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2019 OECD ECONOMIC SURVEY OF PORTUGAL
Promoting convergence and wellbeing
Lisbon, 18 February 2019
http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/portugal-economic-snapshot
@OECDeconomy@OECD
Key messages
• Further progress in improving public finances, reducing private debt and the health of the banking system can improve resilience to shocks
• Export performance can be enhanced through policies that better enable exporters to innovate and grow
• The efficiency of the judicial system can be further improved, thereby spurring economic activity
2
Economic recovery is well entrenched but further improvements in wellbeing are needed
3
The economy is growing after a double dip recession
Source: OECD Economic Outlook.
Real GDP
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
y-o-y % changes y-o-y % changes
4
Unemployment has continued to decline
Source: OECD Economic Outlook.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Percentage Percentage
5
Unemployment rate
Domestic demand is now also driving the recovery
Annual percentage change
Source: OECD Economic Outlook.
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Exports Domestic demand
6
The economic expansion will continue
Source: OECD
% change 2018 2019 2020 Gross domestic product (GDP) 2.1 2.1 1.9
Private consumption 2.2 1.8 2.0
Government consumption 0.7 -0.1 -0.1
Gross fixed capital formation 4.5 5.6 4.7
Exports of goods and services 6.0 4.5 3.7 Imports of goods and services 6.2 4.7 4.2
Unemployment rate 7.1 6.4 5.7
Consumer price index 1.3 1.3 1.4
7
Convergence has been limited
Source: OECD Compendium of Productivity Indicators
GDP per capita, percentage of OECD average
8
Wellbeing can be improved
Source: OECD (2017), OECD Better Life Index
11
1618
2024
2830 31 32 33 35
Environmentalquality
Personalsecurity
Housing Work-lifebalance
Income andwealth
Socialconnections
Health status Jobs andearnings
Education andskills
Civicengagement
Subjectivewell-being
OECD Better Life Index Country rankings from 1 (best) to 35 (worst), 2017
20% top performers 60% middle performers 20% bottom performers Portugal
9
Encouraging fiscal sustainability and green growth
10
The public debt ratio is falling, but remains high
Source: OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections (database).
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
% of GDP % of GDP
11
Gross government debt as a percentage of GDP
Ageing costs will impact public debt
Source: OECD, European Commissions, calculations by the OECD Secretariat.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Continued consolidation effortContinued consolidation effort and not offsetting increase in age-related costsWeakening consolidation effortWeakening consolidation effort and not offsetting ageing-related costs
General government debt as a percentage of GDP
12
There are too many VAT exemptions and reduced rates
Note: The VAT Revenue Ratio is the ratio between the actual value-added tax revenue collected and the revenue that would theoretically be raised if VAT was applied at the standard rate to all final consumption. Source: OECD.
VAT Revenue Ratio
13
Public transport is used much less than in other EU countries
50556065707580859095
50556065707580859095
LTU
PRT
NOR
ISL
GBR
SVN
NLD
DEU
SWE
LUX EU FIN
GRC
ITA
BEL
DNK
ESP
FRA
LVA
EST
IRL
POL
AUT
SVK
CHE
CZE
TUR
HUN
Source: Eurostat.
Percentage of individual car use in total passenger transport, 2016
14
• Continue gradual fiscal consolidation.
• Raise taxes on diesel fuel, and increase energy taxes on coal and natural gas.
• Encourage public transport use and the development of new shared transport solutions.
Recommendations to improve fiscal sustainability and make growth greener
15
Improving financial stability
16
Bank profitability has improved, but remains low
Source: European Banking Authority (EBA), “EBA Risk Dashboard”
Return on Equity (%)
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
GRC
DEU
FIN
PRT
ITA ISL
GBR
BEL
FRA EU IRL
DNK
LUX
ESP
NLD
POL
EST
AUT
NOR
SVN
SVK
SWE
LTU
LVA
CZE
HUN
2018 Q3 2016 Q3
17
Nonperforming loans remain elevated, despite improvements
Source: European Banking Authority (EBA), “EBA Risk Dashboard”.
Non-performing loans as a ratio of total outstanding loans, 2018 Q3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
GRC
PRT
ITA
SVN
HUN IRL
POL
ESP EU LVA
AUT
SVK
FRA
LTU ISL
DNK
BEL
NLD
DEU
NOR
EST
CZE
GBR
FIN
SWE
LUX
43
18
Personal bankruptcy law is relatively stringent
Source: Adapted from Adalet McGowan et al. (2017).
OECD insolvency indicator: Treatment of failed entrepreneurs, 2016
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
CAN
TUR
USA
AUS
CHL
GBR
JPN
AUT
CHE
DNK
ESP
FIN
FRA
GRC IRL
ITA
LVA
MEX
NOR
NZL
SVK
SVN
BEL
DEU
EST
HUN
ISR
KOR
NLD
PRT
SWE
CZE
19
Court proceedings for credit claims can be long
Source: Ministry of Justice.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
less than 1 year 1 to 2 years 2 to 5 years more than 5 years
Total Credit claim
20
• Continue to monitor NPL reduction plans, translating performance in achieving targets into capital requirements.
• Make bankruptcy a viable solution for heavily indebted individuals, reducing the time to discharge and exempting more of the debtor’s assets from bankruptcy proceedings.
• Introduce an out-of-court mechanism to facilitate the liquidation of non-viable firms.
Recommendations to improve financial stability
21
Further raising export performance
22
The improvement in export performance has been impressive
Source: OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections (database).
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Portugal Germany Italy Spain Hungary
Export performance, Index 2007=100
23
Tourism has been booming
Source: Bank of Portugal, calculations by the OECD Secretariat.
02468101214161820
02468
101214161820
Fin
anci
al s
ervi
ces
Insu
ranc
e an
d pe
nsio
n
Inte
llect
ual p
rope
rty
use
Per
sona
l, cu
ltura
l and
rec
.
Con
stru
ctio
n
Tel
ecom
m. a
nd IT
Clo
thin
g an
d fo
otw
ear
Woo
d, c
ork
and
pape
r
Oth
er m
anuf
actu
ring
Hid
es, l
eath
er a
nd te
xtile
s
Oth
er s
ervi
ces
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Tra
nspo
rt m
ater
ial
Agr
i-foo
d
Mac
hine
s
Che
mic
als,
rub
bers
Min
eral
s an
d m
etal
s
Tra
vel a
nd to
uris
m
Services Goods
Percentage contribution to total export growth over the 2009-17 period
24
The economy can still be more outward oriented
% of GDP
Source: OECD.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PRT HUN CZE BEL
FDI stock Exports
25
Most firms are too small to be significant exporters
Source: Eurostat.
Share of firms with more than 10 employees
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
SVK
GRC
CZE
ESP
ITA
FRA
BEL
PRT
POL
SVN
SWE
NLD
HUN ISL
FIN
LVA
IRL
EST
LTU
NOR
GBR
AUT
DNK
DEU
LUX
%%
26
It takes too long to prepare and pay taxes
Time to prepare and pay taxes, 2018
Source: World Bank Doing Business Indicators.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
EST
LUX
CHE
NOR IRL
FIN
LTU
AUS
GBR
NLD
SWE
JPN
AUT
CAN
DNK
BEL
FRA ISL
NZL
ESP
OECD LV
ATU
RUS
AKO
RSV
KGR
CDE
UCZ
ESV
N ITA
ISR
MEX
PRT
COL
HUN
CHL
HoursHours
27
Logistics infrastructure can be improved
Ranking for logistics infrastructure
Source: World Bank Doing Business Indicators.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
PRT HUN CZE ESP ITA BEL FRA DEUBetter
Worse
28
Improving workers skills is key for raising competitiveness
Percentage of individuals that have completed education
Source: Eurostat.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64Upper secondary and post-secondary education Tertiary education
EU Portugal
29
• Simplify the tax system by reducing the use of special provisions and ambiguity in tax language.
• Ensure that port concession contracts specify a minimum level of investment by the operator and do not renew concessions without opening a new public tender.
• In awarding port concessions, take into account the price that bidders will charge port users.
• Target lifelong learning opportunities to the low-skilled, including by collecting information on the private returns to skills and making it publicly available.
Recommendations for further promoting export performance
30
Enhancing judicial efficiency to foster economic activity
31
Court proceedings are shorter than before, but still long
Source: Council of Europe European Commission for the efficiency of justice (CEPEJ)
Average time needed to resolve civil and commercial cases, first instance courts, in days
32
The average time to pay is long in Portugal, partly reflecting weak contract enforcement
The average time actually taken to pay, Business to business, in days.
Source: Intrum (2018), “European Payment Reports 2018”. 33
Loan forbearance is common, while collateral enforcement is difficult
Source: EBA, “Risk Assessment Report” December 2018.
The forbearance loans ratio as a percentage of total outstanding loans in the corporate sector, Q2 2018
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
GRC PRT SVN IRL ITA ESP ISL NOR HUN POL EU DEU NLD AUT DNK BEL GBR SWE FRA FIN EST LUX
34
Recent reforms reduced pending proceedings, but court congestion remains significant
Source: Pordata.
Number of initiated, terminated and pending proceedings per judge
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Initiated Terminated Pending
35
Significant bottlenecks remain in some courts
Source: Ministry of Justice and High Council for the Judiciary.
Civil cases, 2017
How to read this chart: Court efficiency (measured by “Resolution rate” which is the number of resolved cases divided by the cases in stock) tends to be low where court resources are relatively scarce.
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Resolution rate (LHS) cases in stock/number of judges (ratio, RHS)
36
Regulation in the legal professions is too strict
OECD Indicators of regulation in the legal services sector
Source: OECD Product Market Regulations Statistics (database).37
Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can be developed further
Source: INE.
Number of proceedings in “Justice of peace courts” vs. in the court system.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
thousandsthousands
incoming cases, justice of peace courts (LHS)
pending cases, justice of peace courts (LHS)
incoming cases, court system (RHS)
38
• Increase the managerial autonomy of the courts so that they can effectively allocate resources.
• Fully analyse the data collected from the information system on court proceedings (CITIUS) so that it allows the courts to identify problematic cases and those that should be prioritised.
• Set up an independent supervisory body to ensure that regulations in the legal profession are in the public interest.
• Continue to enhance the capacity of the Public Prosecution Officeto address economic and financial crime. Public prosecutors should continue to undertake specialised training in this area.
• Establish an electronic registry of interests for all government members and senior civil servants that is regularly updated.
Recommendations for enhancing the judiciary to foster economic activity
39
Improving labour utilisation and further reducing poverty
40
The incidence of long-term unemployment is still quite high
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey database.
As a percentage of total labour force, 2018 Q3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
GRC
ESP
TUR ITA
FRA
LVA
PRT
FIN
SVK
LUX
SWE
IRL
BEL
LTU
EST
SVN
DNK
AUT
CHE
GBR
NOR
HUN
POL
NLD
DEU
CZE ISL
Unemployment rate of which, long-term unemployment
41
Low-skilled people face significant employment barriers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Lack of skills Scarce jobopportunities
(regress)
Health limitations "High" non-labourincome
"Low" relativework experience
No past workexperience
"High" earningsreplacements
"High" careresponsabilities
Percentage of those unemployed or with weak labour market attachment facing each employment barrier
Source: OECD (2018), “Faces of joblessness in Portugal”. 42
• Avoid across-the-board rises in hiring subsides, limiting them to those at high risk of long-term unemployment and those at risk of poverty.
• Expand well-designed vocational training programmes (i.e. “Aprendizagem” and “Cursos de Educação e Formação de Adultos”), so that they reach more of the low-skilled population.
• Consolidate the two vocational education systems into a single dual VET system with strong workplace training and perform a thorough evaluation of all vocational training.
Recommendations for improving labour utilisation and reducing poverty
43
Disclaimers: The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
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For more information
OECD EconomicsOECD
http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/portugal-economic-snapshot
44