20th Annual Celebration of Student Research, Creative Works

and Academic Service Learning

Thursday, April 9, 2015 9 a.m. – 4 p.m.

Northern Michigan University Jamrich Hall

Learning Resources Center Welcome to the 20th Annual Celebration of Student Research, Creative Works and Academic Service Learning. This symposium celebrates the scholarship and creativity of both undergraduate and graduate students. All students are welcome to participate and showcase their work. In this program, entries are listed in alphabetical order by last name of the submitter. Posters and art will be on display in the main floor common areas in Jamrich Hall and presentations will be held in LRC 109. Thank you for supporting the exceptional work of these students and their advisors with your attendance and participation in this event.

9 a.m. Opening Ceremony LRC room 109

Welcome Brian D. Cherry, Assistant Provost of Graduate Education and Research Fritz J. Erickson, President Technology Innovation Award for Students Winners Bruce Sarjeant, Associate Professor, Academic Information Services/Library Secretary, Educational Technology Resources and Policy Committee (ETRPC)

Sam Morey – Mathematics/Secondary Education Project Title: Parametric Equations in Geometer’s SketchPad Faculty Advisor: David Buhl Breanne Kanak – Art and Design/Secondary Education Project Title: Vicissitudes Faculty Advisors: Michael Donhost, Brian Kakas and Gypsy Schindler

Celebration of Student Research, Creative Works and Academic Service Learning Recognition of First Place Poster Display Winners

Posters were judged on Wednesday, April 8 First, Second and Third place ribbons were awarded in each category:

Undergraduate students

Graduate students

Group (more than 1 student)

2

LRC 109 – Presentation Schedule (Additional information on page number noted)

9:30 a.m. Superior Acre Permaculture Garden (p. 14)

Hannah Poisson-Smith, Ana Fernandez, Karlee Remoli, Rachel Headings, Andrew Adamski, Eric Heiserman

9:45 a.m. Impact of Varying Interference Types on the Navigational Efficiency of Autonomous Mobile Robots Utilizing Echolocation (p. 4) Donald Barr, Nolan Earl, Justin Syria, Shane Shalifoe

10 a.m. Media Portrayal of Women in Prison (p. 10) Tiffany Kleiman

10:15 a.m. Mucilage and Herbivore Damage on Brasenia Schreberi in Northern Michigan (p. 12) Emily Mydlowski

10:30 a.m. Break

10:45 a.m. Humpback Whale Behavioral Ecology Field Methods in Puerto Rico (p.14) Nicole Pittoors

11 a.m. Identification of Basigin in Glioblastoma Multiforme Stem-like Cells (p.20) Cole Swiston, Jeff Maniko

11:15 a.m. The Advantages of Reading Out Loud (p. 19)

Cecilia Smith

11:30 a.m. Rotator Cuff Activation During the Olympic Snatch Under Various Loading Conditions (p. 8) Andrew Ernst

11:45 a.m. Effects of Cutting Weight Via Sauna on Force Productions and Rate of Force Development for

the Olympic Snatch Pull (p. 5) Brian Budd, II

12 p.m. Study on the Effects of Head Impact on the Brain in College-Aged Divers (p. 9) Hannah Hawkins

12:15 p.m. Oral History Project (p. 24)

Emily Winnell

12:30 p.m. Study of Student Difficulties in Undergraduate Physics (p. 7) Arika Egan

12:45 p.m. IUCN Red List Assessments of Extinction Threats to Newly-Described Species of Freshwater Crabs (Potamonautidae, Pseudothelphusidae) (p. 19) Veronica Snow

1 p.m. William Estes’ Short Walk from Methodological Behaviorism to Cognitive Theory (p. 19) Floyd Steele

1:15 p.m. Break

3

LRC 109 – Presentation Schedule (continued) 1:30 p.m. Reliability of Social Studies Pre-Service Teachers’ Grading Practices (p. 19)

Dana Spelich, Jennie Baker

2 p.m. Break

2:15 p.m. Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center Freshman Fellowship (p. 6) Emily Burghardt, Taylor Ring, Brandon Marshall

2:30 p.m. Effects of Shocking and Tagging of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a Natural and Artificial Environment (p. 5) Jacob Bowman

2:45 p.m. Detection of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Extracted from Potential Crime Scene Evidence Using Gas Chromatography Paired with Mass Spectrometry (p. 15) Lexi Pomplun

3 p.m. The Developmental Effects of SSRIs and SNRIs (p. 18) Danielle Schafer

3:15 p.m. Determination of Vigna radiata Acid Phosphatase DNA and Amino Acid Sequences (p. 17) Cassandra Ross, Adam Knapp

4

All Celebration Submissions (see index p. 26-29)

(listed in alphabetical order by submitter’s last name:

name, class standing, department - major)

Communicating about Conservation: Who is a Trustworthy Messenger?

Jose Aburto, Junior, Communication and Performance Studies - Public Relations Faculty Advisor: Jessica Thompson Poster Ecosystem services “are the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being. They support directly or indirectly our survival and quality of life” (Biodiversity Information System, 2010). Most people, outside of scientists and policymakers, do not understand the term ecosystem services; yet it is used to communicate important issues concerning the health of our local environment. The Nature Conservancy commissioned a national survey in 2010 (Metz & Weigle, 2010) to further investigate this gap in understanding. As this phraseology becomes more pervasive in this region, our specific goal is to investigate what the public knows and believes about one of the key concepts, ecosystem services, and identify whom they trust to inform them about ecosystem services. This study confirms previous evidence that the public trusts scientists, but they don’t understand the language of science. In this mixed-methods study, we replicate a national Nature Conservancy survey on a regional scale. Impact of Varying Interference Types on the Navigational Efficiency of Autonomous Mobile Robots Utilizing Echolocation Donald Barr, Post-Baccalaureate, Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science Nolan Earl, Senior, Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science Justin Syria, Sophomore, Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science Shane Shalifoe, Junior, Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science Faculty Advisor: Jeffrey Horn Presentation - LRC 109 at 9:45 a.m. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of varying types of interference on an intelligent mobile robot’s ability to navigate autonomously through a known locale using ultrasonic (sonar) sensors. This experiment employed an Adept Mobile Robots Pioneer P3-DX research robot platform. The P3-DX is a two-wheel, two-motor, open differential drive robot that can be controlled remotely or may be given a point in its known locale to autonomously navigate towards. The P3-DX is delivered location instructions using a combination of the Mapper3, MobileEyes, and ARIA software packages, and can be controlled from any location that has an internet connection. Data was collected through a series of point-to-point trials on a fixed course to determine the effect that varying types of interference may have on a robot's ability to autonomously navigate a mapped environment efficiently. In this study, autonomous efficiency is defined by the elapsed time of a measured trial, from start to goal. Changes in Upper Extremity Muscle Activation in the Presence of Stress Darren Bausano, Senior, Health and Human Performance - Sports Science Faculty Advisor: Randall Jensen Poster This study examined the muscle activity of the flexor digitorum (FD) biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), and pectoralis major (PM) during the American football throw with and without conditions of stress. Male subjects (n=5) with either football or baseball experience threw footballs at targets with distances of 12.91 m, 18.29 m, and 28.91 m. Throwing arm muscle activity was assessed via electromyography. Results showed that the flexor digitorum muscle had lower muscle activation for the stress condition at the long distance along with the pectoral muscle at the middle distance.

5

An Examination of the Relationship between Pelage Pattern and Relatedness of the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Emily Bertucci, Junior, Biology – Biology/Physiology Faculty Advisor: Alec Lindsay Poster

This study was conducted on two subspecies of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis): the South African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) and the Thornicroft’s giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti), located in Zambia. The study was conducted under the assumption that giraffe herds are matriarchal. It was hypothesized that the spotting pattern of the giraffe is a heritable trait. Using this hypothesis it was predicted that a calf would display a greater similarity of spotting pattern when compared to females from their own herd than with females from other herds. The StripeSpotter software was utilized to compare and rank the similarities of spotting patterns between individual giraffes of both subspecies. Photographs were taken during a Faculty Led Study Abroad, conducted through Northern Michigan University, in South Luangwa National Park located in Mfuwe, Zambia and Eureka Camp located in Lusaka, Zambia. The results of this study do not show a strong correlation between similarity of pelage pattern and relatedness, and thus does not show support for the hypothesis that pelage pattern is heritable between giraffe cows and their calves.

Effects of Shocking and Tagging of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a Natural and Artificial Environment Jacob Bowman, Senior, Biology - Fisheries and Wildlife Managment Faculty Advisor: Jill Leonard Presentation - LRC 109 at 2:30 p.m. Shocking and tagging are two common fish sampling techniques that are used by fisheries biologists. The physical effects on fish by these techniques have been studied extensively, but behavioral effects are less understood. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were shocked and tagged in the Little Garlic River in Marquette County, Mich. In a laboratory, brook trout were either shocked and tagged, tagged, or unmarked in an artificial stream. In each setting fish were viewed with a GoPro camera and recordings were examined for feeding, tail beat frequency and aggressive interactions. Fish that were not shocked and tagged displayed higher dominance and accounted for 63% of all feeding attempts vs 2% for shocked and tagged fish in the artificial stream. In the Little Garlic, tagged trout had on average 1.35 tail beats sec-1 more than unmarked fish at that same point in time. This study suggests that shocking and tagging has behavioral effect and can alter dominance status and should be taken into consideration when sampling fish, especially during short-term behavioral studies. Effects of Cutting Weight Via Sauna on Force Productions and Rate of Force Development for the Olympic Snatch Pull Brian Budd II, Senior, Health and Human Performance - Exercise Science Faculty Advisor: Randall Jensen Presentation - LRC 109 at 11:45 a.m. This study examined the effects of cutting weight on ground reaction force (GRF), rate of force development (RFD) for the snatch pull. Vertical jump (VJ) was also tested compared to normal conditions. Olympic male weightlifters (n=7) used sauna and food/water restrictions (SW) to achieve 1-2% weight loss. Body weight percent loss from sleep/ rest was also used in the results. Snatch pull GRF, RFD and VJ height after SW did not differ from control pulls (p > 0.05). Mean (±SD) GRF for control = 2405.22 ± 381.74 N while after cutting weight and sauna = 2241.22 ± 403.93 N. Vertical jump control after snatch pulls mean = 55.97 ± 9.72 cm. Vertical jump on the weight cut day after snatch pulls mean = 58.06 ± 9.22 cm. RFD did not statistically differ (p > 0.05) for the control = 15370.3 ± 5614.6 N∙s compared to after weight cutting = 13412.9 ± 4285.3 N∙s. Ground reaction force decreased by 12.7% and vertical jump increased by 3.4% after weight cutting compared to control, however, these changes were not statistically different (p > 0.05).

6

Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center Freshman Fellowship Emily Burghardt, Freshman, Biology (Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center) – Biology/Physiology Taylor Ring, Freshman, Biology - Undeclared Brandon Marshall, Freshman, Biology - Biology/Physiology Faculty Advisor: John Lawrence Presentation - LRC 109 at 2:15 p.m. We will be talking about how we have been introduced to the lab and given invaluable experience this year. We will discuss the work we have done that will lead to our ability to develop our own research project and some of the projects that the Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center is currently working on, including a project that we began to help with at the beginning of the current semester. The work our lab does is ground-breaking and we want others to not only know about it, but to be excited about what we do! Beware the Eyes Behind the Mask: The Capture and Hold of Selective Attention to Subliminal Fearful Eyes Scott Conger, Freshman, Psychology - Psychology Maggie Hopp, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster Fearful facial expressions capture attention on a subliminal and conscious level. Through research, fearful eyes have shown facilitated attentional orienting on a conscious level. It is currently unknown whether fearful eyes are a salient—attention grabbing— feature when processed subliminally. To test the hypothesis that fearful eyes are sufficient to capture spatial attention subliminally, we used a dot-probe task with backward masked fearful and neutral eyes. To verify that the participants processed the eyes subliminally, the last block of the experiment was an awareness check where participants were asked to detect the location of fearful eyes. Reaction time results demonstrated that fearful congruent eyes enhanced the orienting of attention. Reaction times for fear incongruent trials displayed delayed disengagement from their location. Thus, fearful eyes elicit a shift in subliminal attention. Effects of Rearing Habitat on Growth and Morphology of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Nathaniel Crane, Senior, Biology - Fisheries and Wildlife Management Faculty Advisor: Jill Leonard Poster Stocked fish species are typically raised in high density, homogeneous environments with little to no cover or habitat variation. The effects of these conditions on the growth and morphology of these organisms are not often examined or compared to the effects of more naturalized conditions. Individually tagged young-of-the-year brook trout (n=143) were reared in 1135L round tanks or in an artificial stream for 90 days on a diet of 1.5g of 1mm trout pellets per day. Morphological variation was determined using landmark-based Procrustes analysis. There were no significant differences in total length or standard length between habitats, while weights were greater in the tanks than in the stream (p < 0.05) Conditions differed between habitat types, but not between sections of the stream. The position of landmarks was significantly different (p<0.001), and variation was greatest at the tip of the snout, about the eyes, and at the operculum. These results indicate that enriched rearing habitats have no effect on growth, but do affect the shape of the head and gill plate, areas that are often degraded or damaged in hatchery fish. Habitat enrichment is a possible way to correct these issues, potentially increasing the health and survival of the fish.

7

Relationship of Payroll and Win Percentage in Major League Baseball Molly Dake, Junior, Mathematics and Computer Science - Mathematics Faculty Advisor: Linda Lawton Poster Each year Major League Baseball teams spend tens, even hundreds of millions of dollars on paying players’ salaries. Is it worth it to these teams to pay so much to their players? Is there really a benefit to spending more money for what are assumed better players? Is a higher salary an incentive for players to work harder? This project focuses on the relationship between payroll in Major League Baseball and win percentage per team in 2014. How closely payroll and win percentage are linearly related can be determined through the use of a linear regression model. Using the statistical computing software R, a linear model can easily be obtained. The information acquired from the regression can give some insight into attempting to answer these questions. Assessing the Role of Muscle Synthesized Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Health and Maintenance of the Neuromuscular Unit Rebecca Dangremond, Graduate Student, Biology - Biology Mandy Taisto, Graduate Student, Biology - Biology Faculty Advisor: Erich Ottem Poster Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are characterized by the degeneration and atrophy of motoneurons and skeletal muscles they innervate. Although the cellular indicators of NMDs are well-characterized, underlying causes of pathology are less understood. A possible cause may be a loss of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophic protein present in motoneurons and muscles that promotes cell survival, growth, and differentiation. We hypothesized that a loss of BDNF resulting from muscle atrophy may contribute to many pathological processes common to NMDs. We used a promotor-specific human skeletal actin Cre-recombinase/LoxP gene knockout system to generate experimental mice missing one or both copies of the BDNF gene in skeletal muscle. Experimental animals have shorter dendrites and smaller somal areas. Gastrocnemius (gastroc) fibers of these animals show profound pathology (centralized nuclei, split fibers, hypertrophy, hypotrophy) and there is a genomic-dependent decrease in the number of muscle fibers present. Gastroc-associated neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) show a decrease in presynaptic surface area with no change to the postsynapse. Additional NMJ studies on these animals show increased accumulation of phosphorylated neurofilament-H at the axon terminal, signifying retrograde transport alterations. Our data suggest that BDNF synthesized by skeletal muscle is required for the health and maintenance of the motor unit. Life Expectancy and its Factors Around the World Bradley Edwards, Junior, Mathematics and Computer Science - Mathematics Faculty Advisor: Linda Lawton Poster A multiple regression model to show how life expectancy is related to other aspects of countries around the world, such as education, gross national income, and health. Study of Student Difficulties in Undergraduate Physics Arika Egan, Senior, Physics - Physics Faculty Advisor: Mark Jacobs Presentation - LRC 109 at 12:30 p.m. The purpose of this research is to compare the difficulties students in introductory physics classes face when learning and completing homework, with the difficulties described in the physics education research literature. As a tutor who works with students one-on-one, I notice three common issues students have when learning physics. These problems include issues understanding conceptual physical processes, using and manipulating mathematical

8

processes, and analyzing and breaking down of the problem. My job is to understand their thought process as they go about learning physics and help improve it. This research qualifies specifically the issues students face when learning introductory physics, compares these to the literature, and offers small suggestions to improve class lectures. Rotator Cuff Activation During the Olympic Snatch Under Various Loading Conditions Andrew Ernst, Graduate Student, Health and Human Performance - Exercise Science Faculty Advisor: Randall Jensen Presentation - LRC 109 at 11:30 a.m. The current study examined rotator cuff (RTC) muscle activation levels during different phases of the snatch under varied loading conditions, and evaluated shoulder abduction (ABD) angle during the catch. Nine male Olympic weightlifters currently training for competition had surface EMG electrodes attached to their supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor, then performed two lifts at 40, 60, and 80% of their maximum snatch. 2-D video was used to record each lift and synchronized with the EMG readings to evaluate RTC muscle activation. Markers were placed on the participants' upper extremity to evaluate shoulder ABD angle during these trials. Shoulder ABD angle at the catch did not differ between loading conditions. RTC activation varied throughout the snatch with the supraspinatus and infraspinatus becoming most active during the turnover and catch phases of the lift while the teres minor is most active during the first pull and transition. Clone Club: An Analysis of BBC America's “Orphan Black” Alaina Evans, Senior, Art and Design - Art and Design/Digital Cinema Faculty Advisor: Sirpa Nelson Poster This is a poster based on a 10-page research paper about the TV show “Orphan Black”. Displayed are images from the show with analysis of several social factors along with each character. The main characters are clones so they are played by the same actress with spectacular acting. The push and pull of science vs religion, nature vs nurture, cloning, and gender are all outlined on the poster in relation to how the show represents each one. Included are reviews and the main actress' opinions from interviews. Would Legalization of Marijuana on a State Level Increase Tax Revenue? Alaina Evans, Senior, Art and Design - Art and Design/Digital Cinema Rachel Simmon, Senior, Economics - Economics Jordyn Ross, Junior, Business - Accounting/Corporate Finance Kingsley Agassi, Senior, Economics - Economics Faculty Advisor: Tawni Ferrarini Poster This is an economics class group analysis testing a hypothesis that says legalizing marijuana would increase tax revenue on a state level. It also looks at the counter-hypothesis of legalization not increasing tax revenue on a state level. Analysis includes graphs, scholarly resources, how the group conducted the research, and economic reasoning on both sides with an objective conclusion drawn. Total Phenolic Acid Content in Thimbleberries (Rubus parviflorus) McKensey Gariepy, Junior, Nursing - Nursing Faculty Advisor: Brandon Canfield Poster The thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) is of cultural and economic significance throughout the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, but is little known beyond the Great Lakes region. Correspondingly, little information on the chemistry of the berry exists in the published literature. Total phenolic acid content (TPC) of thimbleberry samples was measured and is presented here. For comparison, samples were collected from four distinct sites in Marquette,

9

Mich., and in three distinct harvests spanning two weeks of the peak ripening period. For additional comparison, processed samples were extracted with either methanol or ethanol. How Do College Students Talk Politics? A Preliminary Analysis of the Convergence and Divergence Found in Midwestern College Students’ Political Viewpoints and Activism Lillian Harmon, Freshman, Communication and Performance Studies - Mathematics and Communication Studies Faculty Advisor: Sara Potter Poster College students are apathetic towards American politics and the role that it plays in democracy and society. The lack of involvement among college students in the Midwest includes small voter registration numbers, small voter turnout, and the hesitation to form political opinions and take action. Furthermore, many students share something in common: they have an immense distate for the condition that the country is in because of their elected representatives. College students from different ethnic groups, social classes, and academic stature were surveyed with questions that asked the standing of their citizenship, activity in the democratic process, involvement in the political atmosphere, and in what ways they are connected to or apathetic about politics. Multiple political engagement projects have attempted to and shown success in embedding political instruction into courses such as Public Speaking or the Basic Course in Communication. However, it is the tendency of some projects to jump in without accurately understanding the climate of student’s political belief and behavior. Asking questions like how do college students talk politics; how do they view politics and citizenship; how are they learning about what they know; and what are the areas they feel most connected to or most apathetic about, are all important places to start when considering the initial dialogue before curriculum choices are made. Through this study, we hope to advance our knowledge as to why Midwestern college students are not being more involved as proper citizens of society and active in today’s political system. From this, discussions can begin as to how to engage all students, not just in the communication discipline, but also in political science, wildlife management, criminal justice, etc., in all aspects of the democratic process; thereby increasing knowledge and participation. Study on the Effects of Head Impact on the Brain in College-Aged Divers Hannah Hawkins, Freshman, Biology - Biology/Physiology (Freshman Fellows Program) Faculty Advisor: Maggy Moore Poster and presentation - LRC 109 at 12 p.m. In the world of sports medicine, high contact athletics are typically the main focus when it comes to physical injuries and neurocognitive deficits following concussion. However, some generally overlooked sports, such as diving, may also put athletes at risk for sub concussive forces that aggregate over time. Little research exists regarding potential gravitation forces the brain is subjected to in college aged divers in a single or repetitive diving situation. This research aims to provide primary data on the forces that the head encounters when a person dives head first into the water with three repetitions per height in a control group of recreational divers vs trained divers. To test this, participants were required to wear head-mounted g-force monitors under a swim cap when diving from a series of three different heights: 0 meters (side of pool), 1 meter and 3 meters (from diving board), to measure the forces from varying heights. The preliminary results of this research will be addressed at the presentation. Prefrontal Cortex Activation during an Emotional Stroop Task: A Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Study Keara Kangas, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Robert Torrence, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) research measuring prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during emotional processing is limited. Studies have shown cortical activation during an attention task measuring affective picture processing in the occipital lobe using brain-imaging, but little about visuospatial attention during an emotional Stroop task,

10

measuring selective attention to emotional stimuli. This study used NIRS to measure the temporal dynamics of the PFC during this task. Threatening and neutral images were surrounded in a red, green, or blue border, in which the participant responded by using a keypad. An increased hemodynamic response is expected during emotional trials, bilaterally in the PFC, due to prefrontal interference processing during this condition. There also should be slower response times during the emotional trials. Current data suggests the PFC is differentially involved in interference processing during affective and neutral conditions. The neural affect was correlated with the behavioral aspect, which showed slower reaction times for emotional compared to neutral stimuli. Thus suggesting the PFC is involved in emotional processing of visuospatial attention to emotional stimuli, showing stronger brain activation during emotional trials due to interference – helping us understand the human brain-behavior relationship when looking at brain processes from nonverbal social signals of affect. Media Portrayal of Women in Prison Tiffany Kleiman, Senior, Criminal Justice - Criminal Justice Faculty Advisor: Michael Harrington Poster and presentation - LRC 109 at 10 a.m. The recent Netflix series "Orange is the New Black" has been one of the more popular dramatic series offered through Netflix. The realism of the series has been both hailed and criticized. This showcase illustrates a pedagogical strategy that examines women in the criminal justice system, particularly in prison, using the book and series (Season 1) "Orange is the New Black" to reveal differences in Piper Kerman's popular book and the dramatic depiction through the Netflix series. A significant focus is on the academic literature that addresses myths and realities of women in prison as often depicted in the media. A Warm Spring Wind Sarah Lauinger, Senior, Art and Design - Art and Design/Computer Art Faculty Advisor: Stephan Larson Art Display “A Warm Spring Wind” is a continued exploration of a research project from the summer of 2014. Through the Honors Program I received the Lundin Summer Research Fellowship, a scholarship that allowed me to stay in Marquette and work on independent research within my major. To complete my Honors Capstone, I decided to continue with this research. The goal of the original summer project was to replicate a relaxing forest scene as realistically as possible through the method of 3D imagery and animation. The first scene was simple, arranged on a flat plane for a landscape. For my second take on this project, I gave the landscape depth, hills, and valleys. This effected the appearance of the scene, such as how the grass behaved with the wind and where the elements of the scene needed to be placed. Both the original and new-and-improved scenes are formatted to play on a loop, to imitate a forest and encourage relaxation. While I learned a great deal about my artistic medium—3D imagery—over the summer of 2014, this continued exploration in 2015 allowed me to refresh my knowledge as well as expand it. Synthesis of Reaction Precursors for Transparent, Polarizable Molecules Chloe Lewis, Sophomore, Chemistry - Chemistry, Mathematics Faculty Advisor: Frankie McCormick Poster Organic molecules that may have applications in electronics and technology are of current interest. Molecules based on propellane are both transparent and polarizable and may be suitable for such applications. These molecules are polarizable because the propellane group serves as a connection between donor and acceptor regions of the molecule resulting in a separation of charge within the molecule. The separation of charge gives these molecules the potential for use in electronics. My work as a Freshman Fellow has focused on the preparation of the precursors needed for the synthesis of these novel compounds. Many techniques were involved in this work such as recrystallization, distillation, and extraction. The intermediate reaction products were analyzed using

11

nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and by an examination of physical properties such as melting point. Stress Induced Decline in Accuracy on Arithmetic Assessment: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study Zachary Messer, Senior, Psychology – Psychology/Grad Prep Sigrid Crowel, Senior, Psychology - Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Jacob Ebsch, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Stephanie Welch, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Crystal Fishell, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster The pressure to perform well academically is something that students encounter on a daily basis. Arithmetic is a particular subject of interest to some scientists especially when it comes to children with learning disabilities. The relationship between different stress levels and arithmetic performance has been relatively understudied. We conducted a study to measure the relationship between prefrontal activation and performance on an arithmetic task under two different conditions. These conditions consisted of 15 participants in an individual assessment and 15 participants in a stress-inducing competitive condition. All participants in each group underwent an arithmetic assessment task consisting of 75 questions using E-Prime software with a time limit of 2 minutes. We used Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure hemodynamic activity in the prefrontal cortex while participants were issued the assessment. A post-task questionnaire was also given to measure perceived stress after the assessment. Our E-Prime data concluded that participants in the individual condition answered 18.7% of questions incorrectly whereas in the competitive condition 27.7% of questions were answered incorrectly. This suggests that when placed under a stress-induced competitive condition, performance on an arithmetic assessment will decline. Wave Forms Series Katherine (Katie) Miller, Senior, Art and Design - Art and Design/Ceramics Faculty Advisor: Brian Kakas Art Display The relationship I acknowledge between art and the artist originates from a personal, spiritual perspective that God, the first Artist, created all existing things. I am a reflection of the Creator, just as my creations are a reflection of the self. Ceramics has become a primary avenue of identity expression, heavily influenced by the culture of Homer, Alaska, a small town continually shaped by the commercial fishing industry. For many years my family has drawn the majority of our income from the sea, and presently with three years experience as a deckhand, I have gained a deeper understanding and appreciation of our livelihood. Thus, my current body of work, entitled "Wave Forms Series," honors the influence of upbringing and its significance to artistic growth. Emergent Themes Surrounding the Implementation of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics for Students with Learning Disabilities in Mathematics Andrew Mills, Graduate Student, Education, Leadership, and Public Service - Learning Disabilities Faculty Advisor: Abby Cameron-Standerford Poster As the nation transitions into a new national curriculum, the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM), educators face the challenge of meeting the needs of a diverse student population coupled with a change in standards. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand educators’ perceptions surrounding the implementation of these standards specific to students with learning disabilities in mathematics. Five rural, middle school educators were interviewed using a series of questions that investigated their experiences related to implementation of the CCSSM. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Coding was used to identify emergent themes surrounding the phenomenon. Six emergent themes were identified: 1) disconnect between the focus on depth of knowledge and the unique learning characteristics of students with learning disabilities in math, 2) uncertainty surrounding teaching multiple strategies for problem-solving, 3) benefits from a streamlined set of

12

standards 4) teacher and student challenges in transitioning to the CCSSM, 5) lack of professional development, and 6) acknowledgement of the cyclical nature of standards in education. The implication of this study suggests teachers acknowledge the benefits and limitations for implementing the CCSSM with students with learning disabilities in mathematics. Mucilage and Herbivore Damage on Brasenia Schreberi in Northern Michigan Emily Mydlowski, Senior, Biology – Biology/Ecology Faculty Advisor: Michael Rotter Poster and presentation - LRC 109 at 10:15 a.m. The aquatic macrophyte, Brasenia Schreberi, has floating leaves covered in a thick, clear mucilaginous substance thought to reduce herbivory. This study examines the relationship between mucilage and herbivore damage. Leaves were sampled from a lake in Marquette County, Mich. Mucilage was removed and weighed, and leaves were measured and photographed. Image J analysis was used to estimate total leaf area and percent of total area of herbivore damage. One-way factorial ANOVA found significant differences (F = 50.91, DF = 1, p < 0.001) between mucilage content on leaves with no damage and leaves with damage. Leaves showed strong divergence according to relative abundances of herbivore damage on leaves in an NMS ordination. This divergence was between the two beetle species and the aquatic moth (2D solution, p=0.05, Final Stress = 8.86). Beetles may be selecting leaves with more mucilage and thus are able to avoid competition from aquatic moth larvae. We conclude that the presence of mucilage plays a role in segregating herbivores and influences the amount of herbivory on leaves. Future studies should be conducted in which plants are grown in the laboratory and exposed to herbivores where insect behavior in response to mucilage could be observed. Facilitated Orienting Underlies Fearful Expression Enhanced Gaze Cueing Claire O'Brien, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Sarah Akans, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Briana Rasmusson, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Ian Buentello, Junior, Psychology - Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster The emotional expression behind an individual’s gaze is a significant form of nonverbal communication. People tend to draw attention towards the expression of the eyes in order to better understand their environment. It is unknown as to whether or not fearful gaze elicits a response due to disengagement or orientation. If fearful eyes are directed towards a target, it is predicted that an individual will have a faster orienting reaction. A gaze cueing study that consisted of fearful and neutral face stimuli was performed to understand the difference between these two responses. A single face was presented with the eyes gazing either to the left, right, or forward. Regardless of whether the facial expression is fearful or neutral, congruent gaze elicited a faster response time than incongruent gaze when compared to forward gaze. When comparing fearful and neutral eyes congruent with the target, fearful eyes evoked an even faster reaction time than neutral eyes. This provides evidence of how the direction of fearful eye gaze has an influence on orienting one’s attention. Campus Crime Rates Thomas Olsson, Junior, Math/Computer Science - Mathematics Faculty Advisor: Linda Lawton Poster I will be studying the correlation between crime on six different campuses varying in size and geographic location. I will be testing the rates with respect to the number of students, faculty salaries, and tuition rates. I am hoping to discover a strong enough correlation to assume that one of my variables, if not all of them, have an effect on crime that occurs on campus.

13

A Survey of the Antioxidant Properties of Beta vulgaris (Red Beet) Grace Orstad, Junior, Chemistry - Biochemistry Leslie Schmeling, Senior, Biology – Biology/Physiology Faculty Advisor: Suzanne Williams Poster This project is an investigation into the antioxidant activity of Beta vulgaris (red beets) organically and non-organically grown as well as under various preparation methods. The DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay was used to test the radical scavenging capabilities in order to compare the samples in terms of antioxidant capacity. Previous work has determined that betalins present in the red pigment of Beta vulgaris are responsible for antioxidation. This study addresses the numerous ways in which the common red beet is prepared for human consumption and how these preparation methods affect the antioxidant aspect of nutritional value. It was determined that a raw, organically grown fresh red beet has relatively the same radical scavenging activity as canned beets and canned pickled beets (33.8%, 31.5%, 34.2%, respectively). Beet greens, frozen organic beets, and microwaved organic beets have higher antioxidant activity (46.0%, 44.9%, and 39.0%), while non-organically produced red beets and organic powdered beets have significantly lower radical scavenging activity (26.5% and 9.81%). Analysis of Components in Little Bluestem Seed Exudate Responsible for Bisphenol-A Degradation Katelyn Pershinske, Sophomore, Chemistry - Neuroscience Kaitlyn VanderPloeg, Senior, Chemistry - Biochemistry Sara Stafford, 2014 Graduate, Chemistry - Biochemistry Faculty Advisor: Lesley Putman Poster In previous studies, little bluestem seed exudate has been shown to degrade Bisphenol A (BPA). To determine the optimal time for seed exudate harvest, little bluestem seeds were incubated for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days. Each exudate was analyzed for its ability to degrade BPA. Results showed that with the increase of incubation time, there was an increase in BPA degradation. A Bradford assay on each sample showed an increase in protein the longer the seeds were incubated. To determine the component of seed exudate responsible for BPA degradation, little bluestem seed exudate was separated into two fractions by a Sephadex G-75 column. Neither fraction alone was able to degrade BPA, however, when the two fractions were recombined they were able to degrade BPA. A Bradford assay was run on the two fractions showing the presence of protein in each fraction. The first fraction was clear in color while the second fraction was brown. To further separate the brown fraction and determine its identity, it was applied to a C18 SPE column. The brown substance bound to the column but could be eluted with methanol. Currently, studies are being conducted to determine the content of the brown material. The Influence of Drop Height on Ground Reaction Forces in Mountain Biking Kevin Phillips, Graduate Student, Health and Human Performance - Exercise Science Matt Kilgas, Graduate Student, Health and Human Performance - Exercise Science Randall Jensen, Faculty, Health and Human Performance Faculty Advisor: Randall Jensen Poster This study examined ground reaction forces (GRFs) when landing from a drop-off in mountain biking. Eight male mountain bikers participated in this study. Participants rode up, onto, and across an adjustable wooden platform, performing three drop maneuvers at each vertical height of 29 cm, 48 cm, and 67 cm, simulating drop-offs in mountain biking. Peak vertical GRFs when landing from each drop were measured using 3 force platforms in the landing area. When examining the rear and front tire individually, peak vertical GRFs were significantly higher for the rear tire at each drop height. Additionally, significant increases in summed peak vertical GRFs occurred from the low to middle and middle to high drop-off. Therefore, this may support implications that mountain biking includes osteogenic stimuli beneficial to bone health.

14

NMU Cabin App for Attention Bias Modification Training: Phases One and Two Lee Piggott, Senior, Psychology - General Psychology Jake Aday, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Mariah Rosado, Junior, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster This study utilized attention bias modification (ABM) to investigate the role of neuroplasticity in the reduction of anxiety levels. Phase one included the collection of baseline Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) data from all participants. NIRS sessions included the dot-probe task, which compared reaction time in identifying the location of a dot after being presented behind a fearful or neutral facial expression; the emotional Stroop task, which measured reaction time in identifying the color of a presented negatively or neutrally valenced word; and personality questionnaires. Baseline data shows a difference in reaction time for the dot-probe task and no overall difference in the emotional Stroop task. A select number of participants had MRI data collected, in order to compare structural differences in the brain between baseline and post-ABM training. Phase two began once participants downloaded the free NMU CABIN Lab app. App training included six, 15-20 minute sessions per week, and was done for a total of 6 weeks. After completion of the ABM training, participants were retested using the same measures as baseline testing. The goal was to research how ABM training can reduce affect bias towards fearful stimuli and to measure resultant structural changes in the brain. Humpback Whale Behavioral Ecology Field Methods in Puerto Rico Nicole Pittoors, Sophomore, Biology - Biology/Ecology Faculty Advisor: Jill Leonard Presentation - LRC 109 at 10:45 a.m. This presentation will highlight the field methods and analysis of data involved in researching the behavioral ecology of humpback whales (Megatpera novaeangliae) wintering off the coast of Puerto Rico. Information was acquired through a field intensive course taken during spring break at the Marine Coastal Ecology Research Center in Puerto Rico. Superior Acre Permaculture Garden Hannah Poisson-Smith, Senior, Earth, Environmental and Geographical Sciences - Environmental Studies and Sustainability Ana Fernandez, Senior, Earth, Environmental and Geographical Sciences - Environmental Studies and Sustainability Karlee Remoli, Junior, Earth, Environmental and Geographical Sciences - Environmental Studies and Sustainability Rachel Headings, Senior, Communication and Performance Studies - Public Relations Andrew Adamski, Senior, Biology - Biology/Ecology Eric Heiserman, Senior, Earth, Environmental and Geographical Sciences - Environmental Studies and Sustainability Faculty Advisors: Richard Eathorne, Angela Miller-Porter Poster and presentation - LRC 109 at 9:30 a.m. The SAP garden aims to create an educational opportunity for students and community by building an active learning outdoor classroom. This classroom/garden is open to all students and community members, and gives everyone an opportunity to grow together. You can come to learn or you can come to educate. EEGS Garden Club and Students 4 Sustainability plan on promoting the evolution of progressive thinking on a local and global scale on the corner of Summit and Longyear. We are doing so by incorporating permaculture and sustainable land use principles that are intended to establish a new paradigm shift for urban agricultural development."

15

Detection of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Extracted from Potential Crime Scene Evidence Using Gas Chromatography Paired with Mass Spectrometry Lexi Pomplun, Senior, Chemistry - Forensic Biochemistry Faculty Advisor: Eugene Wickenheiser Poster and presentation - LRC 109 at 2:45 p.m. An explosive device can leave detectable residues not only at the site of detonation, but also at the location where the device was assembled. While preparing an explosive device, criminals may not be aware of the potential vapors being given off by the chemical compounds they are working with. Components of explosives, such as 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT), may be quite volatile and can adsorb to the surface of the materials present at the time the criminals are assembling the explosive device. If DNT is found to be a component of the explosive used at the crime scene and is also detected in materials found in possession of the criminal, the DNT may then be used as supportive evidence of the crime. In this study, an array of brands of paints that might adsorb DNT was investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), an instrumental method commonly used in forensic laboratories. Paint samples were exposed to DNT, extracted, and analyzed using the GC/MS. Based on our research, DNT was detectable in the paint samples, however some absorbed the DNT more so than others. The drywall paper itself was also capable of absorbing the DNT molecules. Haptic Hallucinations: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials Sonja Prychitko, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Will Rizer, Graduate Student, Psychology - Pscyhology Daniel Wilbern, Junior, Physics - Physics Andrea Savord, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Mounia Ziat Poster Haptic hallucinations, commonly known as formication, consist of the feeling of insects crawling on or beneath the skin. To further understand this phenomenon, we examined event-related potentials (ERPs) during trials in which participants wore a sleeve that delivers sensations similar to bugs crawling on the skin. The main goal was to identify the stimulus speed closest to a crawling insect. We tested three different speeds (low, medium, high) travelling distally (elbow to wrist) or proximally (wrist to elbow) along the left forearm. We compared distal conditions to each other, and proximal conditions to each other and found significant differences between speed conditions in electrodes FCz, PO3, PO4, Pz, POz, and Oz for the N140 component in distal conditions and P160 in proximal conditions. Distal high speed versus low speed showed significant differences at alpha= .05 in all analyzed electrodes, with lower amplitudes for slow conditions. Proximal high speed versus low speed showed significant differences in all electrodes except FCz, with higher amplitudes for slow conditions. Based on participants’ survey answers, the slowest speed felt more like an insect crawling on the skin, which suggests that insect-like stimulus generates higher amplitudes for positive components and lower amplitudes for negative components. Effect of Sauna Warm-Up on Overhead Squat Depth in Elite Weightlifters Page Queener, Sophomore, Health and Human Performance - Biochemistry Breanne Carlson, Faculty, Health and Human Performance Marguerite Moore, Faculty, Health and Human Performance Erich Petushek, 2011 Graduate, Health and Human Performance – Exercise Science Heather Dermyer Faculty Advisor: Breanne Carlson Poster Ample total body flexibility or range of motion is important in Olympic style weightlifting. Although research has been conducted to study flexibility, little information exists regarding the use of saunas as an alternative modality for increasing flexibility. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of a fifteen-minute sauna session on

16

overhead squat depth in 15 elite Olympic style weightlifters. Range of motion was assessed via video camera during a control and treatment session (3 trials at 4 time points). Overhead squat depth displayed excellent within- and between-session reliability. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant changes in overhead squat depth following the sauna treatment (p > 0.05). EMG of Lower Limb Muscles During Kettlebell Exercises Brittany Rajala, Senior, Health and Human Performance - Sports Science Faculty Advisor: Randall Jensen Poster The current study examined the differences of lower limb muscle activity during two different styles of kettlebell swings, hip-dominant and swing-dominant styles. Surface electrodes were placed on the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius. Nine subjects performed a hip-dominant swing and a swing-dominant swing while electromyography data were collected. The data collected showed that there were no significant differences in muscle activation during the two swings when analyzing the results of the electromyography of the selected lower limb muscles. These findings suggest that there is no advantage to performing one style of swing over the other in kettlebell swing exercises during training. Disruptions of Epigenetic Modifications in Mouse Hybrids Anna Rice, Graduate Student, Biology - Biology Faculty Advisor: Katherine Teeter Poster Our knowledge of the importance of epigenetics is rapidly increasing. Epigenetics refers to modifications of the double-stranded DNA molecule, which do not change the nucleotide sequence but do affect gene expression. DNA methylation is a type of epigenetic modification. Genomic imprinting is a pattern of gene expression that is primarily achieved through DNA methylation, and it results in the expression of only one allele at a particular locus. In this study, I analyzed the methylation pattern of five imprinted genes in the hybrids of two different lab strain of the house mouse subspecies M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus. The genes I examined were Mcts2, Nap1l5, Zac1, Zim2, and Peg10. Bisulfite modification was performed on the DNA of the hybrid and parental species. The genes of interest were amplified and cloned in order to resolve the alleles. The results were compared between the parental and hybrid samples. I hypothesized that hybrid animals would show disruptions in epigenetic patterns relative to the parental species. There were disruptions in the epigenetic patterns of 4 out of 5 genes. Specifically, there were disruptions within the Mcts2, Nap1l5, Zac1, and Zim2 genes. There were differences between the parental species for all the genes. Event Related Potentials using Air Jet Stimulation Will Rizer, Graduate Student, Psychology – Psychology Yassine Tsalamlal, Jean-Claude Martin, Mehdi Ammi Faculty Advisor: Mounia Ziat Poster In this study, we examined event related potentials during tactile air jet stimulation. The main goal was to investigate a suitable tactile stimulation intended for affective communication systems such as being touched by a robotic device that has the same features as a human touch. Participants were asked to rate a five point Likert scale the valence (attractiveness or averseness) of the stimuli presented on their forearm. The stimulus consisted of an air flow that varied in intensity (3 levels) and moving velocity (3 levels) along the left forearm. Generally, low intensity stimuli were rated more positively than high intensity stimuli. The EEG data were sampled to 256 Hz and high-pass filtered at 1 Hz and epoched into segments stating at -500ms prior stimulus onset and continued 2000ms post-stimulus onset. Independent component analysis was used for blind-source decomposition of the data into 64 components. Preliminary results showed significant differences between the conditions in the contralateral central-parietal electrodes sites (CP4). ERPs of low intensity stimuli show higher amplitudes compared to high

17

intensity stimuli. Taking subjective ratings and EEG data together, results suggest that light air jet stimulation is perceived as pleasant and may be assimilated to a real human touch. Parallels between the Political Structures of the Haudenosaunee and the United States Jacob Roberts, Freshman, Center for Native American Studies - Political Science Faculty Advisor: April Lindala Poster This research examines the Haudenosaunee (or Iroquois Confederacy) political structure and its similarities and differences with that of the United States. Emphasis is placed on the Haudenosaunee Constitution, also called the Great Law of Peace. Quotations from Iroquois Confederacy scholars and early American political thinkers regarding the Confederacy are examined. The project looks at various political topics such as immigration, the legislative process, democracy, and the role of women. The study raises the possibility that the American form of government was, to some degree, influenced by the Haudenosaunee. Determination of Vigna radiata Acid Phosphatase DNA and Amino Acid Sequences Cassandra Ross, Senior, Chemistry - Biochemistry Adam Knapp, Junior, Chemistry - Biochemistry Faculty Advisor: Suzanne Williams Presentation - LRC 109 at 3:15 p.m. The purification of the enzyme acid phosphatase from mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata) is a staple experiment in NMU’s CH450 Biochemistry I lab. However, the purification step using ion exchange chromatography, a technique using the net charge of the enzyme to separate it from compounds and proteins of different charges, is usually unsuccessful. In this study, our first objective was to determine a partial amino acid sequence for acid phosphatase in order to predict the net charge. This will allow the improvement of the ion exchange purification step so the overall product can be of a higher quality. Since there is not much readily available information on Vigna radiata acid phosphatase, a second objective is to obtain the DNA sequence of the enzyme and to compare it to the acid phosphatase of thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), a thoroughly studied plant of the mustard family. How Precipitation and Stream Flow Relate and What Influences Time Lag; An Analysis and Comparison of Precipitation and Stream Flow of the Silver River Between 2002 – 2013 Holly Roth, Freshman, Earth, Environmental and Geographical Sciences - Environmental Science Faculty Advisor: Norma Froelich Poster Precipitation and stream flow seem to have a clear and fairly predictable relationship to each other. A time lag between precipitation events and spikes in stream flow is predictable when looking at the two since it takes some period of time for the water to travel over land and then reach the stream. This research was conducted to determine the length of lag time between precipitation events and stream flow spikes, and to determine what has influence on the time lag. Precipitation data of Baraga County, MI, was gathered from the Midwestern Regional Climate Center (MRCC), and stream flow data of the Silver River near L’Anse, MI, was collected from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Using the collected data, several different types of graphs were created and analyzed; monthly, seasonal, and annual trends in precipitation and stream flow were analyzed and compared to each other to further understand the relationship between the two. Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Analysis of the Mechanisms Behind the Disease Alexzandra Sales, Junior, Biology – Biology/Physiology Faculty Advisor: Josh Sharp Poster Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects about one percent of the world's population. Although the exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, the mechanisms behind the disease and theories of why it

18

occurs are discussed in this project. Different treatments, both traditional and experimental, that help to slow the progression of the disease are also discussed. Both primary sources and review papers were used in conducting the research. The Developmental Effects of SSRIs and SNRIs Danielle Schafer, Senior, Biology – Biology/Physiology and Spanish Faculty Advisor: Robert Belton Presentation - LRC 109 at 3 p.m. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) have commonly been prescribed to treat clinical depression in children and adults alike. This class of antidepressants functions by blocking the reuptake of the specified neurotransmitter in the brain. This results in a change in the chemical balance of the brain, thus altering signaling activity. When SSRIs or SNRIs are prescribed, the goal is to alter the balance of neurotransmitters in order to elevate mood. In prescribing these medications, the dosage is based on weight, as is the case with several medications. In discerning dosage, however, the role of development is often not addressed. This raises the question as to whether or not it is ethical to prescribe antidepressants to children, as they are still undergoing critical phases in their development. This question will be answered by evaluating the effects on development through examination of the molecular mechanisms of this class of antidepressants, as well as the molecular mechanisms of development. Overall, this presentation will focus on clinical studies and molecular mechanisms to answer the question as to whether or not it is ethical to prescribe SSRIs or SNRIs to a child that is still undergoing critical development. The Relationship between Nursing Students’ Performance and the Repeating of Pre-requisite Courses Shelbi Shepherd, Freshman, Nursing - Nursing Faculty Advisor: Katherine Menard Poster Gaining admission to a Bachelor of Science in Nursing program is highly competitive both on a national level and here at Northern Michigan University. For this reason, students often repeat pre-requisite courses to raise their grade point averages and increase future chances of gaining admission to nursing programs. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between repeating nursing program pre-requisite courses and performance in a nursing program. Data were collected via an anonymous survey using Qualtrics which allowed the survey to be completed online. This survey obtained information both qualitatively and quantitatively. Analysis of results is currently in progress. Quantitative results are being analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlations. The qualitative data is being analyzed for themes. Initial review of data demonstrates nursing students are in favor of being allowed to repeat pre-requisite courses and overall do not feel it will influence their success as future nurses. A Virtual Mirror Box for the Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain Using Electromyography Andrew Shirtz, Senior, Math and Computer Science - Computer Science and Mathematics Kelly Morrow, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Andrea Savord, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Mounia Ziat Demonstration This project uses muscle tension sensors to control a virtual limb within a virtual environment while the user is wearing a head-mounted display, the Oculus Rift. Based on the concept of the mirror box developed by Ramachadran, the aim of this project is to offer an alternative to medication to people with limb amputation who experience phantom limb sensations.

19

The Advantages of Reading Out Loud Cecilia Smith, Sophomore, English - Speech, Language and Hearing Science Faculty Advisor: Heidi Stevenson Presentation - LRC 109 at 11:15 a.m. The research that was conducted in this project revolves around the cognitive and sensory explanations as to why reading out loud is beneficial in terms of writers proofreading or "workshopping" their pieces as well as from a tutoring standpoint of helping writers improve their writing in a non-directive manner; letting the student take control of their writing and find their own mistakes. The class which this project was initially intended for is EN 305, which is a class for new tutors working at NMU's Writing Center. IUCN Red List Assessments of Extinction Threats to Newly-Described Species of Freshwater Crabs (Potamonautidae, Pseudothelphusidae) Veronica Snow, Junior, Biology - Biology/Ecology Faculty Advisor: Neil Cumberlidge Presentation - LRC 109 at 12:45 p.m. The authoritative International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species highlights the extinction risk for species and shines a spotlight on those that are most threatened. This study used IUCN protocols to carry out Red List assessments of extinction threat for more than 20 newly-described species of freshwater crabs from Africa, Madagascar, Central America, and South America. For each species we used the literature to find data on distribution, population trends, and threats. All known localities were georeferenced and mapped using online mapping software. The compilation of all of this information resulted in the assignment of Red List risk categories and criteria for each species. Data gathered were then compiled using the custom-designed Species Information Systems (SIS) software. The draft Red List assessments were added to the main databases on the IUCN server for further evaluation. Our completed Red List Assessments for each species of freshwater crab in this study found that some species were endangered and threatened with extinction, some species were of least concern, and others were too poorly known to be assessed. The findings will be included in the new 2016 IUCN Global Red List of Endangered Species. Reliability of Social Studies Pre-Service Teachers’ Grading Practices Dana Spelich, Freshman, Education, Leadership and Public Service - Social Studies/Secondary Education Jennie Baker, Freshman, Education, Leadership and Public Service - Social Studies/Secondary Education Faculty Advisor: Derek Anderson Poster and presentation - LRC 109 at 1:30 p.m. The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which social studies pre-service teachers’ grading of middle-school students’ essays was reliable. William Estes’ Short Walk from Methodological Behaviorism to Cognitive Theory Floyd Steele, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Harry Whitaker Presentation - LRC 109 at 1 p.m. William K. Estes (1919-2011) progressed from a methodological behaviorist with interests in cognition to a cognitive theorist with interests in mathematical models of mental phenomena. Extending the work of Clark L. Hull (1884-1952), Estes devoted much of his career to finding mathematical models that could explain experimental findings in psychology (Gluck, 2011). Although his PhD adviser, B. F. Skinner (1904-1990), seems to have eventually regretted the direction Estes’ research took, early on the two collaborated in reevaluating mental constructs in terms of operant and respondent relationships (Skinner, 1979; Estes & Skinner, 1941). Estes’ later research promoted Behaviorism’s influence on the development of cognitive psychology.

20

The Brain Neurotensin System Mediates Anxiety-like Behavior in Rats Floyd Steele, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Shannon Whitehouse, Senior, Psychology - Psychology/Graduate Prep Taylor Ritchie, Junior, Psychology - Neuroscience Jake Aday, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Emma King, Freshman, Psychology - Neuroscience Faculty Advisor: Adam Prus Poster Neurotensin (NT) is a peptide neurotransmitter that interacts with brain monoamine neurotransmitter systems. It has been demonstrated that neurotensin type 1 and type 2 receptor agonists influence animal models of psychological disorders and pain regulation, respectively (Binder et al., 2001; Boules et al., 2013). Our lab has already shown that the systemic administration of the selective neurotensin type 1 receptor agonist PD149163 can attenuate the number of fear-induced 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) produced by male Wistar rats (Prus et al., 2014). A reduction in the number of 22-kHz USV calls is indicative of an anti-anxiety effect (Brudzynski, 2009). The current study uses the USV model to evaluate the effects of PD149163 and endogenous NT when administered into the lateral ventricle of male Wistar rats. Using three different experimental procedures, both PD149163 and NT were shown to attenuate USV calls when administered into the lateral ventricle. PD149163 was found to have a higher potency than NT in the USV model. In addition, while 100ng of PD149163 significantly reduced USV calls, it did not reduce locomotion on an open field. These data suggest neurotensin type 1 receptor activation is a putative mechanism for novel pharmacological treatments of anxiety disorders. Identification of Basigin in Glioblastoma Multiforme Stem-like Cells Cole Swiston, Senior, Biology - Biology Jeff Maniko, Senior, Biology - Biology Faculty Advisor: Robert Belton Poster and presentation - LRC 109 at 11 a.m. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and invasive brain tumor (Vredenburgh et al., 2007). Until recently, it was believed that GBM tumors consisted of a homogenous population of cancer cells. This model has changed, and the tumor is now believed to be heterogeneous, consisting of a minor population of GBM stem-like cells that are resistant to chemotherapy and have the ability to differentiate into bulk tumor cells. This differentiation and self-renewal is believed to play a role in GBM recurrence (Brown et al., 2009). Basigin (also known as EMMPRIN and CD147) is a cell surface protein known to stimulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, which degrade the extracellular matrix and provide a path for cellular invasion (Nabeshima et al., 2006). Because basigin overexpression can lead to cancer invasion, GBM stem-like cells (HF2303 line) were tested for basigin. Total cellular protein from GBM cells was collected and analyzed via Western blot using antibodies to identify the basigin protein. GBM mRNA was also collected and converted to cDNA via reverse transcriptase followed by PCR amplification. PCR products were analyzed on an agarose gel. Our results identified basigin in GBM stem-like cells, and may provide an important therapeutic target in the treatment of brain tumors.

Facilitated Attention by Fearful Faces and Gaze: A Two Stage Process? Beth Thiele, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Ian Buentello, Junior, Psychology - Neuroscience Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster Data from our previous research illustrates attentional bias through faster reaction times (RTs) to visual targets when gaze (direction which eyes are oriented) and stimulus are spatially congruent for both fearful and neutral eyes, but the effect is especially strong for fearful eyes. This experiment aims to test the hypothesis that attention is initially focused on eye/facial expression and thereafter on the direction of gaze, thus a two stage process of attentional capture. Each subject is asked to fix their focus on a crosshatch in the middle of a screen. They are briefly shown two faces, one above, and another below the focal point. The expressions on each face may be

21

either fearful or neutral. Gaze may be either forward facing, left, or right. Subjects will then indicate where the target dot is located (left, middle, or right). Preliminary results demonstrate a greater effect of attentional bias for fearful gaze over neutral gaze than we have seen in prior studies. This may be attributed to multiple, competing stimuli resulting in a threat bias. We continue collecting data to test the hypothesis of attentional capture as a two stage process. Listeria: Virulence, Pathogenicity, and the Need for Rapid Identification Christopher Thornton, Senior, Biology – Biology/Microbiology Faculty Advisor: Josh Sharp Poster Some species in the Listeria genus have established themselves as noteworthy pathogens and are of concern to both healthcare professionals and food-safety workers alike. Infection with Listeria is most dangerous for pregnant women and the immune compromised, and manifests itself with fever, aches, and confusion. Listeria has a novel means of locomotion, being capable of using a cell’s own actin as a tiny rocket. This allows Listeria to escape from the immune system. The MIT 1000 is a valuable tool in the fight against Listeria. By allowing use to make accurate identifications without needing to grow and test the bacteria the MIT 1000 speeds up the process immensely. The MIT 1000 uses a laser to identify the bacteria, and is not only very fast, but also uses very little material. The work we have done on improving the MIT 1000s ability to correctly recognize Listeria is important because if this method of identification can be proven to be consistent the MIT 1000 may be used to prevent infection and save lives. Rapid Involvement of the Prefrontal Cortex during Attentional Bias to Fearful Faces: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study Robert Torrence, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Keara Kangas, 2014 Graduate, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster Orienting attention towards threating or emotional stimuli is evolutionarily important for survival. Previous research used fearful faces to capture visuospatial attention in the dot-probe task and has identified an amygdala – prefrontal network for the orienting of visuospatial attention to emotional stimuli. However, little is known about the temporal dynamics of prefrontal cortical activity in attentional capture by threat. Here, we examined PFC activity using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during the dot-probe task with three trial types: baseline congruent, and incongruent. This study had three hypotheses: 1) reaction time (RT) for congruent would be significantly faster than incongruent, 2) RT for baseline would be slower than congruent, but faster than incongruent, and 3) PFC activity would be greater during baseline and incongruent trials compared to congruent. Congruent trials were faster than incongruent with baseline falling in between. The NIRS data indicated that there was more activity in the PFC during baseline and incongruent trials compared to congruent trials. The data suggests that the PFC is involved in the engagement and disengagement of visuospatial attention to fearful faces. Variability in Human Insula Gray Matter Volume Predicts Awareness for Peri-threshold Backward Masked Fearful Faces Robert Torrence, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster The threshold for conscious perception of stimuli within the environment varies from individual to individual. For example, behavioral research has noted that when administering an awareness task with fearful vs neutral faces to normal healthy individuals, some perform above chance level indicating that they have better perceptual awareness. Functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the insular cortex positively correlates with perceptual awareness. However, few have examined the structural differences among individuals. The purpose of this study is

22

to examine neural differences in perceptual awareness. This study hypothesizes that there will be a positive correlation with insula gray matter volume and scores on the awareness task. The awareness task was designed to assess awareness for the presence and location of backward masked fearful face. The participants responded by indicating on which side the masked fearful face appeared, or whether there were two neutral faces. T1-weighted MR images were collected to measure gray matter volumes. The results indicated that there was a relationship between greater awareness and greater gray matter volume in bilateral insula. Individuals that were more aware of backward masked fearful faces had greater insular gray matter volume. Composition of Avian Kettles in Zambia Shaley Valentine, Senior, Biology - Zoology Faculty Advisor: Alec Lindsay Poster Numerous species of bird such as buzzards, eagles, hawks, vultures, ibises, and storks utilize thermals (updrafts of warm air) to gain height while soaring; this phenomenon is called a kettle. Thermals become stronger with increased ambient temperature and therefore should be stronger at midday compared to morning and afternoon. Larger birds with higher wing loading such as large eagles and vultures should be found in higher numbers in midday kettles because morning and afternoon kettles should not be strong enough to support large birds. In this experiment, thermals were observed at four different parks in Zambia from May 15 to June 1, 2014 and birds were identified to species and environmental data were recorded in an effort to describe patterns seen in Zambian kettles. Using SPSS statistical program, one-way ANOVAs were used to analyze the data. Mean frequencies of groups composed of large birds compared to small birds did not differ significantly across temporal zones (Kruskal Wallis=4.164, N=39, p=0.125). Mean species richness did not differ across temporal zones (Kruskal Wallis=1.407, N=39, P= 0.495). An Independent Pika Perspective: Testing Competing Colonization Hypotheses for North American Pikas Nicholas Vetter, Senior, Biology - Biology Faculty Advisor: Kurt Galbreath Poster Beringia, the land bridge linking Siberia to North America during the last glacial period, existed as a refuge for species during periods of extensive glaciation. The Beringian refugium contributed to colonization of low-latitude regions of North America following glacial recession, explaining numerous North American species with Old World origins. Pikas (relatives of rabbits in the genus Ochotona) have an Asian origin and a Nearctic distribution that stretches from Alaska to the southern Rocky Mountains, which has long been interpreted to reflect recent expansion from Beringia into more temperate latitudes. However, evolutionary histories recovered for several parasites of pikas are consistent with a colonization history in which a southern source population expanded northward into Alaska, contradicting the traditional view. Genetic relationships between northern and southern pika populations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences from the pikas themselves fail to resolve the species colonization history. For an independent perspective on the history of pikas, I am analyzing population histories based on nuclear DNA sequences from three independent genetic loci obtained from North American pikas. This will test two competing hypotheses regarding the history that shaped the current distribution of pikas: northward colonization from a southern population, versus southward colonization from a northern population. Transition from Student to Teacher: A Phenomenological Study Chelsie Vipperman, Freshman, English – English/Secondary Education Faculty Advisor: Christi Edge Poster As a part of a larger phenomenological study, the purpose of this investigation was to understand the lived experiences of 22 secondary education majors enrolled in two blocked methods courses at a mid-sized university in the Midwestern United States. While it is generally understood that methods courses intend to prepare students to become teachers, little is known from the students’ perspectives about how and when this transition happens.

23

Therefore, a study was developed to understand the phenomenon of becoming a teacher during the first third, second third, and final third of an academic semester—that is, as students are in the process of transitioning from being students to becoming teachers during their methods coursework and practicum field experiences. As a part of the larger study, this investigation identified and described 22 students’ perspectives of the phenomenon one-third of the way into an academic semester. Data included written, open-ended synthesis of learning papers in which students identified what they were learning and where they saw evidence of their learning. Data analysis included reading students’ papers several times, identifying more than 150 significant statements pertaining directly to the experience, formulating meanings, and clustering meanings into themes common to participants. Findings describe the phenomenon and include participants’ remarks in the description. The explanation and identification of how students perceive their own transition to becoming teachers will help to inform the way teacher education is constructed. Sustained, Not Habituated, Activity in the Human Amygdala During Threat-elicited Attention Millicent Weber, Senior, Psychology - Psychology Kelly Morrow, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Will Rizer, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Keara Kangas, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Robert Torrence, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster Research has shown that amygdala directs attention to conscious and nonconscious fearful facial expressions and that activity decreases after repeated exposure to fearful faces in viewing tasks. However, it is unclear to what extent the amygdala habituates while orienting attention to environment threat signals. For this study, amygdala activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants performed a dot probe task. The task required participants to locate a dot after two face stimuli were presented. Directed attention trials consisted of one fearful and one neutral face equally appearing the left or right visual field followed by a neutral mask. Half of these trials were congruent (fearful face-dot) or incongruent (neutral face-dot). Subject response times to dot location were significantly faster for congruent than incongruent trials because attention was oriented to that location. Undirected trials consisted of two faces of the same expression presented to either side of the fixation cross followed by a neutral mask. After analysis, significant sustained activity was found in the left amygdala for directed attention and undirected attention, but no overall habituation pattern was observed. The findings suggest that the demand for attention and action during the task leads to sustained amygdala activation. Synthesis of Two Generations of Aromatic Donor-Acceptor Interaction Based Supramolecular Catalysts Melita Whitfield, Senior, Biology - Biology/Physiology Ayokunnumi Ogunsanya, Senior, Biology - Biology/Physiology Matt Woodhouse, Senior, Chemistry - Chemistry Faculty Advisor: Liu Yu Poster Supramolecular catalysts, inspired by enzymes, imply multicomponent catalytic systems assembled through noncovalent interactions. In this research we developed supramolecular catalysts assembled through an aromatic donor-acceptor interaction, which has not been explored by others. In our design, the Cr(III)-salen complex is flanked by two naphthalene diimides, electron-deficient aromatic moieties. The introduction of the electron-rich aromatic compound enables the assembly of the dinuclear Cr(III)-salen supramolecular catalyst, which turns on the bimetallic mechanism-based asymmetric ring opening reaction of epoxides. The synthesis of the first generation of catalyst has been accomplished. The initial catalysis tests showed positive results. The synthesis of the second generation of catalyst with different linker length and flexibility has completed four-step synthesis out of six total steps. All products have been characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

24

Visual-Tactile Hallucination Daniel Wilbern, Senior, Physics - Physics and Computer Science Kelly Morrow, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Andrea Savord, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Mounia Ziat Demonstration The lack of tangibility while interacting with virtual objects can be compensated by adding haptic and/or tactile actuators to enhance the user experience. In this demonstration, we present one scenario that consists of perceiving moving objects on the human body (insects) and feeling the physical sensations associated to them. Oral History Project Emily Winnell, Freshman, History - Undeclared Faculty Advisor: Gabe Logan Presentation - LRC 109 at 12:15 p.m. In this project, we worked to take an inventory of the collection of oral history tapes and transcripts that are located in the NMU Archives. We first evaluated which tapes were in the archives, then made a list of the tapes. We then looked to see which tapes have correlating written transcripts and which still need to be transcribed. After gathering all of this information, we made a master list of the tapes and transcripts. Now that we have an organized list of this collection, it will be easier to work towards the long-term goal, which is to put the recordings and transcripts online. On a more short-term scale, our goal for the end of the semester is to have put a sampling of 20-40 of these interviews online for public and academic consumption. The Time-course for the Capture and Hold of Visuospatial Attention by Fearful Faces Erin Wylie, Sophomore, Psychology - Psychology- Behavior Analysis Robert Torrence, Graduate Student, Psychology - Psychology Faculty Advisor: Joshua Carlson Poster Fearful facial expressions are important social signals of potential environmental threat, automatically capturing observers’ attention. Fearful faces facilitate the orienting and disengagement of attention from their location. However, little is known about the time-course for these effects. To address this knowledge gap we ran two dot-probe studies varying the time-point in which attention was sampled. Both experiments began with a central fixation point followed by two laterally presented faces. A dot was presented on the left or right side of the screen. Participants located the dot as quickly as possible. Directed attention trials contained both a fearful and neutral face. Dots occurring behind a fearful face were labeled “congruent” and dots appearing behind the neutral face were labeled “incongruent.” Undirected baseline trials contained two neutral faces. In Experiment 1, for both 133ms and 266ms conditions, reaction times were fastest for congruent trials and slowest for incongruent trials with reaction times for baseline trials falling between the two. The same was found for the 84ms and 168ms conditions in Experiment 2. For the later times, there was no significant difference between reaction times. Overall, the results suggest that attention is captured and held by fearful faces at times earlier than 300ms. Urea Denaturation of Myoglobin in Acidic and Neutral Environments Karla Ziemba, Senior, Clinical Sciences - Clinical Laboratory Science Faculty Advisor: Mark Paulsen Poster In this project, tryptophanal fluorescence was used to monitor denaturation of horse heart myoglobin. Urea concentration was varied from 0-7 M in myoglobin solutions at pH 4.5 and pH 7. Corrected relative fluorescence units were used to calculate delta G of unfolding (change in free energy). By calculating delta G at zero concentration of denaturant, initial stability of the myoglobin in the two acidities of environment was determined.

25

Titles by Department/Topic

Art and Design A Warm Spring Wind - Art Display .................................................................................................................10 Wave Forms Series - Art Display ....................................................................................................................11 Biology An Examination of the Relationship between Pelage Pattern and Relatedness of the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) - Poster .................................................................................................................5 An Independent Pika Perspective: Testing Competing Colonization Hypotheses for North American Pikas - Poster ..............................................................................................................................22 Assessing the Role of Muscle Synthesized Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Health and Maintenance of the Neuromuscular Unit - Poster ................................................................................7 Composition of Avian Kettles in Zambia - Poster...........................................................................................22 The Developmental Effects of SSRIs and SNRIs - Presentation ......................................................................18 Disruptions of Epigenetic Modifications in Mouse Hybrids - Poster .............................................................16 Effects of Rearing Habitat on Growth and Morphology of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) - Poster ........................................................................................................................................6 Effects of Shocking and Tagging of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a Natural and Artificial Environment - Presentation ..........................................5 Humpback Whale Behavioral Ecology Field Methods in Puerto Rico - Presentation ....................................14 Identification of Basigin in Glioblastoma Multiforme Stem-like Cells - Poster and presentation .................20 IUCN Red List Assessments of Extinction Threats to Newly-Described Species of Freshwater Crabs (Potamonautidae, Pseudothelphusidae) - Presentation ..................................................................19 Listeria: Virulence, Pathogenicity, and the Need for Rapid Identification - Poster .......................................21 Mucilage and Herbivore Damage on Brasenia Schreberi in Northern Michigan - Poster and presentation ...............................................................................................................................................12 Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Analysis of the Mechanisms Behind the Disease - Poster............17 Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center Freshman Fellowship - Presentation ....................................................6 Center for Native American Studies Parallels between the Political Structures of the Haudenosaunee and the United States - Poster ..............17 Chemistry A Survey of the Antioxidant Properties of Beta vulgaris (Red Beet) - Poster ................................................13 Analysis of Components in Little Bluestem Seed Exudate Responsible for Bisphenol-A Degradation - Poster .......................................................................................................................................................13 Detection of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Extracted from Potential Crime Scene Evidence Using Gas Chromatography Paired with Mass Spectrometry - Poster and presentation ...........................................15 Determination of Vigna radiata Acid Phosphatase DNA and Amino Acid Sequences – Presentation ...............................................................................................................................................17 Synthesis of Reaction Precursors for Transparent, Polarizable Molecules - Poster ......................................10 Synthesis of Two Generations of Aromatic Donor-Acceptor Interaction Based Supramolecular Catalysts - Poster ........................................................................................................................................23 Total Phenolic Acid Content in Thimbleberries (Rubus parviflorus) - Poster ...................................................8 Urea Denaturation of Myoglobin in Acidic and Neutral Environments - Poster............................................24 Communications and Performance Studies Communicating about Conservation: Who is a Trustworthy Messenger? - Poster .........................................4 How Do College Students Talk Politics? A Preliminary Analysis of the Convergence and Divergence Found in Midwestern College Students’ Political Viewpoints and Activism - Poster ...................................9 Media Portrayal of Women in Prison - Poster and presentation ...................................................................10

26

Titles by Department/Topic (continued) Criminal Justice Campus Crime Rates - Poster .........................................................................................................................12 Media Portrayal of Women in Prison - Poster and presentation ...................................................................10 Earth Environmental and Geographical Sciences Communicating about Conservation: Who is a Trustworthy Messenger? - Poster .........................................4 How Precipitation and Stream Flow Relate and What Influences Time Lag; An Analysis and Comparison of Precipitation and Stream Flow of the Silver River Between 2002 – 2013. - Poster ...............................17 Superior Acre Permaculture Garden – Poster and presentation ...................................................................14 Economics Would Legalization of Marijuana on a State Level Increase Tax Revenue? - Poster .......................................8 Education, Leadership and Public Service The Advantages of Reading Out Loud - Presentation ....................................................................................19 Emergent Themes Surrounding the Implementation of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics for Students with Learning Disabilities in Mathematics - Poster .........................................11 Reliability of Social Studies Pre-Service Teachers’ Grading Practices - Poster and presentation ..................19 Stress Induced Decline in Accuracy on Arithmetic Assessment: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study - Poster .............................................................................................................................................11 Study of Student Difficulties in Undergraduate Physics - Presentation ...........................................................7 Transition from Student to Teacher: A Phenomenological Study - Poster ....................................................22 English The Advantages of Reading Out Loud - Presentation ....................................................................................19 Clone Club: An Analysis of BBC America's “Orphan Black” - Poster ................................................................8 Health and Human Performance Effect of Sauna Warm-Up on Overhead Squat Depth in Elite Weightlifters - Poster ....................................15 Effects of Cutting Weight Via Sauna on Force Productions and Rate of Force Development for the Olympic Snatch Pull - Presentation ........................................................................................................5 EMG of Lower Limb Muscles During Kettlebell Exercises - Poster ................................................................16 Changes in Upper Extremity Muscle Activation in the Presence of Stress - Poster .........................................4 The Influence of Drop Height on Ground Reaction Forces in Mountain Biking - Poster ...............................13 Relationship of Payroll and Win Percentage in Major League Baseball - Poster .............................................7 Rotator Cuff Activation During the Olympic Snatch Under Various Loading Conditions – Presentation .................................................................................................................................................8 Study on the Effects of Head Impact on the Brain in College-Aged Divers – Poster and presentation ...............................................................................................................................9 History Oral History Project - Presentation ................................................................................................................24 Math and Computer Science Campus Crime Rates - Poster .........................................................................................................................12 Life Expectancy and its Factors Around the World - Poster ............................................................................7 Impact of Varying Interference Types on the Navigational Efficiency of Autonomous Mobile Robots Utilizing Echolocation - Presentation ...............................................................................................4 Relationship of Payroll and Win Percentage in Major League Baseball - Poster .............................................7

27

Titles by Department/Topic (continued) Nursing The Relationship between Nursing Students’ Performance and the Repeating of Pre-requisite Courses - Poster .........................................................................................................................................18 Physics Study of Student Difficulties in Undergraduate Physics - Presentation ...........................................................7

Psychology A Virtual Mirror Box for the Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain Using Electromyography – Demonstration ...........................................................................................................................................18 Beware the Eyes Behind the Mask: The Capture and Hold of Selective Attention to Subliminal Fearful Eyes - Poster .....................................................................................................................................6 The Brain Neurotensin System Mediates Anxiety-like Behavior in Rats - Poster ..........................................20 The Developmental Effects of SSRIs and SNRIs - Presentation ......................................................................18 Event Related Potentials using Air Jet Stimulation - Poster ...........................................................................16 Facilitated Attention by Fearful Faces and Gaze: A Two Stage Process? - Poster .........................................20 Facilitated Orienting Underlies Fearful Expression Enhanced Gaze Cueing - Poster .....................................12 Haptic Hallucinations: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials - Poster ......................................................15 NMU Cabin App for Attention Bias Modification Training: Phases One and Two - Poster ............................14 Prefrontal Cortex Activation during an Emotional Stroop Task: A Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Study - Poster ....................................................................................................................................9 Rapid Involvement of the Prefrontal Cortex during Attentional Bias to Fearful Faces: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study - Poster .......................................................................................................................21 Stress Induced Decline in Accuracy on Arithmetic Assessment: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study - Poster .............................................................................................................................................11 Sustained, Not Habituated, Activity in the Human Amygdala During Threat-elicited Attention - Poster .......................................................................................................................................23 The Time-course for the Capture and Hold of Visuospatial Attention by Fearful Faces - Poster ..................24 Variability in Human Insula Gray Matter Volume Predicts Awareness for Peri-threshold Backward Masked Fearful Faces - Poster ...................................................................................................................21 Visual-Tactile Hallucination - Demonstration ................................................................................................24 William Estes’ Short Walk from Methodological Behaviorism to Cognitive Theory - Presentation ..............19

28

Participants by Last Name Aburto, Jose ............................................................. 4 Adamski, Andrew (Group) ..................................... 14 Aday, Jake (Group) ................................................ 14 Aday, Jake (Group) ................................................ 20 Agassi, Kingsley (Group) .......................................... 8 Akans, Sarah (Group) ............................................. 12 Ammi, Mehdi (Group) ........................................... 16 Baker, Jennie (Group) ............................................ 19 Barr, Donald (Group) ............................................... 4 Bausano, Darren ...................................................... 4 Bertucci, Emily ......................................................... 5 Bowman, Jacob ........................................................ 5 Budd II, Brian ........................................................... 5 Buentello, Ian (Group) ........................................... 12 Buentello, Ian (Group) ........................................... 20 Burghardt, Emily (Group) ........................................ 6 Conger, Scott (Group) .............................................. 6 Crane, Nathaniel ...................................................... 6 Crowel, Sigrid (Group) ........................................... 11 Dake, Molly .............................................................. 7 Dangremond, Rebecca (Group) ............................... 7 Dermyer, Heather (Group) .................................... 15 Earl, Nolan (Group) .................................................. 4 Ebsch, Jacob (Group) ............................................. 11 Edwards, Bradley ..................................................... 7 Egan, Arika ............................................................... 7 Ernst, Andrew .......................................................... 8 Evans, Alaina ............................................................ 8 Evans, Alaina (Group) .............................................. 8 Fernandez, Ana (Group) ........................................ 14 Fishell, Crystal (Group) .......................................... 11 Gariepy, McKensey .................................................. 8 Harmon, Lillian......................................................... 9 Hawkins, Hannah ..................................................... 9 Headings, Rachel (Group) ...................................... 14 Heiserman, Eric (Group) ........................................ 14 Hopp, Maggie (Group) ............................................. 6 Kangas, Keara (Group) ............................................. 9 Kangas, Keara (Group) ........................................... 21 Kangas, Keara (Group) ........................................... 23 Kilgas, Matt (Group) .............................................. 13 King, Emma (Group) .............................................. 20 Kleiman, Tiffany ..................................................... 10 Knapp, Adam (Group) ............................................ 17 Lauinger, Sarah ...................................................... 10 Lewis, Chloe ........................................................... 10 Maniko, Jeff (Group) .............................................. 20 Marshall, Brandon (Group) ...................................... 6 Martin, Jean-Claude (Group) ................................. 16 Messer, Zachary (Group) ....................................... 11 Miller, Katherine (Katie) ........................................ 11

Mills, Andrew ......................................................... 11 Morrow, Kelly (Group) ........................................... 18 Morrow, Kelly (Group) ........................................... 23 Morrow, Kelly (Group) ........................................... 24 Mydlowski, Emily ................................................... 12 O'Brien, Claire (Group) .......................................... 12 Ogunsanya, Ayokunnumi (Group) ......................... 23 Olsson, Thomas ..................................................... 12 Orstad, Grace (Group) ........................................... 13 Pershinske, Katelyn (Group) .................................. 13 Petushek, Erich (Group) ......................................... 15 Phillips, Kevin (Group) ........................................... 13 Piggott, Lee (Group) .............................................. 14 Pittoors, Nicole ...................................................... 14 Poisson-Smith, Hannah (Group) ............................ 14 Pomplun, Lexi ........................................................ 15 Prychitko, Sonja (Group) ....................................... 15 Queener, Page (Group).......................................... 15 Rajala, Brittany ...................................................... 16 Rasmusson, Briana (Group) ................................... 12 Remoli, Karlee (Group) .......................................... 14 Rice, Anna .............................................................. 16 Ring, Taylor (Group) ................................................ 6 Ritchie, Taylor (Group) .......................................... 20 Rizer, Will (Group) ................................................. 15 Rizer, Will (Group) ................................................. 16 Rizer, Will (Group) ................................................. 23 Roberts, Jacob ....................................................... 17 Rosado, Mariah (Group) ........................................ 14 Ross, Cassandra (Group) ........................................ 17 Ross, Jordyn (Group) ............................................... 8 Roth, Holly ............................................................. 17 Sales, Alexzandra ................................................... 17 Savord, Andrea (Group) ......................................... 15 Savord, Andrea (Group) ......................................... 18 Savord, Andrea (Group) ......................................... 24 Schafer, Danielle .................................................... 18 Schmeling, Leslie (Group) ...................................... 13 Shalifoe, Shane (Group) ........................................... 4 Shepherd, Shelbi .................................................... 18 Shirtz, Andrew (Group) .......................................... 18 Simmon, Rachel (Group).......................................... 8 Smith, Cecilia ......................................................... 18 Snow, Veronica ...................................................... 19 Spelich, Dana (Group) ............................................ 19 Stafford, Sara (Group) ........................................... 13 Steele, Floyd .......................................................... 19 Steele, Floyd (Group) ............................................. 20 Swiston, Cole (Group) ............................................ 20 Syria, Justin (Group) ................................................ 4 Taisto, Mandy (Group) ............................................ 7

29

Participants by Last Name (continued)

Thiele, Beth (Group) .............................................. 20 Thornton, Christopher ........................................... 21 Torrence, Robert ................................................... 21 Torrence, Robert (Group) ........................................ 9 Torrence, Robert (Group) ...................................... 21 Torrence, Robert (Group) ...................................... 23 Torrence, Robert (Group) ...................................... 24 Tsalamlal, Yassine (Group) .................................... 16 Valentine, Shaley ................................................... 22 VanderPloeg, Kaitlyn (Group) ................................ 13 Vetter, Nicholas ..................................................... 22

Vipperman, Chelsie ................................................ 22 Weber, Millicent (Group) ...................................... 23 Welch, Stephanie (Group) ..................................... 11 Whitehouse, Shannon (Group) .............................. 20 Whitfield, Melita (Group) ...................................... 23 Wilbern, Daniel (Group) ........................................ 15 Wilbern, Daniel (Group) ........................................ 24 Winnell, Emily ........................................................ 24 Woodhouse, Matt (Group) .................................... 23 Wylie, Erin (Group) ................................................ 24 Ziemba, Karla ......................................................... 24

Advisors by Last Name

Anderson, Derek .................................................... 19 Belton, Robert ................................................. 18, 20 Cameron-Standerford, Abby ................................. 11 Canfield, Brandon .................................................... 8 Carlson, Breanne ................................................... 15 Carlson, Joshua ........................... 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 20, ................................................ 21, 21, 23, 24 Cumberlidge, Neil .................................................. 19 Eathorne, Richard .................................................. 14 Edge, Christi ........................................................... 22 Ferrarini, Tawni ....................................................... 8 Froelich, Norma ..................................................... 17 Galbreath, Kurt ...................................................... 22 Harrington, Michael ............................................... 10 Horn, Jeffrey ............................................................ 4 Jacobs, Mark ............................................................ 7 Jensen, Randall .................................... 4, 5, 8, 13, 16 Kakas, Brian ........................................................... 11 Larson, Stephan ..................................................... 10 Lawrence, John ........................................................ 6 Lawton, Linda ................................................ 7, 7, 12 Leonard, Jill .................................................... 5, 6, 14 Lindala, April .......................................................... 17

Lindsay, Alec ...................................................... 5, 22 Logan, Gabe ........................................................... 24 McCormick, Frankie ............................................... 10 Menard, Katherine ................................................ 18 Miller-Porter, Angela ............................................. 14 Moore, Maggy ......................................................... 9 Nelson, Sirpa ............................................................ 8 Ottem, Erich ............................................................ 7 Paulsen, Mark ........................................................ 24 Potter, Sara .............................................................. 9 Prus, Adam ............................................................ 20 Putman, Lesley ...................................................... 13 Rotter, Michael ...................................................... 12 Sharp, Josh ....................................................... 17, 21 Stevenson, Heidi .................................................... 18 Teeter, Katherine ................................................... 16 Thompson, Jessica ................................................... 4 Whitaker, Harry ..................................................... 19 Wickenheiser, Eugene ........................................... 15 Williams, Suzanne ............................................ 13, 17 Yu, Liu .................................................................... 23 Ziat, Mounia ........................................ 15, 16, 18, 24