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7/30/2019 23B Restoration Ecology 2009
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Restoration Ecology and the
Conservation of Biodiversity
Basic principles of ecologyhave practical use for solutions
to human problems
NRES 420 Restoration Ecology
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Objectives Human transformation of landscape
created need Illinois a state in great need Restoration ecology & conservation
biology Blending science into practice Important ecological principles forrestoration Practice of restoration
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1999
Executive Order 13112(invasive species)
1836Steel plow invented
1800 1840 1880 200019601920
1862Homestead Act
1870s Advent of clay drainage tile systemsDecreased rail transportation costs
Legislation to create drainage districts
1869 Transcontinentalrailroad
1893
First gasoline automobile
1903First flight
1923First commercial hybrid
maize
1956Interstate Highway
System
1970sEnvironmental protection legislation
1850Swamp & Overflowed Lands Act
Landscape Transformation
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1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Year
0
4.8
6.4
8.0
1.6
3.2
Hectares (millions) in Illinois
Pasture
Forests
Wet Prairie / MarshDry Prairie
1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
EarlySettlement
Start ofAgriculture
PrairieDrainage
DiversifiedFarming Monoculture
Otter
Bobcat
Beaver
Deer
Gray Wolf
Fisher
Mountain Lion
Black Bear
Bison
Elk
Coyote
CHANGES INMAJORLANDSCAPEELEMENTS INILLINOIS SINCE
1800 ANDIMPACTS ONSELECTEDMAMMALS
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Fragmentation
0-0.5 0.5-2 8-204-82-4 20-40 >40
Prairie Size (ha)
N u m
b e r o
f S i t e s
0
40
80
120
NUMBER OF HIGH QUALITY PRAIRIES REMAINING INILLINOIS CLASSIFIED BY SIZE CATEGORY
Number of Parcels
>240
40-240
20-40
0.4-4
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Invasive Species
Non-Natives in the Illinois Flora*
*2004: 961 non-native of 3,074 taxa97 of 173 families (56%) lack non-
native taxa
1846 20041950 1986
20
10
0
30
% o
f I l l i n o i s
F l o r a
Spread of Alliaria petiolata
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Illinois in Need Clearly a need
Remaining habitat:
0.01% prairie 9.9% wetland 31.4% forest
U.S. Rank: Indiana 48 Illinois 49 Iowa 50
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Restoration Ecology
Using research to better understand ecological processes
within highly disturbedecosystems in order to enhancetheir complexity and long-term
persistence
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LANDSCAPEECOLOGY
ECOSYSTEMECOLOGY
POPULATIONECOLOGY
COMMUNITYECOLOGY
RESTORATION ECOLOGY
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van Diggelen, Grootjans & Harris (2001)
Improving the Ecology of a DisturbedArea by:
increase diversity in highly disturbed system reintroduce ecosystem function reestablish characteristic species and
community structure/function
may have to start restoration from scratch
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Ecosystem What are the goals offunction restoration?
A. D. Bradshaw, Reclamation of Land and Ecology of Ecosystems
Ecosystemstructure
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ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
LANDSCAPEECOLOGY
ECOSYSTEMECOLOGY
POPULATIONECOLOGY
COMMUNITYECOLOGY
POLICY
SOCIETY ECONOMICS
POLITICS
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Ecology Theory Relevant to Restoration Population Ecology
Vulnerability of small populations Genetic depression, swamping Metapopulation theory + MVP size
Community Ecology Species-area relationships
Island biogeography theory Problems with fragmented habitats
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis Succession & community assembly Diversity-stability theory; community structure Landscape Ecology Ecosystem Ecology
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What aspects of Population Ecologyare relevant to Restoration Ecology?
Species survival depends on maintaining minimum viable population levels
(>500). maintaining genetic diversity. using locally adapted genotypes. having a metapopulation structure with strong
source subpopulations to rescue sink ones.
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COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:How is the Species-Area curve relevant?
S = c + z log A log S = log c + z log A
S = c A z
Figure 1
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How is Island Biogeography Theoryrelevant?
Near
Far
Large Small
Immigration
Number of Species
Extinction
Figure 2
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(From Forman, 1995)
Patch relationships:What is take-home message?
Figure 3
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Ecological Disturbance: What are itsdimensions? How relate to restoration?
12
3
Figure 4
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Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis:at which level does disturbance aid
restoration?
Disturbance Rate
Smallspecies
pool
Competitiveexclusion
Figure 5
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**Entries in italics connote reversible disturbances; others
represent long-term or permanent conversion of habitat.
Selected Natural & AnthropogenicDisturbances: reversible vs. permanent
change? Natural Events** Fire Disease epidemic Flood Herbivory Drought Hurricane, tornado, windstorm
Avalanche, landslide Volcanic eruption Ice storm
Anthropogenic Events** Residential development Road, trail, railroad line Telephone line, electrical
power line Dam, water diversion, canal Commercial development Modern agriculture Mining Logging Grazing
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Succession an orderly change in relative abundances of
dominant species in a community following adisturbance until a stable community (climax -like predisturbance) results
1 succession beginson mineral soils
2 succession beginson soils with seeds
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Succession: Species-Species Interactions How do these interactions influence communitydevelopment?
Facilitation early species make environment lesssuitable for themselves, but more suitablefor later species -- nurse crops
- Tolerance - early species make environment less suitablefor recruitment of similar early species, but they neither helpnor hinder later species
- Inhibition - early species make environment inhospitableto later-arriving species
Early prairie reconstructions overly dominated by warm
season grasses
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Community Assembly development of the ecological community
is determined by random variation inspecies' colonization of a disturbed area &subsequent species interactions
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Which orientation to follow?Succession vs. Community Assembly
Succession Deterministic Internal interactions & environment determine
outcome
Assembly Stochastic
Supply of propagules determines outcome Multiple stable assemblies
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How can succession be managedto aid restoration?
General causes Contributing processes Modifying factors
Site availability Disturbance Size, severity, time, dispersion
Species availability Dispersal Landscape configuration, dispersal agents
Propagules Land use, time since last disturbance
Resources Soil, topography, site history
Species performance Ecophysiology Germination requirements, assimilation rates,growth rates, genetic differentiation
Life history Allocation, reproductive timing & mode
Stress Climate, site history, prior occupants
Competition Competition, herbivory, resource availability
Allelopathy Soil chemistry, microbes, neighboring species
Herbivory Climate, predators, plant defenses & vigor,community patchiness
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Restoration: Managing Succession
ManagingSuccession
Designed Disturbance
Controlled SpeciesPerformance
ControlledColonization
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Managing Succession: in Practice Designed Disturbance Controlled Colonization Controlled Species Performance
Burning Burning Burning
Bulldozing, Scraping, Topsoil Mixing Broadcast seeding, Drill seeding,Direct planting Cabling
Cabling Cutting Grazing, Excluding grazers
Chopping, Clipping Grazing Fertilization, Reducing soil fertility
Flooding & draining Fertilization, Herbicide spraying Herbicide application
Herbicide application Irrigation, Water level change Mowing, Selective cutting
Plowing Topsoiling & live soiling Irrigation, Water level change
Solarization (thermal shock) Rotovating
Soil compaction Scraping
Soil fabrics
fl
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How can community structure influencestability of restored community?
Top-down control of trophic abundances Cascade effects: indirect effects extended
through multiple levels Can have chain of extinctions if highly
dependent Keystone organisms must be preserved Non-redundant species, key species
that maintain stability/diversity
H Di i C l i S bili
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How can Diversity Complexity Stabilitybe enhanced?
An increase in the structural diversity ofvegetation increases species diversity.
Full restoration of native plant communitiessustains diverse wildlife populations.
A high diversity of plant species assures ayear-round food supply for the greatest
diversity of wildlife
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Landscape Ecology How does the landscape context of the restoration
influence everything discussed earlier?
S i l P i i l
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Spatial Principles Large areas sustain more species than small areas. Many small patches in an area will help sustain regional
diversity. Patch shape is as important as size. Fragmentation of habitats, communities, and ecosystems
reduces diversity. Isolated patches sustain fewer species than closely
associated patches. Species diversity in patches connected by corridors >
than for disconnected patches. A heterogeneous mosaic of community types sustains
more species & is more likely to support rare speciesthan a single homogeneous community.
Ecotones between natural communities support a varietyof species from both communities & species specific tothe ecotone.
Mi i D i A i R i
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Largest patchsizePatchlongevity
DisturbancefrequencyHabitatrequirements
Minimum Dynamic Area in RestorationDesign
E E l h i i
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Ecosystem Ecology: how is itrelevant?
Interactionsbetween the biotic
& abioticcomponents of the
ecosystem