2 Lesson 2.1: Molecules of Life Lesson 2.2: Cells Lesson 2.3: Tissues Cells and Tissues

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Lesson 2.1: Molecules of Life

Lesson 2.2: Cells

Lesson 2.3: Tissues

Cells and Tissues

Lesson 2.1

Molecules of Life

Chapter 2: Cells and Tissues

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• carbohydrates• proteins• lipids• nucleic acids• water

Molecules of Life


• sugars or starch molecules

• simple carbohydrates– glucose

• complex carbohydrates– glycogen

Carbohydrates


Proteins

• chains of amino acids• amino acids linked by

peptide bonds

• protein structure– primary– secondary– tertiary

• protein functions


• fats and oils• fatty acids• glycerides• phospholipids• steroids

Lipids


• chains of nucleotides• DNA

– base pairs

• RNA– messenger RNA– transfer RNA– ribosomal RNA

• ATP

Nucleic Acids


• structure of water• hydrogen bonding• good solvent

Water


• pH– acid– base– neutral

Water


True or False?

1. Proteins are made up of fatty acids.

2. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate.

3. A steroid is a type of lipid.

4. A nucleic acid is a chain of amino acids.

5. Water has one hydrogen atom.

Review and Assessment

Lesson 2.2

Cells



• anatomy and physiology of a cell• DNA, RNA, and proteins• life cycle of a cell

Cells


• plasma membrane– regulates in and out movement

• cytoplasm– liquid and organelles inside cell

• nucleus– control center of cell

Anatomy and Physiology of Cells


• phospholipid bilayer• cholesterol• channel proteins• aquaporins• glycoproteins

Plasma Membrane Components


• passive– no energy required– diffusion

• active– requires energy– sodium-potassium pump

Membrane Transport


• strengthens and shapes the cell

• fiber types– microfilaments– intermediate

filaments– microtubules

Cytoskeleton


• microvilli– increase surface area

• cilia– move mucus

• centrioles – assist in cell division

Organelles in the Cytoskeleton


Match these words with 1–4 below: nucleus, cytoskeleton, cilia, passive.

1. no energy required

2. control center of cell

3. strengthens and shapes cell

4. moves mucus



• mitochondria– powerhouses of cell

• energy transformation– glycolysis– citric acid cycle– make ATP

Mitochondria and Energy


• makes vesicles– move materials out of cell

• makes lysosomes– contain digestive enzymes

Golgi Apparatus


• ribosomes– make polypeptides

• endoplasmic reticulum– network of membranes– smooth– rough

Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum


• enclosed by nuclear envelope

• contains DNA– wrapped around

histones

• nucleolus– makes ribosomal

RNA

The Nucleus


• DNA makes RNA• RNA makes proteins

DNA, RNA, and Proteins


• interphase• the mitotic phase

– mitosis• prophase• metaphase• anaphase• telophase

– cytokinesis

Life Cycle of a Cell


• prophase– chromatin condenses into chromosomes, cell

membrane breaks down

• metaphase– chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

• anaphase– centromeres are cut in half, sister chromatids pull

toward centrioles

• telophase– chromosomes “decondense,” new nuclear membrane

forms

Mitosis


Mitosis


• the cytoplasm divides into two parts, the final step of cell division

Cytokinesis


• cancer cell– grows too much– grows where it does not belong– does not die when it should

Cancer


Fill in the blanks below with: mitochondria, metaphase, or ribosome.

1.The _______________ is the powerhouse of the cell.

2.The _______________ makes polypeptides.

3. _______________ is a stage of mitosis.

4. DNA is wrapped around _______________.


Lesson 2.3

Tissues



• epithelial tissue–lines and covers• connective tissue–supports• muscle tissue–generates force• nerve tissue–conveys information

Types of Tissues


• apical (inside)• basal (outside)

Epithelial Tissue


• squamous– flat

• cuboidal– square

• columnar– tall

Epithelial Cell Shapes


• simple– one layer

• stratified – more than one layer

• other– transitional

• stretchable

Epithelial Cell Arrangement


• secrete substances• exocrine

– unicellular– multicellular– simple– compound

• endocrine

Epithelial Glands


True or False?

1. Connective tissue provides support.

2. Transitional epithelial stretches.

3. Cuboidal cells are flat.

4. Stratified means more than one layer.

5. Epithelial glands secrete substances.



• functions– strengthens the body and organs– protects internal organs– maintains the shape of organs– provides rigid framework for muscles to pull

• fibers– collagen– reticular– elastic

Connective Tissue


• connective tissue proper– wide variety of locations and functions– plays a role in immune defenses

• cartilage– provides support and flexibility– minimizes friction

• bone tissue (osseous tissue)– provides framework, protects organs, supports body

• blood– provides transportation, regulation, and protection– carries oxygen and nutrients, and carbon dioxide

Classes of Connective Tissue


• connective tissue proper– loose– dense

• cartilage• bone

Types of Connective Tissue


• loose connective tissue– areolar–under epithelium – reticular–spleen– adipose–fat

Loose Connective Tissue


• dense connective tissue– regular dense–tendons – irregular dense–dermis– dense elastic–large

artery walls

Dense Connective Tissue


• chondroblasts• hyaline

– ends of long bones

• elastic – external ear

• fibrocartilage – intervertebral discs

Cartilage


• osseous tissue– protects organs– supports the body

Bone


• skeletal• cardiac• smooth

Types of Muscle Tissue


• central nervous system• peripheral nervous system• glial cells• neurons

Nerve Tissue


Match the following with 1–4 below: skeletal, collagen, nervous tissue, elastic cartilage.

1. muscle tissue type

2. external ear

3. fiber

4. glial cells


Documents

2 Lesson 2.1: Molecules of Life Lesson 2.2: Cells Lesson 2.3: Tissues Cells and Tissues