A. Microlinguistic C.A.1. Phonology

2. Morphology

3. Vocabulary

4. Syntax

1. Receptive

B. Macrolinguistic C.A.

2. Productive

a. Listening

b. Reading

a. Speaking

b. Writing

a. Structural/Descriptive Grammar

b. Transformational-Generative Grammar

c. Case Grammar

CHAPTER – IIAREAS OF CONTRASTIVE

ANALYSIS

1. C.A. in Structural/Descriptive Grammar Language analysis on the smallest components of

language: phonetics/phonology, morphology, vocabulary, and syntax

a. C.A. in Phonology

To reveal what sounds of L2 are (not) easy to pronounce

What sounds of L2 are (not) contrast to those of L1

Scopes:

o Segmental

o Suprasegmentalo Distribution

o Segmental

1. VOWELS

L1 (Indonesia):/i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /o/, /ǝ /

L2 (English): /i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /ǝ/, /æ/, /o/, /Λ/; /i:/, /3/, /α:/, /u:/, /o:/

Pronunciation Components

Indonesia

English

FrontHalf-closeVoicedNeutral or

spread

++++

++++

a. Pronunciation

Ex.: - Vowel /i/

b.Distribution I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

Indonesia English Indonesia English Indonesia English

indah it [it] pil pill [phil] rapi money [mΛni]

intan in [in] batik kid[khid] tapi hurry [hΛri]

- Vowel /e/

a. Pronunciation

Pronunciation Components

Indonesia

English

FrontHalf-closeVoicedSpread

++++

++++

b. Distribution

I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

Indonesia English Indonesia English Indonesia English

enak enter hebat send[send]

- -

elok elegy becek

rent[rent]

- -

[entǝ]

[elǝʤi]

2.DIPHTHONGSL1

(Indonesia):/ai/, /oi/, /au/

L2 (English):

/eǝ/, /uǝ/, /iǝ/, /ai/, /oi/, /ei/, /au/, /ǝu/

Pronunciation Components

Indonesia

English

Centering

Closing

-+

++

a. Pronunciation

Ex.: - Diphthong /ai/

b. Distribution

Indonesia English Indonesia English

I - library[laibreiri

]

santai dry

halau how

[ai]

ensurement[ensuǝmen

t]

[drai]

[hau]

EnglishIndonesia

I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

-

3.CONSONANTS

Analysis on:1. Voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation

and distribution2. Possible difficulties

3. The absence of sound elements of L2/L3 in L1

Ex.: - Consonant /l/

Components Indonesia

English

Voiced

Alveolar in front positions

Alveolar in medial positions

Alveolar in final positions

Velar in final positions

Lateral

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

a.Features:

b. Distribution

Indonesia English Indonesia English

lateleav

e

malangkuli

collarsilent

pukulbinal

dull

bull

EnglishIndonesia

I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

lupalima

Ex.: - Consonant /t/

Components Indonesia

English

Voiceless

Alveolar

Plosive (stop)

Aspirated stressed syllable

Non-aspirated unstressed syllable

Unplosive in the final

+

+

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

a.Features:

Ex.: - Consonant /t/

Components Indonesia

English

Voiceless

Alveolar

Plosive (stop)

Aspirated stressed syllable

Non-aspirated unstressed syllable

Unplosive in the final

+

+

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

a.Features:

4. CONSONANT CLUSTERS (CC)

Analysis on:1. Components and

distribution2. The absence of sound elements of L2/L3 in L13. Possible difficulties

a. CC /bl/

Components and Distribution

Indonesia English English

--

capablepossibl

e

EnglishIndonesia

I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

blokirblus

Indonesia

blackblade

ibliskiblat

ablazeablong

b. CC /st/

Components and Distribution

Indonesia English English

--

restlist

EnglishIndonesia

I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

stasiunstadio

n

Indonesia

stablestaff

kestablian

restaterestore

c. CC /pl/

Components and Distribution

Indonesia English English

--

applepurple

EnglishIndonesia

I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

plastikplester

Indonesia

playplea

taplakkapling

aplombreplace

d. CC /str/

Components and Distribution

Indonesia English English

--

--

EnglishIndonesia

I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

stropstrateg

i

Indonesia

strongstrateg

y

--

astriderestring

e. CC /spl/

Components and Distribution

Indonesia English English

--

--

EnglishIndonesia

I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

--

Indonesia

spleensplash

--

resplendidasplash

f. CC /ndz/

Components and Distribution

Indonesia English English

--

endsbinds-

EnglishIndonesia

I n i t i a l M e d i a l F i n a l

--

Indonesia

--

--

--

A. Stress

B. Pitch

C. Juncture

o Suprasegmental

A.Stress1. Word Stress

a. English phoneme

b. Indonesia not phoneme

2. Sentence Stressa. English phoneme

b. Indonesia phoneme

Examples:a. English: - He

didn’t 'want to go.- 'He didn’t

want to go.b. Indonesia: - Dia tidak 'mau pergi.

- 'Dia tidak mau pergi.

B. Pitch

1. Low Pitch (1): where the voice falls at the end of most types of sentences.

2. Normal Pitch (2): where the voice most often is.

3. High Pitch (3):where the voice usually rises to at the intonation focus

4. Very High Pitch (4): the voice rises to show stronger emotions.

Examples:

a. Statement: 2 3 1

- It’s fresh in here.

b. Commands: 2 3 1

- Let the book covered.

c. ‘Wh’ Question: 2 3 1

- Where did you leave it?

d. ‘Yes/No’ Question: 2 3

- Are you hungry?

e. Request: 2 3 - Could you open the door?f. Surprising: 2 4 - What?

C.Juncture1. Plus Juncture

/+/ in rapid

speech2. Single bar /l / inter-phrases

Examples:1. “/Whosthat?/”“/Siapaitu?/”

2. “That man /fell off/ the stairs.”“Orang itu /jatuh/ dari tangga.”

3. Double bar /l l / inter-clauses

3. “Mother / / I have the flu today.”“Ibu / / saya flu hari ini.”

4. Double cross /# /

at the end of sentences

4. “Don’t go yet #.”“Jangan pergi dulu #i.”

A. Intonation (meaningful variation of pitches)B. Adjectives

C. Nouns

2. C.A. in Morphology

D. Etc.

A. Form

B.Meaning

C.Distribution

3. C.A. in Vocabulary

1.Segemental

2.Suprasegmental

1. Lexical

2.Morphological

1. Grammatical: Noun, Pronoun, Verb, etc.2. Geographical: hood (A.E.) – bonnet (B.E.)

3. Social: “You are not good” and “You ain’t no good.”

Students’ Vocabulary Difficulties by Lado’s Research1. Homonyms: different words that are pronounced the

same, but may or may not be spelt the same

“tale” and “tail”

2. Homographs: different words spelt identically and pronounced the same

“lead”: to act as a leader; and “a kind of metal”

3. Polysemy: different words with different spelling but have the same or similar meaning

“coach” and “sofa”

4. Cognates: the same words of different source of language .“grogi” (Ind.) and “groggy”

(Eng.)“hostes” (ind.) and “hostess”

(Eng.)“isu” (Ind.) and “issue” (Eng.)

FALSE COGNATES

5. Foreign meaning of wordsLantai dasar (1) (Ind.) = ground floor (B.E.) =

first floor (A.E.)Lantai 2 = first floor (B.E.) = second floor (A.E.)

6. Different Connotation(Eng.) : You are fat.

Your baby is funny.

( - ) connotation(Ind.) : You are fat.

Your baby is funny.

(+) connotation7. Idioms

(Ind.): Dia panjang tangan. (= a thief)Mary bertangan dingin. (= running successful on

any work)(Eng.) : The long arms of the laws. (= laws find the

wrong)Mary has got cold fingers. (= afraid of doing

something)

A. the same medium, but different order

B. the same medium, different form

C. different medium

4. C.A. in SyntaxLado

proposes:

- “a garden flower” and “a flower garden”

- (Eng.): “The car runs.” = “El coche corre.” (Spanish)

“The cars run.” = “Los coches corren.” (Spanish)

Modal Lexicals

- (Eng.): “I would go.” = “Saya mungkin akan pergi.” (Ind.)

“I will go.” = “Saya akan pergi.” (Ind.)