry• Chemosense• Composite materials• Computing• Creative design

• Deployable structures• Drag reduction• Growth• Hairy and feathery surfaces• Haptics• Joining and adhesion• Lubrication• Material properties• Mechanical mechanisms• Navigation and control• Pumps• Responsive materials and structures• Self-repair• Self-replication• Social interactions• Surface protection/hardness• Sustainability• Swimming• Vision• Walking/running

2.6 Information retrieval

Biomimetics is nothing unless engineers anddesigners can retrieve information frombiology which will lead to improved design,strength, efficiency etc. There are severalways in which this can be achieved, but thegeneral thrust must be towards de-skilling thearea so that the information is more readilyavailable to all.

The most obvious way is to ask a biologist toidentify the animals and plants in which acertain function is available. This requires abiologist with a broad base in natural history,ecology, molecular biology, behaviour... suchpeople are rare.

A second approach is to develop a hypertextdatabase of research papers. This approach isbeing taken by the Biomimicry Guild8 in theUSA. This still requires interpretation andunderstanding of biological information, anddoes not allow for the complexity of biologicalsystems. It may be important to strip away

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8 www.biomimicryguild.com

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the biological processes from the mainfunction which is required from the biologicalparadigm. This is not a trivial process.

Both these methods are subjective andrequire knowledge and skill in biology.

Still with the concept of discovering biologicalanalogues, lexical search of a biologicaldatabase has proved useful. The maindifficulty is translating between the wordsused for a concept in biology and inengineering. For instance the function ‘clean’in an engineering context was rated as similarto ‘defend’ in a biological context, where anorganism defends itself against pathogens bycleansing or isolation. This is a powerfulmethod since there are many large andcomplete biological texts available which canbe used as source material. Web searchengines can also be incorporated.

Another approach is to adapt an existingmethod from engineering and introduce abiological component. The Theory of InventiveProblem Solving – known by its Russianacronym TRIZ – seems particularly suitable butrequires the production of a large databasefrom biology. Advantages are that such asystem incorporates creative definitions andsolutions and so is pre-adapted for dynamictransfer of concepts and functions betweendisciplines. This system probably requires theleast skill and knowledge in biology but themost effort in setting it up. It is the mostamenable to computation and can incorporateweb search engines.

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3.1 Introduction3.2 Objective3.3 Biomimetics in packaging3.4 Industrial mission delegates and

biomimetics3.5 Applications and opportunities in

biomimetic packaging encountered during the mission

3.6 Summary3.7 Conclusions

3.1 Introduction

Packaging should be taken in the widestsense possible. It is a vehicle to transport andprotect the product, but quite often is part ofthe product or is the product itself. Packaginghas a design, a shape, a structure, a concept,a finish and a decoration or print.

Nature’s designs, materials, processes andstructures have always inspired packaging.Numerous examples could be listed,including Velcro and lotus leaf, tongs andtweezers. The examples in this chapter aredrawn from the case studies encounteredduring the mission.

3.2 Objective

Packaging is alongside the product, the driverto attract consumers. It is the first item theconsumer sees, feels, smells, touches and(maybe) tastes. It is important that thepackaging industry is up to date on changes,on newness, on innovation – constantlyenquiring ‘How can we stand out?’ – lookinginto other industries and learning from cross-industry technologies. Nature is one of thoseother ‘industries’. We can learn enormouslyfrom nature. Why reinvent the wheel whennature has it all? People are used to natural

structures. Nature’s solutions have stood thetest of time.

3.3 Biomimetics in packaging

Biomimetics in packaging covers manydifferent areas:

• Energy• Functions• Environment• Light weight• Materials• Process• Structure• Surfaces• Transport

The mission came across all these differentareas – not only in packaging but also in otherapplications mentioned in this report.

3.4 Industrial mission delegates and

biomimetics

3.4.1 ColepCCL, Laupheim, Germany

• Does not apply biomimetics yet but islooking for opportunities.

3.4.2 COSi – Creative OutsourcingSolutions International, UK

• Applies biomimetics in fingerprint-freecoatings on highly shiny metallised andanodised personal care components. Theadditives in the coatings are based on thelotus leaf repellent effect. See Exhibit 3.1.

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3 EXAMPLES OF BIOMIMETIC APPLICATIONS: BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED

PACKAGING

Patrick Poitevin

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3.4.3 Procter & Gamble/Gillette,Reading, UK

• Does not apply biomimetics yet but islooking for opportunities.

3.5 Applications and opportunities in

biomimetic packaging

encountered during the mission

3.5.1 Philips, Eindhoven, theNetherlands

Applications

• Microfluidics which can manipulate thespray on a small scale – transporting,mixing, sorting and collecting. Can be usedfor ink-jet application and coolingelectronics. See Exhibit 3.2.

• Microfluidic mixer based on stimulus, forexample temperature, humidity.

Opportunities

• Manipulate spray patterns and transportliquids with unlimited viscosities such aspersonal care formulations.

• Use microfluidic system for mixing dualchamber dosage and mix activeingredients in stimulus with designatedpurpose.

3.5.2 DEAM – University of Delft, theNetherlands

Applications

• Endoscope in micro scale and rollingdoughnuts.

Opportunities

• Rolling doughnut moves itself in and outthrough a colon. Can be used for packaginginspection.

3.5.3 University of Groningen, theNetherlands – University ofCambridge, UK

Applications

• Dynamic wetting of porous Teflon surfacesbased on lotus leaf. Concept alreadyapplied at COSi for fingerprint-free coatingon highly shiny metallised and anodisedcomponents. See Exhibit 3.3.

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Exhibit 3.1 Fingerprint-free coatings on highly shinymetallised and anodised personal care components(courtesy COSi)

Exhibit 3.2 Ink-jet printing for displays and biomedicalapplications (courtesy Philips)

Exhibit 3.3 Dynamic wetting of porous Teflon surfacesbased on lotus leaf (courtesy University of Cambridge)

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Opportunities

• Use of coating to keep packaging dry.

• Coating can be used inside bottles for easypouring of sticky product.

3.5.4 Institute for Textile Technology and Process Engineering (ITV Denkendorf), Germany

Applications

• Applies lotus effect on and in textiles.Textile repels water or stays dry in waterand is self-cleaning. See Exhibit 3.4.

• Coating containing electrostatic particles.See Exhibit 3.5.

• Reinforced fibres.

• Release of air bubbles to create speed andreduction of frictional drift. Used for boats.

• Plant stems as role models for compositeprofiles. Creates light weight andenhanced stiffness. Used in ski poles,cables, tubes and bicycle frames. SeeExhibit 3.6.

• Transparent light transfer inspired by polarbear hair as supposed light guides. Darkskin absorbs IR but blocks harmful UVradiations. See Exhibit 3.7.

Opportunities

• Handbags and other textile parts, used inpackaging or gift industry, can be kept dryand clean. Water sports gifts and toys orpackaging which should be kept dry.

• Heat insulation, can be applied for self-heating or thermostatic packaging.

• Use in hydrophobic chemistry for water-resistant products such as waterproofmascara.

• Plant stem construction for light weightbut high stiffness for rods and parts whichneeds strength and rigidity.

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Exhibit 3.4 Lotus effect on textiles (courtesy ITV)

Exhibit 3.5 Coating containing electrostatic particles(courtesy ITV)

Exhibit 3.6 Composite profiles modelled on plantstems (courtesy ITV)

Exhibit 3.7 Transparent light transfer inspired by polarbear hair (courtesy ITV/P Poitevin)

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3.5.5 DaimlerChrysler Research andTechnology, Ulm, Germany

Applications

• Aerodynamics. See Exhibit 3.8.

• Tree fork construction to maximise strength.

• Notch stresses with hollow structures.

Opportunities

• Lightweight construction in metal giftpackaging with hollow structures.

3.5.6 Max Planck Institute for MetalsResearch, EvolutionaryBiomaterials Group, Stuttgart,Germany

Applications

• Dry adhesives such as gecko, beetle, robotlike, suction cups. See Exhibits 3.9 and3.10.

• Head-arresting system in dragonflies tellscontact or no contact. Mechanicalcoupling. See Exhibit 3.11.

Opportunities

• Apply products in dry condition to skis foreasy release.

• Soft-touch applications and surfaces.

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Exhibit 3.8 Aerodynamics application byDaimlerChrysler (courtesy BIOKON, Germany)

Exhibit 3.9 Dry adhesive (courtesy Max PlanckInstitute for Metals Research, Stuttgart)

Exhibit 3.10 Dry adhesive applications (courtesy MaxPlanck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart)

Exhibit 3.11 Head-arresting system in dragonflies(courtesy Max Planck Institute for Metals Research,Stuttgart)

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3.5.7 University of Freiburg, PlantBiomechanics Group, Germany

Applications

• Models from trees, bamboos and vinesused for construction in aircraft, cars, roofsand bridges. See Exhibit 3.12.

• Self-repair vine and coat membrane with foam.

Opportunities

• Use models and constructions inpackaging and make light but solid.

• Self-repair packaging in future?

3.5.8 Max Planck Institute of Colloidsand Interfaces, Potsdam, Berlin,Germany

Applications

• Synthetic motors or active transport. Activebiomimetic systems.

• Glass fibre construction. Tough materialand light. See Exhibit 3.13.

• Cell wall constructions for wood. See Exhibit 3.14.

• Self-assembly hierarchical order in water.

• Lamellar structure based on collagen fibrils,stiff and tough.

• Microcapsules with nano-scale wallthickness with controlled mechanicalproperties.

• Self-repairing coatings where inhibitorreleases on command.

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Exhibit 3.12 Models from trees, bamboos and vinesused for construction in aircraft, cars, roofs and bridges(courtesy University of Freiburg)

Exhibit 3.13 Glass fibre construction (courtesy MaxPlanck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Berlin)

Exhibit 3.14 Cell wall constructions for wood(courtesy Max Planck Institute of Colloids andInterfaces, Berlin)

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Opportunities

• Focused transport of polymers foractivations and functional packaging.

• Use of glass fibres in packaging.

• Self-repair coatings for scratch and scuffdefects.

3.5.9 BIOKON/EvoLogics GmbH, F&ELabor Bionik, Berlin, Germany

Applications

• Acoustic camera. See Exhibit 3.15.

• Surface applications inspired by penguins,lotus leaves, dolphins, sharks, geckos andsandfish. See Exhibit 3.16.

• Bionic propellers, friction coefficients,sonar techniques.

Opportunities

• Analyses of packaging with acousticcameras to improve handling, noise andacoustic properties, such as lubricating,swivel and torque in packaging.

• Fin ray effect used for ergonomic chairscan be used in the packaging printingindustry, such as glass, where tolerancesare too large for proper jig printing. SeeExhibits 3.17 and 3.18.

3.5.10 University of Applied Sciences,Magdeburg-Stendal, Germany

Applications

• Modular walking robots, dismantlingrobots. See Exhibit 3.19.

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Exhibit 3.15 Acoustic camera (courtesy Gesellschaftzur Förderung angewandter Informatik – GFaI, Berlin)

Exhibit 3.16 Surface applications inspired bypenguins, lotus leaves, dolphins, sharks, geckos andsandfish (courtesy BIOKON, Germany)

Exhibit 3.17 Fin ray effect used for ergonomic chair(courtesy BIOKON, Germany/P Poitevin)

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Opportunities

• Robots can be used for rather difficult-to-access areas for research and applyingpackaging decoration.

3.5.11 Dr Mirtsch GmbH, Teltow, Berlin,Germany

Applications

• Reduction of materials conception.Material can be reduced 24% in weight byhexagonal or honeycomb shaped buckling.See Exhibit 3.20.

Opportunities

• Use in lightweight bottles, jars, aerosolsand cans in general. Opportunity to findsolutions for printing or decoration.

3.5.12 INPRO, Berlin, Germany

Applications

• Detection and inspection instruments for surfaces and defects in materials and surfaces such as plasma treatment,laser welding.

Opportunities

• Use in materials science and surfaceinvestigations.

3.6 Summary

Each university, institute or company metduring this mission had an application or atleast an opportunity in packaging orpackaging-related topics. No-one wants torepeat or copy what someone else has done.Biologically inspired products or mimickingnature? No problem in doing so. Invisiblesolutions may contribute to visibleinnovations. Think outside the shell!

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Exhibit 3.18 Fin ray effect can also be used in thepackaging printing industry, such as glass, wheretolerances are too large for proper jig printing (courtesyBIOKON, Germany/P Poitevin)

Exhibit 3.19 Modular walking robots (courtesyUniversity of Applied Sciences, Magdeburg-Stendal)

Exhibit 3.20 Reduction of materials conception(courtesy Dr Mirtsch/P Poitevin)

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The biomimetic developments encounteredon the mission are only a fraction of what ishappening in the world. There is a goldmine in biomimetics related to packaging.Industrialists have to know what opportunitiesthere are. Institutes and universities have toknow the needs. Collaboration is key. Naturehas so many opportunities.

3.7 Conclusions

Biomimetics is a key driver. Sustainability andinnovation are the current topics in packaging.Biomimetics supplies and covers both.Although biomimetics does not have all short-term solutions, it certainly covers mid- andlong-term opportunities and is definitely thesolution to sustainability and innovation inpackaging. Industries will soon be converted tothe new (biomimetic) religion. Collaborationwith those universities and institutes workingon biomimetics is crucial. Innovation requiresinspiration and relies on creativity. Nature does!

Currently, UK industry has BIONIS inReading/Bath and other biomimetic packagingliaisons abroad though needs a gooddatabase, a central UK-based full-timebiomimetic support with regular newsletters,conferences and meetings and information onapplications, opportunities and worldwidelatest news.

The challenge is to move forward, fast. It tookthe lotus concept over 20 years and Velcro eightyears. If the UK wants to be on top ofbiomimetics, being innovative, creative andsustainable, it needs the proper infrastructureand base to help industry move in that direction.

Quite often, institutes and universitiescommunicate to the industry: ‘Tell us whatthe needs are’. Meanwhile, the industry iscommunicating to those bodies: ‘Tell us whatyour research is, what you are working on’.We need two-way communication.

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4.1 Introduction4.2 Architecture4.3 Automotive4.4 Healthcare4.5 Dry adhesives4.6 Discussion4.7 Samples of biomimetics related to

industry

4.1 Introduction

In the same way that the term biomimeticscan be used to encompass a range ofbiological/engineering related conceptsincluding bionics and bio-inspired, so the termproduct design, in its widest interpretationcould encompass most if not all of theapplications seen and described during thismission. However, for the purposes of thisreport, ‘other industries’ are interpreted asthose where the application is either moregeneralised than a specific product, or theapplication forms part of the overall product.The design of part of the body shell of a carforms an example of the latter.

4.2 Architecture

Although the subject was not covered in anyof the presentations given at the variousestablishments, one highly visible andimmediately apparent area of the applicationof biomimetics was architecture, with theroof of Stuttgart Airport. This essentially flatroof has the appearance of being supportedby metal trees, in that each discrete area,which could be considered as a giant leaf, isaffixed to small metallic twigs, which in turnare affixed to metal branches. As the eyemoves down to the ground so the branchescombine to form boughs, which in turncombine to form the trunk of a tree. The final

impression is of a wood of metal trees,where each trunk, bough, branch and twigplays a synergistic role in supporting theweight of the roof. See Exhibit 4.1.

4.3 Automotive

A striking example of significant benefitswhich could be realised by applying theprinciples of biomimetics was the statementby Dr Götz of DaimlerChrysler that an 80%reduction in the weight of the shell of a carcould be achieved if it could be designed inthe same way as the structure of bone, withall the consequential benefits that this wouldhave on fuel efficiency. The front shell of avehicle comprises many members which arejoined together, often at right angles, withtheir associated generation of potentialfailure-inducing notch stresses when underload. In contrast, no notch stresses are to be

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4 APPLICATION OF BIOMIMETICS IN OTHER INDUSTRIES

Brian Knott and Johannes Schampel

Exhibit 4.1 Metal trees supporting the roof of StuttgartAirport (courtesy www.stuttgart-airport.com)

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found within the inner surfaces where asingle trunk of a tree divides into two. Thefaster growth of wood at regions where thestructure is highly stressed, combined withslower growth at regions of low stress,eliminates notch stresses and results in afully uniform stress loading.

Bone structures, however, can grow or shrinkdepending on their load-bearing requirements.This has been modelled in a soft kill option(SKO) computer program developed byProfessor Claus Mattheck where, during anumber of iterations, material is eliminated inlow-stress regions, leaving only those areaswhich provide load-bearing capability to thestructure. An example of the optimum structurefor a centrally loaded beam after only teniterations of the program is given in Exhibit 4.2.

Application of this principle of biomimeticdesign to the front element of a Mercedes Cclass vehicle produced a structure thateliminated areas of excessive stressconcentration associated with generation ofnotches at joints between structural members.Unfortunately the structure required can not bemanufactured on a mass production basis.Nevertheless the principle of this approachwas adopted by DaimlerChrysler and althoughit did not result in a weight saving, the removalof material from regions where it served nofunction permitted improved local access toenable a greater number of spot welds to beused to join the various component membersof the front element.

The bionic car, again developed byDaimlerChrysler, took the concept of usingsolutions from nature and applying these to cardesign. The exterior form of the car issubstantially based on the boxfish. This tropicalfish – despite its boxy, cube-shaped body – issomewhat surprisingly extremely streamlinedwith a very low coefficient of drag, a featurereproduced in the concept car (Exhibit 4.3).

SKO techniques were also employed in theconstruction of the shell, resulting in a highlyfuel-efficient vehicle. In the end, only 40% ofthe biomimetic ideas originally considered forinclusion in the original design of the vehiclecould be employed. For example, the self-cleaning features associated with the lotuseffect had to be discarded as the surfaceproduced does not have the desired high gloss.

Although the concept car demonstratedsuccessful collaboration between academiaand industry, resulting in the promotion of thesubject of biomimetics within the GermanGovernment with increased funding, it wassurprising to hear Konrad Götz comment thatat present no further biomimetic-basedprojects were under way withinDaimlerChrysler. The search does, however,continue for an animal that has the sameboundary constraints associated with enginepower transmission, with the aim of improvingthe tribofilm characteristics of this unit.

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Exhibit 4.2 Optimum structure for a centrally loadedbeam after 10 iterations (courtesy Prof Claus Mattheck)

Exhibit 4.3 Bionic car concept by DaimlerChrysler

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4.4 Healthcare

In healthcare the idea of using a lab-on-a-chipdevice to test human blood, for example, isone that is drawing ever increasing attention.A particular challenge with the developmentof such a device is the need to guideamounts of an already small sample of blood(typically 1 µL) to various reaction chamberson the chip.

Philips, after initial consideration of a numberof options including capillary pumping,surface tension and electro-osmosis, wasinspired by nature and selected thebiomimetic route of utilising cilia (which looklike very small hairs) to move the blood in acontrolled manner. In humans it is the cilia,working in unison to produce a wave-likemovement, that sweep mucus from the liningof the lungs; in sessile organisms exemplifiedby filter-feeding molluscs the cilia play animportant role in feeding; whilst inmicroorganisms they are often themechanism of propulsion.

Philips’ approach was to create cilium-likeplates comprising a polymer layer with aconductive backing material bonded to thebase of the device – normally silica. In thefree condition, the single ‘cilium’ adopts theform shown in Exhibit 4.4 (a), but onapplication of an electrostatic charge the‘cilium’ lays flat – Exhibit 4.4 (b).

The advantages of this approach includedrealisation of large amounts of movement ofindividual ‘cilia’, the individual ‘cilia’ wererobust, and multiple ‘cilia’ could beincorporated in a microchannel (as shown inExhibit 4.5) which in turn could be locallyaddressed using patterned electrodes toinduce movement of a fluid.

The technique has been successfullyemployed to both transport liquid and also togive mixing of two liquid streams. Theconcept is at a very early stage of

development but has considerable potentialboth for ‘lab-on-a-chip’ devices and also in thedevelopment and screening of drugs.

4.5 Dry adhesives

The remit of the Max Planck Institutes (MPIs)in Germany is the study of basic science. AtMPI Stuttgart considerable effort is beingdirected towards the understanding of surface-related effects in biology, looking at the abilityof flies and geckos to attach to glass walls andceilings. A number of the key structuralfeatures of the feet of the two species havebeen identified and reproduced on thesurfaces of a number of differing materials.

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Exhibit 4.4 Cilium-like plate created by Philips

(a)

(b)

Exhibit 4.5 Multiple ‘cilia’ incorporated in amicrochannel by Philips

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In the insect kingdom there are two principalmechanisms of attachment, either smooth orhairy pads, with both systems having theability to adapt and adhere to smooth andstructured substrata. For example, the basalhairs of the pads of a hoverfly (Eristalispertinax) are in turn covered in a very fineclose-packed structure of high aspect ratiocolumns with a lip structure that makescontact with the surface. A similar structure,the essential features and associatedcharacteristics of which are illustrated in Exhibit4.6, has been reproduced on sheet material insquare metre sizes to give a material which isadhesive solely as a consequence of itssurface topography with no related chemicalbonding. This ‘dry-adhesive’ material is tolerantto contamination and can be cleaned bywashing without much degradation of itsadhesive properties.

MPI Stuttgart is in active collaboration with anumber of industrial partners developing theconcept for applications such as adhesivetapes, grippers for manipulation of siliconwafers and solar batteries, paper feeding

mechanisms and also prevention of polymersqueaking by promoting smooth sliding ratherthan stick-slip.

4.6 Discussion

This has been only a selection of the caseswhere biomimetics has found application inareas other than packaging. It does, however,highlight the potential for adoption ofbiomimetic solutions to problems that naturehas already invested millions of years of effortto solve – why reinvent the wheel when itmay not be the best answer to movement?The challenge would appear to be joining thespecific requirements of industry with themyriad of solutions awaiting an application,offered by biologists.

For many of the above, the biomimeticsolution has originated either from engineers’discussions with biologists, or biologistsoffering nature’s solutions to engineers.Chance would appear to have played asignificant role in the process, and a primerequirement for identifying the optimumsolution to an engineering challenge wouldappear to lie in the development and adoptionof a structured method of contact between thetwo communities. The initial work on theproblem-identifying TRIZ database and oncompilation of a database of biologicalmaterials and components could beconsidered to be the first steps in this process.

4.7 Samples of biomimetics related to

industry

Depending on the scale of scope we use tolook at nature, we can find a multiple choiceof diversified structures. Nature seems tohave the ‘master plan’ to develop a broadrange of structures, all with totally differentproperties, built on the same material base.

According to Julian Vincent, Professor ofBiomimetics at the University of Bath, natureuses only two basic polymers to equip allpolymer-based structures.

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Exhibit 4.6 Dry adhesives

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Depending on the functions and systems weregard, it seems nature knows how to changematerial properties by changing the innerstructure and therefore constructs objectsvery efficiently on a sustainable base.

4.7.1 Steerable endoscope

Steerable endoscope for laparoscopic surgeryby Paul Breedveld, Jules S Scheltes, Esther MBlom and Johanna E I Verheij, Department ofBiomechanical Engineering, University of Delft

The function of this new endoscope wasinspired by the tentacles of a squid (Exhibit 4.7).

Currently being commercialised, theendoscope follows the same principle as thetentacles and consists only of standard partssuch as coil springs, cables, rings and tubes.

Compared to the current systems, which arevery expensive, the new bionic endoscopeworks very efficiently and can easily beminiaturised to a very small diameter, making

it suitable for low-cost mass production ofsteerable endoscopes, instruments andcatheters.

Technical developments during the last 20years have resulted in a decreasing averagediameter of endoscopes down to 12 mm – 5 mm and a strong improvement in imagequality. The big difference between theconservative constructed endoscopes and thenew developed bionic endoscope is thatconservative systems do have a limited spaceof observation: the incision acts like afulcrum, giving only four degrees of freedom(DOFs). Therefore it is impossible to take alook behind objects by getting around them.In order to find dangerous metastases andcavities, it is necessary to have a moreflexible endoscope which is not limited bythose restrictions.

To increase manoeuvrability of theendoscopic camera, the new endoscope, theEndo-Periscope (Exhibit 4.8), has beendeveloped at Delft University of Technology inclose cooperation with the Tokyo Institute ofTechnology. The Endo-Periscope has a rigidshaft and a 2-DOF steerable tip with aminiature camera, enabling the surgeon toobserve organs from the side and to lookbehind anatomic structures. The steerable tipis controlled via a spatial parallelogrammechanism; the camera follows the handgripmovements exactly and the handgrip isalways parallel to the camera’s line of sight.

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Exhibit 4.7 Schematic cross section of the tentacle ofthe loliginid squid. The tentacle is surrounded bylongitudinal and helical muscle layers (LML and HML).The cross section contains a ring of longitudinalmuscle bundles (LMB) which are enclosed bytransverse and circular muscle fibres (TMF and CMF)

Exhibit 4.8 Endo-Periscope developed by University ofDelft in cooperation with Tokyo Institute of Technology

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This provides intuitive control of the tip,showing how the camera is oriented in theabdominal cavity.

4.7.2 Adaptive braided bag filter

Adaptive braided bag filter for microfiltrationin solid-liquid separation processesby Dr Jamal Sarsour, Michael Linke, DrMarkus Milwich and Dr Thomas Stegmaier,ITV Denkendorf

This project was inspired by the sea spongewhich in nature works as a highly energy-efficient filtration pump. This sponge is able tofilter a remarkable amount of water for foodparticles and oxygen by using its collar cells.The idea coming from that source ofinspiration is to build a highly effective cross-flow microfiltration system.

Basic requirements for this system are:

• High selectivity with particle separation• Chemical and thermal resistance• Little tendency to fouling• Constant operation conditions• High mechanical strength• Reasonable price

The team at ITV developed a braided bagfilter based on the shape of a hose or a tube.This tube can be vertically installed in thefilter tube system as shown in Exhibit 4.9.

Due to its flexible construction, the filter tubecan be stretched and released (Exhibit 4.10).

When the filter tube is in relaxed state, thepore size is much smaller then in stretchedstate. Due to the variable pore size and thegood cleaning performance, the application ofthe developed adaptive tube filters can offernew microfiltration methods in the fields ofwaste water, food and chemical technology.

4.7.3 Fin ray

Leif Kniese, Department of Bionic andEvolution Technology, Technical University of Berlin

The tail fin of a fish reacts to a mechanicalstimulation in an unexpected way. When weapply an orthogonal force to the right side ofthe tail fin, we would expect the fin to yield.But the fin bends into the direction of theforce. When pressure is applied to the righthand side, the fin’s end turns right in asignificant manner.

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Exhibit 4.9 ITV’s filter system equipment with thefilter tube in the pipe on the right side

Exhibit 4.10 ITV’s braided bag filter (a) stretched, (b) relaxed

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This behaviour woke the interest of LeifKniese of the Technical University of Berlin.He became interested in the fin’s morphologyand started to do research work. He thendeveloped a mechanical device which reactsin a very similar way when it is facing externalforce (Exhibit 4.11).

Further development stages then led to adevice which has unique gripper toolproperties. Like an intelligent shaping tool,which shapes around an object, this tooladapts to the shape of an object. Other areasof application can be in the aviation industry(wings and fins), ergonomic parts, such aschairs, carrier systems for backpacks, bedsand many more.

4.7.4 Acoustic camera

Acoustic camera – listening with your eyes byDr Ing Olaf Jaeckel, GFaI, Berlin

The acoustic camera is a lightweight, modularand flexible system for positioning andanalysing noise sources. Similar to a thermalimaging camera, this system is able to makenoise sources visible by spectral evaluation

and colour-coding loud areas red and quietareas blue.

The system consists of an array ofmicrophones connected to a personalcomputer (PC) via a data-recording device.The array can have either a circular, linear orspherical pattern. Spherical patterns forexample would be used to capture noisewhich is disturbing the driver of a car. Themicrophones are therefore installed at theheight of the driver’s head and capturesurrounding noises (all-round measurement).See Exhibit 4.12.

Independent from each array, all systemshave a video capturing device in the centre ofthe pattern. This enables the operationsystem afterwards to overlay visual and audiosignals layer by layer. Instead of using a videoimage as positioning layer, one could also usethe computer-aided design (CAD) file of thechecked object.

This system could be used for the automotiveindustry, in internal and external sounddesign, quality management and forenvironmental tasks.

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Exhibit 4.11 Fin ray

Exhibit 4.12 Spherical array, 32-channel acousticcamera system for interior use

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4.7.5 Bionic propeller

EvoLogics GmbH, Berlin

Inspired by the fanned wing tips of an eagle,scientists of the Bionics Department at theTechnical University of Berlin askedthemselves how the widespread, flexible outerwing changes the flight and drag performance.

Regarding the turbulence caused by aircraftwings, a significant amount of energy iswasted and not used to create upforce.

Combining those facts, the team atEvoLogics started to work on a new wingsystem inspired by nature. The idea was touse drag forces as efficiently as possible andtherefore save energy. The principle is to splitup vortices at the wing tip, known as‘winglets’ in airplanes.

Following up this idea, a bionic propeller(Exhibit 4.13) has been developed. The newpropeller is designed such that its bladesmeet each other to form a circular outerwing. This highly efficient and noise-avoidingpropeller has been adopted for new aviationdesign. Further areas of application are fans,ship propellers and chopper blades.

4.7.6 Plants as concept generators

Plants as concept generators for innovativebiomimetic structures and materials byThomas Speck and Tom Masselter, BotanicGarden of the University of Freiburg andBIOKON

Different biological models such as mammuttrees, giant bamboos and vines are the basefor biomimetic products for many differentindustries, including aviation, automotive and architecture.

Gradient materials with optimised structureand weight properties are more often thefocus of industrial collaboration. Thosematerials are built to resist specific forces. Theteam at the Botanic Garden of the Universityof Freiburg chose the giant reed as a biologicalmodel to learn about gradient materials.

The giant reed is bionically interestingbecause of its optimised fibre orientation anddistribution. Its gradual transition betweenfibre and matrixes gives inspiration to buildlightweight structures with high stiffness andstrength. Comparing the diameter of thestem to its height, the flexibility of the plant is enormous.

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Exhibit 4.13 Bionic propeller from EvoLogics GmbHExhibit 4.14 Model of stem structure

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Based on this model the team from Freiburgdeveloped a technical plant stem (Exhibit4.15) in collaboration with ITV Denkendorf.The stem is made of a bionically optimisedfibre-reinforced compound material. Thismaterial gives high vibration damping, long-lasting high dynamic load capacity and benignfracture behaviour.

To manufacture this material, high-endpultrusion and 3D-single-braiding techniqueswere used.

4.7.7 Self-healing structures

Together with various industrial partners, ateam from Thomas Speck developed a plant-inspired self-healing system for pneumaticsystems such as aircraft, bridges orarchitectural elements. The idea is to preventdamage through air leakage.

The plant Aristolochia macrophylla is knownfor its self-repairing capability in the vine.Plants have developed an enormous capacityto seal and mend internal fissures. Based onthis, the team worked on developing a self-repairing foam with some promising results.With the bionically optimised foam,polymerised under pressure, air leakage

caused by holes up to 5 mm diameter can bedelayed by two to three orders of magnitude.

In a second phase, not only sealing but realrepair should be achieved, ie re-establishmentof the mechanical properties of the membrane.

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Exhibit 4.15 Technical plant stem developed byUniversity of Freiburg in collaboration with ITVDenkendorf

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5.1 Commercial case for biomimetic solutions

5.2 Role of funding5.3 Incubators and consortia5.4 Discussion and conclusions

5.1 Commercial case for biomimetic

solutions

Consideration of the ubiquitous ‘hook andloop’ product Velcro illustrates that biologicallyinspired products can result in significantcommercial potential. However, since it wasinvented in 1941, the time to develop asignificant market even for this ‘newparadigm’ product has been considerable. Inview of its success, it begs the question whythere are not more ‘killer applications’, sincethe source of natural inspiration is virtuallyendless.

This chapter will assess the role of funding on commercialisation of biomimeticsresearch. A selection of biomimetics casestudies will first be compared.

5.1.1 Devices

The steerable endoscope developed byDEAM uses biomimetic principles to achievean improved product compared to existingproducts. The benefits of the device werewell defined: to give a better image of thetarget area, especially depth perception,which would allow more precise surgery cutdepth. A secondary benefit would be realisedif the endoscope diameter could beminimised, resulting in reduced tissuedamage, and hence reduced hospitaltreatment costs. Having successfullyachieved both of these aims, the productreceived commercial interest from a

manufacturer of such devices. Cost of thedevice was not so much of an issue, even ifhigher than standard instruments, due toperformance benefits resulting in less patienttrauma and damage ensuring large costsavings in post-operative patient care.

A noise measurement and visualisation toolbased on a ‘bat radar’ analogue waspresented by Dr Jaeckel of GFaI, Berlin. Themethodology behind this device is wellknown, so the innovation has been indeveloping an improved overall system. Thistool shows great potential for transportationdesign and noise optimisation andenvironmental monitoring. With Porsche asthe launch customer, industry has identifiedthe usefulness of this tool. An interestingfeature of this case study is the way it hasdeveloped in an ‘incubator’ – ie GFaI(discussed in Section 5.3 below).

A microfluidics ‘pump’ development fundedby Philips featured cost as a significant, butnot overriding, factor. Again, the market wasmedical (diagnostics) and a premium product(at least initially) was envisaged. Thebiomimetics fluid transport system would bemore expensive than a micropump butoffered added functionality in terms of fluidmixing, a crucial factor for accurate diagnosis.The product also had an additional high-added-value application in drug testing, whichstrengthened the justification of researchcost. However, it was made clear that Philipswas ‘very aware’ of cost and was looking atfour different ‘actuator’ options, and costmight be a deciding factor in the final choiceof technique. In general terms, the simplersystem would probably be preferred due toreduced cost (‘complexity costs money’). IfPhilips successfully develops this product, it

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5 COMMERCIAL VALUE OF BIOMIMETICS

Martin Kemp

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could have huge commercial potential infuture microfluidics devices.

5.1.2 Optimisation

The DaimlerChrysler ‘bionic car’ exploresaerodynamic and structural/weight benefits ofbiomimetic principles, including the SKOmodelling approach of Professor Mattheck.This can be realised and used by engineersusing finite element (FE) stress analysissoftware, and hence promises a powerful andaccessible tool. However, DaimlerChryslerindicated no follow-on activity, even thoughreal car components had been optimised. Thebarrier to full exploitation in the car industryappears to be that the optimised structuresare too expensive to manufacture. However,in another industry this method might providesignificant benefits.

The ‘evolutionary’ approach to process ordesign optimisation was presented byINPRO, a software package using neuralnetwork processing techniques. The diversityof applications, from coffee blending tooptical lens optimisation, was impressive andindicated that it could be used in a widerange of markets.

Tubular elements are widely used in industry,and the work at ITV Denkendorf simulatedhollow plant-stem structures. ITV has takenthis design idea forward by developing abraiding technique coupled with pultrusion toenable rapid net shape manufacture. As acase study, this overcomes several barriers tocommercialisation, since it has been takenthrough proof-of-concept stage to prototyping.This immediately allows industry theopportunity to rapidly assess the potential, asevidenced by applications in prostheses(‘Springlite’), train body outer skins (‘Bekaert’);Airbus curved stringers (‘Fiber Innovations’),and for a bicycle frame tube (‘Vyatek’).

5.1.3 Functional surfaces

Surface-to-surface contact properties areinvolved in the way we touch, grip and feeleveryday objects. For joining, the strength ofinterfaces is crucial. These properties havebeen investigated by MPI Stuttgart, resultingin a synthetic gecko foot structure using atextured soft polymer. The company Binder isinterested in developing an adhesive tapeversion (it has patented the finest scale‘Velcro’ with 40 µm features); Satisloh isinvestigating use in processing lenses; Shunkis interested in developing grippers for siliconwafers and solar batteries; Voith in a paperfeeding system; Reticel of Belgium to preventpolymer surfaces squeaking, giving soft-touchfeel for car interiors (joint patent); and OVDKinegram of Switzerland is investigating soft-touch metal strips on euro banknotes forauthenticity and anticounterfeiting (this couldbe in the form of frictional anisotropy). Anumber of companies (including automotive)are interested in novel attachment devices.As with Velcro, such a product has a diversemarketing potential.

These case studies, which are so different inevery way, illustrate the diversity of productsthat can be derived from biomimeticresearch, from specific devices to genericproducts with wide potential application. Todescribe the latter inventions, Dr Bannasch ofTU Berlin compared the ‘normal’ exploitationof research ideas to the exploitation of‘biomimetic’ ideas. In the former case, heargued that starting a significant number ofideas deriving from biomimetics had multipleapplications, ie greater possibilities forcommercial exploitation (Exhibit 5.1).

5.2 Role of funding

Two main research funding models wereseen on this mission: funding by largecompanies (eg Philips, DaimlerChrysler), andfunding by State or Regional Government asin Germany:

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• The German Federal Ministry of Educationand Research (BMBF)

• Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) –German Environment Foundation

• The state of Baden-Württemberg • An increasing number of university sponsors

In Germany, the BIOKON network was set upin 2001 with six members and now comprises52 members in 28 locations. The first round offunding for BIOKON from BMBF was €2.4million (~£1.6 million) from June 2001 to June2004. The success of BIOKON I led to asecond round of funding for July 2004 to July2007 (BIOKON II) in which BMBF awarded 20research groups a total of €6 million (~£4.1million), with the objective that the networkbecomes self-funding in 2007. BIOKONappears to have made good progress towardsthis objective by engaging German industryand setting up international links.

BIOKON members include universities, MaxPlanck Institutes and Fraunhofer researchgroups. The network provides internalnetworking infrastructure, as well as aplatform for international collaboration.International links have been set up withgroups in the USA, Canada, UK, Norway,

Netherlands, France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy,Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand,Japan, China and Singapore.

Now employing a director and run as acommercial entity – ForschungsgemeinschaftBionik-Kompetenznetz eV – BIOKON has alsobeen active in promoting biomimetics toGerman industry. In addition to a website andnewsletter, BIOKON has coordinated a majorexhibition stand at the Hannover Messeengineering fair in 2005. This display wasfunded jointly by BIOKON and the nineindustry sponsors who exhibited. It alloweddirect promotion of biomimetics to end-userengineering industries by a variety of eye-catching demonstrators and exhibits. BIOKONalso provides an access mechanism forGerman industry to the research community.It has run workshops for different marketsectors (eg automotive and marine).

At an international level, BIOKON providedexhibits for the German pavilion at JapanExpo 2005, indicating the high regard withwhich this work is regarded by the GermanGovernment as a promotional topic.

Another networking opportunity in Germany hasbeen the creation of a bionics (biomimetics)working group within the Association ofGerman Engineers (VDI). It has been noted bythe BIOKON network that publications involvingindustry sponsors are few, due to therequirement to retain confidentiality.

One conclusion of the mission is that UKindustry might fund significant researchprojects if they were more aware that theapproach existed, and understood thepotential benefits. The key to removing thisbarrier appears to be the need tocommunicate and raise industry awareness.

A secondary funding initiative under theBMBF framework programme has been afunding competition primarily for youngresearchers, ‘Biotechnology – Using and

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Exhibit 5.1 Business development for biomimeticcompared to ‘normal’ ideas (after Bannasch)

‘Normal’

Biomimetic

Ideas Projects Start-ups Products

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Shaping its Opportunities’, which waslaunched in December 2003. The totalfunding of €1 million (~£680,000) was foraround 20 demonstrator projects with the aimof early commercialisation.

5.3 Incubators and consortia

GFaI is an interesting incubator model.Founded in 1990 as a not-for-profitorganisation, it now has 100 employees alldeveloping computer science basedbusinesses. GFaI receives 70% state (ieBerlin) funding each year to which it mustmatch 30% from sales or industry income.Since GFaI is able to assign the governmentincome as it wishes, and also agglomeratescommercial income, then projects which maynot produce commercial income can survivethe early stage of commercialisation by being‘supported’ by the more commerciallydeveloped projects.

The INPRO organisation is a joint-ownershipdevelopment company owned by BASFCoatings AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, IWKA AG,ThyssenKrupp Automotive AG, Volkswagen AGand the city-state of Berlin. INPROinvestigates and develops concepts andproducts of interest to its owners, which werenot generally biomimetics but solved industrialproblems. This unusual model has potential ifa number of noncompetitive companies seebenefit in sharing access to developments.

5.4 Discussion and conclusions

Engaging industry and generating wealth is animportant factor in biomimetics as in allinnovation. Biomimetics has a credibilitybarrier with industry end users, due to lack ofawareness, or wrong preconceptions. InGermany, the setting up of a network(BIOKON) has facilitated access by industry,networked the ‘solution providers’, and givencritical mass for actively promoting the subjectand its products (eg at Hannover Messe).

From the research perspective, there are twomajor barriers which need to be addressed:

• Biomimetics is research-intensive andfunding is therefore required fromgovernment or industry. Raising awarenessof the importance of the subject todecision-makers in government isimportant, as is also targeting potentialindustry sponsors. The network approachcan assist in this.

• Biomimetics is interdisciplinary, and needsinput from a range of disciplines. Thismission witnessed involvement bybiologists, mathematicians, engineers,chemists and physicists to name but a few.Research funding therefore needs more‘effort’ to overcome traditional fundingdown single-discipline streams (eg BBSRCand EPSRC in the UK).

A significant number of commercial productswere observed with apparently differentexploitation models. The ‘fast track’commercialisation route appeared to be thoseproducts deriving from research funded by, orlicensed to, large companies (eg Festoactuators, STO paint). Small spin-outcompanies marketing a single product orconcept (eg EvoLogics’ ‘fin ray effect’) weremaking inroads, but it seems that thosebased in a univeristy department derivebenefit from the ’incubator’ environment, butnot the immediate market access a hostcompany can provide. An alternative modelworthy of examination is the not-for-profitincubator ‘cooperative’ (eg GFaI acousticcamera, which receives Berlin-state fundingbut must match this from its overall salesincome). The INPRO model is anotherunusual model, based on a joint-ownershipdevelopment company owned by BASFCoatings AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, IWKA AG,ThyssenKrupp Automotive AG, VolkswagenAG and the city-state of Berlin.

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The large and well-organised BIOKONnetwork in Germany reflects the largeamount of government research fundingreceived by these institutions. Equivalents toMax Planck and Fraunhofer establishmentswith their government or industry fundingmodels hardly exist in the UK. It is thereforeimportant that the UK funding bodiesconsider the most appropriate way toincrease funding to this topic to the benefit ofUK industry.

The BIOKON network has had a major effectin promoting and organising Germanbiomimetics research, and lessons from thisshould be applied to the UK situation. Thesize of this network (one of the German‘Kompetenznetze’)9 is equivalent to a KTN inthe UK. A European network concept wasdiscussed during the mission, and received agenerally favourable acceptance.

Biomimetic solutions derived for specificindustry problems appeared to be easier tomarket than generic solutions (eg dryadhesive), although the latter might havemuch larger commercial potential.

The only real similarity between thecommercialisation examples examined hereis the diversity of the end products and thenatural analogues from which inspiration wasderived. This diversity embodies the ‘power’of the biomimetics approach, and indicatesthat as a problem-solving or innovation tool itcan be used by any industry for any problem.

A significant number of the biomimeticsolutions examined during the mission haveclear end uses and markets. Some have beentechnology-driven solutions which, because oftheir effectiveness, have found industrialinterest. Others have been funded byindustry to solve a specific problem, andhence are market driven. A common featurewas that they were all relatively ‘young’ interms of development, and the potential

commercial success in five or 10 years isimpossible to estimate. However, manycertainly have the potential to succeed, anddevelopments such as the ‘dry adhesive’based on the gecko foot could be assignificant as Velcro.

An ‘incubator’ model appears to work well inbiomimetics, in which a university providesresearchers with support for commercialisingproducts, and provides industry with a facilitatedroute to prototyping and development.

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9 www.kompetenznetze.de

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6.1 Introduction6.2 A technique, not a style6.3 What product designers should

know6.4 What is the appeal to designers?6.5 The commercial case6.6 Conclusions

6.1 Introduction

When a product designer says that a particulardesign is influenced by nature, he or she ismost likely talking about its appearance: it hasan ‘organic’ shape. Nature is a good teacher inthis regard, but imitating or being inspired bynatural-looking forms, textures and coloursalone is not biomimetics; to quote missionmember Dr Julian Vincent: ‘... biomimetics hasto have some biology in it.’ By which hemeans that, to be truly biomimetic, a designshould in some way be informed by nature’sscience, not just its look.

Although many designers are aware of someindividual achievements of biomimeticscience and technology – non-wetting surfacetreatments for example – the subject doesnot have a high profile in the designcommunity. The awareness, then, isanecdotal rather than systematic; designerssimply are not exposed to the breadth ofactivity and achievement in biomimetics, or tothe opportunities it promises. Put simply,biomimetics should be a standard part of theproduct designer’s toolkit, but it is not.

6.2 A technique, not a style

Product design, like any other design field, isa child of fashion. The things we make evolvealong both technological and visual pathwaysand we tend to see the former as a one-way,

incremental path of ‘improvement’, whereasthe latter – visual taste and style – follows amore complex trajectory. Visual fashion, be itin clothes, products or buildings, has aprogressive trend – a gradual one-way changeinfluenced mainly by technology – andintertwined cyclical trends where preferencescome and go, often returning to revisit certainforms, details and colours again and again.

In product design the fashion a decade agowas for so-called ‘organic’ shapes, withvehicles and consumer products encased insmoothly flowing forms and curvy details.Bio-inspired perhaps, but not – as we haveseen – biomimetic. At present (2007) thefashion is for a kind of post-Bauhausminimalism, as exemplified in the work ofBritish-born design chief Jonathan Ive atApple. This design language is hard-edgedand machine-like but succeeds in beinghumane and friendly through its simplicityand careful use of materials.

This discussion of fashion and style isworthwhile because it is important tounderstand that biomimetics has nothing todo with appearance. A biomimetic productcould easily be designed to look zoomorphic,but it need not. A hard-edged and minimalphone (for example) could be packed withbiomimetic innovations. So it is important fordesigners to understand that biomimeticsdoes not necessarily influence theappearance and style of a product. It could,but it does not have to.

6.3 What product designers should

know

No matter what your level of focus – frommetres down to nanometres – biology does

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6 BIOMIMETICS AND PRODUCT DESIGN

Geoff Hollington

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things differently to human technology(Exhibit 6.1).

Just to be aware of these differences is asource of enlightenment to any productdesigner, as they suggest routes for improvingthe ways we design and make things. At adeeper level of engagement these insightscan lead to new design strategies.

6.3.1 Who does what?

Product designers can seek to imitate theseadvantageous strategies in two ways:

• As ‘clients’ for biomimetic materials,components and techniques generated bytechnical R&D coming from either researchor industry labs

• By employing biomimetic designprocesses themselves

As technology clients, designers can utilise(and support the development of) biomimeticmaterials, processes and components. Moreproactively, they can employ biomimeticsthemselves, for example, by:

• Reducing the number of differentmaterials in a product assembly, makingrecycling much easier (biology employsvery few materials, but combines them incomplex composites)

• Making a reduced materials repertoirefunction in diverse ways by structuringsurfaces

• Learning from the designs ofmacrostructures in nature (eg squidtentacle, penguin fluid dynamics, bamboostem etc)

• Developing product self-repair techniques• Employing evolutionary design processes• Informing man-machine interaction design

through observation of animal behaviour

6.4 What is the appeal to designers?

Inventors, engineers and product designershave always taken inspiration from nature,which is not surprising as we are animalsourselves, immersed in the diversity ofbiology. But whereas until quite recently suchbiomimetic design was unpredictable, evenaccidental, it is now well advanced in theprocess of becoming a stand-alone branch oftechnology. But ‘branch’ is hardly sufficient todescribe a technology with access to such awealth of source material and with suchbreadth and depth of application. For allintents and purposes the scope ofbiomimetics is limitless; its lessons close toinfinite in number.

So designers who choose to embracebiomimetics will find it inspiring and liberating.It offers, in some ways, an alternative ‘lens’through which to contemplate any design

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Human technology Biology Nature’s advantage

Creation by fabrication Creation by growth No assembly constraints, no screws!

Survival by repetition Survival by variation Faults quickly eliminated, no product recalls!

Improvement through design Improvement through evolution Continuous improvement, automatic designoptimisation

High-temperature processes Low-temperature processes Low energy, recyclable compounds

Many materials Few materials Easier materials sourcing, easy recycling

External repair Self repair Low-cost and fast repairs, minimum downtime, no call centres!

Exhibit 6.1 Biology does things differently to human technology

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challenge. It also offers a vast inventory ofsources and catalysts for invention andinnovation. In comparison, the ‘source book’of schemes and models from humantechnology is a thin volume.

6.5 The commercial case

Product design (alternatively called industrialdesign) is a youngish profession – no morethan 70 years old. But its maturity is muchmore recent, just a decade or two. Prior tothat, it would not have been possible to saythat product designers initiate a highproportion of the innovation and creativity inproduct development or that they represent abroad conduit for the introduction of newmaterials and processes, as is now the case.Designers operate in a competitiveenvironment where early adoption andinnovation are the most useful survivalstrategies. They also have a direct influenceon technology adoption and material andcomponent specification. Finally, productdesigners have a self-appointed duty to trackand investigate what they, or we, might call‘cool new stuff’.

Biomimetics offers competitive advantages tosuppliers of materials, processes andcomponents, and to the makers and brandowners of finished products. Productdesigners represent one important and well-defined channel for dissemination.

6.6 Conclusions

• Every product designer, whether inconsultancy or employed in-house, shouldbe aware of biomimetics and its innovationpotential; biomimetics should therefore bepart of every designer’s standard toolkit

• UK product design will be strengthenedand made more competitive through theincreased awareness of biomimetics

• A long-term education strategy should bedeveloped and properly funded to createawareness of biomimetics amongst UKproduct designers in practice and ineducation

• Networks, workshops and events couldhelp forge links and transfer knowledgebetween the design and technicalcommunities

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7.1 Introduction7.2 Processes7.3 Tools7.4 Conclusions and recommendations

7.1 Introduction

This chapter examines the biomimeticprocesses used to date to generate thesuccessful engineering solutions andopportunities inspired by biological systems,and how these processes can be formalisedso they become more readily available toboth biologists and engineers.

7.2 Processes

As previous examples show, an engineeringmaterial or a technical device can be designedthrough inspiration by nature in two ways:

• A technical problem is identified by anengineer who then looks to nature for asolution – this biomimetic process is oftenreferred to as top-down

• A natural phenomenon is researched andunderstood by a biologist who then seeksfor an application in the technical world –this biomimetic process is often referred toas bottom-up

7.2.1 Top-down process

As illustrated in Exhibit 7.1, the top-downprocess comprises the following steps:

• Formulate the technical problem• Seek for analogies in biology• Identify corresponding principles• Abstract from the biological model• Implement technology through prototyping

and testing

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7 INTEGRATING BIOMIMETICS INTO PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Matthias Gester

Exhibit 7.1 Top-down process of biomimetics (courtesy University of Freiburg)

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The top-down approach was used byDaimlerChrysler to reduce the drag of a car,which could still carry four passengers andluggage. Studies of the shape of the boxfishled to the development of the bionic car. Inanother example, BEAM, a spin-out from DelftUniversity in the Netherlands, wanted todevelop a flexible endoscope. A mechanism forbending the outer tube of an endoscope wasdesigned in analogy of the squid’s tentacles.

In the case of the DaimlerChrysler bionic car,an engineer was aware of the biomimeticprocess through training. In general, however,biomimetics is not an established processwhich an engineer would consider whenembarking on the design of a new product. Tobecome a standard process, biomimeticsneeds to be included in the education of themodern engineer. In addition, informationneeds to be available which relates thebiological structure and function of a multitudeof natural organisms so that analogues withtechnical systems can be drawn.

By considering biomimetics as a process tosolve only an existing technical problemanother aspect is completely lost:biomimetics also offers opportunities forcompletely new materials and devices. This isachieved by the bottom-up process,considered next.

7.2.2 Bottom-up process

As illustrated in Exhibit 7.2, the bottom-upprocess comprises the following steps:

• Identify a biological system• Analyse biomechanics, functional

morphology and anatomy• Understand the principles• Abstract from the biological model• Implement technology through prototyping

and testing

The bottom-up approach led to the discoveryand exploitation of the lotus effect. It hadbeen observed a long time ago that theleaves of the lotus plant not only repel water

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Exhibit 7.2 Bottom-up process of biomimetics (courtesy University of Freiburg)

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but also have the tendency to cleanthemselves. Study of the microstructure atthe Institute for Materials Research at theUniversity of Karlsruhe, and laterunderstanding of its function, led to thedevelopment of superhydrophobic coatings.Another example is the development of dryadhesives based on the analysis of the micro-and nanostructure of the gecko’s foot at theCentre for Tribology of Biological and Bio-inspired Surfaces at the Max Planck Institutefor Metals Research in Stuttgart.

It is often difficult for a biological expert, whohas studied an organism and identified thatnature’s design offers a valuable technicalopportunity, to find an engineering partner toimplement the concept.

Regardless whether biology or technology isthe starting point for the biomimetic process,both cases rely on an intimateinterdisciplinary collaboration to generate asuccessful new material or device. This isobvious from all the examples given inprevious chapters. For instance, ITVDenkendorf was able to use detailedbiological studies from the University ofFreiburg and combine these with its expertisein textile manufacturing and an understandingof industrial requirements to generate newmaterials, such as the lotus coated textilesand plant stem structures.

7.3 Tools

If a solution for an existing problem or a newbusiness opportunity is sought or foundthrough inspiration from nature, the needarises for a more systematic biomimeticprocess. For this purpose, three differenttools are currently being developed.

A TRIZ-based system to transfer functions,mechanisms and principles from biology toengineering has been pioneered at theEngineering Department of the University ofBath. TRIZ was developed in Russia for

solving technical problems assuming that asolution can be derived from the analysis ofexisting solutions to problems which sharecommon characteristics. For this purpose theideal result and its constraints are firstdefined and then used to look up solutionprinciples from a matrix. To make this systemuseful as a bionic engineering tool, theexisting data have to be assembled in adatabase and a larger number of biologicalsystems need to be analysed and added tothis database.

A complementary database system is beingdeveloped at the Centre for Tribology ofBiological and Bio-inspired Surfaces at theMax Planck Institute for Metals Research inStuttgart by Dr Wegst. This system is basedon the Cambridge Materials Selector and listsabout 1,000 biological materials withattributes. The database is searched and usedin the same way as the materials selectorand so can suggest suitable materials forparticular applications. Dr Wegst isintroducing elements of the TRIZ system tosuggest improvements.

Finally, it is possible to use a lexical searchmethod in which biological texts are searchedfor keywords corresponding to the terminologyin which an engineering problem can bedescribed. This method is fairly quick andsimple but relies on finding a suitabletranslation of engineering terminology intobiology, and its outcome depends on theavailability and quality of the biological literature.

7.4 Conclusion and recommendations

There are two processes to generatetechnical solutions and opportunities inspiredby nature, both of which rely on the closecollaboration of biologists and engineers.Increased awareness of these processes isrequired to fully lever the benefits ofbiomimetics as a valuable complementaryapproach to engineering. Universities maycontribute through teaching bionics as part of

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engineering degrees. However, moreimportantly, network formation of partiesactive or interested in biomimetics isnecessary, in particular since ultimately onlythe collaborative work of biologists andengineers will generate successful results.Systematic tools, which still require moreresources to be developed into usefulengineering aids, cannot replace theinterdisciplinary biomimetics process.

In Germany, partners can be found throughcontacting the BIOKON network, which with270 academic and industrial members in itsfifth year is a model for bringing partnerstogether. However, the UK BIONIS networkso far lacks proper funding and administrativesupport, which leaves individuals in theuniversities of Reading and Bath as the keypoints of contact.

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8.1 Conclusions8.2 Recommendations

8.1 Conclusions

The mission team found a rich and diversebiomimetics research community in Germanyand the Netherlands whose key strengthswere the size of the community as supportedby public research funding and thecoordination of the work as exemplified bythe BIOKON network. Despite this, therewere still few examples of true technologytransfer into real commercial applications.Empirical evidence from the discussionsindicates that this discipline is reaching a newstage of maturity and commercial successesmay not be far away. The steerableendoscopes for laparoscopic surgery from theUniversity of Delft are a good example of this.

The BIOKON network appears to workextremely successfully. It provides a singlepoint of contact for industry to access all theexciting work on biomimetics in Germany andprovides a seamless process to link thecommercial world and academic research.The support and coordination of the BIOKONorganisation has allowed Germanbiomimetics research to generate significantexposure and momentum which has in turnincreased funding and awareness of the topicas a route to product innovation. Biomimeticsresearch in the UK has coalesced into theBIONIS network but the small amount ofallocated funding has meant little progress inraising awareness and exposure.

The team observed two opposite approaches to the application of biomimetic principles.Many research institutes were studying naturewith the intent of finding a new technology that could be applied to industrial problems.

Perhaps more commercially viable opportunitiesare to be found from research which focusesfrom the opposite standpoint. This means that aproblem is technologically defined and thenappropriate biological solutions are searched.This method has its own issues as biology is anextremely large search space that is not fullymapped or understood.

However, perhaps the key to understandingthe role of biomimetics in product design isthe fact that the reason for the success of anyproduct is not that it can trace its roots back toa natural principle but that it is an example ofgood design! Biomimetics is a philosophicalapproach that can lead to novel ideas andinnovative solutions that have many potentialadvantages, for example from functional,sustainability or weight perspectives.

8.2 Recommendations

The UK requires a networked resource tobring together the work in this area and thussupport the industrial application of thisexciting topic. This should encompass:

• The creation of a biological consultancygroup to advise industry on how to applytechniques and to advise on novel solutions

• A formal link to the research covered bythe BIOKON group and other centres ofexcellence in the European Union (EU) toensure leverage is gained from theknowledge generated in other countries –the EU could possibly look to fund this as part of a Seventh FrameworkProgramme initiative

• Activities to raise awareness of this issueto both industry and potential funders (DTI, research councils etc)

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8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cathy Barnes

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Education is key to the expansion ofbiomimetics. It should be included in theeducation syllabus of engineers anddesigners to make them aware of thepotential of the approach. The biologicalsciences should be made aware of thecommercial applications of their knowledge.Benefits of awareness and exposure will beevidenced when the cohorts of thesedisciplines enter the commercial domain.

Funding should be made available to supportthe training of the next generation of expertsin this area to ensure succession of thisimportant topic in the UK.

However, research is still needed to identify aprocess for integrating biomimetics within theproduct development cycle and to ensure thedesigners of tomorrow are fully aware of thesignificant opportunities nature can offer toimproving product success.

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Ball P (2001). Life’s lessons in design. Nature 409, 413-416

Benyus J M (1997). Biomimicry: innovation inspired by nature. William Morrow

Beukers A and Hinte E v (1998). Lightness: the inevitable renaissance of minimum energystructures. Rotterdam: 010 Press

Gibson L J and Ashby M F (1997). Cellular solids, structure and properties. Cambridge:University Press.

Godfaurd J, Clements-Croome D and Jeronimidis G (2005). Sustainable building solutions: areview of lessons from the natural world. Building and Environment 40, 319-328

Gorb S (2001). Attachment devices of insect cuticle. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer

Gordon J E (1987). The science of structures and materials. New York: Freeman

Kaplan D L (1998). Mollusc shell structures: novel design strategies for synthetic materials.Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science 3, 232-236

Mann S (1996). Biomimetic materials chemistry. VCH

Mattheck C (1998). Design in nature – learning from trees. Heidelberg: Springer

Milwich M, Speck T, Speck O, Stegmaier T and Planck H (2006). Biomimetics and technicaltextiles: solving engineering problems with the help of nature’s wisdom. American Journal ofBotany 93, 1455-1465

Sanchez C, Arribart H and Giraud Guille M M (2005). Biomimetism and bioinspiration as toolsfor the design of innovative materials and systems. Nature Materials 4, 277-288

Shu L H and Chiu I (2004). Natural language analysis for biomimetic design. In ASME DesignEngineering Technical Conference, pp DETC2004-57250, 1-9

Vincent J F V, Bogatyreva O A, Bogatyrev N R, Bowyer A and Pahl A-K (2006). Biomimetics –its practice and theory. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 3, 471-482

Wainwright S A, Biggs W D, Currey J D and Gosline J M (1976). The mechanical design oforganisms. London: Arnold

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Appendix ASUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

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B.1 Organisations met

• Philips, Eindhoven• DaimlerChrysler, Ulm• University of Delft• University of Groningen• DEAM, Delft• Institute for Textile Technology and Process

Engineering (ITV Denkendorf)• University of Freiburg: Plant Biomechanics

Group• Max Planck Institute for Metals Research:

Evolutionary Biomaterials Group, Stuttgart• Max Planck Institute of Colloids and

Interfaces, Potsdam• Technical University of Berlin• EvoLogics GmbH, Berlin• INPRO, Berlin• Institute for Industrial Design, Magdeburg• Hexagon• Society for the Promotion of Applied

Computer Science (GFaI), Berlin• University of Potsdam

B.2 Locations visited

British EmbassyLange Voorhout 10 2514 ED The HagueThe Netherlands

Institut für Textil- und Verfahrenstechnik (ITV)(Institute for Textile Technology and ProcessEngineering)Koerschtalstraße 26D-73770 DenkendorfGermany

Evolutionary Biomaterials GroupMax-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung (Max Planck Institute for Metals Research)Heisenbergstraße 03D-70569 StuttgartGermany

Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- undGrenzflächenforschung (Max Planck Instituteof Colloids and Interfaces)Department of BiomaterialsWissenschaftspark Golm D-14424 PotsdamGermany

EvoLogics GmbH, F&E Labor Bionik Ackerstrasse 76 D-13355 BerlinGermany

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Appendix BHOST ORGANISATIONS

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B.3 BIOKON network

The Bionics Competence Network (BIOKON)hosts the 28 major players in the field ofbionics and biomimetics in Germany. It is afederally funded project under the auspices ofthe Federal Ministry of Education andResearch (BMBF). The aim of BIOKON is todemonstrate the possibilities of bionics tobusiness and industry, science and the generalpublic, and subsequently tap its full potential.

Founded in 2001, BIOKON entered its secondstage in June 2004. The group of six foundingcentres has since been expanded by 28additional institutes and research facilities withoutstanding competences in the field of bionics.

This nationwide network thus encompassesthe most important research groups inbionics and provides an ideal forum forscientific exchange, the development ofcurricula for primary, secondary and tertiaryeducation as well as providing qualifiedcontacts for inquiries from the industry.

(Source: www.biokon.net – accessed 24January 2007)

Exhibit B.1 Map of BIOKON network (courtesyBIOKON)

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Dr Cathy Barnes

Network Manager – Human Sciences andDesign

Faraday Packaging Partnership3320 Century Way Thorpe Park Leeds LS15 8ZB UK

T +44 (0)113 284 0217 F +44 (0)113 284 0211 info@faradaypackaging.com www.faradaypackaging.com

Dr Cathy Barnes is a lecturer in Design andManufacture Integration in the School ofMechanical Engineering at the University ofLeeds and Human Sciences and DesignNetwork Manager at Faraday PackagingPartnership.

Her research interests focus on the humaninterface of design and manufacturing andinclude affective design, emotional tribologyand decision-based concurrent engineeringand she has published extensively in theseareas. She is leading the development ofaffective engineering tools in a fundedcollaboration with nine major consumergoods companies and has particularexperience of experimental design, texturalanalysis and self-report elicitation of userfeelings about products.

Appendix CMISSION PARTICIPANTS

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Professor Julian Vincent

Professor of Biomimetics

University of BathCentre for Biomimetic and NaturalTechnologiesDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringBathBA2 7AYUK

T +44 (0)1225 826 933F +44 (0)1225 826 928biomimetics@bath.ac.uk www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng/biomimetics

Julian Vincent is a biologist. Commitment tothe study of insects (age six) led him to a firstdegree in zoology (age 22), a PhD in insecthormones (age 25) and a DSc in mechanicalproperties of insect cuticle (age 37).

As a lecturer in Zoology at the University ofReading, becoming ever more interested in theinterplay between biology and technology, heestablished, with George Jeronimidis, theCentre for Biomimetics at Reading. He wasthen invited to join the Department ofMechanical Engineering and Design at theUniversity of Bath, where he established theCentre for Biomimetic and Natural Technologies.

He is married to Elizabeth, a botanist. Theyhave a daughter, Helen, who works forBioRegional establishing protocols forsustainable living.

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Geoff Hollington

Hollington Associates

T +44 (0)7770 567 669geoff.h@hollington.co.uk www.hollington.co.uk

Geoff is a product designer, innovator andcommentator on design. He studied IndustrialDesign at the Central School (now theUniversity of the Arts) in London, followed bya postgraduate degree in environmentaldesign at London’s Royal College of Art.

Through most of his career Geoff has run hisown London-based consulting firm, creatingproducts for big international brands. He hasalways been an innovator, combiningtechnical and aesthetic invention in productsthat often advance the state of the art.

His Relay office furniture group for US giantHerman Miller was the first product toanticipate the modern organisation’s need forinstant flexibility and mobility in theworkplace: it won an IDEA/Business Weekgold award.

Geoff also designed Sonnet – the classic,best-selling Parker pen.

In 2003 he formed a high-tech start-upcompany to develop and market an advanced,digital massager. The product, launched inspring 2006, took Geoff to China where hespent much of 2005 learning the hard wayhow to develop and manufacture high-techproducts there.

Geoff is author of many technical patents. Hiswork has won international awards and isheld in museum collections. He has writtenabout design in newspapers and magazinesand is a regular columnist on the topic ofautomotive design. He has also given talks toaudiences around the world, particularly inthe USA.

In education Geoff has taught at KingstonUniversity, Ravensbourne College of Art andthe Royal College of Art in the UK, and hasmoderated PhDs and been external examinerfor postgraduate degrees, particularly at theRoyal College.

In January 2007 Geoff became a DesignMentor to the Materials and DesignExchange, a node of the Materials KTN.

Geoff is married to Liz, has four children andlives in Lewes on the English coast, 50 milessouth of London.

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Dr Matthias Gester

Senior Scientist

Procter & GambleGillette Advanced Technology Centre460 Basingstoke RoadReading RG2 0QEUK

T +44 (0)118 923 1713F +44 (0)118 975 2822matthias_gester@gillette.com www.pg.com

Matthias Gester works for Procter & Gamble(P&G) in the Future Technologies group at theGillette Advanced Technology Centre inReading. His responsibilities include theidentification, evaluation and implementationof new technologies to generate concepts forhair removal devices with enhancedconsumer benefits. Previously he worked inthe aerospace industry and in technologyconsulting. Matthias read physics at theTechnical University in Munich and obtained aPhD from Cambridge University.

P&G (founded in 1837, HQ in Cincinnati, Ohio,USA) produces world-renowned brands ofconsumer products for household care,beauty and healthcare and family and babycare. In 2005, P&G had 140,000 employeesworldwide and generated total net sales of$68 billion (~£35 billion). The companyinvested approximately $1.8 billion (~£930million) into R&D carried out in 25 centresacross the globe. Gillette joined P&G inOctober 2005.

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Dr Martin Kemp

International Technology Promoter

DTI Global Watch ServicePeraPera Innovation ParkNottingham RoadMelton MowbrayLeicestershireLE13 0PBUK

T +44 (0)1664 501 551M +44 (0)7736 447 876F +44 (0)1664 501 261martin.kemp@pera.comwww.globalwatchservice.com

Martin Kemp has nearly five years’experience assisting UK organisations findtechnology partners across Western Europe.Formerly a Materials Scientist withexperience of biomimetics research atQinetiQ (formerly DERA), he has 10 years’experience of marketing and sellinginnovation to UK and overseas markets.

He specialises in advanced materials andnanotechnology, and has overseen fiveoverseas technology missions.

Organisations wishing to discuss overseastechnology and partnering opportunities areinvited to make contact.

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Patrick Poitevin

Packaging Development & InnovationManager

COSi LtdWatersmead Business ParkLittlehamptonWest SussexBN17 6LSUK

T +44 (0)1903 278 000 F +44 (0)1903 278 004 patrick.poitevin@cosiworld.com www.cosiworld.com

Patrick Poitevin is of Belgian origin. Heworked for Estée Lauder Companies fornearly two decades. Thereafter he worked asPackaging Technologist at the Nestlé Group,Campina, Coty Inc and Marks & Spencer.In October 2005 he took up his present postas Packaging Development & InnovationManager at COSi Ltd.

His passion for packaging leads to innovationin any aspect.‘There is nothing such as aninnovation. Somewhere there is a duplicate,an idea, or a copy we can use in our industry.There are no barriers, nature supplies it all.’

COSi (Creative Outsourcing SolutionsInternational) develops and manufacturescolour cosmetics, fragrances and personalcare products for brand owners all over theworld. Imagination and innovation is at thecore of everything COSi does, from thedesign studio to the factory floor, from thedevelopment of an individual to the strategicdirection of the company. It is embedded inCOSi’s culture.

COSi was founded in 1992 and now employsover 1,200 people within R&D and at its twoplants in the UK. A third beauty plant, inShanghai, China, is due to commenceoperations in 2007. Sales and sourcing officesare located in Shanghai, New York, Paris,Florence and Dallas. A state-of-the-art R&Dlaboratory in West Sussex houses fourindividual R&D teams (colour cosmetics, skincare, hair care and bath & body) that workclosely with a highly innovative packagingdevelopment team headed up by PatrickPoitevin. Trend prediction and overall directionfor product development is led by COSi’sproduct marketing team who have completelyembraced the global marketplace.

COSi has won numerous awards forinnovation, manufacturing and employeedevelopment.

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Johannes Schampel

Packaging Specialist

ColepCCL UK LtdAtkinson Way Foxhills Industrial ParkScunthorpe DN15 8QJUK

T +49 173 945 9850johannes.schampel@colepccl.com www.colepccl.com

Johannes joined ColepCCL in March 2006, asthe Innovation Centre was launched, as agraduate of Packaging Engineering from theUniversity of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart. As partof his studies, he worked in collaboration withseveral partners in the FMCG, pharmaceutical,food and automation industries.

He is the packaging specialist of the innovationteam and brings to the table a fresh approachand a sound technical knowledge. His fields ofinterest are new packaging materials,packaging design and logistics.

Outside work Johannes spends time playingin his rock band and snow boarding.

The Innovation Centre, with a focus oncreativity in problem solving, intelligentresearch capabilities and knowledgemanagement, offers an unprecedentedservice to ColepCCL’s customers. Working asa central network hub of knowledge, theInnovation Centre also draws on expertisefrom suppliers, academic institutions andindustries outside ColepCCL’s normal sphereof operation, to bring to customers the mostattractive ideas and solutions. This dynamicapproach, and the use of an innovationprocess management system tailored tocustomer needs, supports the vision toreshape the packaging industry.

With a multinational and multidisciplinarygroup of trained people, ColepCCL’s InnovationCentre enhances the strategy to deliver a fullpackage solution to the customer, includingrapid prototyping and product formulation inhigh-end state-of-the-art facilities (EuropeanCentre of Application Technology).

ColepCCL is Europe’s largest contractmanufacturer of personal care, cosmetic, over-the-counter pharmaceutical and householdproducts. The company was founded in 2004by the merger of Colep, the Portugueseproducer of steel aerosol and general linecans and an aerosol filler, and CCL Europe,contract manufacturer of various products anda subsidiary of CCL Industries in Canada.

ColepCCL is a pan-European group inGermany, Portugal, Spain, Poland and the UK.The group has a turnover of around €300million (~£200 million) and employs 2,100people throughout Europe.

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Brian Knott

Materials Advisor

Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining(IOM3)1 Carlton House TerraceLondon SW1Y 5DBUK

T +44 (0)1494 528 718brian.knott@iom3.org www.iom3.org

Brian Knott is a Materials Advisor working forthe Institute of Materials, Minerals andMining (IOM3). With a background in failureanalysis his major role is to provide help andguidance to industrial companies on selectionof the appropriate material and manufacturingprocess for a given requirement. In additionhe has been actively engaged in IOM3’sefforts to link the materials and the designcommunity through the Materials and DesignExchange (MADE), the new design node ofthe DTI’s Materials KTN.

One of his major responsibilities under MADEhas been the organisation of a series ofworkshops that address technologyawareness needs for the design communityboth in London and the regions. The workshoptopics include nanotechnology, new materials,medical devices and ‘green’ polymers.

He is also aiding the development of a physicalresource centre which will eventually have over600 separate material samples suitablycatalogued with supporting information.

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Phil Richardson

Director of Consulting

Thoughtcrew LtdMill HouseCarlingcottBathBA2 8APUK

T +44 (0)208 133 4728F +44 (0)870 133 6532www.thoughtcrew.net

Phil Richardson, a strategy and processconsultant, runs the consulting division ofThoughtcrew Ltd. He is responsible formanaging a range of business transformationprogrammes for leading blue-chip organisationsand local government. In this role he provideschallenge and leadership in combined consultingand client teams aimed at significantlyimproving the client’s business condition.

Phil is researching a PhD in biomimetics atthe University of Bath; he is also an associatelecturer for the Open University BusinessSchool MBA and a Chartered Biologist.

Thoughtcrew Ltd was formed in 2000 toprovide a peer-level support service to busyexecutives needing to define and deliversignificant change. It specialises in processthinking, strategic challenge and a clear focuson the customer. Projects are deliveredcollaboratively with clients. In most cases,Thoughtcrew gets involved in the ‘How do Isell this idea to my executive colleagues’stage of thinking, then works through until theproblem is solved and the results are realised.

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Exhibit Page Caption

1.1 7 Mission team at the Radisson Hotel, Berlin; L-R: Matthias Gester, GeoffHollington, Martin Kemp, Julian Vincent, Cathy Barnes, Patrick Poitevin (front),Johannes Schampel (behind), Brian Knott, Phil Richardson

3.1 14 Fingerprint-free coatings on highly shiny metallised and anodised personalcare components (courtesy COSi)

3.2 14 Ink-jet printing for displays and biomedical applications (courtesy Philips)3.3 14 Dynamic wetting of porous Teflon surfaces based on lotus leaf (courtesy

University of Cambridge)3.4 15 Lotus effect on textiles (courtesy ITV)3.5 15 Coating containing electrostatic particles (courtesy ITV)3.6 15 Composite profiles modelled on plant stems (courtesy ITV)3.7 15 Transparent light transfer inspired by polar bear hair (courtesy ITV/P Poitevin)3.8 16 Aerodynamics application by DaimlerChrysler (courtesy BIOKON, Germany)3.9 16 Dry adhesive (courtesy Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart)3.10 16 Dry adhesive applications (courtesy Max Planck Institute for Metals Research,

Stuttgart)3.11 16 Head-arresting system in dragonflies (courtesy Max Planck Institute for

Metals Research, Stuttgart)3.12 17 Models from trees, bamboos and vines used for construction in aircraft, cars,

roofs and bridges (courtesy University of Freiburg)3.13 17 Glass fibre construction (courtesy Max Planck Institute of Colloids and

Interfaces, Berlin)3.14 17 Cell wall constructions for wood (courtesy Max Planck Institute of Colloids

and Interfaces, Berlin)3.15 18 Acoustic camera (courtesy Gesellschaft zur Förderung angewandter Informatik

– GFaI, Berlin)3.16 18 Surface applications inspired by penguins, lotus leaves, dolphins, sharks,

geckos and sandfish (courtesy BIOKON, Germany)3.17 18 Fin ray effect used for ergonomic chair (courtesy BIOKON, Germany/

P Poitevin)3.18 19 Fin ray effect can also be used in the packaging printing industry, such as

glass, where tolerances are too large for proper jig printing (courtesy BIOKON,Germany/P Poitevin)

3.19 19 Modular walking robots (courtesy University of Applied Sciences, Magdeburg-Stendal)

3.20 19 Reduction of materials conception (courtesy Dr Mirtsch/P Poitevin)

Appendix DLIST OF EXHIBITS

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Exhibit Page Caption

4.1 21 Metal trees supporting the roof of Stuttgart Airport (courtesy www.stuttgart-airport.com)

4.2 22 Optimum structure for a centrally loaded beam after 10 iterations (courtesy Prof Claus Mattheck)

4.3 22 Bionic car concept by DaimlerChrysler4.4 23 Cilium-like plate created by Philips4.5 23 Multiple ‘cilia’ incorporated in a microchannel by Philips4.6 24 Dry adhesives4.7 25 Schematic cross section of the tentacle of the loliginid squid. The tentacle is

surrounded by longitudinal and helical muscle layers (LML and HML). Thecross section contains a ring of longitudinal muscle bundles (LMB) which areenclosed by transverse and circular muscle fibres (TMF and CMF)

4.8 25 Endo-Periscope developed by University of Delft in cooperation with TokyoInstitute of Technology

4.9 26 ITV’s filter system equipment with the filter tube in the pipe on the right side4.10 26 ITV’s braided bag filter (a) stretched, (b) relaxed4.11 27 Fin ray4.12 27 Spherical array, 32-channel acoustic camera system for interior use4.13 28 Bionic propeller from EvoLogics GmbH4.14 28 Model of stem structure4.15 29 Technical plant stem developed by University of Freiburg in collaboration with

ITV Denkendorf

5.1 32 Business development for biomimetic compared to ‘normal’ ideas (after Bannasch)

6.1 36 Biology does things differently to human technology

7.1 38 Top-down process of biomimetics (courtesy University of Freiburg)7.2 39 Bottom-up process of biomimetics (courtesy University of Freiburg)

B.1 46 Map of BIOKON network (courtesy BIOKON)

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~ approximately≈ approximately equal to% per cent€ euro (€1 ≈ £0.681 ≈ $1.31, Mar 07)£ pound sterling (£1 ≈ €1.47 ≈ $1.93, Mar 07)$ US dollar ($1 ≈ £0.519 ≈ €0.762, Mar 07)ΔV voltage differenceµL microlitre = 10-6 L = 10-9 m3

µm micrometre = 10-6 m3D three-dimensionalAG Aktiengesellschaft – shareholding companyASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers (USA)BBSRC Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK)BIOKON Bionik-Kompetenz-Netz – Bionics Competence Network (Germany)BIONIS Biomimetics Network for Industrial Sustainability (UK)BMBF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – Federal Ministry of Education

and Research (Germany)CAD computer-aided designcm centimetre = 0.01 mCMF circular muscle fibreCOSi Creative Outsourcing Solutions InternationalCr chromiumDBU Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt – German Environment FoundationDERA Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (MOD, UK)DOF degree of freedomDr DoctorDSc Doctor of ScienceDTI Department of Trade and Industry (UK)EPSRC Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK)ESA European Space AgencyEU European UnionF faxFE finite elementFMCG fast-moving consumer good(s)FPP Faraday Packaging Partnership – a specialist applications node of the Materials

Knowledge Transfer Network (UK)GFaI Gesellschaft zur Förderung angewandter Informatik – Society for the Promotion

of Applied Computer Science (Berlin, Germany)GmbH Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung – limited companyHML helical muscle layerhp horsepower = 745.7 W HQ headquarters

Appendix EGLOSSARY

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IDEA Industrial Design Excellence AwardIOM3 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (UK)IR infraredITV Institut für Textil- und Verfahrenstechnik – Institute for Textile Technology and

Process Engineering (Denkendorf, Germany)J joule – unit of work or energy = 1 N m = 1 W skg kilogramKTN Knowledge Transfer Network (UK)L (1) left

(2) litre = 0.001 m3

LMB longitudinal muscle bundleLML longitudinal muscle layerLtd Limited (company)m metrem3 cubic metreM mobile (telephone)MADE Materials and Design Exchange (design node of the Materials KTN, UK)MBA Master of Business Administrationmm millimetre = 0.001 mMOD Ministry of Defence (UK)MPI Max Planck Institute (Germany)N newton – unit of force = 1 kg m/s2

nm nanometre = 10-9 mP&G Procter & GamblePC personal computerPhD Doctor of PhilosophyR rightR&D research and developments secondSiO2 silicon dioxideSKO soft kill optionSME small or medium-sized enterpriseT telephoneTMF transverse muscle fibreTRIZ Teorija Reshenija Izobretatel’skih Zadach – Theory of Inventive Problem SolvingTU Technical UniversityUK United KingdomUS(A) United States (of America)UV ultravioletV voltageVDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure – Association of German EngineersW watt – unit of power = 1 J/s

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We would like to thank the following for theirhelp in making this mission such a success:

• His Excellency the British Ambassador tothe Netherlands, Lyn Parker

• Professor Rudolf Bannasch• Dr Ingo Klein• Professor Jaap den Toonder• Professor Peter Fratzl• Professor Stanislav Gorb• Dr Ulrike G K Wegst• Dr Dagmar Voigt• Mr Leo Zonneveld• Dr Konrad Götz• Professor Dr C M Jonker• Dr Jules S Scheltes• Dr Thomas Stegmaier• Dr Tom Masselter

And a special mention for helping behind the scenes:

• Robert Dugon, DTI• Sarah Woodman, FCM Travel• Charlotte Leiper, Pera• Sarah Fenn, FPP

Appendix FACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Global Watch Missions

DTI Global Watch Missions have enabled smallgroups of UK experts to visit leading overseastechnology organisations to learn vital lessons aboutinnovation and its implementation, of benefit to entireindustries and individual organisations.

By stimulating debate and informing industrialthinking and action, missions have offered uniqueopportunities for fast-tracking technology transfer,sharing deployment know-how, explaining newindustry infrastructures and policies, and developingrelationships and collaborations.

Disclaimer

This report represents the findings of a missionorganised by Thoughtcrew Ltd on behalf of FaradayPackaging Partnership (FPP) with the support of DTI.Views expressed reflect a consensus reached by themembers of the mission team and do not necessarilyreflect those of the organisations to which themission members belong, Thoughtcrew Ltd, FPP,Pera or DTI.

Comments attributed to organisations visited duringthis mission were those expressed by personnelinterviewed and should not be taken as those of theorganisation as a whole.

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that theinformation provided in this report is accurate and upto date, DTI accepts no responsibility whatsoever inrelation to this information. DTI shall not be liable forany loss of profits or contracts or any direct, indirect,special or consequential loss or damages whether incontract, tort or otherwise, arising out of or inconnection with your use of this information. Thisdisclaimer shall apply to the maximum extentpermissible by law.

Cover image: Glass sponge (Euplectella) skeleton, formed by silica

spicules that unite into complex geometric structures

(Ken M Highfill/Science Photo Library)

Grant for Research and Development – is available through the nine English RegionalDevelopment Agencies. The Grant for Researchand Development provides funds for individualsand SMEs to research and develop technologicallyinnovative products and processes. The grant isonly available in England (the DevolvedAdministrations have their own initiatives).www.dti.gov.uk/r-d/

The Small Firms Loan Guarantee – is a UK-wide, Government-backed scheme that providesguarantees on loans for start-ups and youngbusinesses with viable business propositions.www.dti.gov.uk/sflg/pdfs/sflg_booklet.pdf

Knowledge Transfer Partnerships – enableprivate and public sector research organisations to apply their research knowledge to importantbusiness problems. Specific technology transferprojects are managed, over a period of one tothree years, in partnership with a university,college or research organisation that has expertise relevant to your business.www.ktponline.org.uk/

Knowledge Transfer Networks – aim to improvethe UK’s innovation performance through a singlenational over-arching network in a specific field oftechnology or business application. A KTN aims to encourage active participation of all networkscurrently operating in the field and to establishconnections with networks in other fields thathave common interest. www.dti.gov.uk/ktn/

Collaborative Research and Development –helps industry and research communities worktogether on R&D projects in strategicallyimportant areas of science, engineering andtechnology, from which successful new products,processes and services can emerge.www.dti.gov.uk/crd/

Access to Best Business Practice – is availablethrough the Business Link network. This initiativeaims to ensure UK business has access to bestbusiness practice information for improvedperformance.www.dti.gov.uk/bestpractice/

Support to Implement Best Business Practice

– offers practical, tailored support for small andmedium-sized businesses to implement bestpractice business improvements.www.dti.gov.uk/implementbestpractice/

Finance to Encourage Investment in Selected

Areas of England – is designed to supportbusinesses looking at the possibility of investingin a designated Assisted Area but needingfinancial help to realise their plans, normally in the form of a grant or occasionally a loan.www.dti.gov.uk/regionalinvestment/

Other DTI products that help UK businesses acquire andexploit new technologies

GLOBAL WATCH MISSION REPORT

Biomimetics: strategies for product design inspired by nature – a mission to theNetherlands and Germany

JANUARY 2007

Printed in the UK on recycled paper with 75% de-inked post-consumer waste content

First published in March 2007 by Pera on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry

© Crown copyright 2007

URN 07/504