European Ideas of Enlightenment! French & American
Revolutions! SPARKS OF INDEPENDENCE!
Slide 4
The peninsulares occupied the highest political positions in
society as the wealthy Spanish- born citizens. * The creoles were
Spaniards born in Latin America who could not hold political office
but could be army officers. * Together, these two classes possessed
the wealth, power, and land in Latin America. CLASS STRUGGLES &
DISCONTENT
Slide 5
Worlds Leading Sugar Producer- Plantations- owned by Whites
Slave labor of non-white Haitians until late 1790s. 1791 - 1 st
Slave Rebellion, burning sugar fields and killing hundreds of slave
owners- sets off 13 years of Civil War! Toussaint LOuverture- self
educated former slave INDEPENDENCE IN HAITI
Slide 6
Toussaint LOuverture- self educated former slave Organized
rebels and by 1800 has driven all foreign forces out of Haiti.
1802- French & Napolon Bonaparte tries to reclaim Haiti &
French capture LOuverture dies in French Prison Yellow fever brings
death to French & finally independence in 1803. First
Independent nation in Latin America! INDEPENDENCE IN HAITI
Slide 7
INDEPENDENCE IN NEW GRENADA (VENEZUELA, COLUMBIA, BOLIVIA)
Slide 8
INDEPENDENCE IN PERU & LA PLATA (CHILE -1818,
ARGENTINA-1812, ECUADOR & PERU
Slide 9
INDEPENDENCE OF NEW SPAIN (MEXICO-1821)
Slide 10
Although Iturbide's reign was short, it defined the political
struggles before and after independence. The two ends of Mexico's
political spectrum: liberals who favored representative government
and conservatives who favored a more authoritarian regime. 1832-
Constitution & Mexico finally becomes a republic. MEXICO-
DEMOCRACY OR MONARCHY?
Slide 11
Dom Pedro 1 1822-1831 Dom Pedro 11 1831-1889 INDEPENDENCE IN
BRAZIL PEACEFUL STRUGGLE, BUT MONARCHY REMAINS UNTIL 1889.
Slide 12
DATES OF INDEPENDENCE
Slide 13
Liberal Ideas Progress- change in Gov. & social structure.
Freedom of worship; separation of church & state Popular
soveignty- everyone votes (in reality most creoles wanted power)
Racial equality was not practiced. Liberal political parties rise.
Conservative Ideas Want Colonial Models; creoles top level Want
Catholicism as state religion Common people should know their
place, leave government to elites Conservative parties rise. DID
THE REVOLUTIONARY LIBERAL IDEAS OF EQUALITY, FREEDOM &
DEMOCRACY TAKE HOLD IN THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRY?
Slide 14
New governments had few resources and faced tremendous
obstacles Economic failure after independence, True democracy was
crushed by conservative hierarchy (Creoles) Political corruption
& political violence, distrust of government In general
1825-1850 difficulties and no real progress economically or of
liberal ideas/governments. Lack of transportation systems and
infrastructure Conservative governments ultimately take hold and
little change occurs MAJOR PROBLEMS THE NEW NATIONS FACED!
Slide 15
Unlike India in 1947, when the colonial power, the white
British left the country and the Indians began to establish a new
government. In most Latin American countries, the Peninsulares left
the country after independence, But the white Creoles, now top of
the rigid class system, stayed in power and oppressed the other
social classes. Caudillo, Latin American military dictator and
conservative governments. CREOLES PAY LIP SERVICE TO IDEAS OF
FREEDOM!!!
Slide 16
Next slides HISTORY- IMPORTANT TIME PERIODS IN LATIN AMERICAN
HISTORY
Slide 17
Industrialized countries traded with Latin America
International money help economies and build infrastructure.
Conservative governments could not live up to promises; liberal
ideas flourish again. Transportation revolution- steam ship &
railroads & telegraph lines. Social mobility of lower classes
to upper class = joined liberal parties Public education over
private (Church established schools) Landowners and urban middle-
class people prospered, but people in rural areas experienced
little change. Sadly Liberal leaders became more concern with
economic progress than political freedoms. PROGRESS IN MANY
COUNTRIES; LEAD TO LIBERAL GOVERNMENTS 1850- 1875!
Slide 18
Economic progress and transportation revolution led to new
imperialism by Great Britain & the U.S. Landowners & Middle
Class profit; but indigenous and lower social classes did not
profit- remained very poor. Many indigenous groups that had
communal land- lost their land by corruption of the wealthy..
Development of many oligarchies- wealthy families; Rubber companies
& others- paid workers very little United Fruit Company- turned
countries into banana republics- major corruption poor workers
National Armies received new weapons & training from west!
Stable authoritarian governments & oligarchies characterize
this period. 1880-1930 NEO-COLONIAL PERIOD & GROWTH OF
OLIGARCHIES
Slide 19
James Monroe Warning for European to stay out of Latin America,
But give the U.S. the power to intervene in Latin America! Americas
Good Neighbor policy MONROE DOCTRINE
Slide 20
Neo-Colonialism (U.S. and other Countries) resentment led to
new nationalist feelings and movements! Nationalist leaders-
charismatic leaders, directed their message to poor and lower
middle class. Juan & Eva Peron in Argentina Advances in
democracy; womens voting rights, literacy requirements strict down,
lower age to 18. Many Latin American liberal governments call for
liberal ideas was seen as creeping communism. Cuban ally is
overthrown by communist revolution Fidel Castro. Many Latin
Americans called for revolutions to continue path to democracy and
economic justice Artists, writers, political leaders adopted
Marxist perspective The events of these years set the stage for
conflict in next stage- Cold War & Reaction Stage NATIONALISM
& LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS 1940-1960
Slide 21
Fidel Castro & RevolutionChe Guevara CUBA & COMMUNIST
IDEOLOGY
Slide 22
U.S. government saw any Marxist Revolution in Latin America as
a Soviet supported (as had in Cuba) In reality Marxism in Latin
America meant siding with the weak and impoverished masses against
the rich minority and the U.S. multinational corporations. U.S.
policy supports a violent counter revolutionary reaction to liberal
governments or liberal revolutionary groups in 1960s & 1970s
The U.S. government made alliances with military generals and
increased the power of the army = military dictatorships REACTION
TO LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS & THREAT OF COMMUNISM NEAR U.S.
1960-1990S
Slide 23
U.S. often supported the ruthless dictators in Latin America
Military operations to stop the spread of communism in Latin
America. U.S. IN LATIN AMERICA!!
Slide 24
DECADES OF DICTATORS, CAUDILLOS & OLIGARCHIES; USUALLY
SUPPORTED BY U.S. GOVERNMENT
Slide 25
DIRTY WARS OR CIVIL WARS IN LATIN AMERICA!
Slide 26
PRESERVATION OF CONSERVATIVE GOVERN & THE ROMAN CATHOLIC
CHURCH- EL SALVADOR
Slide 27
New generation of liberals- Move towards true democracies in
countries NEO-LIBERALISM 1990- PRESENT