24TH LATIN SUMMER SCHOOL

15th-19th JANUARY 2018

NewLawBuilding,UniversityofSydney

LEVEL4.4JuvenalSatires(selections)Instructor:AndrewMiles

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LATIN SUMMER SCHOOL MMXVIII – SATIRES OF JUVENAL

This package contains :

• Some introductory comments on Satire and on Juvenal

• Text of the excerpts to be read

• A basic commentary

• A thirty minute BBC documentary (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0po_LzRi_iA) is

also of interest

ROMAN SATIRE - SATURA

Types : a) Satura (Verse) b) Satura Menippea (prose with verse) Origins? Etymology : i) Satyr?! ii) satir??!! iii) satis???!!!

From satur : i) satura ii) lex per saturam iii) lanx satura Elements : Technique : expose/denounce/deride/scorn/criticise/shame Targets: individuals, groups and societies cf. cuius non audeo dicere nomen? (Lucilius in Juv. Sat. 1.154) Whose name do I not dare speak? quorum Flaminia tegitur cinis atque Latina (Juv. Sat. 1.171) … those whose ashes are covered by the Flaminian and Latin Way Topics : vices, follies, crimes, abuses, morality/values, philosophy, shortcomings and stupidity –

past and present; contemporary focus (“topicality”); farrago; Tone : witty, sardonic, negative, frustrated, pessimistic with few constructive proposals Tools : ridicule, derision, wit/humour, parody, irony, varied register/form (dialogue, narrative,

rhetoric, drama), established literary conventions, personal input, epic metre Place of Satire : “satura quidem tota nostra est” (Quintilian, Inst. Orat. 10.1.93) “Graecis intacti carminis” (Horace Sat.1.10.66) Verse Hierarchy : Epic … Didactic; Lyric … Elegy; Epigram … SATIRE??? Some Influences : • Earlier Roman Satirists and shifting “trends” • Other literary genres and traditions • Greek Old Comedy (Aristophanes) • Parodied symposium • Philosophical discourse • Greek Cynicism eg. Mennipus (3rd Century BC) • Hellenistic epigram • Greek Novel • Comic dialogue and “street-preaching”

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• Mime/mimus and story-telling • Fescennini Prominent Satirists: • Ennius, 239-169 BC (“auctor”) simia quam similis turpissima bestia nobis. (Sat .Book IV; Epic Metre) How similar is the monkey, a most foul beast, to us. quaerunt in scirpo soliti quod dicere nodum (Sat. Book IV; Epic Metre) They seek in a straight reed what they are accustomed to call a knot. nam qui lepide postulat alterum frustrari, quem frustratur frustra eum dicit frustra esse; nam si sese frustrari quem frustra sentit, qui frustratur frustra est, si non ille est frustra. (Sat. Book IV; Saturnian Metre) For he who seeks cunningly to trick another is tricked when he says that the other whom he tricks is tricked. For he who mistakenly feels that he is tricking someone, is tricked if the other man is not tricked. malo hercle magno suo convivat sine modo. (Sat. Book I) Let him dine without moderation and, by Hercules, to his own great detriment. • Lucilius, 132-101 BC? (“inventor”) o curas hominum! o quantum est in rebus inane! (Book I) O the worries of men! How great is the emptiness in the world. Cassius Gaius hic operarius, quem Cephalonem dicimus, sectorem furemque; hunc Tullius Quintus index heredem facit, et damnati alii omnes. (Book XI) Cassius Gaius this labourer, whom we call Cephalo, a speculator and a thief; Tullius Quintus the informer makes him the heir, and the rest are disinherited. On Ennius : non ridet versus Enni gravitate minores? (Horace Sat.10.54) Does he not laugh at the Satires of Ennius because they are too light for a serious subject? • Varro, 116-27 BC (mennipean) nunc quis patrem decem annorum natus non modo aufert sed tollit - nisi veneno?(Frag493)Now what ten-year-old not only takes away but also removes his father – except by poison? quotiens priscus homo ac rusticus Romanus inter nundinum barbam radebat? How often did a man of ancient times or rustic Roman shave his beard between festival days? • Horace, 65-8 BC ut nemo, quam sibi sortem … contentus vivat (Sat.1.1ff) • Persius, 34-62 AD vos, o patricius sanguis, quos vivere fas est occipiti caeco, posticae occurrite sannae. (Sat.I.61-62) You, O aristocratic blood, for whom it is proper to live without eyes in the back of your head, meet the sneer behind you! an passim sequeris corvos testaque lutoque, securus quo pes ferat, atque ex tempore vivis? (Sat. III 60-61) Or are you following the crows everywhere with bricks and mud, not caring where your feet carry you; are you living from moment to moment? • Seneca, 4-65 AD (mennipean) “vae me, puto, concacavi me.” Quod an fecerit, nescio: omnia certe concacavit. (Apocolocyntosis 4) “Alas, I think I have fouled myself”. Whether he did, I do not know; he certainly fouled everything. • Petronius, 10-66 AD? (arbiter elegantiae – mennipean) “Sίbilla, tί qέleiV”, respondebat illa: “ἀpoqaneῖn qέlw.” “Sybil, what do you want?” “I want to die.” at illa complosis manibus “scelerate” inquit “etiam loqueris? Nescis quam magnum flagitium admiseris? occidisti Priapi delicias, anserem omnibus matronis acceptissimum. itaque ne te putes nihil egisse; si magistratus hoc scierint, ibis in crucem…” “rogo” inquam “noli clamare; ego tibi pro ansere struthocamelum reddam …” (Satyricon 48 &137)

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But she, having clapped her hands, said “villain, are you still speaking? Don’t you know what great a crime you have admitted to? You have killed the darling of Priapus, the goose most dear to all married women. So don’t think that you have done nothing; if the magistrates learn of this, you will be nailed to a cross.” “Please” I said “don’t shout; in exchange for the goose I will give you an ostrich.” ex is, qui in porticibus spatiabantur, lapides in Eumolpum recitantem miserunt. at ille, qui plausum ingenii sui noverat, operuit caput extraque templum profugit. timui ego, ne me poetam vocaret itaque secutus fugientem. (Satyricon 90) Some of those who were strolling in the colonnades threw stones at Eumolpus while he was reciting. But he recognised this approval of his genius, covered his head and fled out of the temple. I was afraid that he would call me a poet and followed him as he fled. • Decimus Iunius Juvenalis 55-130 AD? “… difficile est saturam non scribere “ (Sat. 1.30) Juvenal and Satire Historical Context: Nero (68); Galba/Otho/Vitellius (69); Vespasian (79); Titus (81); Domitian (96); Nerva (98); Trajan (117); Hadrian (138) Targets : incompetent leaders, self-indulgent patrons, corrupt Emperors, sycophants, informers, parasites, legacy hunters, wealthy upstarts, entrepreneurs, developers, contractors, women, homosexuals, influential freedman, bureaucrats, Jews, Spaniards, Africans, “Asians”, Greeks, Egyptians … Concerns : foreign influence, erosion of traditional values, ambition, oppression, materialism, greed, environmental degradation, decline of local product usage, sexual perversion … inversion Who was Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis? Personal experience? Empathy? Persona? (Chris Lilley, Alf Garnett) See : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0po_LzRi_iA Tools: • Recusatio • Apologia • Indignatio • Exclamatory statements • Diatribe • Angry questions • Passionate, emotive tone • Epigrammatic flourish • Spontaneity (ecce!) • Wit and Humour • Euphony/cacophony • Invocation • Hyperbole • Inflated periphrasis • Repetition • Antithesis; Paradox; Oxymoron • End of line “surprise”/deflation • exempla - positive/negative • Angry logic • borrowed terms, eg. Greekisms • Clash of linguistic register : prosaic vocabulary; colloquialisms; short sentences; plain style; dignified

succinctness; dramatic metaphor; grand rhetorical style, epic splendour, obscenity, vulgarity • Epic formulae/references/parody • allusions/references/exempla

-> contemporary – eg. Crispinus -> historical – eg.Nero, Gabba -> literary – eg. Horace, Lucilius -< religious – eg. Cumae

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-> philosophical – eg. Seneca, Greek Schools -> mythological – eg. Ganymede -> moral - eg. orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano (Sat.10.356)

• Apostrophe • Prosopopoeia • rhetorical devices (ars rhetorica)

-> Invectio -> Vituperatio -> Declamatio -> verba plenissima -> character -> context/precedent -> seeking to : delectare -> movere -> flectere -> suadere -> probare (80/20)

Values vs Vices : • simplicitas priorum vs luxuria (eg. fashion, housing, food, commerce, appetites, power…) • severitas vs indulgentia • mos maiorum • officium/hospitium/clientela • ius Romanum • Romanitas • Nature/environment; especially rustic • Development/quality of life Structure – “loose” – disordered, disjunctive sequence – can’t be coherent? Some Final Thoughts : Martial on Juvenal : dum tu forsitan inquietus erras While you, Juvenal, are perhaps wandering anxiously clamosa, Iuvenalis, in Subura, in the noisy Subura or climbing the hill of Lady Diana aut collem dominae teris Dianae; or fanning yourself with your sweaty toga dum per limina te potentiorum at the doorways of the more powerful … sudatrix toga ventilat … (Martial 12.XVIII) More learned, more varied, less terse than some other genres of verse, the Romans defined it, composed and refined it to expose and critique and converse. (de Satura © Andrew Miles MCMXCV)

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1. SO MUCH MATERIAL FOR SATIRE! (Satire 1)

ipse dies pulchro distinguitur ordine rerum:

sportula, deinde forum iurisque peritus Apollo

atque triumphales, inter quas ausus habere

nescio quis titulos Aegyptius atque Arabarches, 130

cuius ad effigiem non tantum meiere fas est.

vestibulis abeunt veteres lassique clientes

votaque deponunt, quamquam longissima cenae

spes homini; caulis miseris atque ignis emendus.

optima silvarum interea pelagique vorabit 135

rex horum, vacuisque toris cantum ipse iacebit

nam de tot pulchris et latis orbibus et tam

antiquis una comedunt patrimonia mensa,

nullus iam parasitus erit. sed quis ferat istas

luxuriae sordes? quanta est gula quae sibi totos 140

ponit apros, animal propter convivia natum!

poena tamen praesens, cum tu deponis amictus

turgidus et crudum pavonem in balnea portas,

hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus;

it nova nec tristis per cunctas fabula cenas:

ducitur iratis plaudendum funus amicis.

nil erit ulterius quod nostris moribus addat

posteritas, eadem facient cupientque minores,

omne in praecipiti vitium stetit, utere velis,

totos pande sinus, dicas hic forsitan ‘unde

ingenium par materiae? unde illa priorum

scribendi quodcumque animo flagrante liberet

simplicitas? “cuius non audeo dicere nomen?

quid refert, dictis ignoscat Mucius an non?”’

pone Tigellinum: taeda lucebis in illa

qua stantes ardent qui fixo gutture12 fumant,

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et latum media sulcum deducis13 harena.

qui dedit ergo tribus patruis aconita, vehatur

pensilibus plumis atque illinc despiciat nos?

‘cum veniet contra, digito compesce labellum: 160

accusator erit qui verbum dixerit “hic est.”

securus licet Aenean Rutulumque ferocem

committas, nulli gravis est percussus Achilles

aut multum quaesitus Hylas urnamque secutus:

ense velut stricto quotiens Lucilius ardens 165

infremuit, rubet auditor cui frigida mens est

criminibus, tacita sudant praecordia culpa,

inde ira et lacrimae. tecum prius ergo voluta

haec animo ante tubas: galeatum sero duelli

paenitet.’ experiar quid concedatur in illos, 170

quorum Flaminia tegitur cinis atque Latina.

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2. WHAT SOME MEN DO … (Satire 2)

foedius hoc aliquid quandoque audebis amictu;

nemo repente fuit turpissimus, accipient te

paulatim qui longa domi redimicula sumunt

frontibus et toto posuere monilia collo, 85

atque bonam tenerae placant abdomine porcae

et magno cratere deam; sed more sinistro

exagitata procul non intrat femina limen:

solis ara deae maribus patet, ‘ite profanae,’

clamatur, ‘nullo gemit hic tibicina cornu.’ 90

talia secreta coluerunt orgia taeda

Cecropiam soliti Baptae lassare Cotyton.

ille supercilium madida fuligine tinctum

obliqua producit acu pingitque trementis

attolens oculos; vitreo bibit ille priapo, 95

reticulumque comis aura tum ingentibus implet

caerulea indutus scutulata aut galbina rasa,

et per Iunonem domini iurante ministro;

ille tenet speculum, pathici gestamen Othonis,

actoris Aurunci spolium, quo se ille videbat

armatum, cum iam tolli vexilla iuberet,

res memoranda novis annalibus atque recenti

historia, speculum civilis sarcina belli;

nimirum summi ducis est occidere Galbam

et curare cutem; summi constantia civis 105

Bebriacis campis spolium adfectare Palati,

et pressum in faciem7 digitis extendere panem,

quod nec in Assyrio pharetrata Samiramis orbe,

maesta nec Actiaca fecit Cleopatra carina,

hic nullus verbis pudor aut reverentia mensae, 110

hic turpis Cybeles et fracta voce loquendi

libertas et crine senex fanaticus albo

sacrorum antistes, rarum ac memorabile magni

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gutturis exemplum conducendusque magister,

quid tamen expectant, Phrygio quos tempus erat iam 115

more supervacuam cultris abrumpere carnem?

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3. THE SCOURGE OF WEALTH … OR POVERTY (Satire 11)

Atticus exinde si cenat, lautus habetur,

si Rutilus, demens, quid enim maiore cachinno

excipitur vulgi quam pauper Apicius? omnis

convictus, thermae, stationes, omne theatrum

de Rutilo; nam dum valida ac iuvenalia membra 5

sufficiunt galeae dumque ardent sanguine, fertur

non cogente quidem sed nec prohibente tribuno,

scripturas leges et regia verba lanistae.

multos porro vides, quos saepe elusus ad ipsum

creditor introitum solet expectare macelli, 10

et quibus in solo vivendi causa palato est.

egregius cenat meliusque miserrimus horum

et cito casurus iam perlucente ruina,

interea gustus elementa per omnia quaerunt

numquam animo pretiis opstantibus; interius si 15

adtendas, magis illa iuvant quae pluris emuntur.

ergo haut difficile est perituram arcessere summam

lancibus oppositis vel matris imagine fracta,

et quadringentis nummis condire gulosum

fictile; sic veniunt ad miscellanea ludi. 20

refert ergo quis haec eadem paret; in Rutilo nam

luxuria est, in Ventidio laudabile nomen

sumit, et a censu famam trahit. Illum ego iure

despiciam, qui scit quanto sublimior Atlans

omnibus in Libya sit montibus, hic tamen idem 25

ignoret quantum ferrata distet ab arca

sacculus. e caelo descendit γνῶθι σεαυτόν

figendum et memori tractandum pectore, sive

coniugium quaeras vel sacri in parte senatus

esse velis; neque enim loricam poscit Achillis 30

Thersites, in qua se traducebat Vlixes;

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4. GREEKS EVERYWHERE (Satire 3)

quae nunc divitibus gens acceptissima nostris

et quos praecipue fugiam, properabo fateri,

nec pudor opstabit. non possum ferre, Quirites, 60

Graecam urbem; quamvis quota portio faecis Achaei?

iam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes,

et linguam et mores et cum tibicine chordas

obliquas nec non gentilia tympana secum

vexit et ad circum iussas prostare puellas. 65

ite, quibus grata est picta lupa barbara mitra!

rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine,

et ceromatico fert niceteria collo,

hic alta Sicyone, ast hic Amydone relicta,

hic Andro, ille Samo, hic Trallibus aut Alabandis 70

Esquilias dictumque petunt a vimine collem,

viscera magnarum domuum dominique futuri,

ingenium velox, audacia perdita, sermo

promptus et Isaeo torrentior: ede quid illum

esse putes? quemvis hominem secum attulit ad nos: 75

grammaticus rhetor geometres pictor aliptes

augur schoenobates medicus magus: omnia novit

Graeculus esuriens; in caelum iusseris ibit.

in summa non Maurus erat neque Sarmata nec Thrax

qui sumpsit pinnas, mediis sed natus Athenis. 80

horum ego non fugiam conchylia? me prior ille

signabit fultusque toro meliore recumbet,

advectus Romam quo pruna et cottona vento?

usque adeo nihil est, quod nostra infantia caelum

hausit Aventini baca nutrita Sabina? 85

quid quod adulandi gens prudentissima laudat

sermonem indocti, faciem deformis amici,

et longum invalidi collum cervicibus aequat

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Herculis Antaeum procul a tellure tenentis,

miratur vocem angustam, qua deterius nec 90

ille sonat quo mordetur gallina marito?

haec eadem licet et nobis laudare, sed illis

creditur, an melior, cum Thaida sustinet aut cum

uxorem comoedus agit vel Dorida nullo

cultam palliolo? mulier nempe ipsa videtur, 95

non persona, loqui; vacua et plana omnia dicas

infra ventriculum et tenui distantia rima.

nec tamen Antiochus nec erit mirabilis illic

aut Stratocles aut cum molli Demetrius Haemo:

natio comoeda est. rides, maiore caehinno 100

concutitur; flet, si lacrimas conspexit amici,

nec dolet; igniculum brumae si tempore poscas,

accipit endromidem; si dixeris “aestuo,” sudat.

non sumus ergo pares: melior, qui semper et omni

nocte dieque potest aliena sumere vultum 105

a facie, iactare manus, laudare paratus,

si bene ructavit, si rectum minxit amicus,

si trulla inverso crepitum dedit aurea fundo.

praeterea sanctum nihil est neque4 ab inguine tutum,

non matrona Laris, non filia virgo, neque ipse 110

sponsus levis adhuc, non filius ante pudicus;

horum si nihil est, aviam resupinat amici,

scire volunt secreta domus atque inde timeri.5

et quoniam coepit Graecorum mentio, transi

gymnasia atque audi facinus maioris abollae. 115

Stoicus occidit Baream delator amicum

discipulumque senex, ripa nutritus in illa,

ad quam Gorgonei delapsa est pinna caballi.

non est Romano cuiquam locus hic, ubi regnat

Protogenes aliquis vel Diphilus aut Hermarchus, 120

qui gentis vitio numquam partitur amicum,

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solus habet, nam cum facilem stillavit in aurem

exiguum de naturae patriaeque veneno,

limine summoveor, perierunt tempora longi

servitii; nusquam minor est iactura clientis. 125

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