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Page 1: 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom feed on both plants and animals. ... What Animals Do to Survive Excretion Ammonia is a waste product of cells and a poisonous substance

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

26-1 Introduction to the

Animal Kingdom

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Which of these is an “animal?”

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Answer: They are all animals!

Characteristics of Animals: heterotrophic Eukaryotic multicellular lack cell walls.

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What Is an Animal?

Animals have the following types of tissues:

•epithelial

•muscular

•connective

•nervous

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What Is an Animal?

Invertebrates make up 95% of all animal species.

Invertebrates do not have a backbone, or vertebral

column.

They include sea stars, worms, jellyfishes, and

insects.

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What Is an Animal?

The other 5% of animals are vertebrates.

Vertebrates have a backbone.

Vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles,

birds, and mammals.

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What Animals Do to Survive

Animals carry out the following essential

functions:

• feeding

• respiration

• circulation

• excretion

• response

• movement

• reproduction

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What Animals Do to Survive

Feeding

Herbivores eat plants.

Carnivores eat other animals.

Omnivores feed on both plants and animals.

Detritivores feed on decaying plant and animal

material.

Filter feeders are aquatic animals that strain tiny

floating organisms from water.

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What Animals Do to Survive

Respiration

Whether they live in water or on land, all animals

respire—they take in oxygen and give off carbon

dioxide.

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What Animals Do to Survive

Circulation

Animals transport oxygen, nutrient molecules, and

waste products among all their cells through either

simple diffusion or some kind of circulatory system

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What Animals Do to Survive

Excretion

Ammonia is a waste product of cells and a

poisonous substance.

Most animals have an excretory system that

eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it into a

less toxic substance that is removed from the

body.

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What Animals Do to Survive

Response

Animals respond to events in their environment

using specialized cells, called nerve cells. In most

animals, nerve cells form a nervous system.

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What Animals Do to Survive

Movement

Some animals stay at a single spot, but most can

move. Most animals have muscles or musclelike

tissues.

Muscle contraction enables motile animals to move

around by working in combination with a support

structure called a skeleton.

Muscles also help even sedentary animals feed

and pump water and fluids through their bodies.

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What Animals Do to Survive

Reproduction

Most animals reproduce sexually. This helps to

create and maintain genetic diversity in

populations and improve species’ abilities to

evolve when the environment changes.

Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually.

This produces offspring that are genetically

identical to the parent. It allows animals to increase

their numbers rapidly.

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Trends in Animal Evolution

Complex animals tend to have:

• high levels of cell specialization and

internal body organization

• bilateral body symmetry

• a front end or head with sense organs

• a body cavity

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Trends in Animal Evolution

Early Development

Animals that reproduce sexually begin life as a

zygote, or fertilized egg.

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Trends in Animal Evolution

The zygote undergoes a series of divisions to form

a blastula, a hollow ball of cells.

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Trends in Animal Evolution

A protostome is an

animal whose mouth is

formed from the

blastopore.

Most invertebrate animals

are protostomes.

Blastopore

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Blastopore becomes mouth

Anus

Ectoderm

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Trends in Animal Evolution

A deuterostome is an

animal whose anus is

formed from the

blastopore.

The anus is the opening

through which wastes

leave the digestive tract.

Blastopore becomes anus

Mouth

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Blastopore

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Trends in Animal Evolution

Echinoderms and

vertebrates are both

deuterostomes.

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Trends in Animal Evolution

This similarity in

embryology may

indicate that vertebrates

have a closer

evolutionary relationship

to echinoderms than to

other invertebrates.

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Trends in Animal Evolution

The cells of the endoderm, or innermost germ layer,

develop into the linings of the digestive tract and

much of the respiratory system.

Only the label “endoderm”

should appear on this slide.

Endoderm

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Trends in Animal Evolution

The cells of the mesoderm, or middle layer, develop

into muscles and much of the circulatory,

reproductive, and excretory organ systems.

Mesoderm

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Trends in Animal Evolution

The ectoderm, or outermost layer, develops into the

sense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of the skin.

Ectoderm

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Body Symmetry

Except for sponges, every animal exhibits some body

symmetry in its structure.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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Trends in Animal Evolution

Body Symmetry

Many simple animals, like the sea anemone, have

body parts that repeat around the center of the

body.

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Trends in Animal Evolution

These animals exhibit

radial symmetry, in

which any number of

imaginary planes can be

drawn through the

center, each dividing the

body into equal halves.

Planes of

symmetry

Radial symmetry

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Trends in Animal Evolution

Bilateral symmetry

Plane of

symmetry

In animals with

bilateral symmetry,

only one imaginary

plane can divide the

body into two equal

halves—left and

right.

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Identify the Symmetry

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Trends in Animal Evolution

Posterior end

Anterior end

Bilateral symmetry

The anterior is the

front end.

The posterior is the

back end.

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Trends in Animal Evolution

Dorsal side The dorsal is the upper

side.

The ventral is the lower

side. Ventral

side

Bilateral symmetry

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Trends in Animal Evolution

Cephalization

Animals with bilateral symmetry exhibit

cephalization, which is the concentration of sense

organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body.

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Trends in Animal Evolution

Body Cavity Formation

Most animals have a body cavity, a fluid-filled

space between the digestive tract and body wall.

A body cavity provides a space in which internal

organs can be suspended so that they are not

pressed on by muscles or twisted out of shape by

body movements.

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Animal Kingdom Phyla

Phylum Porifera – sponges

Phylum Cnidaria – sea anemones, jellyfish, hydra

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Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms

Free-living Planarian Parasitic Tapeworm

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Phylum Annelida – segmented worms

Phylum Nematoda – roundworms

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Phylum Mollusca – clams, squid, snails

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Phylum Arthropoda – crustaceans, insects, spiders

This is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom and contains the most number of species

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Phylum Echinodermata - starfish

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Phylum Chordata – includes all vertebrates

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26-1

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Animals respond to events in their environments

using specialized cells called

a. muscle cells.

b. nerve cells.

c. gametes.

d. blood cells.

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A characteristic that all animals share is being

a. heterotrophic.

b. autotrophic.

c. prokaryotic.

d. anaerobic.

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Excretion is a function of all animals that

involves

a. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

b. transport of material from one part of the

body to another.

c. digestion and absorption of food molecules.

d. removal of metabolic wastes.

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One major trend in animal evolution has been

a. the simplification of body organ systems.

b. an increase in the degree of cephalization.

c. a shift from bilateral symmetry to radial

symmetry.

d. disappearance of the blastula stage in early

development.