PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN KEBUMENDINAS PENDIDIKAN PEMUDA DAN OLAH RAGA

SMA NEGERI 1 KEBUMENJalan Mayjen Sutoyo 7, Kebumen 54316, Telepon (0287) 381407, Faksimile (0287)

385012E-mail: sma_1_kbm@yahoo.com, Website: www.sman1-kebumen.sch.id

MODUL AND STUDENTS’ WORK SHEETS OF : ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Subject : EnglishYear : XI ( Eleven )Program : ScienceClass : XI Science 1 and XI Science 2Semester : 1 ( One )Academic Year : 2013 – 2014Source : ERLANGGA BOOK and THE OTHER ENGLISH BOOKSUnit : 3

A.LISTENINGB. READING

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

An important part of analytical is the analysis of the text or issue. The writer tries to present the pros and cons of an issue to allow the reader to reach a logical conclusion. The writer should always try to give a fair and accurate account in the analytical exposition.An analytical exposition text is designed to persuade the reader or listener that something is the case.( = Untuk menyatakan pikiran pembaca atau pendengar tentang duduk perkara sebenarnya ).

COMMUNICATIVE PURPOSE : To persuade the reader that something is the case. ( meyakinkan

pikiran pembaca tentang duduk perkara sebenarnya).

TYPES OF ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT :Newspaper editorials, debates, speeches.

THE ORGANIZATION OR THE GENERIC STRUCTURE OF ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION CONSISTS OF 3 PARTS :

1. THESIS: introduces topic and indicates writer’s position. The writer also outlines the main arguments to be presented.- Position : introduces topic and indicates the writer’s position.

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- Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented. ( = mengetengahkan topik dan mengemukakan pendapat si penulis / pembicara disertai garis besar atau argumen – argumen utama ).

Outline = menguraikan

2. ARGUMENTS.Arguments for and against the main points outlined in thesis in a series of statements that supports the writer’s point of view.Each argument stage consists of a “ point and elaboration “. In the elaboration, the argument is supported by evident.- Point : restates main arguments outlined in the preview.- Elaboration : develops and supports each point.

( = menegaskan argumen – argumen utama tadi dengan mengembangkan Dan mendukungnya).Restate = mengemukakan kembali , mengulangi.

3.Reiteration : restates the writer’s position. ( = penegasan ulang pendapat si penulis atau pembicara ).

Grammatical features related to Analytical exposition texts: Simple Present Tense. Passive Voice. Modal Auxiliaries. Verbs and Verb Phrases. Connectors.

II ).Sentence connectors to link arguments : One important effect In addition Furthermore Firstly Secondly Thirdly Finally

Phrase for making conclusion :

One thing is clear From the facts above, I personally believe..... From the reasons listed above, I conclude that...... Therefore...... My conclusion is that...... It can be concluded that.....

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TEXT : 1Page : 77

CARS SHOULD BE BANNED IN CITIES

Cars should be banned from the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.

Firstly, cars, as well as we know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancers and “triggers” of asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

Secondly, a city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in a city, which causes them to die. Cars, today, are the biggest killers on roads.

Thirdly, cars are very noisy.If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.

In conclusion, cars should be banned from a city for the reasons listed above.

( Source : The English book of “ ERLANGGA “ ; for Senior High School Students ; Year : XI ; Page : 77 ).

New vocabularies :Banned = prohibited = forbidden = melarangEmit = memancarkanTrigger = pemicu , pencetusWander = mengembaraCommonly = biasa

NOTE :Paragraph 1 : Thesis : topic, writer’s opinions, main arguments.Paragraph 2 : Argument 1POINT : Firstly, cars, as we all know , contribute to most of the pollution in the world. ELABORATION : Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and triggers off asthma . Some of these illness are so bad that people can die from them.Paragraph 3 : Argument 2.POINT : Secondly, the city is very busy. ELABORATION : Pedestrian wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrian in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.Paragraph 4 : Argument 3.POINT : Thirdly, cars are very noisy. ELABORATION : If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.

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Paragraph 5 : Conclusion. CONCLUSION : In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city of the reason listed.

Questions A :1. In the writer’s opinion, what do cars in a city cause ?2. What do cars emit ?3. Who mostly are the victims in car accidents ?4. Which paragraph tells you that cars also cause noise pollution ?5. What is the topic of the text ?

The answers :1. It creates pollution, causes a lot of road deaths, other accidents.2. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses.3. Pedestrians4. Paragraph 45. The prohibition of using cars in cities.

Questions B :1. What does the writer think of cars ? A. They have good and bad effect. B. We can not avoid them. C. They are the roads biggest killer. D. They can make us comfortable. E. They help pedestrians.

2. What is the effect of the noise from the car ? A. We can sleep well. B. We can concentrate on our homework. C. We have difficulties talking to someone. D. We can be sick. E. We may be hit.

3. ”Pedestrians wander everywhere........”. ( Paragraph 4 ). What does the underlined word mean ?A. surpriseB. ramble = berjalan – jalan = strollC. fill the placeD. move slowly from a place.E. jog slowly.

4.According to the writer, what should be done with cars ?

Questions C :1. What factors which cause a traffic jam ?

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= unorganized five-foot-wide sidewalk, indiscipline pedestrians, too many private cars , careless drivers violating the traffic regulation etc.

2. What solutions can be offered to overcome a traffic jam ?= strict punishment, law enforcement, etc.

TEXT : 2Page : 92

THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say that ?

Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all over the world, either as a first or second language.

Secondly, English is also the key which opens doors to scientific and technical knowledge, which is needed for the economic and political development of many countries in the world.

Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who master either active or passive English are more favorable than those who don’t.

From the facts above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.

( Source : “ Look Ahead “ for Senior High School Students, Year : XI, published by Erlangga.)

The generic Structure :Paragraph 1 : ThesisParagraph 2 : Argument 1Paragraph 3 : Argument 2Paragraph 4 : Argument 3Paragraph 5 : Reiteration.

New vocabularies :Favorable = baik , menguntungkan, menyenangkanObvious = jelas , nyata.

Questions A :1. Why is it so important to learn English ?2. How did the writer elaborate his argument ?3. “ English is the world’s most important language “. Does this statement belong to many people’s or to one person’s idea ? How do you know that ?4. What is the purpose of the writer writing this text ?5. The statement essence in the beginning of the text is similar to the last

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statement of the text. What is the purpose of repeating the statement ?6. What do you call this text ?7. What tense is mostly used in the text ?

The answers :1. Because of 3 reasons2. By adding some facts and explanations / By developing and supporting each point.3. It belongs to many people’s idea because the global era has come and everyone needs to be able to speak English to keep abreast with the information. ( Based on the three reasons above ).4. To persuade the reader that something is the case.5. To emphasize someone’s point of view.6. Analytical Exposition7. Present Tense

Questions B :1.What is the purpose of the text above ? A. To tell past event. B. To share the important of English. C. To amuse the readers with the important of English. D. To evaluate the important of English. E. To persuade the readers about the important of English.

2.We may conclude from the text that........ A. English is not necessary for many people in the world.F B. Applicant who don’t master English can not get a job.F C. Everybody doesn’t need English when they go to foreign countries.F D. English is just the second important language in the world.F E. English is very important in the modern ages.T

3.Which is “ true “ according to the text ? A. All the countries in the world use English either as the first and the second Language.F B. Mastering English of applicants is a must.F C. In the global era, English is needed by everyone.T D. It is difficult to use English language because people think it is not important.FE.All people in the world don’t need English to communicate with one another.F

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4.What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph ? A. English is the basic requirement to find a job. B. Mastering English is necessary. C. People should master English efficiently. D. Learning English is a must in the global era. E. The difficulties mastering active English.

5. “ Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs “. What does the underlined word mean ?A. looking at = melihat , memandangB. looking up = memandangC. looking after = memelihara , menjaga , mengurusD. looking out = berhati - hatiE. looking for

TEXT : 3Page : 108

BEING FAT MATTERS

Do you know if you are too fat, you may have serious problems with your health ? A group of doctors wrote a report about some of the effects of too much fat.

One important effects is on the heart. If you are fat, your heart has to work harder. This may lead to a heart attack; or it may lead to other heart problem.

In addition, extra fat can also change the amount of sugar in your blood. This can cause serious disease such as diabetes.

Furthermore high blood pressure is another possible result of being fat.

More studies are needed about all these problems. But one thing is clear, extra fat may make your life shorter.

( Adapted from : Let’s write English ).( Source : The English book of “ LOOK AHEAD “ ; for Senior High School

Students ; Year : XI ; Page : 108 ; Published by ERLANGGA ).

Paragraph 1 : Thesis.Paragraph 2,3,4 : Arguments.Paragraph 5 : Reiteration.

Questions :1. What may happen if we are too fat ?2.Who wrote a report about some of the effects of too much fat ?

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3. How many effects are there if we are too much fat according to the text ?4.What will happen to your heart if you are too fat ?5. Is there any effect on your blood if you are too fat ? What is it ?6. The conclusion of all the facts is that extra fat can reduce your.......7. What is the purpose of the writer in this article ?

The answers :1. We may have serious problems with our health.2. A group of doctors.3. 3 effects.4. If you are too fat, your heart has to work harder and it may lead

to a heart attack or to problems.5. Yes, there is. Extra ( Too ) fat can change the amount of sugar in

the blood and it will cause serious disease such as diabetes. Furthermore, high blood pressure is also a result of being fat.

6. life7. To persuade readers toward writer’s opinions.( = To persuade

the reader that being fat makes our life shorter ).

TEXT : 4Page : 112

THE IMPORTANCE OF LIBRARIES

I personally believe that libraries are among humanity’s most important institutions for several reasons.

In the first place, most of humanity’s collective knowledge is stored in libraries. Second, libararies protect and preserve this knowledge. They also classify or group material into logical and easily available divisions. Furthermore, libraries make material available to everyone and even provide librarians to help us find what we need. Finally, libraries are our link to the past and our gift to the future.

From the facts above, I conclude that libraries are important institutions for humanity.( Source : The English book of “ LOOK AHEAD “ ; for Senior High School

Students ; Year : XI ; Page : 112 ; Published by ERLANGGA ).

Questions :1. What is the topic of the text above ?2. Why are libraries important institutions for us as human beings ?3. What is the communicative purpose of text ?

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TEXT : 5INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

There is no one best way to deal with pests in agriculture.Pesticides are commonly used, but this may cause many problems. Combining different management operations is the most effective way to control pests.

Firstly, the chemical in pesticides may build up as residues in the environment.This reduces the quality of farm products.

Secondly, pests can become resistant to pesticides gradually.This mean that newer and stronger ones have to be developed.

Thirdly, some pesticides affect non target animals such as fish and bees. This affects the natural balance.

Fourtly , to wipe out agriculture pests completely may be very expensive.Sometimes pests damage costs less than the method of control.

Finally, understanding the ecology of the area helps a lot in pest control. Natural enemies can be used to control a pest. Pesticides that do not affect the natural enemies should be chosen.

Therefore, integrated pest management is a safe and more effective option in agriculture .

( Source : “English for a better life “ book, Year ; XI for SMA, published by Pakar Raya and from “ Detik – detik “ English book, published by Intan Pariwara ).

New vocabularies :Residues = sisaResistant = bersifat melawanGradually = secara berangsur – angsurTo wipe out = memusnahkan , membersihkan , menghapuskan.

Questions :A1.What is the purpose of the text ? A. To persuade the readers or listeners that something is the case. B. To persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case. C. To inform the readers or listeners about events of the day which are

considered newsworthy. D. To explain something. E. To present at least two points of view about an issue.

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2.What affects the natural balance according to the writer ? A. The resistance of pests. B. The use of pesticide that affects non target animals. C. The chemicals in pesticides. D. The cost of wiping out agricultural pests. E. The use of integrated pest management which is not effective.

3.Why does the writer think that integrated pest management is good ? A. It reduces the quality of farm product. B. It makes pests become resistant. C. Wiping out agricultural pests may be costly. D. It is a safe and more effective option in agriculture. E. It affects the natural balance.

Costly = merugikan

4.”Some pesticides affect non target animals such as fish and bees”. ( Paragraph 3 ). The underlined word has the same meaning as the word.......

A. applyB. cureC. resistD. reactE. influence

5. Which statement is “ true “ according to the text ? A. Chemicals in pesticides reduce the quality of farm products.T B. Integrated pest management makes pests resistant.F C. Pest damage always costs more expensive than the method of control.F D. Natural enemies should not be used to control a pest.F E. The use of integrated pest management is not effective.F

NOTE :Paragraph 1 : THESISPOSITION : introduces topic and indicates the witer’s position :There is no one best way to deal with pests in agriculture. PREVIEW : outlines the main arguments to be presented :Pesticides are commonly used, but this may cause many problems. Combining different management operations is the most effective way to control pests. Outlines = menjelaskan , menguraikan.

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Paragraph 2 : ARGUMENT 1POINT : restates main arguments :Firstly, the chemical in pesticides may build up as residues in the environment. ELABORATION : develops and supports each point/ argument ).This reduces the quality of farm products.Restates = mengemukakan kembali , mengulangi.

Paragraph 3 : ARGUMENT 2POINT :Secondly, pests can become resistant to pesticides gradually. ELABORATION :This mean that newer and stronger ones have to be developed.Paragraph 4 : ARGUMENT 3POINT :Thirdly, some pesticides affect non target animals such as fish and bees.ELABORATION :This affects the natural balance. Paragraph 5 : ARGUMENT 4POINT :Fourtly, to wipe out agriculture pests completely may be very expensive. ELABORATION :Sometimes pests damage costs less than the method of control. Paragraph 6 : ARGUMENT 5POINT :Finally, understanding the ecology of the area helps a lot in pest control. ELABORATION :Natural enemies can be used to control a pest. Pesticides that do not affect the natural enemies should be chosen.Paragraph 7 : REITERATION.Therefore, integrated pest management is a safe and more effective option in agriculture .

EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING :

a). Moderator opens the discussion.Good morning ladies and gentlemen,Welcome to our panel discussion on “ The Significance and

Insignificance of UAN “.My name’s Najwa Shihab. Iam the moderator for today’s

discussion. First of all, I would like to thank you for coming to this

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discussion. I would also like to thank to the speakers : Dr. Indra Jati and Dr.Astini Asih. Dr. Indra Jati is the Director General of Primary and Secondary Education of the Department of Education and Culture. Dr. Astini Asih is an expert in education of the State University of Semarang. I would also like to thank to the Student Association of SMA 1 that enthusiastically hosts this discussion.

In today’s discussion, first we will listen to the speech that will be delivered by our speakers. After that, we will have question and answer session.

All right ladies and gentlemen, now let’s listen to the speech by Dr. Indra Jati. Dr. Indra Jati, the floor is yours.

b).First speaker delivers his speech.Ladies and gentlemen,Today, I’d like to talk about the importance of the national final

examination known as UAN. I’ve been in the position that the examination is necessary and important.

There are at least three factors that make UAN necessary and important.

First, UAN is a national standard examination.This examination ensures that schools in this country have the same standard of quality. The level of difficulty of the test items in this exam is the same for students all over the country. And to be able to pass the exam a student must achieve the minimum score. What does this tell us ? Students of any school who have passed this exam have the same standard of competence.

All right, imagine if this national exam were discontinued, schools in this country would have their own standard. Some schools may have very high standard while some other may have very low standard. So, this exam is a quality control instrument.

Another reason why the national examination is necessary is that this exam motivates students to study well. Students know that at the end of the year they will sit for an exam and they must do well in order to pass. So, this exam is sort ( kind )of a target that students and teachers aim.

So, once again, everyone, UAN is important and necessary to ensure the quality of our national education.Thank you.

New vocabularies :Sort = jenis / macamTo ensure = menjamin / memastikan.

c).Second speaker delivers her speech.Thank you Najwa,Good morning everyone,

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It’s good if schools in this country produce graduates with high standard. My question is can UAN ensure our quality of education ?

I’ve been arguing that UAN has more weaknesses than strengths. “ Unfair “ may best describe this examination. OK, let us see why this examination is unfair.

First, the items in the examination are written by an appointed committee. This means that the students are actually tested not by their teachers, but by someone else. The committee does not really know what students have learned from their teachers. It just assume that they have learned materials covered in the curriculum. But the reality is often different because schools have different capacity. In this exam, it is possible that students are given a test about something they have not learned yet. This is what I call unfair.

Secondly, there are thousands of schools in this country. They have different resources and facilities. As a result, they have different standard of quality. Students who study at a school which is located in a city and has lots of resources may be able to study better than those studying at a school in a remote area. At the end of the year they are given the same test. This is unfair, isn’t it ?

The third weakness of this exam is that it has created sort of negative motivation. Students and teachers work hard only to prepare for a written examination. They do not pursue competence and skills that are useful for students’ lives. Instead, their only aim is to achieve a high score in a written exam. Don’t you think that this undermines the meaningfulness of teaching and learning ?

So, once again everyone, I do not agree with the national examination for those reasons.Thank you.

New vocabularies :Pursue = megejar / mengikutiUndermines = menggali / merusak / mengurang / meruntuhkan.Meaningfulness = ketidak pemahaman arti.

C. SPEAKING.

Ways to say it:

Expressing opinions.

Page : 79.

Asking other people's opinions:

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What do you think of .... Is that true that ....

Do you think it’s going …

Why do they behave like that?

Do you have any idea?

How do you like …..?

Please give me your frank ( jujur /terus terang ) opinion.

What’s your opinion?

Expressing opinions:

In my opinion, ….. I feel ....

I personally believe …..

I am certain, sure, positive, convinced.

I personally think…..

I agree

I personally feel …..

I disagree

Not everyone will agree with me, but ….

It seems that ....

To my mind ….

Well, personally ….

From my point of view…..

If I had my way, I would ….

As I see it

What I’m more concerned with is …..

I think ....

In my case ....

I believe......

Absolutely.

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Expressing agreement and disagreement.

Page : 79.

Saying that you agree:

Yes, I agree with you. I'm sure you're right.

That's right (quite true).

I think so too.

I absolutely agree.

That's exactly what I think.

Yes, I suppose so.

I don't have any objections.

Saying that you don't agree:

We will never agree. Not at all/Not really.

I disagree.

I think that's nonsense.

Saying that you don’t agree politely :

I see your point, but ... Yes, maybe, but ....

I don't entirely agree with ....

You may be right, but ....

Do you think so?

I see what you mean, but ....

To some extent, yes, but ....

I don't think so.

I don't agree with you.

I'm not sure I agree with you.

I don't like the idea.

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PAGE : 80

Making a conclusion:

In conclusion, we state that .... Therefore, we state that

To conclude, we state that ....

On the whole, we state that ....

From the statement we can conclude ....

From the facts above we can conclude .......

On this basis, we agree that .......

MOVING FORWARD

Ways to say it:

Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

Page : 84.

Asking about satisfaction and dissatisfaction:

How do you like your room? Did you find our service satisfactory?

Is everything O.K.?

Do you want to complain about something?

Is everything satisfactory?

Was something not to your satisfaction?

Are you satisfied?

Are you dissatisfied with something?

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Expressing satisfaction:

I really like my new haircut. I'm completely satisfied with everything you've done for me.

It was satisfactory.

Everything is fine, thank you.

Everything was just perfect.

I'm happy enough with it.

It was okay. Not too bad.

Good enough.

Expressing dissatisfaction :

Iam a little dissatisfied with the service here. Iam a bit disappointed with the program.

The food was lousy ( jelek ).

I’m tired of working here.

I don’t like the color.

I have a complaint.

I’m very dissatisfied with the condition.

I want to make a complaint.

Responding to dissatisfaction:

I see. I'm sorry to hear that.

I'll look into it.

I'll see what I can do about it.

I'll try and take care of it.

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D.GRAMMAR.

I. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE.Form : Subject + V1For third person singular = S + V +s/es.( I, You, We, They ) + V1( He, She, It ) + V1 + s/ es.Eg : Azmi goes to school everyday. He goes to school by cycling.( + ). Do the students go to school everyday ? Yes, they do.Form : S + linking be ( am , is , are ) + Adjectives / Nouns / Adverbs.Simple present tense is used to express special meanings related with activity, happening , or condition.= ( digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sejumlah makna khusus yang berkaitan dengan ciri atau aspek suatu perbuatan, kejadian atau keadaan).

According to the meaning or the definition above, so Simple Present Tense is divided into :

A. FACTUAL PRESENT :To express about the facts which happen now or at the moment of speaking.(= yakni bentuk Simple Present Tense yang mengungkapkan bahwa perbuatan, kejadian atau keadaan yang merupakan makna suatu Verb adalah suatu Fakta yang terjadi sekarang, yakni saat kita berkomunikasi ).

Adverbial of time which are used in this tense are : now, at the moment, at present, today, for the time being (= untuk sementara waktu ).

Or in another word Simple Present Tense is used to express condition in the present time.For example :- I am hungry. - It is rather hot today. - The students understand about Pronouns today. - Do you remember about Pronouns now ?Verbs which are used in this tense are verbs which are not common used in Present Continuous Tense, such as : Linking Be, See, Hear, Want, Like, Hate, Love, Know, Understand, Remember, Notice, etc.

For example : 1. We are well today.2. He is happy now.3. The teacher knows English very well.4. My sister likes poetry.5. All of us understand it now.

B. NEUTRAL PRESENT : is used to talk about things in general.( General Truth ). = Kebenaran umum). (= mengungkapkan bahwa perbuatan, kejadian atau keadaan yang merupakan makna suatu Verb adalah suatu hal yang umum,yakni yang tidak terikat oleh waktu dan tempat tertentu ).

For examples : 1. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 2. A horse has four legs. 3. Flowers look beautiful.4. Birds fly.5. There are seven days in a week. 6. The earth goes around the sun.7.Whales are mammals.8.The blue whale is the largest animal ever known.9. Spiders belong to arachnids.10. A komodo looks like a dragon.11. A spider has eight legs.12.Deer feed on young leaves.13. Rabbits burrow in the ground.14. Bees suck honey from flowers.15. Birds perch on trees.

C. HABITUAL PRESENT : is used to express habitual activities.(= mengungkapkan bahwa perbuatan, kejadian atau keadaan yang merupakan makna suatu Verb adalah suatu hal yang berulang secara teratur.

Adverbial of frequency and times which are used in this tense ( in habitual present ) such as : always, often, sometimes, frequently, usually, now and then (= kadang- kadang ), occasionally, rarely, seldom, never, everyday, on Sundays, twice a week, once a month, etc.

For examples :1. He sometimes gets up very early every morning .

2. The students always come on time.3. We rarely go to the movies.4. She usually has breakfast at 6.30.5. My friends often mention his name.

Question :Tell me about your daily activities from wake up until go to sleep !For example :This article was written on Friday, June 22 nd, in 2011.

“A DAY IN MY LIFE”

My day sometimes or usually begins at 04.30 A.M . I get up and turn on the television to watch the “ Pengajian “ program or another program that I select and do some exercises including do Subuh prayer for about one hour. Then, I take a bath. After taking a bath,I get dressed and have breakfast. Last time, I usually had breakfast together with my son before going to school, but now I usually have breakfast alone while watching television , because now my son is in Semarang. He continues his study at Diponegoro University , at Geodetic Engineering department , in Semarang. Now, he is in the second year or the fourth semester.He stays at a boarding house. Sometimes, if he has a holiday in his lecture or if he misses me or if I miss him, he will go home to visit me and then we gather at my house. At 06.30 I leave for school.

I generally take a motor cycle to go to school. My first class is at 07.00 o’clock and I usually finish my teaching at 13.45.

I usually reach home at around 14.30. When I get home, I like to take a rest on the bed for a while. Then, I start my homework again.I have dinner at 07.00 o’clock P.M. After that I read some books or something else related with my task as an English teacher. Sometimes I also watch Television to relax. I generally go to bed if I feel sleepy.

Written by : Mrs.Endang Rokhimaningsih Sunartoyo (Narendra’s

Mom )Kebumen, Edited on July 25 th, 2013.

D. FUTURE PRESENT : is used to express the activities which have not happened yet, but it is supposed to be happened soon. (= mengungkapkan bahwa perbuatan, kejadian atau keadaan yang merupakan makna suatu verb adalah sesuatu yang belum terjadi , namun diperkirakan akan segera terjadi.Bentuk ini sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan makna kedatangan atau kepergian ( arrival or departure ).Kegiatannya sudah dijadwalkan.

Adverbial of time which are used in this tense ( in Future Present ) such as : tonight, tomorrow, next .... ,etc.

For examples :1. Father leaves for United States tonight.2. The train arrives here at five A.M tomorrow.3. We go home tomorrow.4. Our new program starts next week. Exercises :

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the “ Simple Present Tense “ form !1. Water ....( boil ) at 100 degrees centigrade. boils2. George ......( not /go ) to the cinema very often.doesn’t go3. How many languages ..... ( you / speak )? do you speak ?4. The swimming bath .....( open ) at 9.00 and ..... ( close ) at 18.30

every day.is opened- is closed5. What time ..... ( the banks / close ) in Britain ? are the banks

closed ..?6. I have a car, but I ........( not / use ) it very often.don’t use7. How many cigarettes ......( you / smoke ) a day ?do you smoke...?8. “What.........( you / do )?” “ I’m an English teacher “.do you do ?9. “ Where ......( your father / come ) from ?” He ....( come ) from

Scotland “.does your father come from ? -comes

10. If you need money, why ....( you / not / get ) a job ? don’t you get...?

THE PASSIVE VOICE OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

All the passive verbs are formed with : BE + PAST PARTICIPLEThe object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence.

Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive. A transitive verb is a verb that is followed by an object.For example : Bob mailes the letter. ( It can be made into passive ). = The letter is mailed by Bob.

While an intransitive verb is a verb that is not followed by an object.For example : All of us sleep well every night. ( It can not be made into passive ).

The “ by – phrase “ is used in passive sentences when it is important to know who performs an action. For example :

This sweater is made by my aunt. “ by my aunt “ is important information.Usually, there is no “ by – phrase “ in a passive sentence. The passive is used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action.For examples :1.That sweater is made in Korea. ( “by someone” is not necessary to be written).2. Spanish is spoken in Colombia. ( “by people” is usually omitted ).).

Passive Voice of Simple Present Tense : am/ is / are + V3

For example :Active : Water surrounds an island.Passive : An island is surrounded by water.

Exercises :1. Active sentence : The teacher corrects the students’ homework carefully. Passive sentence : The students’ homework is carefully corrected by the teacher.2. Active sentence : The boy doesn’t sing a song beautifully in his house every day. Passive sentence : A song is not beautifully sung in his house everyday by the boy.3. Active sentence : Do all of the students eat breakfast calmly every morning in their house ? Passive sentence : Is breakfast calmly eaten by all of the students in their house ?

CHANGE THESE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE FORMS !1. Does the hotel provide clean towels ?= Are clean towels provided by the hotel ?2. People don’t teach Calculus in elementary school.= Calculus is not taught in elementary school.3. People say that being diligent is better than being lazy for us.= 1. It is said that being diligent is better than being lazy for us. 2. Being diligent is said to be better than being lazy for us.4. Helicopters fascinate children.= Children are fascinated by helicopters.5. Do a large number of people speak English ?= Is English spoken by a large number of people ?

6. Noone delivers the mail on holidays.= The mail is not delivered on holidays.7. Someone collects the garbage on Thursdays.= The garbage is collected on Thursdays.8. A new company takes the business over. = The business is taken over by a new company.9. People say that tortoises live longer than elephants.= 1. It is said that tortoises live longer than elephants. 2. Tortoises are said to live longer than elephants.10.Who writes this article ?=Who is this article written by ?11.A mother buys her child toys every year.= 1. Her child is bought toys every year by a mother. 2. Toys are bought to her child every year by a mother.12. A girl always takes care of the plants every day.= The plants are always taken care of every day by a girl.13. A mother teaches her child ( that ) she cooks the food.= Her child is taught ( that ) the food is cooked by a mother.14. What causes the peace ?= What is the peace caused by ?

2. NOTIONAL AUXILIARY VERBS( MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS ).

Yang dimaksud dengan NOTIONAL AUXILIARY VERBS adalah :CAN, MAY , MUST , SHALL, WILL, dan OUGHT TO.Keenam Notional Auxiliary Verbs ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan MOOD atau MODALITY, yakni pernyataan mengenai sesuatu yang DAPAT, BOLEH, MUNGKIN, LAYAK, WAJIB, HARUS, PERLU dilakukan.Ciri – ciri bentuk dan makna keenam Modal Auxiliary Vebs tersebut adalah :1.AUXILIARY VERB : CANa) Bentuk jabaran CAN : CAN ( Present ), COULD (Past).b). Pola Penggunaan dan Makna CAN :1. CAN + INFINITIVE : 1. DAPAT /MAMPU 2. BOLEH 3. MUNGKIN , dengan acuan waktu NOW atau FUTURE. Examples :

1. We can understand it now ( = dapat / mampu ).2. You can see me tomorrow ( = boleh ).3. She can be there now ( = mungkin ).

2. COULD + INFINITIVE : 1. DAPAT / MAMPU ( dengan acuan waktu PAST ).

2. BOLEH ( dengan acuan waktu PAST, NOW , atau FUTURE ). 3. MUNGKIN ( dengan acuan waktu PAST, NOW , atau FUTURE ). Examples :1. We could finish it in two hours then ( = dapat, Past ).2. She could solve the problem quickly. (= dapat, Past ).3. He said I could use his car yesterday .( = boleh , Past ).4. You could leave us now ( = boleh , Now ).5. Could I see you tomorrow ? ( = boleh, Future ).6. He admitted that he could be wrong ( = mungkin, Past ).7. She could be at home now ( = mungkin, Now ).8. They could be here in half an hour ( = mungkin, Future ).

3.COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE = KEMUNGKINAN YANG TAK TERWUJUD, dengan acuan waktu PAST. Examples :a.We could have won the game if I had not made the blunder.= ( We would have been able to win the game if I had not made the blunder ).b.I could have done it but I just did not want to do it.= I would have been able to do it but I just did not want to do it.

Karena CAN tidak memiliki bentuk INFINITIVE dan PAST PARTICIPLE, bila CAN ( hanya yang bermakna “ dapat /mampu” ) digunakan dengan FUTURE TENSE ( yang menggunakan unsur Infinitive ) atau PERFECT TENSE ( yang menggunakan unsur Past Participle ) maka Auxiliary Verb CAN tersebut harus digantikan oleh ungkapan BE ABLE TO. Examples :

1. They will be able to pass the examination.2. We have been able to solve the problem.3. She is going to be able to help us.

Selain tidak memiliki bentuk ( to + ) INFINITIVE dan PAST PARTICIPLE, Auxiliary CAN juga tidak memiliki bentuk VERB + ing.Selain dari itu, Auxiliary CAN juga tidak pernah digunakan dengan akhiran – S ( bila digunakan dalam Present Tense dan Subyeknya Third Person Singular ) dan tidak pernah digunakan dengan Auxiliary DO ( pada Negative dan Interrogative Sentence ).Bila Auxiliary CAN diikuti oleh Verb lain maka Verb lain tersebut HARUS berbentuk INFINITIVE.

2. AUXILIARY VERB : MAYa.Bentuk jabaran MAY : MAY (Present ) , MIGHT ( Past ).b.Pola Penggunaan dan Makna MAY :1.MAY + INFINITIVE : a.BOLEH ( dengan acuan waktu NOW atau FUTURE ).

b.MUNGKIN ( dengan acuan waktu NOW atau FUTURE ). c.SEMOGA ( dengan acuan waktu NOW atau FUTURE ). Examples :1.You may start now ( = boleh, Now ).2.They may come here again tomorrow ( = boleh, Future ).3.We may be mistaken about it ( = mungkin , Now ).4.It may rain tonight. ( = mungkin, Future ).5.May he rest in peace ( = semoga, Now ).6.May God bless all of us ( = semoga, Now atau Future ).

2.MIGHT + INFINITIVE : a.BOLEH ( dengan acuan waktu PAST, NOW , and FUTURE ). b.MUNGKIN ( dengan acuan waktu NOW, FUTURE, atau PAST ). c.SEMOGA ( dengan acuan waktu PAST ). Examples : 1.She said I might go with her. ( = boleh, Past ). 2.Might we use this telephone ? (= boleh, Now ). 3.Might I see him tomorrow ? ( = boleh, Future ). 4.They might be there now ( = mungkin, Now ). 5.You might hear it tomorrow ( = mungkin, Future ). 6.It might be slow but it was sure= mungkin, Past ). 7.She hoped we might succeed (= semoga, Past ).

3.MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE = KEMUNGKINAN YANG TIDAK TERLAKSANA, dengan acuan waktu PAST.

Examples :a. We might have succeeded if we had worked harder.

= May be we would have succeeded if we had worked harder. b.You might have seen it if you had come earlier.= May be you would have seen it if you had come earlier. c.I might have told him if he had asked me.=May be I would have told him if he had asked me.

Bentuk Past Tense MIGHT yang bermakna BOLEH hanya digunakan pada Indirect ( = Reported ) Speech. Pada jenis – jenis kalimat lain bentuk Past Tense dari MAY ( = boleh ) adalah WAS/ WERE ALLOWED TO atau WAS / WERE PERMITTED TO. Karena MAY tidak mempunyai bentuk ( to + ) INFINITIVE maupun PAST PARTICIPLE maka pada FUTURE TENSE dan pada PERFECT TENSE Auxiliary Verb MAY ( hanya yang bermakna “ boleh “ ) tersebut juga harus digantikan oleh ungkapan BE ALLOWED TO atau BE PERMITTED TO.Examples :1.I was allowed to use his car yesterday.2.We were permitted to see him last week.3.You will be allowed to attend it next time.

4.She is going to be allowed to buy it.5.He has been permitted to go on vacation.

Seperti halnya CAN, Auxiliary Verb MAY ini juga tidak memiliki bentuk VERB + ing, tidak diberi akhiran – S bila digunakan pada Present Tense dengan Subject Third Person Singular, dan tidak disertai Auxiliary Verb DO bila digunakan pada Kalimat Negatif dan Interogatif. Setiap Verb lain yang mengikuti MAY / MIGHT harus berbentuk INFINITIVE.

3.AUXILIARY VERB : MUST 1.Bentuk jabaran MUST : MUST ( Present Tense ). 1.Pola Penggunaan dan Makna MUST : a.MUST + INFINITIVE : 1.HARUS 2.TENTUNYA / PASTI , dengan acuan waktu NOW, FUTURE , atau PAST.

Examples :a.Excuse me, I must be off now ( = harus, Now ).b.You must go there tomorrow ( = harus, Future ).c.He told us that we must work harder (= harus , Past ).d.She must be very tired now ( = tentunya, Now ).e.It must be her birthday tomorrow ( = pasti , Future ).f.She said that Mrs. Naughty must be sick ( = pasti , Past ).g. Usrok looks pale and his body is thin. He must be sick.

b.MUST + NOT + INFINITIVE = TIDAK BOLEH, JANGAN, dengan acuan waktu NOW, FUTURE, atau PAST. Examples :1.You must not be in a hurry ( = tidak boleh, Now ).2.We must not tell him about this ( = jangan, Future ).3.He said that Melani must not go home alone ( = jangan, Past ).

Bentuk Negatif MUST NOT mempunyai makna yang sama dengan MAY NOT, yakni TIDAK BOLEH atau JANGAN. Bentuk Negatif dari MUST yang berarti HARUS adalah NEED NOT ( = tidak harus, tak usah ).

c.MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE = TENTUNYA, PASTILAH, dengan acuan waktu PAST. Examples : 1.He must have finished it yesterday. 2.You must have met her before.3. Yesterday, when I saw Usrok at the hospital, he looked pale and his body was thin. He must have been sick.

Kecuali pada Indirect Speech ( i.e .He said that......) bentuk MUST + INFINITIVE tidak lazim digunakan dengan acuan waktu LAMPAU. Acuan ke waktu LAMPAU tersebut diungkapkan dengan MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE untuk MUST yang berarti TENTUNYA / PASTI, dan dengan HAD TO, WAS / WERE OBLIGED TO, atau WAS/ WERE FORCED TO untuk MUST yang bermakna HARUS atau TERPAKSA. Karena MUST tidak memiliki bentuk ( to +) INFINITIVE maupun PAST PARTICIPLE bila MUST ( hanya yang bermakna HARUS / TERPAKSA ) digunakan pada FUTURE TENSE atau PERFECT TENSE, Auxiliary Verb MUST tersebut harus digantikan dengan HAVE TO, BE OBLIGED TO, atau BE FORCED TO.Examples :a.We had to finish the job in two days then.b.They were obliged to accept it yesterday.c.He will be forced to do it tomorrow.d.He has been obliged to accompany them.e.We have had to leave our breakfast hurriedly.

MUST tidak mempunyai bentuk PAST, ( to +) INFINITIVE, PAST PARTICIPLE, maupun VERB + ing. MUST tidak pernah disertai Auxiliary DO bila digunakan pada kalimat Negatif dan Interogatif. Setiap Verb lain yang mengikuti MUST harus berbentuk INFINITIVE.

4). AUXILIARY VERB : SHALL.1. Bentuk Jabaran SHALL : SHALL ( Present ) , SHOULD ( Past )2. Pola Penggunaan dan Makna SHALL :a). SHALL + INFINITIVE :1. AKAN2. HARUS / PASTI3. DISEUJUIKAH BILA, dengan acuan waktu FUTURE.

Examples :1.I shall do it tomorrow ( = akan ).2. We shall be there next week ( = akan ).3. He shall do it by himself ( = harus ).4. They shall be punished ( = harus, pasti ).5. Shall I open all the windows ? ( = disetujuikah bila ).6. Shall we do it again ? ( = disetujuikah bila ).

b). SHOULD + INFINITIVE :1. SEHARUSNYA.2. SEKIRANYA3. TENTUNYA.Dengan acuan waktu NOW atau FUTUREExamples :1.He should be here now ( = seharusnya, Now ).

2.They should leave tonight ( = seharusnya, Future ).3.If you should see one , buy it for me ( = sekiranya, Future ).4.We should be grateful for that ( = tentunya, Now / Future ).

c). SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE = KEHARUSAN YANG TAK TERLAKSANA, dengan acuan waktu PAST. Examples :1.I should have told him yesterday.2.He should have done it long long ago.3.You should have seen it yourself.4.We should have met some years sgo.5.She should have told it earlier.

Auxiliary SHALL tidak memiliki bentuk ( to +) INFINITIVE, PAST PARTICIPLE, maupun VERB + ing. Setiap VERB lain yang mengikuti SHALL atau SHOULD harus berbentuk INFINITIVE.Auxiliary Verb SHALL tidak pernah diberi akhiran – S bila digunakan pada Present Tense dengan Subject Third Person Singular. Pada Kalimat Negatif atau Interogatif SHALL tidak pernah disertai penggunaan Auxiliary Verb DO.

5). AUXILIARY VERB : WILL1. Bentuk Jabaran WILL : WILL ( Present ), WOULD ( Past ), WILLING ( Verb + ing ).2.Pola Penggunaan dan Makna WILL : a). WILL + INFINITIVE : 1. AKAN 2. MAU /BERSEDIA 3. BIASANYA Dengan acuan waktu NOW atau FUTURE

Examples :1.He will arrive tomorrow ( = akan , Future ).2.We will accept it now ( = mau / bersedia, Now ).3.Will you help me ? ( = mau/ bersedia, Future ).4.He will have breakfast at seven o’clock ( = biasanya ).5.They will take a nap in the afternoon ( = biasanya ).

b). WOULD + INFINITIVE : 1. AKAN 2. MAU / BERSEDIA 3. BIASANYA 4. TENTUNYA / KIRANYA Dengan acuan waktu PAST, NOW, atau FUTURE

Examples :

1.He told me that he would come ( = akan, Past ).2.She said that she would accept it ( = mau / bersedia, Past ).3.They would watch television in the evening ( = biasanya ).4.Would you open the door, please ? ( = mau , bersedia, Now ).5.Would you call us tomorrow ? ( = mau / bersedia, Future ).6.They would be happier now ( = tentunya, Now ).7.I would be glad if you could go too ( = kiranya, Future ).8.He would be a doctor now if he had passed the examination last month ( = tentunya, Now ).

c). WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE = KEMUNGKINAN YANG TIDAK TERLAKSANA, dengan acuan waktu PAST. Examples :

1. I would have bought it if I had had enough money.2. We would have seen it if we had come earlier.3. She would have got it if she had not been too slow.

d). WOULD + RATHER + INFINITIVE / WOULD + SOONER + INFINITIVE = LEBIH SUKA , dengan acuan waktu NOW atau FUTURE. Examples :

1. I would rather stay at home.2. I’d rather go by train to Solo.

e). BE + WILLING + to + INFINITIVE = MAU, BERSEDIA. Examples :

1. We are willing to do it right away.2. They have been willing to work harder.

Auxiliary Verb WILL tidak mempunyai bentuk ( to + ) INFINITIVE dan PAST PARTICIPLE, tidak diberi akhiran – S bila digunakan pada Present Tense dengan Subject Third Person Singular, serta tidak disertai Auxiliary DO bila digunakan pada Kalimat Negatif atau Interogatif.WILL dan WOULD diikuti Verb lain yang berbentuk INFINITIVE, tetapi WILLING diikuti bentuk to + INFINITIVE.

WILL ( seperti halnya SHALL ) yang bermakna AKAN tidak tergolong Modal Auxiliary Verb melainkan termasuk Auxiliary Verb of Tense. Di masa silam terdapat perbedaan yang tegas antara SHALL dan WILL, yakni SHALL digunakan bila Subjek kalimatnya adalah I atau WE, sedangkan WILL digunakan bila Subjek kalimat adalah selain I atau WE. Tetapi sekarang lazim digunakan WILL ( = akan ) untuk segala bentuk Subjek.

6). AUXILIARY VERB : OUGHT TO

1. Bentuk Jabaran OUGHT TO : OUGHT TO ( Past Tense ). 2. Pola Penggunaan dan Makna OUGHT TO :a). OUGHT + to + INFINITIVE = SEHARUSNYA / SEYOGYANYA , dengan acuan waktu NOW atau FUTURE. Examples :

1. You ought to be more relaxed.2. He ought to do it by himself.3. We ought to see them this afternoon.4. It ought to be sent by airmail.

b). OUGHT + to + HAVE + PAST PRTICIPLE = KEHARUSAN YANG TAK TERLAKSANA dengan acuan waktu PAST.

Examples :1. It ought to have been finished yesterday.2. We ought to have solved the problem long long ago.3. He ought to have told us about this some time ago.

Auxiliary Verb OUGHT TO hanya mempunyai satu bentuk, yakni PAST TENSE. OUGHT TO tidak memiliki bentuk Present Tense, Infinitive, to + Infinitive, Verb + ing, maupun Past Participle. Seperti CAN, MAY, MUST, SHALL, dan WILL, OUGHT TO tidak disertai Auxiliary DO bila digunakan pada KALIMAT Negatif atau Interogatif. Verb lain yang mengikuti OUGHT harus berbentuk to + INFINITIVE.

Note :Seperti telah diungkapkan, karena tidak mempunyai bentuk ( to + ) Infinitive dan Past Participle, CAN, MAY, MUST, dan WILL harus digantikan dengan ungkapan lain yang maknanya sama bila kalimatnya mengharuskan digunakannya bentuk bentuk tersebut. Penggantian dengan ungkapan lain tersebut hanya dapat dilakukan bila makna keempat Auxiliary Verb tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :

We can also say , based on Look Ahead :CAN = MAMPU = BE ABLE TOMAY = BOLEH = BE ALLOWED TO = BE PERMITTED TOMUST = HARUS = HAVE TO = BE OBLIGED TO = BE FORCED TOWILL = BERSEDIA = BE WILLING TO

We can also say , based on Look Ahead :“ Can “ expresses ability to do something.“ Should “ expresses suggestion to do something.“ Will “ expresses planning to do something.“ May” expresses permission to do something.“ Must “ expresses obligation to do something.“ Could “ expresses ability to do something in the past.

Examples :1. You can see the LCD clearly now.

=You are able to see the Lcd clearly now.2. I should go home earlier after school .3. I will go home after school / Iam going home after school.

=Iam going to take a nap in the afternoon after school.4. May I go home now ?5. Everyone must be honest.6. I could do the test when I concentrated on. ( focused on ).

GOOD LUCK QUESTIONS / PROBLEMS FROM LOOK AHEAD :Page : 99.D. Change the verbs in brackets into the passive or the active forms !

When hydrologists (1)succeed, most of the earth’s serious water problems (2) are brought under control. Even desert areas (3)are tamed and cultivated. This (4) eliminates a major cause of war and conflict between peoples, since it (5) makes thousands of square miles available for productive and comfortable living by people who presently (6) are suffered from crowded conditions and limited resources. Until the times (7) comes when our water resources (8) are utilized effectively, it (9)is necessary for governments, industries, and private individuals to encourage and support hydrological experimentation. Hydrologists (10)make a better world possible for the earth’s growing population.

E.Use the appropriate pronouns to replace phrases in the previous sentences !Page : 100.

1. Have you ever been caught in a traffic jam ? It is a very frustrating experience and one you are unlikely to forget.2. Traffic control is the science of keeping traffic moving smoothly. It involves making sure that there are enough roads to carry traffic, even at peak hours.3. Almost all countries use international traffic signs. By their shape, color size and design,They tell the motorist all the things they need to know about

highway regulations.4. If one learns the meaning of such signs, He / She can safely drive in almost any country.

F.Pay attention to the underline words. Draw on arrow to show the reference of the words. See the example !Page : 100.

e.g : There is the question of the blood found in the car. It was claimed that it was baby’s blood. “ Baby’s blood “ refers to “ the blood found in the car “.

1.Batik is one of Indonesia’s most beautiful cultural heritages. This beautifully designed cloth is well – known throughout the world. “ Batik “ refers to “ This beautifully design cloth “.2.Horn carving is a popular handicraft in Pucang and Magelang. The population here are skilled in this art and they make a living by carving horns of buffaloes or cows. “ here “ refers to “ Pucang and Magelang “. “ This art “ refers to “ Horn Carving “.3.The life of the workers in the home industries is a pleasant one. “ one “ refers to “ the life of the workers “.4. Scientists begin many new studies of the moon. These studies have suggested new ideas about the way in which the Moon and the Earth might have begun. “ These studies “ refers to “ new studies on the moon “. “ which “ refers to “ new studies on the moon “.5. How and why is one place on earth different from another. This is the most important question of geography. “ This “ refers to “ how and why is one place on earth different from another “.

G.Complete this text using the appropriate connectives provided !Page : 101.

finally as another firstly whereas however on the other hand

THE TRIAL OF LINDY CHAMBERLAIN

In 1982 Lindy Chamberlain was convicted of murdering her baby Azaria while camping at Ayer’s Rock. In my opinion, Lindy should not have been convicted for Azaria’s murder (1) as there is too much conflicting evidence.

(2) Firstly, there is the question of the blood found in the car. It was claimed that it was the baby’s blood. (3) However, the tests used to identify the blood were later found to be unreliable and the blood could have come from an adult.

(4) Another piece of conflicting evidence concerns a dingo. Lindy claimed that Azaria was taken by a stray dingo. Some of the other campers said that they saw no dingo, (5) whereas there were several who confirmed Lindy’s story, and who stated that they heard a dingo’s cry just before Azaria went missing.

And (6) finally there is the matter of the baby’s jumpsuit which was later found with holes in it. The prosecution maintained that these holes could only have been made by a pair of nail scissors the ones they claimed Lindy used to kill her baby. The defence(7) on the other hand demonstrated that the holes could just as easily have been made by a dingo’s teeth.

In the light of such conflicting evidence, I believe that it was wrong to convict Lindy Chamberlain without finding more definite proof of her guilt.

( Adapted from : How Texts Works, Beverly Derewianka ).

H. Complete the following paragraph with the transitions given !Page : 101.

finally after at first thensoon next after after

Let me tell you about my Aunt Frances. She had an interesting life. She became a secretary (1) after she finished high school. She didn’t like that work, so she entered a university. (2) At first, she wanted to be a teacher ,(3) then, she decided to be a nurse .(4) Next, she thought about being an engineer (5). Finally, she decided to be a doctor. She married (6) after she received her M.D. degree and she (7) soon had five children. However, she continued to work (8) after some years of experience, she became a medical researcher. She devoted her career to cancer research.

I.Complete this letter with the conjunctions : and , so , but, or because.Page : 102

Dear sir,I teach English to transmigrant children in Sumatra, and I do not

agree that watching television is bad for children. In my opinion, watching television helps children from other countries.

First, children often appear in shows such as “ Mr. Rogers’ and “ Sesame Street “. Transmigrant children learn body language and idioms from these shows (1) and kids imitate other kids quickly.

Second, television commercials advertise the latest toys and video games, (2) so kids talk about these products all the time. Information about the latest “ Ninja Turtle “ figure and “ Super Nintendo “ game may not be important to adults, (3) but it is very important to children (4) because it keeps them in touch with other kids.

Third, many children do not speak English in their families, (5) so they need chances to listen to English. Finally, they enjoy learning from television (6) because the stories are funny and exciting. For example, my students love watching “ The Simpsons “ , (7) and they discuss it in school. For my transmigrant students, television is one bridge to English culture.

Sincerely yours, PRASETYO

J. Combine the two sentences to make complex sentences by using the conjunctions. See the example. Page : 104.

Example : The secretary didn’t come to work for three days. The boss fired the secretary. = The boss fired the secretary because she didn’t come to work for three days.

1. You go to the dentist for an appointment. You brush your teeth. =You brush your teeth before you go to the dentist for an appointment.2. Julie studied hard for the test. Julie did not pass the test. = Although Julie studied hard for the test, she did not pass the test.3. You put the money into a saving account. The money will earn interest every year. = If you put the money into a saving account, it will earn interest every year.

4. I don’t like to watch the broadcasters on television. This broadcaster on television never smiles. = I don’t like to watch the broadcasters on television because they never smiles.5.The pilot refused to fly the jet. The jet hadn’t been checked by the mechanics. = The pilot refused to fly the jet because it hadn’t been checked by the mechanics.6.The doctor examined the patient in her office. The doctor sent the patient to the hospital for more tests. = The doctor examined the patient in her office before she sent the patient to the hospital for more tests.7. The little girl pretended to be sick. The little girl could stay home from school. = The little girl pretended to be sick so that she could stay home from school.8. Alex was reading a murder mystery. Sam was watching a murder mystery on television. = Alex was reading a murder mystery while Sam was watching a murder mystery on television.9. I’d like to buy an oven. The oven cleans itself automatically. = I’d like to buy an oven because it cleans itself automatically.10. I got out of the car. I realized I had locked my keys inside the car. = I realized I had locked my keys inside the car after I got out of the car.

K. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. See the example !Page : 1051. The luggage doesn’t weigh much. There is only clothing in it.2. The colony of ants keeps coming nearer.3. Each of these boxes contains ammunition.4. Both cars go very fast but one of them is quicker than the other.5. The exercise makes him feel relaxed.6. One of these estates belonged to my uncle in 1988.7. Although the old man was 80 years old, he stayed healthy.8. The way they dress portrays that they are from rural areas.9. This symbol denotes the high and low capability of this machine.10. The hijackers kept the hostages alive until their demands were fulfilled.

Portrays = melukiskan / menggambarkan.

D.WRITING.Write an analytical exposition text by using your own words !

Sources :1.” Look Ahead “ for Senior High School Students; Year : XI, published by Erlangga.2.”English for a better life “ ; for Senior High School Students ; Published by INTAN PARIWARA “.3.”Essentials of English Sentence Structure “, written by F.Nuryanto, FPBS IKIP YOGJAKARTA ; published by Yayasan I.K.K Jogjakarta .4. “ English Texts in Use “ ; for Senior High School Students ; Year : XI ; Published by ANEKA ILMU.5. And the other English books.

Compiled by :Mrs. Endang Rokhimaningsih Sunartoyo

NIP : 19640318 198803 2 005

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