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World History Detective® Book 1 Ancient Civilizations
82 © 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849
20. Persian Wars
CRETE
GREECE
• Sparta
A 1Although the Persian Wars were fought between the Greeks and Persians, they actually began with the Lydians. 2In the middle of the sixth century B.C., the Greek city-states along the coast of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) were conquered by the Lydians, and their king, Croesus (ruled 560-546 B.C.). 3Croesus minted coins using gold from the river Pactolus. 4He was so wealthy that the phrase, “rich as Croesus,” is still used today.
B 5Meanwhile, in Persia (present-day Iran), Cyrus the Great (ruled c. 560-530 B.C.) had united two big tribes into a huge, strong empire. 6In 546 B.C., Cyrus and the Persian army conquered the Lydians, so the Greek city-states came under Persian rule. 7The Persians set up rulers in each city-state, made the Greeks serve in the Persian army and taxed everyone severely. 8In 499 B.C., some of the city-states rebelled and got help from the Athenians, who conquered and burned Lydia’s capital, Sardis. 9However after many years of battling, the Athenians stopped fi ghting, so in 494 B.C., the rebel city-states were conquered once more, by Persian King Darius I (558-486 B.C.).
AEGEAN SEA
BLACK SEA
MEDITERRANEAN SEACRETE
GREECE
Salamis
MarathonAthens
Plataea
Thermopylae LYDIANKINGDOM
C 10In 490 B.C., Darius, still angry about the burning of Sardis, decided to invade Athens. 11About 25,000 Persians landed at the Plain of Marathon, where they were met by a much smaller Athenian army. 12The Athenians beat the Persians, who retreated to their ships and set sail for Athens, thinking they’d conquer Athens while its army was marching home. 13The Athenians realized the Persian’s plan and raced back to Athens, and defeated the Persians again. 14Legend has it that after the Battle of Marathon, a Greek warrior ran about 25 miles to Athens to announce, “Nike!” (victory in Greek) and then fell dead from exhaustion.
D 15In 480 B.C., Darisus’ son, Xerxes (ruled 486-465 B.C.), decided to conquer all of Greece. 16With more than 150,000 soldiers and 600 ships, Xerxes sailed into the eastern Aegean Sea. 17The Greeks were aware of Xerxes’ intentions, so Athens, Sparta, and other city-states joined forces. 18The Athenians believed the Persian army could be beaten on land, but they feared the Persians would beat them on the sea. 19They needed time to build hundreds of ships to make sure Athens’ navy could successfully battle the Persian fl eet. 20So Spartan
SardisSardis
• Troy
IONIAN SEA
AEGEAN SEA
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
ASIAN MINOR
Sparta and Allies Lydian Kingdom
Athens and Allies
• Athens
© 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849 85
World History Detective® Book 1 Ancient Civilizations
Written Response Question
10. From the choice box, find the information missing from the table on battles of the Persian Wars.
Lydians Salamis Marathon Cyrus the Great Persia Plataea Greeks Xerxes Athenians Darius I Thermopylae Spartans 499 B.C. Athenians
Battles of the Persian Wars
Battle or Date Opponents Winner
Middle 6th Century B.C.Lydians
vs.Greek city-states
__________
546 B.C._________________ & Persians
vs.Lydians
Persians
________________________ & Greeks city-states
vs.__________
Athenians
494 B.C.____________ & Persians
vs.Greek city-states
Persians
____________Darius I & Persians
vs.Athenians
____________
_______________________________ & Persians
vs.Greeks and ____________
Persians
____________Persians
vs.Greeks
Greeks
____________Persians
vs.Greeks
____________
World History Detective® Book 1 Answers
328 © 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849
Answers1. Scientists and Dating of History (p. 1) 1. d, sentence 1 2. b, sentence 12 3. c 4. b, sentence 5 5. d, sentence 5 6. d, sentences 3, 4 7. c 8. c, sentence 9 9. d, sentence 40
10. Key points: Anthropology is the scientifi c study of man. All aspects such as physical characteristics, environment, and culture are studied. Archeology is the study of past human life using artifacts.
Scientists who identify and evaluate evidence to produce
theories about the past.
_______________ _______________ _______________Historical
_______________
study ___________
to learn about
prehistory.
study prehistoric and historic __________and their _________
study __________ from their beginnings to the present.
study how ________
change and how
people in the past
interacted with their
____________
Paleontologists Archaeologists geographers
fossilspeoplecultures.
humans places
Anthropologists
environment.
2. Prehistory to Neanderthals (p. 5) 1. c, sentence 5 2. a. 3 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4 3. d, sentence 17 4. c, sentence 15 5. a. O b. F c. O d. F 6. b, c, d 7. c, sentences 3, 4 8. c, sentence 1 9. c
10. Key points: This is true because there are no written records, just fossils and artifacts.
_________________________
Existed during the last _______________.
__________________ upright used _______________
used __________________ were _________________
Neanderthals
ice age
walked fi re
tools nomadic
3. Early Modern Humans (p. 9) 1. a. O b. F c. O d. F 2. a. F, sentence 14 b. F, sentence 17 c. F, sentence 25 d. T, sentence 25 3. b, sentence 20 4. c, sentences 3, 16 5. d 6. a, sentences 10, 15 7. a, sentence 9 8. a, b, c, sentences 5, 16, 21 9. a. O b. O c. F d. F 10.
Neanderthals Both Early Modern Humans
_________________________
___________________________
___________________________
__________________________
__________________________
_________________________
________________________
________________________
_____________________
_____________________
_________________
_________________________
_________________________
___________________________
___________________________
__________________________
__________________________
_______________________
taller than Neanderthals
big bones
no brow ridges
better tools, weapons
created Venus fi gurines
cave wall drawings using color
adapted to end of ice age
5’ to 5’5”
had strong bones
brow ridges on skulls
simple tools, weapons
failed to adapt at end of ice age
hunted
nomads
lived during last ice age
emerged in Africa
walked upright
gathered plants
4. The Middle Stone Age Through the New Stone Age (p. 12) 1. d, sentence 3 2. b, sentences 14, 15 3. a, sentence 20 4. a 5. d, sentences 25, 26 6. d, sentence 31 7. b 8. b, sentence 31 9. a. F b. O c. F d. F
10. Key points: The people of the Mesolithic period developed better tools for hunting and raised animals for food.
The people in the Neolithic period learned to farm, which led to the formation of communities.
World History Detective® Book 1 Answers
336 © 2012 The Critical Thinking Co.™ • www.CriticalThinking.com • 800-458-4849
10.
Battle or Date Opponents Winner
Middle 6th Century B.C.Lydians
vs.Greek city-states
Lydians
546 B.C._________________ & Persians
vs.Lydians
Persians
________________________ & Greeks city-states
vs.Persia
494 B.C.____________ & Persians
vs.Greek city-states
Persians
_______________________ & Persians
vs.Athenians
____________
_______________________________ & Persians
vs.Greeks and ____________
Persians
____________Persians
vs.Greeks
Greeks
____________Persians
vs.Greeks
____________
Cyrus the Great
499 B.C.Athenians
Athenians
Darius I
MarathonDarius I
Athenians
ThermopylaeXerxes
Spartans
Salamis
Plataea Greeks
Battles of the Persian Wars
Bat
tled
Per
sian
ar
my
at _
____
____
_
____
____
__ b
y sm
alle
r Ath
enia
n ar
my
beat
en a
gain
in _
____
____
_
rega
ined
____
____
____
Bat
tle o
f
____
____
____
____
____
__ in
ci
ty-s
tate
s
heav
y
___
____
___
Per
sian
War
s(a
gain
st G
reec
e)
Lydi
an__
____
____
__56
0 B
.C. t
o 54
6 B
.C.
____
____
_ th
e G
reat
560
B.C
. to
530
B.C
.__
____
____
__55
8 B
.C. t
o 48
6 B
.C.
____
____
____
Gre
ek
city
-sta
tes
____
____
____
486
B.C
. to
465
B.C
.
____
____
____
coi
ns
____
____
__ P
ersi
a
____
____
__ L
ydia
ns
forc
ed G
reek
s to
se
rve
in _
____
__
very
___
____
____
_P
ersi
ans
beat
en
agai
n at
__
____
____
Leon
idas
Ther
mop
ylae
beat
en
Ath
ens
city
-sta
tes
Mar
atho
n
rule
rs
taxe
s
Kin
g C
roes
usC
yrus
Dar
ius
conq
uere
d
Xer
xes
min
ted
unite
d
defe
ated
mili
tary
rich
Sal
amis
____
____
____
an
d 30
0 S
parta
ns
21. Peloponnesian Wars (p. 87) 1. b, sentence 5 2. a, sentence 1 3. c, sentence 19 4. b, sentence 9 5. a. F, sentence 16 b. F, sentence 13 c. F, sentence 9 d. T, sentence 27 6. a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 7. d, sentences 12, 26 8. a, sentence 20 9. c, sentence 18
10. Key points: Sparta was threatened by the strength of the Delian League. They, and their Peloponnesian League allies, felt they needed to attack.
11. Key points: Some Delian League members dropped out of the alliance which upset Athens, so the Athenians attacked. The attack failed and Athens was weakened. The Spartans then decided the time was right so they attacked Athens again, starting the 2nd Peloponnesian War.
som
e __
____
____
m
embe
rs q
uit
Spa
rta a
ttack
s
with
___
____
___
Ath
ens
even
tual
ly__
____
____
tear
dow
n
____
____
__
dism
antle
d
____
____
__
Pel
opon
nesi
an W
ars
1st w
ar43
1 B
.C.
____
____
__ L
eagu
e__
____
____
____
_ Le
ague
____
____
__
and
allie
s
2nd
war
413
B.C
.
stro
ng _
____
____
____
____
__
and
allie
s
stro
ng _
____
____
Del
ian
Per
sia
wal
ls
dem
ocra
cy
Del
ian
Pel
opon
nesi
an
Ath
ens na
vy
Spa
rta arm
y
surr
ende
rs