World History Detective® Book 1 Ancient Civilizations

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20. Persian Wars

CRETE

GREECE

• Sparta

A 1Although the Persian Wars were fought between the Greeks and Persians, they actually began with the Lydians. 2In the middle of the sixth century B.C., the Greek city-states along the coast of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) were conquered by the Lydians, and their king, Croesus (ruled 560-546 B.C.). 3Croesus minted coins using gold from the river Pactolus. 4He was so wealthy that the phrase, “rich as Croesus,” is still used today.

B 5Meanwhile, in Persia (present-day Iran), Cyrus the Great (ruled c. 560-530 B.C.) had united two big tribes into a huge, strong empire. 6In 546 B.C., Cyrus and the Persian army conquered the Lydians, so the Greek city-states came under Persian rule. 7The Persians set up rulers in each city-state, made the Greeks serve in the Persian army and taxed everyone severely. 8In 499 B.C., some of the city-states rebelled and got help from the Athenians, who conquered and burned Lydia’s capital, Sardis. 9However after many years of battling, the Athenians stopped fi ghting, so in 494 B.C., the rebel city-states were conquered once more, by Persian King Darius I (558-486 B.C.).

AEGEAN SEA

BLACK SEA

MEDITERRANEAN SEACRETE

GREECE

Salamis

MarathonAthens

Plataea

Thermopylae LYDIANKINGDOM

C 10In 490 B.C., Darius, still angry about the burning of Sardis, decided to invade Athens. 11About 25,000 Persians landed at the Plain of Marathon, where they were met by a much smaller Athenian army. 12The Athenians beat the Persians, who retreated to their ships and set sail for Athens, thinking they’d conquer Athens while its army was marching home. 13The Athenians realized the Persian’s plan and raced back to Athens, and defeated the Persians again. 14Legend has it that after the Battle of Marathon, a Greek warrior ran about 25 miles to Athens to announce, “Nike!” (victory in Greek) and then fell dead from exhaustion.

D 15In 480 B.C., Darisus’ son, Xerxes (ruled 486-465 B.C.), decided to conquer all of Greece. 16With more than 150,000 soldiers and 600 ships, Xerxes sailed into the eastern Aegean Sea. 17The Greeks were aware of Xerxes’ intentions, so Athens, Sparta, and other city-states joined forces. 18The Athenians believed the Persian army could be beaten on land, but they feared the Persians would beat them on the sea. 19They needed time to build hundreds of ships to make sure Athens’ navy could successfully battle the Persian fl eet. 20So Spartan

SardisSardis

• Troy

IONIAN SEA

AEGEAN SEA

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

ASIAN MINOR

Sparta and Allies Lydian Kingdom

Athens and Allies

• Athens

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World History Detective® Book 1 Ancient Civilizations

Written Response Question

10. From the choice box, find the information missing from the table on battles of the Persian Wars.

Lydians Salamis Marathon Cyrus the Great Persia Plataea Greeks Xerxes Athenians Darius I Thermopylae Spartans 499 B.C. Athenians

Battles of the Persian Wars

Battle or Date Opponents Winner

Middle 6th Century B.C.Lydians

vs.Greek city-states

__________

546 B.C._________________ & Persians

vs.Lydians

Persians

________________________ & Greeks city-states

vs.__________

Athenians

494 B.C.____________ & Persians

vs.Greek city-states

Persians

____________Darius I & Persians

vs.Athenians

____________

_______________________________ & Persians

vs.Greeks and ____________

Persians

____________Persians

vs.Greeks

Greeks

____________Persians

vs.Greeks

____________

World History Detective® Book 1 Answers

328 © 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849

Answers1. Scientists and Dating of History (p. 1) 1. d, sentence 1 2. b, sentence 12 3. c 4. b, sentence 5 5. d, sentence 5 6. d, sentences 3, 4 7. c 8. c, sentence 9 9. d, sentence 40

10. Key points: Anthropology is the scientifi c study of man. All aspects such as physical characteristics, environment, and culture are studied. Archeology is the study of past human life using artifacts.

Scientists who identify and evaluate evidence to produce

theories about the past.

_______________ _______________ _______________Historical

_______________

study ___________

to learn about

prehistory.

study prehistoric and historic __________and their _________

study __________ from their beginnings to the present.

study how ________

change and how

people in the past

interacted with their

____________

Paleontologists Archaeologists geographers

fossilspeoplecultures.

humans places

Anthropologists

environment.

2. Prehistory to Neanderthals (p. 5) 1. c, sentence 5 2. a. 3 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4 3. d, sentence 17 4. c, sentence 15 5. a. O b. F c. O d. F 6. b, c, d 7. c, sentences 3, 4 8. c, sentence 1 9. c

10. Key points: This is true because there are no written records, just fossils and artifacts.

_________________________

Existed during the last _______________.

__________________ upright used _______________

used __________________ were _________________

Neanderthals

ice age

walked fi re

tools nomadic

3. Early Modern Humans (p. 9) 1. a. O b. F c. O d. F 2. a. F, sentence 14 b. F, sentence 17 c. F, sentence 25 d. T, sentence 25 3. b, sentence 20 4. c, sentences 3, 16 5. d 6. a, sentences 10, 15 7. a, sentence 9 8. a, b, c, sentences 5, 16, 21 9. a. O b. O c. F d. F 10.

Neanderthals Both Early Modern Humans

_________________________

___________________________

___________________________

__________________________

__________________________

_________________________

________________________

________________________

_____________________

_____________________

_________________

_________________________

_________________________

___________________________

___________________________

__________________________

__________________________

_______________________

taller than Neanderthals

big bones

no brow ridges

better tools, weapons

created Venus fi gurines

cave wall drawings using color

adapted to end of ice age

5’ to 5’5”

had strong bones

brow ridges on skulls

simple tools, weapons

failed to adapt at end of ice age

hunted

nomads

lived during last ice age

emerged in Africa

walked upright

gathered plants

4. The Middle Stone Age Through the New Stone Age (p. 12) 1. d, sentence 3 2. b, sentences 14, 15 3. a, sentence 20 4. a 5. d, sentences 25, 26 6. d, sentence 31 7. b 8. b, sentence 31 9. a. F b. O c. F d. F

10. Key points: The people of the Mesolithic period developed better tools for hunting and raised animals for food.

The people in the Neolithic period learned to farm, which led to the formation of communities.

World History Detective® Book 1 Answers

336 © 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849

10.

Battle or Date Opponents Winner

Middle 6th Century B.C.Lydians

vs.Greek city-states

Lydians

546 B.C._________________ & Persians

vs.Lydians

Persians

________________________ & Greeks city-states

vs.Persia

494 B.C.____________ & Persians

vs.Greek city-states

Persians

_______________________ & Persians

vs.Athenians

____________

_______________________________ & Persians

vs.Greeks and ____________

Persians

____________Persians

vs.Greeks

Greeks

____________Persians

vs.Greeks

____________

Cyrus the Great

499 B.C.Athenians

Athenians

Darius I

MarathonDarius I

Athenians

ThermopylaeXerxes

Spartans

Salamis

Plataea Greeks

Battles of the Persian Wars

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21. Peloponnesian Wars (p. 87) 1. b, sentence 5 2. a, sentence 1 3. c, sentence 19 4. b, sentence 9 5. a. F, sentence 16 b. F, sentence 13 c. F, sentence 9 d. T, sentence 27 6. a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 7. d, sentences 12, 26 8. a, sentence 20 9. c, sentence 18

10. Key points: Sparta was threatened by the strength of the Delian League. They, and their Peloponnesian League allies, felt they needed to attack.

11. Key points: Some Delian League members dropped out of the alliance which upset Athens, so the Athenians attacked. The attack failed and Athens was weakened. The Spartans then decided the time was right so they attacked Athens again, starting the 2nd Peloponnesian War.

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____

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____

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____

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dism

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____

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1st w

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.C.

____

____

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and

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2nd

war

413

B.C

.

stro

ng _

____

____

____

____

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and

allie

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stro

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____

____

Del

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wal

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