1. 11-1260000-000158-11

2. 3 , , 3 , , , , 3. 4. 6 . (Russian Federation : RF) 1991. 12. 25( ) (1,454) (2009 7 ) (475), (140), (140) 1,708 km( 78, 1.8), - 11 ( : , : ) ( 10, 16) 1 4,200(2009 7 ) - : -0.46% (75%), (5%), , , ( ) (80%), (4%), (2%) 140 (8.41%) - : 20 60, 74(2006) -6(3~10 -5) - : - : . () - 7 83 (Dmitry Medvedev) (2008 5 ) 1, 1 2, 7, 18 - : 168(2 ) - : 450(4 ) , , 1991.6.12() 5. 7 . (2010 7 ) 102.7 492 (GDP 2.95%) . (2009) (GDP) 1 2,292 1 8,694 -7.9% 11.7% 4,455 - : 2,818(, , , , , ) - : 1,637(, , , , ) 4,813(2010 8 ) Ruble(1US$= 29.5, 2010 9 ) : 99.8(2009) - : 41.9 - : 57.9 . : 83 2 , 21 (), , , , , 46 , , , , , , , 9 , , 4 , -, , - 1 6. 8 1. 1924~38 2. (7) (18) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 3.8% (11) , , , , , , , , , , 9.8% (13) , , , , , , , , - , - , , , 3.5% (14) , , , , , , , , , , , , 6% (6) , , , , - , - 10.5% (12) , , , , , , , , , , , 30% (9) , , , , , , , , 36.4% , , 7. 9 . 1.1~5 () 1.7 () 2.23 () 3.8 () 4.2 (1996 ) 5.1 () 5.9 () 6.12 (, ) 8.22 (1991 ) 11.4 () 11.7 10 12.12 (1995 ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1 13 2 1. 26 2. 30 3 1. 34 2. 34 3. CIS 34 4. EU 35 5. 35 4 1. 40 2. 41 3. 42 4. 44 5 1. 48 2. 48 3. 53 4. 58 5. 62 6 1. 72 2. 74 3. 76 Contents 9. 7 1. 84 2. 85 3. 89 4. 90 5. 92 6. 101 7. 102 8 1. 110 2. 111 1. 116 2. 123 3. 126 4. 127 5. 128 6. 132 7. 135 8. 137 9. 147 10. 204 11. (1992~2010) 205 12. 206 10. 1 11. 14 1. 1. 1917 4C~6C 6C~8C 8C , 862 () 863 , 9C~13C - 882 (), - 988 (), - 1019 () ( 1147 - 1238~1480 - 1236~42 , 13C , - 1328 1( ), , - 1380 , ( ) - 1480 3, , 3 1480~1613 - 1533~84 4( ) , 1547 () 1 12. 15 4 - 4 4 , 1603 , 13 - , 1613~1917 - 1696~1725 1() (1712), (1700~1721) - 1725 1(1725~1730), (1730~1740), (1741~1762) 1755 - 1762~1796 2() , () - 1812 - 1825 - 1853~1856 , - 1855~1881 2 (1861), 2 - 1905 10 - 1914 1 - 1917.2 , 2 4 1 () 13. 16 1. 2. ( ) (1917~1924) - 1917.10 - 1918 1 , - 1922 4 (1924~1953) - 1924 - 1929 - 1934 1 - 1939 - 1941 2 - 1945 2 - 1946 (1953~1964) - 1953 1 - 1956 20 - 1956 - 1962 (1964~1982) - 1964 1(1966 ) - 1968 ( ) (1982~1984) - 1982 68 , 14. 17 (1984~1985) - 1984 72 (1985~1991) - 1985 53 - 1986 ,, - 1989 3. 1991.8 1991.9 3 1991.12 1991.12.8 3, (Commonwealth of Independent States) 1991.12.21 (CIS) 1991.12.25 (Russian Federation) 4. 1 (1991.12~1996.8, ) 1993.10 1993.12.12 ( ) 1994.12.11 1995.12.172 1996.6.16 15. 18 1. 2(1996.8~1999.12, ) 1996.11 1997.5 1999.5 1999.8 1999.12 3 1999.12.31 16. 19 5. 1(2000.3~2004.5, ) 2000.3 2000.5 2000.5 2003.124 , (450) 2/3(306) , 2 2(2004.5~2008.5, , , ) 2004.3 2004.3 (71% ) 2004.5 2007.9 , * , (07.12) (08.3) 2007.125 , 64.1% , , 2/3 2007.12 , 4 1 (12.10) 2007.12 12.17() (2008.3.2) , 17. 20 1. 2000 8 ( : 7%) , 75~80% - , , 2008.5 , - (2007.12.2) (UR) 64.1% , , 2/3 - 1 , () () 315 (64.1%) 57 (11.6%) 40 (8.2%) 38 (7.8%) - (2.3%), (1.6%), (1.1%), (1.0%) 7% 2010.10 ( 450) : 315, 57, 38, 40 ( ) 450 ( 7%) 18. 21 6. (2008.5~ ) 2008.3.2 1, 70.24% 2008.5.7 2008.5.8 ( 392, 56) 2008.5.12 2008.12.30 4 6 , 4 5 19. 22 1. 1 (1796~1801) 1 (1801~1825) 2() (1762~1796) 1() (1682~1725) (1613~1645) (1645~1676) 3 (1676~1682) 5 (1682~1689) 1 (1725~1727) 2 (1727~1730) (1613~1917) 20. 23 3 (1881~1894) 2 (1894~1917) 1 (1825~1855) 2 (1855~1881) 6 (1740~1741) (1741~1762) 3 (1762) (1730~1740) 21. 2 22. 26 2. 1. . - - - - , - - - , 6 3 . - (2010.10 ) - (1), 1(2), (7), (18) (The Presidential Administration) - 1991 (1), 1(1), (2), (7), (1), (7) (The Security Council) - 1992 2 5 10 * () * (11, ) : , , , , , (FSB) , (SVR) + * (16, ) : 8 (8), , , , + (FSB) , (Dmitry Medvedev) 23. 27 (Vladimir Putin) 1 (Victor Zubkov) ( ) 08.5.12 1 (Igor Shuvalov) , , , WTO, , ( ) 08.5.12 (Alexandr Zhukov) , , , , , , , , 04.3.9 (Sergey Ivanov) , , , 08.5.12 (Alexey Kudrin) ( ) 07.9.24 (Igor Sechin) ( ), , , ( ) 08.5.12 (Vyacheslav Volodin) ( , ) 10.10.21 (Dmitry Kozak) , , , ( ) 08.10.14 (Alexandr Khloponin) ( ) 10.1.19 24. 28 2. (18) (Sergey Lavrov) 04.3.9 (Yuri Trutnev) 04.3.9 (Anatoly Serdiukov) 07.2.16 (Elena Skrynnik) 09.3.12 (Rashid Nurgaliev) 04.3.9 (Igor Levitin) 04.5.20 (Sergey Shoigu) 00.5.18 (Elvina Nabiullina) 08.5.12 (Alexandr Konovalov) 08.5.12 (Viktor Khristenko) 08.5.12 ( ) (Alexey Kudrin) 04.3.9 (Sergey Shmatko) 08.5.12 (Victor Basargin) 08.10.14 (Igor Shchegolev) 08.5.12 (Tatyana Golikova) 07.9.27 (Alexandr Avdeev) 08.5.12 (Andrey Fursenko) 04.3.9 (Vitaliy Mutko) 08.5.12 25. 29 . (Federal Assembly) 1) (Federation Council) - 166( 2) - 83 2( 1) - - - - - - - , , - - - 2002.1 - , 1 2) (State Duma) - 450( 4) - 450 - - - - - - - - (2010.10 ) - 315(70.00%), 57(12.76%), 40 (8.89%), 38(8.44%) 26. 30 2. . - , , , - 3, , - 19 , - , - - - 2. . 2008.5 ( , , ) . 2 (2010.9.8) , - 2009.9Go Russia , 27. 31 - , , , , 2009.5 - 1 - 2012 20% , , , , ( (militsiya) (politsiya) ) , 1917 2 - , , NGO , , . - 2008.5 (tandem) - 2012 , 28. 3 29. 34 3. 1. - UN - , , , UN - NATO CIS (European Security Treaty) - 2. , - WMD , NATO MD - MD , NATO , , START - 2008 , MD 3. CIS CIS , 30. 35 (CSTO) (EurAsEC) CIS , / (2008) / NATO - CIS CIS , , - (2008.8) CIS - CIS 4. EU - EU , - EU 50% , ( 60% ) - EU 90 EU EU - , -EU , 2008.12 -EU 5. . , , , - , , , - 31. 36 3. , 2012 APEC - , 3 - (SCO), BRICs , , , (APEC, ASEAN, ARF, EAS ) . , , , - 2006 210 , 2007 - 2009 , 2010 - 2008.5.23~24 - 2010.9.26~28 , 17 1996.4 , 2001 , 2004 2007.3.26~28 10 //// 5 20~30% 2007 480 (2006 334 44% , 2009 390 ), - , 32. 37 , (SCO) - , - - . ( 4) - , - 2010.11 ( ) 2003 50% (2003 60 2008 300) 2009 145 1905 4(, , , , 2 ( ) 1956 , 2 , 4 . 4 2 . (4) 33. 4 34. 40 4. 1. . . , , . (2000 ~) 1) 2) - 2001.6 * 3 (, , ), 3 (, , ) - 2001 , 7 6 (/ ) 6 : , , -, , , 35. 412010 6 4 (, , , ) - 2001 2005 85 , 2003.10 110 - 2008 2012 100 - 2010 4 100 - 2001 - 2007 - 2008.1 2 1 2. 50 6 2 1 4 1 77 4 : ( / ) 2001.6 (3/3) : 102.7(2010.7 ) 36. 42 4. 3. (2010.7 , 2010 Military Balance) . 102.7 - : 36, : 14.2, : 16, : 36.5 - 2006 : 107(GDP 2.58%) - 2007 : 118(GDP 2.90%) - 2008 : 396(GDP 2.85%) - 2009 : 438(GDP 2.90%) - 2010 : 492(GDP 2.95%) . 1) - , , - CIS - : 36 - : 4 , 8 , 2 , 1 - : 22,950, 24,990, 30,045 2) - - - : 14.2 - : 4 , 1 - : 300( 69, 1, 6, 15 ), 436, 427 37. 43 3) - - , - : 16 - : 6 , 2 ( , ) - : 116, 20, 757, 1,095, 20, 980 4) - - - : 8 - : 3 (15 ) - : 570 5) - , - - : 4 - : 3 - : 3, 18, 100 6) - - : 3.5 - : 4 - : 1,800 38. 44 4. 4. . 4,500 400 220 . 1) , - 2004.4 - (FSMTC) , (RosOboronExport : ROE) / (2007.1.17, 54) - 2006 75 ROE 60 - (2001.12.10) , (/ , / ) 2007.11() , / 2) 2002-2006 5 50 (Holding Company) , / , 2002 R&D - 5, , / , 39. 45 3) ( 60% ) 4) 1994 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 ( $) 17 35 25 35 38 44 48 54 58 65 75 75 83.5 85.6 (%) -5.5 105 -28 28.6 7.9 16 6.3 5.4 5.2 12 15 0 11 2.5 2 ( 50%), 3 (,, , , , ) 40. 5 41. 48 5. 1. . 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 GDP ( ) 4,315 5,919 7,643 9,894 12,940 16,600 12,292 - 1 GDP() 2,984 4,014 5,326 6,929 9,100 11,690 8,694 (%) 7.3 7.1 6.4 7,4 8.1 5.6 -7.9 (%, ) 13.7 11.7 10.9 9.0 11.9 13.3 8.8 ( ) 25,780 34,570 51,250 62,789 77,811 92,759 73,368 (GDP ) (%) (19.5) (20.3) (23.7) (23.3) (23.5) (22.5) (18.8) ( ) 23,942 31,402 31,302 35,957 46,337 52,326 38,965 ( ) 22,640 26,310 35,143 42,848 59,866 75,709 96,368 (GDP ) (%) (17.1) (15.5) (16.3) (15.9) (18.1) (18.4) (24.7) ( ) 3,140 8,260 16,107 19,941 17,945 17,050 -23,001 (GDP ) (%) (2.4) (4.9) (7.5) (7.4) (5.4) (4.1) (-5.9) * 1. IMF database ./ 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 () 354 601 846 947 778 1,037 494 - () 598 858 1,184 1,393 1,309 1,797 1,116 () 1,359 1,820 2,438 3,036 3,544 4,716 3,034 () 761 948 1,254 1,643 2,235 2,919 1,918 () 769 1,245 1,822 3,037 4,764 4,262 4,394 () 1,860 2,114 2,585 3,097 4,639 4,805 4,672 2. . 2000 7% , 2009 -7.9% 42. 49 2009 (49.3%), (13.9%), (2.4%), (0.3%) 79.5% , 2009 23%, 63.4%, 13.5% 2009 - 2010 (10.2%) (1.3%) , (6.8%), (427 ) - 4,900 (2010.10 ) , 3 ( , %, ) 07 08 09 09 10 GDP 8.1 5.6 -7.9 -10.1 4.2 6.3 2.1 -10.8 -14.5 10.2 21.1 9.8 -17.0 -20.6 1.3 15.2 13.0 -5.5 -2.5 3.4 () 6.1 7.8 8.2 8.3 6.8 () 4,600 5,895 6,173 6,300 5,200 11.9 13.3 8.8 7.4 4.4 , IMF 2011 - 2010 GDP 4% , 2010 GDP 4% 4.5% 2010 7 GDP 2011 3.4%, 2012 3.5%, 2013 4.2% , 2008 2012 . 2009 1 2009 - (6,958 )/295 (2420%) (6,754 )/ (4,950 )/ (3,000 ) 2 2,024 43. 50 5. 2009 12 ,2010 (Anti-Crisis Guidelines of the Government of the Russian Federation for 2010) , , , . , - 2009 5 , 5 ( , , , , ) - (R&D Center), , : (MKAD) 2km : 2010 , 2011 , 3~7 , , IT, , , -2010 50 (17$) -2011 200~300 (6.9~10 ) -2015 35 10 , , , , Siemens, Nokia, Cisco, Intel, Microsoft, HP 44. 51 . 2010 50 449 3,765 (federal state unitary enterprises) 3,337 (Joint stock companies) 2011 Transneft(), Rosneft(), Sberbank (), VTB(), RusHydro() 11 50%+1 (2010 7 ) - 11 , 199~232 , 293 (2010 ) Rosneft 75.16% 24.16% Transneft () 78.1% 27.1% RusHydro 60.38% 9.38% Federal Grid Co. () 79.11% 28.11% Sovkomflot 100% 25% - 1 RZhD 100% 25% - 1 Sberbank 60.3% 9.3% VTB(Vneshtorgbank) 85.5% 24.5% Rosselkhozbank 100% 49% Rosagrolizing !00% N.A. United Grain Company 100% N.A. Rosspritprom 100% N.A. * : Vedomosti . 2003 , , (Foreign Direct Investment, 45. 52 5. FDI) 2008 (Fundamental) 2009 48.7% 2007 551 ( 85.4%), 2008 755 ( 37.0%) FDI ( : ) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010. 1 29,701 55,074 75,461 38,722 8,522 * : (2007~2010 1 FDI ) - (146 , 9.7%), (59 , 3.9%), (42 , 2.8%), (26 , 1.7%), (18 , 1.2%) - (8.37 , 0.6%), (7.82 , 0.5%), (3.52 , 0.2%) FDI - GDP FDI 2008 12%(2009 3.6%) , 30%( 25%) , , (2010 7 1 ) 2 ( 8 ) 3 - FDI , (Skolkovo) , - , Doing business in 2009 183 120, BRICs 46. 53 3. . 1, 7 742 (102) 1,003 b/d : 5.6%( 7) : 12.9%( 1) 44.38 m3 5,275 m3/ : 23.7%( 1) : 17.6%( 1) : British Petroleum(2009.6) - , , : 51.4 - 2009 20.3, 84.1 2009 1,003 b/d 1, 5,275 1 (2009 ) 1,003 b/d 12.9% (1) 495 b/d (2) , , , 5,275 / 17.6% (1) 1,830 / (1) , , , , , 53% , - 1 PNG (CIS 3) 47. 54 5. . 19.0%(2), 16.7%(2), 9.3%(3), 10.6%(3) - 2009 18.6%(1), 4.1%(5), 3.7%(5), 7.9%(4) (2009) (%) 157,010 19.0 2 25,000 16.7 2 6,600 9.3 2 20,000 3.7 9 5,000 10.6 3 5,000 38.5 1 40 6.8 5 300 5.4 7 2006 2007 2008 2009 6,399 6,054 5,302 5,302 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 779 770 785 742 464 557 557 557 400 400 400 400 290 294 287 275 178 177 205 244 159 157 185 149 34 48 60 78 5 5 5 5 3 2 1 1 : World Metal Statistics Yearbook 2010 48. 55 . 1) 2000 - CIS - , - , , (2008.5 ) 2008 - 2009.9 10 - 11 , 2) -2030(2009.11 ) - - / , , , (2008 2%2030 38~39%) (2008 3%2030 18~19%)/(2008 2%2030 15%) - (2008 8% 2030 22~25%)/(2008 0%2030 19~20%) - 2030 2.4~2.8 ( 6,090~6,250 / 5,650~5,900 , 10% ) - 49. 56 5. . (ESPO : East Siberia-Pacific Ocean Pipeline) 1) / , 2005.4 -() , 2006.4 2009.12 1 - 2 , 1 2010.1 - (-, 1,000km) (2010.9) ESPO 1 2 - , - (4,860km) 2,700km 2,100km (8,000) 60b/d (3,000) 100b/d (5,000) Project Financing 125 150 2006.4 ~ 2009.12 2010.1 ~ 2013.12 50. 57 2) (ESPO) - ($1~2/B) , 7 , 7~15 2010.10 ESPO-1 ESPO 30 b/d, 40% , , , , , . (UGSS : Unified Gas Supply System) 1) , , - , , 2) / , (), , 4 - I, II , III 2014, 2025~2030 - ( ) (- ) 2016 - ( ) 2017 LNG, PNG - UGSS , ,- - (1 : 1,351Km) , - 2015~2017 - , 3 51. 58 5. 4. . , , , - , 1991~2006 150 36.4% 620 646 (2009.1 ) 4.6% , - 52. 59 . 1) (2007.1 ) : 1 : , , , 2 - 1 : , - 2 : 2012 APEC 2008-2013 (2007.8 ) 2) 2008~2013 (2007.12 ) - - () : 5,660 (230) - 170, 20, 40 - 60% : 56 (6,500km) : 90 , , , - 3 - - , , , - 3 : , , 53. 60 5. ) 2012 APEC - , , - (7), , (1 ), - ) , , - TKR/TSR , (BAM) - - ) - - ) , , - , - -(14, ) ) , , - (, , , , ) - , - 2013 GRP 2.6, 3.5 - 10% 3) 2025 , , (2009.12 ) - - - - - - , , , 54. 61 - - ) 1 (2009~2015) - - - - ) 2 (2016~2020) - - , - - ) 3 (2021~2025) - , , - - - ) - : , 2025 , - : , , - : - : , ) - 12 55. 62 5. - - - 2007 23% 2025 49% 2025 0.5% - ( ) - - 2005 2 1.5 5. . WTO 1993 WTO , , 151 - ( ) WTO - WTO , EU 2011 WTO , WTO . -- , , 3 , 2010 1 1 - 2006 (Eurasian Economic Community, EurAsEC) 2 1 : , , 3 2 : , 56. 63 (EurAsEC) , , , , , , . - 2010 1 1 3 - 2010 7 1 , 7 6 3 - 2011 7 1 3 3 : (Inter-State Council), , EurAsEC , (3 ) : , , Inter-State Council / * , - 2010 7 1 2011 - , (1), 1(1), (2), (7), (1), (7) 92% , , 409 2011 7 1 3 1 , 10 57. 64 5. . 1) ( ) , - () , , , - () , , , , - 2030(2009 11 ) - 2) 2009 6, 2020 1990 10~15% , 2010 1, 2020 1990 15~25% , UNFCCC - G8 (2009 7) 2020 50% - (2009 12) (1) 2012 1990 , 1990 , 2020 1990 15~25% 58. 65 . 1) Nord Stream ( )- (, 3 ) 2010 4 9, , EU (Energy Commissioner) - 2) South Stream Nord Stream - (--- ---) South Stream EU Nabucco 2009 12 , - - - : - : , , , - 59. 66 5. South Stream , EDF South Stream 20% South Stream Nabucco - 25% , EU - South Stream , (%) Nord Stream 1,220km (2 ) (48) 55bcm 2011 (2012) () : 51 BASF/E.ON() : 40 Gasunie() : 9 South Stream / 3,200km (48) 63bcm 2015 () : 40 Eni() : 40 EDF() : 20 60. 67 (Energy Charter Treaty) , (2009 4 21) * (Energy Charter Treaty, 1994 . 1998 ) - , , - 1994 , EU ( ) , 2009 ECT , 2009 - , , - (ECT) (2009 4 20) EU , -EU ECT , 61. 68 5. . - 2010 10 , 66.56 - 2,100 6%/ 38%(800) , 33%(700) 500m 900 ( 13% ), 1,700tcf( 30% ) - 70% , , , 70% 2~3 , 2010 9 - , , - - ( ) , - () , -(EU) 62. 69 63. 6 64. 72 6. 1. . 1 4,200 , , , , , 7 - 5 0.5~0.6% (1991) , 1 4 20 - 2 475 ( : ) 1926 1939 1959 1989 1991 1996 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 16.4 36.3 61.1 108.0 109.4 108.3 106.4 106.3 105.8 104.7 104.1 103.8 76.3 72.1 56.1 39.0 38.9 40.0 38.8 38.7 38.4 38.8 38.7 38.4 92.7 108.4 117.2 147.0 148.3 148.3 145.2 145.0 144.2 143.5 142.8 142.2 . (2002 ) 2010.10 1) 6,760, 7,760, 1,000 - 2~3% , , 20~30 , 30 2) 66, 37.7 65. 73 3) 73%( 1 500) , 37% ( 4,000) 1/5 13 (, , , , , , , , , , , , ) 1950 , 1959 4) 140 , (80%) , , (2002 ) 2002 1989 1989 2002 (%) ( : ) (%) ( : ) (%) 145,164.3 100.00 147,021.9 100.00 98.74 115,868.5 79.82 119,865.9 81.54 96.67 5,558.0 3.83 5,522.1 3.76 100.65 2,943.5 2.03 4,362.9 2.97 67.47 1,673.8 1.15 1,345.3 0.92 124.42 1,637.2 1.13 1,773.6 1.21 92.31 1,361.0 0.94 899.0 0.61 151.39 1,130.2 0.78 532.4 0.36 212.28 844.5 0.58 1,072.9 0.73 78.71 814.7 0.56 1,206.2 0.82 67.54 757.1 0.52 544.0 0.37 139.17 655.1 0.45 635.9 0.43 103.02 636.9 0.44 714.8 0.49 89.10 66. 74 6. 2002 1989 1989 2002 (%) ( : ) (%) ( : ) (%) 621.5 0.43 335.9 0.23 185.03 604.8 0.42 643.7 0.44 93.96 597.1 0.41 842.3 0.57 70.89 520.1 0.36 386.1 0.26 134.71 514.9 0.35 402.3 0.27 127.99 510.2 0.35 353.3 0.24 144.41 445.3 0.31 417.4 0.28 106.68 444.0 0.31 380.2 0.26 116.78 422.5 0.29 277.2 0.19 152.42 411.8 0.28 215.1 0.15 191.45 411.6 0.28 257.3 0.18 159.97 5,780.0 3.98 4,036.1 2.70 143.21 : 140 10% 1,450 : 23 2. . , . . 1990 , 67. 75 2000~2004 1 2004.3 - 2004.8 , 2 , , , , , sanatorium 2005 2005.1.1 2004.5 (healthcare) , - , (mortgage) , , (2010 1/3 ) - , , . - , , - , - , - , 60 120 - , 68. 76 6. . 1 4 20% 3,100 2003 2,143(75) - 10 , 59 - 98 2004.5 2010 GDP , , // . , - 2003, 250 1% ( 20%) 3. . - ( ) , , , , 69. 77 . 1-9 10-11 . 1) (2006) : 4 7 , 4,713 7 ( ) , - , 2) (2007) 51,543 , 12.8 - 2010 143( 5 ) - , , , 1~11 - 11 , - ( : 1086) - : 1, 3~4 - : 2, 5 - : 3, 2~3 70. 78 6. , , , , - , , - : , , , - (150, 7) (, ) - 1.2, 50(43%) , 80 - 84% , 16% , 41 (2009) - 85% , 20,143 , 30~49(42%), 25 (5%), 25~29(13%), 50~59(29%), 60 (11%) 3) (2007) - : 1,108( 658, 450) - : 747 - : 54%(1/3 ) : , (), , , 2004 4, 2 (5) 1 - , , . - 5 ( ) 71. 79 : (University, Institute, Academy, Conservatoire ) - ( 45) , , - () , , , , , , : - (Candidate) : Post-Graduate 3, ( ) 4 - (Doctor, Dr.) : 40 - 30~50% - , , - , 400 - , , - , : 2,000 (2008.4) - : 1,400 ( 800, ) - : 350 ( ) * () - : 250( ) 72. 80 6. . 1) - 11 12 : 2010 - 5-3 5-3 4-2-3 : 2000 ( ) : (2003. 9), 2010 2) - : - : , (EGE) - - - , - 2001 (), - 2007 2008 - 2010 , , 2005 2010 - : , , , , , , , , , (, , ) 13 - (, , , ) , - : 5 (5, 4, 3, 2, 1) 100 * 100 ( 88) 5 73. 81 3) - 2006 100% ( 100~300 , , ) (2006~2010) 22 - 16, 4, 2 (2004. 3) - (Ministry of Education and Science) , 74. 7 75. 84 7. 1. 1990 9 12 21 , 2010 20 3 90.12 94.6 99.5 04.9 05.5 08.9 10.9 91.4 92.11 01.2 05.11 ( APEC ) 10.11 ( G20 ) 90.6 00.9 UN 00.11 APEC 01.10 APEC 03.10APEC 06.11 APEC 07.9 APEC 08.7 G8 09.7 G8 2008.9 (strategic cooperative partnership) - , - 2005 (Action Plan) , , , 2009.8 (Action plan) 76. 85 2. ( ) 1917 4~6, 9, 13~15, 15 ~17 , ( 3, 4) 18 , 19 ( 2 ) 9~10, 1392 1592 1636 1884 1888 1896 1919 (1917~1991) (1917~24) : , (NEP) (1924~53) : 2 , (1953~64) : , (1964~1982) : , (1968) (1982~84) : (1984~85) : (1985~91) : 1910~1945 1948 1950~53 1989.12 1990.2 1990.3 1990.9.30 1990.10.30 1990.12.7 (1991~) 1991.12.25 , 1996.7.3 1999.12.31 2000.5.7 2004.3.14 2004.5.7 2 2008.5.7 1991.12.27 1990.12 1991.4 1992.4 1994.6 1999.5 2001.2 2004.9 2005.5 2005.11 2008.9 2010.9 2010.11 77. 86 7. . 19 1860.11 , 1860 - 1884 (1888 ) - , , - 1894 (Weber) 1893 - : 20,917, : 24,414 - : 1.2%, : 0.7% 1885 ( ) 1896 1900 ( , ) 1904.2 1905.9 Portsmouth 1904.2~1905.9 1910 1917 . 2 1945.2 () - 38 , 1945 Potsdam 1945.8.9 78. 87 1945.12 3 4 5 , 1946.1 2 , , UN - - 1948.2 UN 1948.10 1904.2 , 1970 . 1989.12 - 1990.2 - 1990.3 1989.4.3 1989.4.7 1991.8.7 - 1990.9.30 ( ) - 1990.10.30 ( ) - 1990.12.7 ( ) - 1990.6.4 ( ) - 1990.12.13~16 - 1991.4.19~20 79. 88 7. . 1991.12.25 1991.12.27 1992.11.18~20 - 3 1994.6.1~4 - 3 1995.9.27~29 - 1999.5.26~30 - 21 4 2000.10.9~12 ( 10 ) - - 2001.2.26~28 - - , - TKR-TSR 3 - 2004.9.20~23 - - 3 / - - 2005.5.8~10 ( 60 ) - 2004.9 , 80. 89 2005.11.18~20 ( APEC ) - 2004.9 , - (Action Plan) 2006.10.17~18 - , , , , - 2008.2.24~26 ( ) 2008.9.28~30 - - - , , 2010.9.9~10 (2 ) - , - - , , , 2010.11.10~12 ( G20 ) 3. 1 90.6.4 , / - 2 90.12.13~16 () () 3 91.4.19~20 () - 4 92.11.18~20 () 81. 90 7. 5 94.6.1~4 () * () 6 99.5.26~30 () * 7 00.9.6 , UN () - 8 00.11.15 , APEC() - 9 01.2.26~28 () 10 01.10.19 , APEC() - 11 03.10.21 , APEC() - 12 04.9.20~23 () * () 13 05.5.8~10 60(5.9) / - 14 05.11.18~20 APEC() () - 15 06.11.19 , APEC() - 16 07.9.9 , APEC() - 17 08.7.9 , G-8() - 18 08.9.28~9.30 () 19 09.7.9 G-8() - 20 10.9.9~11 2 - 21 10.11.10~12 () 4. . 1990 , , , - 2006 2 2010~2011 (2010.6) 82. 91 , , , - 2008.9 2 (2008.12, 2010.3) . , 6 6 6 . , , (UN) - (ARF), (APEC) , - (UN) , , - , , , . 3 1) 3 (2000) , TKR/TSR , , , 83. 92 7. 2) TKR-TSR - 2007.6 MOU 2007.5 (RUCO, 6 ) - 2008.4.24 ( : RasonKonTrans) () - 2008.8.6 , - () - - ( 54km, ) 90 - 4 1~3 - 15,000 , 3 3) 5. . 1) - 2009 - 2007 150 , 2008 180 - 2009 99.8 2010 , 2009 - 1~7 949 ( 88.5% ) - , ( 59.3% ) - , ( 113% ) : , , , , TV : , , , , 84. 93 2010 160 - , 70 ( 66.9% ) - , 90 ( 55.2% ) (, ) (%) (%) 2010 7,000,000 66.9 9,000,000 55.2 -2,000,000 2010 1~7 3,655,483 59.3 5,834,503 113.0 -2,179,020 2009 4,194,066 -57.0 5,788,759 -30.6 -1,594,593 2008 9,747,957 20.5 8,340,060 19.5 1,353,473 2007 8,087,746 56.2 6,977,477 52.6 1,110,269 2006 5,179,248 34.0 4,572,967 16.2 606,281 : KOTIS , 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010(1~7) (%) 1.36(16) 1.59(12) 2.18(8) 2.31(8) 1.15(22) 1.39(15) (%) 1.51(14) 1.48(16) 1.96(13) 1.92(14) 1.79(14) 2.44(12) : KOTIS 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010(1~6) (%) 1.10(23) 1.02(23) 2.17(15) 2.05(14) 2.33(13) 2.82(12) (%) 4.37(7) 5.28(5) 4.66(6) 4.12(6) 3.02(9) 3.17(8) : WTA 2) 2000 85. 94 7. - 1% - 2010.6 24.3 - , , - , ( : U$,%) 53,834 42,288 36,629 22,610 19,369 20.5 16.1 14.0 8.6 7.4 * : : 4,264(2010.6 ) - , EU - 2005.9 () (2,000) - 2006.6 () (2,000 ) - 2006.9 LG (1.5 ) - 2007.9 (3 ) - 2008.9 (1.9 ) - 2009.10 (0.5 ) - 2010.6 (3 ) - 2010.9 (4 ) - 2010.9 (0.85 ) - 2010.10 KT&G (1.27 ) /, - , , , - M&A - , - Green Field M&A - (, ) - IT, LED, , 86. 95 - - - 1.45 . ( ) - , 2009.12 2025 , , ( ) (, , ) , TKR-TSR , PNG 3 () LNG (2009.4), 2015 750 ( ) () ( ) () ( ) ( ) 87. 96 7. () (BPA), 2009.7 -- -- ( ) 2009.12 , , , () 2009.12 Sollers () - : () , () - , . (KSLV-1; Korea Space Launch Vehicle, ) - 100kg (04.12 ) - 2009 1 , 2010 2 - 3 ( , ) - () () (2008.4) - , , 88. 97 - 20 (2010.8) , - , - - (, ) (ISTC) - 1997 , 2~4 - , . , LNG - -2 150( 3,000 ) LNG (2005.7) 2009 20 LNG ( ) 2008.9 2015 30 750 - (06.10.17, ) - (Protocol) (06.10.17) - (09.8) - ( 10 ) - ( 2 ) - Working Group ( 8 ) 89. 98 7. - - , , 2030 - 40% ( 52% ), 2020 50~70 - 2020 2~3% . 8 16 ha( 190) , - 201010 , 7 15ha (2010 3ha , ) 1 , (09) - (MOU) ( , ) - 2009~2010 5 150 . 1) (2009.12 , 2010.7.16 ) - 2) 2010 2009 21% 6 7 , 2000 4 6 8 90. 99 - 2010.8 19 5 18 68 2010 ( : ) 2010 67,467 46,800 4,484 768 800 500 7,500 6,500 115 2009 55,473 39,000 2,694 736 800 300 7,393 4,500 50 ( : ) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 44,000 35,000 25,000 22,000 20,000 26,500 26,250 20,500 28,500 39,000 3) 2009 (24) , , - 1 (2010.5/), 2 (2010.9/ ) . 2010.13~14 - 5 , IT, 91. 100 7. . 1) ( ), , , , - , 1~2 2) 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 . - , , 10 (10.9) - , , 10 (09.12) - , 14 (10.8) - - 5 (02.11) - , , - 6 (10.9) - - 5 (09.10) - , , 5 (05.9) - - , 10 (10.5) - 1 (09.3) - , , 8 (09.1) - - 19 (09.12) 92. 101 - - 13 (09.11) - , 7 (06.9) - , , 9 (10.8) 6. - (2009.5~)/ 30 () - (1993.2 , 2008.2.27 ~)/ 25 - : (2001.5), (2003.8), (2004.8), (2005.12), (2006.3), (2006.7), (2007.1), (2007.7), (2007.9), (2008.3), (2008.5), (2008.8), (2009.1), (2009.3), (2009.3), (2009.5), (2009.5), (2009.5), (2009.12), 9 (2009.12), (2010.3), UN (2010.6), (2010.8), (2010.8) - : 4 (, 2002.3), , (2003.1), (2004.11), (2006.4), (2007.9), (2008.8), (2008.8), (2009.3) 93. 102 7. 7. . 1) : 6,000 - 2,000 1,400( 800), 350, 250, 200 - 500( 1,500) - 200( 700) 1, 70, 1 - 500( 1,800) - 3,500, 200, 500 - 800 - , , 1,000 9,550(2010.8.31 ) 2) ( : ) ( : ) ( : ) ( : ) 3) ) , , , 2000 , - 1 420 , 94. 103 25 ) 24 Hot line - (, , , - ) : 3 - : 1 . 1) : 200,000(2006.5 ) () 15,000, (/) 71,000 ( ) 10,000 , , (, , ) : 9,000 (, , ) 90,000, 10,000 CIS 50 2) ( : ) ( : ) ( : ) ( : ) , : 26 - : 95. 104 7. 3) 1864 1937 1956 , , 1993 , , 4) , CIS , , - 5~7 , (2007.4 ) , , , , (, ) , , , - ( MDM , 97 (2008 ), (Laser Craft ) 5) 96. 105 - 1993 () , - (, , , 4 180 ) - - - - 7 CIS , - - , - - , - 140(2004) - - , , 70 - , 2007.10 70 2005 - , (2010.9 2 ) 97. 106 7. 3 (2010.6 ) . (2010.9 ) () / 1 1991-07-13 2 2007-06-04 3 1992-03-31 4 1992-06-13 5 1996-10-03 6 1997-11-03 7 2008-05-14 8 2008-06-11 9 2001-10-22 10 2003-11-12 11 1997-05-10 12 2005-06-11 13 1997-07-23 14 2002-06-24 15 2003-08-30 16 2003-08-29 17 2003-05-25 18 1998-05-27 19 1991-12-10 20 2007-02-13 21 2005-08-22 22 1999-10-26 23 1996-07-01 24 2003-05-30 25 1999-05-16 26 2000-12-13 27 1995-06-15 98. 107 () / 28 2005-09-28 29 2004-06-30 30 1996-09-10 31 1996-09-14 32 2003-06-18 33 2007-06-19 34 2007-08-04 35 1992-01-17 36 2008-05-23 37 2009-09-14 . (1992.3 , 1992.7 ) (1992.3 , 1992.4 ) - (2002.5 , 2002.6 ) : (1999.5 , 2001.8 ) (2003.8 , ) (2004.9 , 2004.11 ) (2006.10 , 2006.12 ) (2008.9.29 , 2010.1.9 ) 99. 8 100. 8. 110 1. : 1948.10.12 (1961.7) - 1980 2 (1984.5, 1986.10) -(1985.4), (1985.12) (1987.7) (1991.8) - 1992 2000 2000 (2000) - . - , 2000.7 2001.7 2002.8() , , - 5 (2006.12) 7 (2007.3.23) - 2008.10.4 TSR-TKR - - 2010.8 ( ) 4 2009.5.28 5.25 - 2000. 2 101. 111 - 2000. 7 - 2001. 4 - 2001. 8 - 2002. 3 - 2002. 4 - 2002. 5 - 2002. 7 - 2002. 8 - 2004. 7 - 2004. 9 - 2005. 6 - 2005. 8 - 2007. 3 - 2007. 4 , - 2007. 9 - 2008. 4 - 2008. 10 - 2008. 11 - 2009. 1 - 2009. 4 - 2010. 8 2. . 2000~2007 ( : ) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 71 107 115.6 204.9 230 189 126 107 41 44 32 2.8 4.8 10 20 33.5 13 21 115 139 118.4 209.7 240 209 159.5 120 62 (2007) - : , , , , - : , 102. 8. 112 . 1 (1996.4, ) - : , 2 (1997.10, ) - : , 3 (2000.10, ) - : , 4 (2007.3, ) - : , . : 46 - 1997.10 2 , 2006.12 (), 2007.3.23 4 103. 113 104. 105. 116 1. . (2010.10) , 1, , , , , , , (FSB) (SVR) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () ( ) () 83 106. 117 37 1 ( ) 27 1 107. 118 . (18) 1/ , , , , , / // / CIS IT// // // / // / /// / / / / // / / // / / / // (SVR)/(FSB)/ // / / 108. 119 . (2010.09 ) (adviser)(10) : (), (CIS), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), () (8) : (), (), (), ( ), (), (), (), ( ) 1 () () () ( ) () () () () () () () () () (- ) () () () () () () () ( ) () () () () 109. 120 CIS . 110. 121 1 CIS . 111. 122 . : 178(2) : 450(4) 225 ( 225 ) 89 2 ( 1 ) // 112. 123 2. . (Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev) 1965.9.14(45) (1990) - : 1990~99 1990~95 1999.11 2000.6~03.10 1 2003.10~05.11 (2000.6~2008.5 ) 2005.11~08.5 1 2007.12 2008.3.2 2008.5.7 3 2001.2 1 . (Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN) 1952.10.7(58) 1975 1996 1975~90 KGB 1() 1994~96 1 1996~98 , 1998.7 (1999.3 ) 1999.8 (1999.12 ) 2000.3 (5.7 ) 2004.3 (5.7 ) 2008.5 - 1992.3 , 2001.2 , 2005.11 ( APEC ) 113. 124 . (Sergey Mikhailovich Mironov) 1953.2.14(57) () 1991 () 1994 () 2001.12 2002.6 2004.3 . (Boris Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV) 1950.12.15(60) 1977~96 1996~99 1999.12~2001.3 (, ) 2000.1 2001.3~2003.12 2003.12 ( ) 2007.12 ( ) 114. 125 . (Sergey Victorovich LAVROV) 1950.3.21(60) 1972 1972~76 1976~81 1981~88 UN(1, ) 1988~90 1990~92 1992~94 1994~04.3 UN 04.3.9~ : 4 , 2 ( ) 2004.7 2005.11 APEC 2007.6 ACD( ) 2009.4 115. 126 3. 1 (UN) 1945 2 (CIS) 1991 3 (IMF) 1981 4 (APEC) 1998 5 G8 1997 6 G20 1999 7 (IBRD) 1992 8 (EBRD) 1991 9 (OSCE) 1973 10 (SCO) 2001 11 (EAEC) 2001 12 (IFC) 1992 13 (ADC) 2000 14 (CSTO) 1992 15 (BSEC) 1999 16 1996 17 (BRICs) 18 (MIGA) 19 (ISO) 20 (IOC) 116. 127 4. IATA 1 (Sheremetyevo International Airport) / SVO 2 (Vnukovo International Airport) / VKO 3 (Domodedovo International Airport) / DME 4 (Bykovo Airport) BKA 5 (Pulkovo Airport) LED 6 (Pushkin Airport) 7 (Kazan International Airport) / KZN 8 (Kurumoch International Airport) / KUF 9 (Smyshlyaevka Airport) 10 (Koltsovo Airport) / SVX 11 (Uktus Airport) 12 (Vaskovo Airport) 13 (Talagi Airport) / ARH 14 (Murmansk Airport) / MMK 15 (Rostov-on-Don Airport) / ROV 16 (Narimanovo Airport) / ASF 17 (Tsentralny Airport) / OMS 18 (Tolmachevo Airport) / OVB 19 (Yakutsk Airport) / YKS 20 (Sokol Airport) / GDX 21 (Vladivostok International Airport) / VVO 22 (Irkutsk International Airport) / IKT 117. 128 5. . 1) Izvestiya 1917 35 Abramov. 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A * NTV 1993 Kulistikov. V * * Russia -Kultura 1997 Pakykhova, T. * Russia 2 2003 Kiknaize, V. * . 1) / / () , , (MGIMO) , , , , , , 120. 131 2) / / , , () , , () , , , 121. 132 6. . 1990.3 - 1992.1 2 1992.2 - 1993.2 3 1993.2 - 1996.1 4 1996.3 - 1998.4 5 1998.5 - 2000.3 6 2000.3 - 2002.2 7 2002.3 - 2004.12 8 2004.12 - 2007.3 9 2007.4 - 2010.2 10 2010.2 - 1990.10.30 - 1990.3 - 1990.9.30 . 1992.12 - 1995.4 2 1995.4 - 1997.7 3 1997.7 - 1998.9 4 1998.9 - 2000.8 5 2000.8 - 2002.8 6 2002.8 - 2005.3 7 2005.3 - 2007.10 8 2007.10 - 1992.10.5 - 1992.10 122. 133 . 2006.3 - 2008.6 2 2008.7 - . 2008.10 - . (Oleg SOKOLOV) 1990.12 - 1992.7 2 (PANOV Alexander) 1992.6 - 1994.1 3 (George KUNADZE) 1994.1 - 1997.7 4 (Evgeny AFANASIEV) 1997.7 - 2001.4 5 (Teymuraz RAMISHVILI) 2001.4 - 2005.4 6 (Gleb IVASHENTSOV) 2005.7 - 2009.9 7 (Kostantin Vnukov) 2009.10 - . () //Fax () (2009.10) 90.1 90.9 St. Plyushchikha 56, bldg. 1, Moscow, Russia(Index. 131000) 7-495-783-2727/ 7-495-783-2777 () (2007.10) 92.10 , , , , , , , Pologaya St. 19, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia 7-4232-40-2222/ 7-4232-40-1451 123. 134 () //Fax () (2008.7) 02.2 ( : ) 02.3 06.3 , , , , , , , , , , Nekrasova Street Bldg. 32-A, Saint Peterburg, Russia 7-812-448-1909/ 7-812-448-9668 () (2008.10) 08.10 , , , , , , , , , , , , Gagarina Boulevard, 44 Irkustk, Russia 7-3952-25-0301/ 7-3952-25-0303 () 07.7 - 283 B. Lenin st., Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693000, Russia 7-4242-46-2430/ 7-4242-46-2432 . (Konstantin VNUKOV) 34-16 ( 100-120) () 02)318-2116/7/8 () www.russian-embassy.org (Valery ERMOLOV) 4 89-1 (600-814) () 051-441-9904/5 () www. pusan.mid.ru 124. 135 7. 1 1990-12-14 1991-12-18 2 1991-09-16 1991-10-22 3 1992-11-19 1993-07-07 4 1994-06-02 1994-07-02 5 1992-11-19 1995-08-24 6 1996-08-05 1996-08-05 7 1997-07-24 1997-11-28 8 1999-05-28 - 9 2001-02-28 2001-05-22 10 1992 3 18 2002-05-29 2002-06-28 11 2000-10-10 2002-06-17 12 2001-02-26 2002-10-31 13 2002-11-11 2003-03-18 14 2003-03-13 2003-05-21 15 2004-09-21 2004-11-20 16 2005-10-06 2005-10-19 17 2006-10-17 2006-10-17 125. 136 18 2006-10-17 2006-12-31 19 () 2004-09-21 2006-09-05 20 / 2006 10 17 ( ) 2006-10-17 2007-07-17 21 2008-9-29 2010-1-9 22 , 2009-12-22 2010-7-16 , 2010.11 126. 137 8. . 4. 3 4. 7 6. 4 9.30 10.30 12. 7 12.13 12.29 16 () 4.19 8. 7 9.16 12.27 12.30 20 , , CIS 10 1.22 1.28 1.29 1.31 1.31 2. 7 2.10 2.10 2.21 3. 2 3.17 3.23 4. 6 4.12 4.20 4.27 4.27 5. 5 5.20 23 3 19 , 1 CIS CIS , TASS CIS , 127. 138 5.25 5.31 6.10 6.14 6.15 6.22 6.27 7.10 8.24 8.26 8.29 8.31 8.31 9. 1 9. 2 9.14 10. 2 10.29 10.29 11.10 11.18 12. 8 12.14 12.18 12.21 30 6. 2 15 21 25 7. 5 28 9. 2 7 30 20 10 26 () 2 () , () , CIS 3 (, , ) () () , KAL () , 3 NIS () KAL () ICAO , KAL () 2 () ICAO , KAL () 1. 8 1.29 1.29 2. 3 2. 3 2. 8 2.22 3.10 5.13 5.25 30 2. 2 7 10 11 26 1 () , , , UNDP ICAO KAL , () 1 () KAL 2 () () () 128. 139 5.28 6. 6 8.31 9. 5 9.20 11.11 11.24 11.26 12. 9 29 8 11 27 15 12. 3 13 () ( ) 2. 1 3. 9 3.31 4. 2 4.13 6. 1 11. 7 11 6 14 7 9 , 5.19 5.19 5.21 6.20 7.10 7.12 8. 1 9.27 21 21 21 12 19 29 ( ARF ) 1.20 5. 5 8.14 9.11 10.31 11. 3 12. 3 3.3 4.9 4.10 4.12 6.14 8 18 17 11. 6 5 3.5 4.13 4.16 6.16 4 ( OSCE ) 2 () 129. 140 6.17 7.3 7.8 7.10 7.24 8.14 8.22 8.30 9.17 9.24 9.25 10.6 10.6 10.13 10.27 10.27 11.19 11.20 11.24 11.27 11.26 12.9 12.15 6.23 7.9 7.26 8.16 9.7 9.26 9.28 10.12 10.12 10.19 10.31 11.2 11.23 11.28 12.3 12.16 12.16 1 () 6 () -Avto Vaz OECD IMEMO 7 () 3 () , (, ) 1 () 5.6 5.23 5.28 6.3 6.29 7.4 7.9 7.22 7.26 8.2 8.26 9.10 9.10 9.14 9.17 9.25 10.7 10 27 6.3 7.5 26 28 5 30 13 14 20 13 11.9 28 1 8 () , (PNG) , (PNG) 3 Hot-line () ASEAN PMC () 53 () 130. 141 1 1 3.22 4.16 4.20 4.23 4.26 5.12 5.27 5. 8. 9.1 7 10 10 10 23 30 ( 3) 1 () () 3 () 2 () 3 () () () 1 3 5 5 5.15 5.22 5 6 6 6 6 6.28 7 9 9 18 24 29 ( 3) () ( , ) ( ) 2 2 5 5 6 6 7 131. 142 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 1 2 3 4 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 7 9 132. 143 11 11 11 11 6 ( ) 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 , - 2 60 ARF ( 1 ) NSC UN ( ) APEC - APEC - - APEC 6 ( 4 ) 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 2011 ( 3) 7 1 133. 144 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 6 7 ( ) ACD CICA ARF . , UN , APEC -IMEMO (, , ) , (ESCAP ) 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 6 134. 145 5 5 6 6 6 8 9 9 11 11 12 ITAR-TASS 1 2 5 5 5 5 6 6 8 9 10 10 12 12 ( ) 1 9 (, , ) ACD () 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 135. 146 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 9 9 1 1 10 () 2 () . 3.11 3.15 3.30 5. 4 6. 8 11.11 3.17 6.12 7.24 8.19 8.21 9. 6 12. 8 12.21 12.25 12.30 , - , 9 , 3 , , 3 , 11 ( ), () - CIS - 1 CIS () 136. 147 9. (1990.12, ) 1990 12 14 , , , , , , . - , , , , . - , UN . - , , , . - . - , , , . - 2000 . , , . , , , , . 137. 148 . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , . . , , , , . , . , , , , . 3 . . 1990 12 14 138. 149 (Unofficial Translation) DECLARATION ON GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS President Roh Tae Woo of the Republic of Korea and President Mikhail S. Gorbachev of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, having met in Moscow on 14 December 1990 and having discussed the state and the prospects of the bilateral relations as well as a wide range of relevant international issues, expressing a mutual interest in the development of a comprehensive cooperation between the two countries ; aware of the importance of peace on the Korean peninsula for that of Northeast Asia and the world at large : recognizing the aspiration of the Korean nation for unification and welcoming the expansion of South-North contacts, including the recent negotiations between the Prime Ministers of the Republic of Korea and of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea ; being firmly committed to the building of a new, more equitable, humane, peaceful and democratic world order, declare that the Republic of Korea and Soviet Union shall be guided in their relations by the follwing principles : - respect for each others sovereign equality. territorial integrity and political independence, noninterference in the internal affairs of the two states, and recognition that all nations are free to choose their way of political and socioeconomic development ; - compliance with the standards of international law, respect for the purposes and principles of the United Nations. set forth in the UN Charter : - inadmissibility of the threat or use of force. of providing ones own security at the expense of other states, and of settling international controversies and regional conflicts by any means other than reaching political agreements on the basis of reasonable consent by all the parties concerned : - development of a broad mutually beneficial cooperation among states and nations, leading to their rapprochement and to a deeper mutual understanding ; - joining the international communitys efforts to deal, on a priority basis, with the global issues of reducing the arms race, unclear or conventional ; preventing the environmental disaster facing mankind ; overcoming poverty. famine and illiteracy : narrowing the dramatic gap between the development levels of various nations ; - establishment of a secure and equitable world which would ensure progress for 139. 150 mankind and a decent life for all nations in the coming millennium. - Proceeding from the above-mentioned principles and opening a new page in history of their relations. Republic of Korea and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are determined to build these relations in the spirit of good neighborhood, trust and cooperation in the interests of peoples of both countries. To these ends, the two states will conclude a variety of agreements with a view to establishing and improving links and contacts between the two countries in the political, economic, trade, cultural, scientific, humanitarian and other areas. The Republic of Korea and the USSR will ensure priority of universally recognized international legal standards in their domestic and foreign policies and will implement in good faith their treaty obligations. The Presidents support the willingness of businessmen of both sides to deepen an effective and mutually beneficial cooperation in economy, trade, industry and transport, to exchange advanced technologies and scientific achievements and to develop joint entrepreneurship and new forms of cooperation, and welcome the development of and investments into mutually beneficial projects. An exchange of ideas, information. spiritual and cultural values, and expansion of human contacts in the fields of culture, art, science, education, sport, media and tourism, and a reciprocal travel by citizens of their countries will be encouraged. The sides will coordinate their efforts to control international terrorism. organized crime and illicit trafficking in drugs, and to protect the environment and to that end will cooperate in international and regional organizations. The Republic of Korea and the Union of Soviet Republics are committed to the ideas of establishing in the Asia and the Pacific region equal, mutually beneficial relations based on the balance of interests and self-determination, and of making Asia and the Pacific a region of peace and constructive cooperation through a process of bilateral and multilateral consultations. The Presidents reaffirm their conviction that the development of Korean-Soviet relations contributes to the strengthening of peace and security in Asia and the Pacific, is in line with the changes under way in the region, deepens the processes leading to the removal of confrontational mentality and to the elimination of the cold war in Asia, contributes to regional cooperation and facilitates the relaxation of tension and the establishment of climate of trust for the eventual reunification of the South and North Korea. The Soviet Union stands for the continuation of a productive inter-Korean 140. 151 dialogue for the removal of the political and military confrontation between the two Korean sides, for a just and fair settlement of the Korean problem by peaceful, democratic means in accordance with the will of the entire Korean people. The Republic of Korea, welcoming the global turn from the era of confrontation to reconciliation and cooperation on the basis of universal values, freedom, democracy and justice, emphasizes a success of the Soviet reform policy as a major factor in future international relations, improvement of the situation in Northeast Asia and progress in relations between the two countries. The Presidents proceed from the general understanding that the development of links and contacts between the Republic of Korea and the USSR must not in any way affect their relations with third countries or undermine obligations they assume under multilateral or bilateral treaties and agreements. The Republic of Korea and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics have agreed to pursue a political dialogue at the highest level, and to hold regular meetings and consultations at other various levels on matters of deepening the bilateral relations and on relevant international issues. ROH THE WOO M. GORBACHEV Moscow 14 December 1990 141. 152 (1992.11, ) 1. 1992 11 18~11 20 . 2. . 3. , , . , , . 4. , . , , . , . 5. . . . 6. 142. 153 , . 7. 1992 6 . . 8. . , , , . , . 9. 1983 9 KAL . KAL , . . 10. . 11. 1930 , . 1937 1937~58 . . 143. 154 12. , . 13. . , 1 . 14. , , . . 15. , . 16. , . () . . 17. , . 18. , 74 . . 19. , , . 20. 1991 144. 155 . . 21. 1993 . , . 22. . . 23. 1991 9 16 . , . 24. , . 25. . 26. . 27. . 1992 11 20, 145. 156 (unofficial translation) Korean-Russian Joint Statement 1. At the invitation of H. E. Roh Tae Woo, President of the Republic of Korea, H. E. Boris Nicholayevich Yeltsin, President of the Russian Federation, paid an official visit to the Republic of Korea November 18-20, 1992. 2. The President of Russia laid a wreath at the Monument of Unknown Soldiers in the National Cemetery, delivered a speech at the National Assembly and made a tour to an industrial complex in Suwon. 3. At the summit meeting held in a cordial and friendly atmosphere, the two Presidents had frank and useful exchanges of views concerning the international situation including the situation in Northeast Asia and the Korean Peninsula as well as the Commonwealth of Independent States, and issues of expanding bilateral relations. The two Presidents shared the view that political stability and economic prosperity of the Russian Federation and other CIS countries are essential to maintaining peace and stability of the world, and President Roh reassured the support and cooperation of the Republic of Korea for the political and economic reform of the Russian Federation. 4. H. E. Boris yeltsin and H. E. Roh Tae Woo noted with satisfaction the consolidation of peace and stability in recent years and the transformation of the old international political structure of confrontation into a new world order based on peace and cooperation. The two Presidents shared the view that it is necessary for the two countries to cooperate with each other to maintain and further develop current international tendency towards peace and cooperation, and expressed their support for the international communitys efforts to lessen the arms races, and reduce the weapons of mass destruction including nuclear weapons, and prevent their proliferation. The two sides agreed to strive to strength the role of the United Nations in establishing a new world order based on the supremacy of international law, and to develop close cooperation between the two countries within the framework of the United Nations and other international organizations. 146. 157 5. The two Presidents exchanged views on the situation in the Asia-Pacific region and recognized the necessity for closer cooperation among nations in the region for peace and common prosperity. In particular, President Yeltsin expressed the confidence that Russia would make its own due contribution to economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. President Yeltsin supported the idea of President Roh concerning the necessity of dialogue among interested parties in Northeast Asia for the purpose of building confidence and promoting mutual understanding and common prosperity in the region. 6. The two Presidents concurred that unification of the two Koreas should be realized in a peaceful manner through dialogues between the two parties concerned and reaffirmed that the faithful implementation of the South-North Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression and Exchanges and Cooperation and the South- North Joint Declaration on Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula is essential for making meaningful progress in the South-north dialogues. 7. President Roh highly valued the Russian-US Joint Statement on Nuclear Non- Proliferation on the Korean Peninsula signed by President Yeltsin and President Bush in June, 1992. President Yeltsin assured that the Government of Russia would support measures to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons on the Korean Peninsula and supported the idea of reciprocal nuclear inspections in accordance with the South-North Joint Declaration on Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. 8. The two Presidents signed the Treaty on Basic Relations between the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation. They shared the view that the Treaty, which reflects the will of the two countries to develop forward-looking relations as friendly countries with the guidance of their shared values of freedom, democracy, respect for human rights and market economics, would serve as a legal basis for deepening friendship and understanding between the two peoples, and furthering practical and cooperative relations between the two countries in all areas. The two Presidents expressed satisfaction in connection with the signing of the Cultural Cooperation Agreement, the Avoidance of Double Taxation Convention, and the Customs Cooperation Agreement. 9. President Yeltsin expressed deep regrets over the tragic incident involving the KAL 007 in September, 1983. President Roh expressed thanks for President Yeltsins courageous and moral 147. 158 decision to make public documents on the KAL incident and hand them over to Korea, and welcomed the delivery of the documents as an important progress in bringing to light true facts of the incident. The two Presidents agreed that two sides will continue to cooperate with each other to probe all the unknown facts about the incident and also expressed the hope for cooperation with the international community for that purpose. 10. The two Presidents agreed that the question of property right to the plot of land of the former Russian mission in Seoul will be settled through negotiations between their Governments at an early date. 11. President Roh, recalling the historical fact that many ethnic Koreans were relocated and dispersed against their will from the Russian Far East to the Central Asian region during the 1930s, expressed the hope for the Russian Governments favourable consideration for restoring the deprived rights and honour of those ethnic Koreans. President Yeltsin noted that the resolution of 1937, according to which Koreans were expelled from the Russian Far East, and repressions against Koreans during the period of 1937-53 were condemned in Russia. President Yeltsin also stressed that laws of the Russian Federation on Rehabilitation of Repressed Nationalities and on Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression, enacted in recent years, provide for the Russians of Korean origin equal opportunities with other nationalities in exercising their political rights and freedom including the freedom of national development, as stipulated in the existing laws. 12. The Presidents noted with satisfaction that bilateral cooperation in the fields of economy, trade, science and technology has grown substantially since the establishment of diplomatic relations between their countries and that a basic legal framework for further cooperation has been laid down. 13. The Presidents also welcomed the signing of the Regulation on the Organization and Operation of the Korean-Russian Joint Committee on Economic, Scientific and Technological Cooperation by their respective Deputy Prime Ministers. The Joint committee will meet on a regular basis and the first meeting will meet on a regular basis and the first meeting will take place at the earliest date agreeable to both sides. 14. The two Presidents discussed the establishment of a Korean Industrial Complex in the Nakhodka Free Economic Zone and confirmed that Russias speedy legislation 148. 159 of the relevant laws, development of infrastructure and introduction of investment incentives are essential to ensuring the success of the project. They noted that the two Governments would continue their efforts for the establishment of a Korean Industrial Complex. 15. The Presidents noted that favorable conditions exist for developing mutually beneficial cooperation in various industrial fields including general machinery, electrical, electronic, chemical, metallurgical, shipbuilding, textile and aerospace industries and also stressed the necessity for small and medium sized enterprises to participate in cooperative projects. 16. The two Presidents emphasized the importance of Koreas participation in the exploration and exploitation of oil, gas and other natural resources in the territory of the Russian Federation including Siberia, the Far East and Sakhalin. They welcomed the signing of agreements between consortia of the two countries on the preparation of feasibility studies for joint development of the natural gas field in the Republic of Sakha(Yakutia) and construction of pipelines for transport of natural gas to the Republic of Korea. They agreed that the two Governments would make joint efforts for the development of several Sakhalin offshore gas fields in order to supply gas from Sakhalin to the Republic of Korea. 17. The Presidents agreed on the need for active participation of Korean firms in the exploitation of forestry resources in the Russian Far East, and to this end agreed to make concerted efforts to foster an environment conducive to cooperation in the field of forestry. 18. The two Presidents underlined the importance of bilateral scientific and technological cooperation and agreed to support the implementation of the 74 joint projects already agreed upon as well as the activities of the Science and Technology Cooperation Centers established in both countries. They further agreed on the need to explore new spheres of cooperation, to exchange information and specialists in the fields of science and technology. 19. President Yeltsin, taking into account the enormous potential of the Russian economy, requested that the Korean private sector actively invest in Russia, and President Roh said that the Korean Government would encourage the Korean business community to expand its investments in Russia and to assist with the conversion of the Russian defense industry for civilian use. 149. 160 20. The two Presidents expressed satisfaction with the agreements to resume the commodity loan earmarked for 1991. Both sides anticipated that it would contribute greatly to the promotion of bilateral economic cooperation. 21. The two Presidents shared the view that the Taejon International Exhibition 1993 would greatly contribute to the advancement of science and technology and the efficient use of existing resources. President Yeltsin, confirming Russias participation in this exhibition, expressed the hope that it would further contribute to Russian-Korean economic, trade and industry, and science and technology cooperation. 22. The two Presidents, recognizing the importance of the promotion of bilateral trade, agreed to exert concerted efforts for the removal of barriers and obstacles to trade. The two Presidents welcomed the planned opening of the Korea Trade Center in Moscow, which will promote bilateral trade. 23. The two Presidents stressed the need to promote fisheries cooperation to the full extent within the framework of the bilateral fisheries agreement of September 16, 1991. They also agreed to strengthen further cooperation including joint ventures between their public and private sectors in the field of fishing, processing and marketing of fisheries products and modernization of facilities and equipment. 24. The two Presidents, recognizing the importance of cooperation in the field of construction, agreed to encourage the establishment of joint ventures for participation in construction projects in both countries. 25. The Presidents agreed to expand bilateral collaboration in the area of telecommunication including joint production of telecommunication equipment and the laying of optical fiber cable in the Russian Federation. 26. The two Presidents shared the view that President Yeltsins visit to Korea greatly contributed to promoting the friendly and cooperative relations between the two countries as well as to further enhancing the mutual understanding between the two peoples. 27. President Yeltsin expressed his sincere appreciation for the warm and friendly reception and hospitalities accorded to him and his party by the Government and the people of the Republic of Korea. Seoul, November 20 1992 150. 161 (1994.6, ) 1. 1994 6 1 3 . 1992 , , , . 2. . , . 3. . , . 4. . . , . 1996~97 . 151. 162 5. . 7 1 . , (APEC) . 6. , . 7. . , 1991 12 13 . . 8. . , . . . 9. . 152. 163 10. , , , , . 11. , . , , . 12. , , , , , . 13. (Hot Line) . 1994 6 153. 164 (unofficial translation) KOREAN-RUSSIAN JOINT DECLARATION 1. President Kim Young Sam of the Republic of Korea and President Boris Yeltsin of the Russian Federation, having met in Moscow on June 1-3, 1994, had profound exchange of views on the current state of and future prospects for bilateral relations between the two countries, as well as on a wide range of international issues, and noted with satisfaction that Korean-Russian relations have made steady progress in political, economic, cultural and other areas based on the Treaty on Basic Relations between the Republic of Korea and Russian Federation of November 20, 1992. The Presidents declared that the relationship between the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation is now turning into a Constructive and Mutually Complementary Partnership based on the common values of freedom, democracy, rule of law, respect for human rights and market economy. 2. The Presidents, sharing the view that a nations development and prosperity in this era can be secured through reform, exchanged their views on the perspectives on the reform processes now underway in the Republic of Korea and in the Russian Federation. The Presidents agreed that the success of political and economic reforms in Russia is essential for peace and prosperity throughout the world as a whole and for stability in Northeast Asia and the Pacific in particular. President Kim Young Sam reassured President Yeltsin of the Republic of Koreas support for and cooperation with the on-going reform process in Russia. 3. The Presidents noted with satisfaction that the international political system once characterized by enmity and confrontation has become a thing of the past and that a foundation is being laid down for a world order based on non-confrontation, openness, partnership and striving for cooperation in overcoming new challenges to international security and stability. The Presidents agreed that the two countries will work together closely to resolve global issues. The Presidents, welcoming the growing recognition of the universality of human rights in the international community, agreed to pursue common efforts to abide by and promote the principles contained in the universal declaration of human rights and the norms of basic international agreements on human rights to which the two states are parties, and to strengthen bilateral cooperation in the UN activities in the field of human rights. 154. 165 4. The Presidents expressed satisfaction with measures undertaken with a view to enhancing the responsiveness and efficiency of the United Nations activities and intensifying its involvement in the solution of urgent problems facing the international community. The Presidents shared the view that greater attention should be paid to peacemaking and humanitarian diplomacy of the UN, which are moving to the centre of international policy. The President of the Russia Federation expressed, and the President of the Republic of Korea acknowledged with understanding, Russias interest in cooperation with the UN in the context of settlement of conflict situations in the territory of the Commonwealth of Independent States and promotion of the reforms in Russia. President Kim Young Sam stated that the Republic of Korea intends to propose its candidacy for non-permanent membership in the Security Council for 1996-1997 in order to participate more actively in the UN activities. President Yeltsin promised to consider it favorably. 5. The Presidents underscored the high potential for dynamic growth of the Asia-Pacific region and agreed to cooperate in making it a region of peace and prosperity. The Presidents declared that the first meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum on security to be held in Bangkok in July should pave the way towards formation of a structure of reliable security, mutual trust and mutually beneficial cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region, through collective efforts and on the basis of accommodating the interests of all participants. President Kim Young Sam welcomed Russias intention to participate actively and constructively in all areas of Asia-Pacific cooperation and mentioned that the Republic of Korea would give favorable consideration to the candidacy of the Russia Federation for APEC membership when the matter is taken up at future APEC fora. 6. The Presidents shared the view that dialogue and cooperation on security metters among Northeast Asian countries are necessary to promote bilateral and multilateral policy and to secure the stability and prosperity of the region. The Presidents agreed to maintain the channels for bilateral consultations on the Northeast Asia security dialogue issue. 7. In the course of the discussion of the situation on the Korean Peninsula, the Presidents noted the need for pursuing the dialogue between South and North Korea with a view to reducing tension, strengthening peace, security and stability and agreed that the unification of Korea should be achieved in a peaceful and democratic way through direct dialogue between the two parties. President Yeltsin, while expressing hope that the progress of the South-North dialogue will 155. 166 help restore mutual trust and facilitate economic, cultural and social exchanges between South and North Korea, declared that the South-North Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression and Exchanges and Cooperation of December 13, 1991, should be observed. The Presidents agreed that the present armistice regime in Korea should be maintained until a new peace structure is developed pursuant to the Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression and Exchanges and Cooperation between the South and North. 8. The Presidents agreed that any attempt to produce nuclear weapons on the Korean Peninsula poses a grave threat to peace and security not only in Korea but throughout Northeast Asia and the entire world as well. In this connection the Presidents, concurring in the view that it is essential to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula and that it is important to realize the South-North Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, called on the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea as a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to fulfil strictly and consistently its obligations under the NPT and the safeguards agreement of IAEA inspections. President Yeltsin confirmed that Russia, along with the states involved, will continue to take an active part in the efforts of the international community to achieve the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. President Kim Young Sam noted with appreciation Russias proposal to convene a multilateral conference on security and nuclear-weapon free status of the Korean Peninsula. 9. President Kim Young Sam welcomed the efforts of the Russian Government initiated by President Yeltsin to clear the past between the two countries-the restoration of the dignity of ethnic Koreans in Russia, the publication of the documents relating to the KAL incident in 1983 and the delivery of the archive documents on the Korean War. 10. The Presidents expressed satisfaction with the substantial growth of bilateral cooperation in the fields of science and technology, energy, fisheries and construction, and that an institutional basis for furthering such cooperation has been steadily established. Both Presidents emphasized the importance of cooperation in the field of environmental protection. 11. The Presidents agreed to undertake joint efforts to combine high technologies of the Russia Federation with introduction capacities and industrial capabilities of the Republic of Korea, and to encourage investment in joint development of Russian natural resources. In this context, the Presidents advocated direct 156. 167 business contacts between the Republic of Korea and the Russian Far Est. The Presidents noted with satisfaction that bilateral trade between the two countries has steadily increased and agreed to continue efforts to strengthen the legal and institutional basis in such fields as transport, customs, and industrial standards to promote the two-way trade and investment. 12. The Presidents agreed, with a view to working towards Constructive and Mutually Complementary Partnership between the two countries, to intensify the political dialogue at various levels, including summit meetings of the heads of state or Government, parliament leaders and Ministers. The Presidents also agreed to actively encourage exchanges in the fields of culture, science, and tourism. 13. The Presidents agreed to install a Hot Line between the Blue House and kremlin in order to maintain close contacts between the heads of the two states. FOR THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Young Sam Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin June 1994 Moscow Kremlin 157. 168 (1999.5, ) 1999 5 27 5 30 . . 1. 21 . , . 1992 . , , , . . 2. , , . . . .- - 158. 169- - 3. . , . , . . 1999 5 12 2 , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . (Korea-Russia Industrial Complex) . , , . . . 159. 170 (WTO) . 4. , , . , 1 . 5. . . 21 . . . , . , . . . , (NPT), (CTBT) (CWC) (FMCT) , . 160. 171 6. . 1998 11 (APEC) . 9 APEC . (ARF) , ARF . (ASEM) . 7. . . . . , . . . , , , . . 161. 172 , 4 . , 1992 1994 . , (IAEA) . 8. . . . 162. 173 (unofficial translation) Korean-Russian Joint Statement 28 May 1999, Moscow Upon the invitation of President Boris N. Yeltsin of the Russian Federation, President Kim Dae-jung of the Republic of Korea paid a state visit to the Russian Federation from May 27 to 30, 1999. Between the two heads of state, there was a constructive exchange of opinions over the whole spectra of bilateral relations and current international issues. 1. The Parties agreed that strengthening a Constructive and Mutually Complementary Partnership is a guiding concept in the multifaceted interactions between the two states on the threshold of the 21st century. They regarded that such an approach is adequate not only for the long-term national interests of the two states, but also for the security, stability and prosperity in Northeast Asia. In this context, the Parties noted with satisfaction that the 1992 Treaty on Basic Relations between the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation has served as a basis for developing and intensifying mutually beneficial relations between the two states. The parties shared the view that the Korean-Russian cooperation in various spheres should be further enhanced on the basis of the respect of the principles of sovereign equality, mutual benefit, respect of territorial integrity, non-interference in domestic affairs, and other universally accepted principles and norms of international laws. The Parties noted that at present there exist all preconditions to give a new impetus to friendly relations between the Republic of Korea and Russian Federation. 2. The Parties, attaching great importance to the strengthening of the mechanism of political contacts which existed during the past years at various levels, including those on the level of state, government, parliament and others, agreed to further promote and diversify the channels of communication. In this context, the Parties underlined the key significance of holding regular meetings on the level of heads of state and government. 163. 174 The Parties also expressed their readiness to diversify their relations in different fields and, for this purpose, to expand legal basis between the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation. In this context, they expressed their satisfaction at the signing during the visit of a series of agreements : - the agreement between the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the mutual legal assistance in criminal matters - the agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation on the establishment of Korea-Russia Industrial Complex in Nakhodka Free Economic Zone - the agreement between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation on cooperation on the peaceful use of atomic energy - the memorandum of understanding on industrial cooperation between the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea and the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. 3. The two Parties had a fruitful exchange of views on promoting trade and economic cooperaton between the two countries. Both parties recognized the profound complementarity of their economies and vast potential to further expand their trade and economies and vast potential to further expand their trade and economic relations, and expressed their full commitment to make efforts for advancing mutual development and common prosperity. The two Parties noted that their meeting took place at a time when both countries face economic and financial difficulties. They resolved to share experiences in endeavoring to put their countries back on track towards sustainable growth and development. Recognizing the mutually satisfactory outcome of the Second Korea-Russia Joint Committee on Economic, Scientific and Technological Cooperation held in Moscow on May 12, 1999, both Parties agreed to strengthen cooperation on a wide range of areas such as trade, investment, energy and natural resources, manufacturing and industry, small and medium-sized enterprises, science and technology, telecommunication, fisheries, maritime transportation, environmental protection, and regional cooperation. The two parties shared the view that concerted efforts should be made by both 164. 175 the governments and private sectors in both countries to reinvigorate trade and investment. They expressed their strong desire that bilateral trade will be steadily increased in the near future. In this regard, the Parties agreed to undertake proper measures in order to prevent any discrimination in terms of the trade and economic cooperation between the two states and further facilitate and promote bilateral trade and investment. With a view to promoting trade and investment, and other economic cooperation between Korea and the Far Eastern and Siberian regions of Russia, the two Parties agreed to study possibilities to establish a committee composed of government officials of both countries and officials from the regions of Russia. The business circles of both countries will also be able to join the committee. The two Parties shared the view that the Korea-Russia Industrial Complex(KRIC) in the Nakhodka Free Economic Zone is a useful project to promote economic cooperation between the two countries. Recognizing the complementary nature of the two economies, both Parties reaffirmed that expanding bilateral cooperation in the areas of energy and mineral resources, science and technology, and industry will substantively contribute to strengthening economic relations. The two Parties concurred to strengthen cooperation in the field of small-and medium-sized enterprises by creating the Working Commission as an instrument for cooperation in that area. The two Parties agreed to strengthen cooperation in fisheries through the Korea- Russia Joint Fisheries Commission and in the field of marine engineering technology and maritime transport. The two Parties agreed to make joint efforts to enhance cooperation for preserving the environment. The two Parties shared the common understanding that the Russian Federations accession to the WTO will be beneficial for the development of the multilateral trading system as well as expansion of trade between the two countries. 4. The Parties agreed that further efforts to expand exchanges of people in the fields of culture, education, science, and information, are of great importance for deepening mutual understanding between the peoples of the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation. 165. 176 In this regard, the Parties welcomed the successful meeting of the First Korea- Russia Forum in Moscow. 5. While discussing the situation in the world, the Parties noted that they shared views on many key global issues. In particular, they agreed on the importance of the close cooperation in the United Nations and other international organizations to enhance the efficiency and transparency of those organizations and adjust them to the changing international realities. The Parties shared the view that global and regional problems, facing the humanity on the threshold of the 21st century, should be solved through concerted efforts of the international community, aimed at creating a non-confrontational, secure, and democratic world order based on the UN Charter and norms of international laws. In this context, the Parties underlined that their foreign policies be directed towards the strengthening of pluralistic world, in which different poles can cooperate constructively with each other. The Russian Party calls for cooperation with other states in solving international problems by political means, equal partnership and mutually beneficial cooperation in different spheres. The Parties confirmed that the UN is the central element in the whole system of international relations and that it is necessary to strictly observe the goals and principles of the UN Charter, the resolutions of the UN Security Council, and the generally accepted norms of international law. They agreed that the international conflicts should be resolved through political and diplomatic means and the United nations should play a leading role in solving them. The Parties also discussed other current international issues. The Parties hoped that the situations in Yugoslavia would reach at an early political settlements. The Parties, confirming their commitment to the strengthening of non- proliferation regimes of weapons of mass destruction, expressed their hope for all states joining the Treaty of the Non-proliferation of Nuclear weapons, the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the Chemical Weapons Convention, and for the successful negotiations of the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, and shared view that national missile programs including development and exports of missile should not undermine regional stability and global non-proliferation regime. 166. 177 6. Considering in detail the situations in the Asia-Pacific Region, the Parties stressed the necessity for the two states to closely coordinate with each other in dealing with the issues of peace, security and cooperation in this region. They recognized the necessity of increased interaction in the format of the Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC), in which the Russian Federation became a member state in November, 1998. The Parties expressed their readiness to hold constructive dialogues in the preparations for and during the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting in Auckland in September. Recognizing the usefulness of the ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF) in maintaining peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific, the Parties will cooperate actively for the strengthening of the ARF, which pursues the promotion of confidence building measures, preventive diplomacy and the elaboration of approaches to conflict- resolution in the region. The Korean Party positively evaluated Russias intention to join the Asia-Europe Meeting in accordance with the criteria and modality to be laid down for the new ASEM membership. 7. The parties shared the view that an active use of official and unofficial dialogue structures existing in Northeast Asia is useful to enhance the predictability of regional situation and to discuss issues related to sub-regional security and cooperation. The Parties confirmed that the Korean issue continues to be a potential source of instability in Northeast Asia and understood that establishing lasting peace on the Korean Peninsula is crucial to the stability in the region. They noted the importance of resolving Korean issue by the South and the North, the two parties directly concerned. For this purpose, the Parties acknowledged the necessity to resume inter-Korean dialogue at an earliest date possible. The Russian party, positively appraising the Korean governments effort to reduce tension and establish lasting peace on the Korean Peninsula, expressed support for the policy of Kim Dae-jung administration to promote inter-Korean contacts and productive dialogue between the South and the North, realization of which would contribute to consolidating peace and stability not only on the Korean Peninsula but also in the entire region. 167. 178 The Russian Party expressed its readiness t