American History 2George Washington 1st president of the United States (Federalist government)wise leader (his name is connected to the consolidation of the national government, national bank + policies for the settlement of territories The Departments of State & Treasury (Thomas Jefferson & Alexander Hamilton = appointed Secretaries) the American Presidential Cabinet (reunites the heads of all Congress-created departments)country growth, increasing immigration from Europe, Americans moving westwarddawn of the Industrial Revolution (various industries textiles, glass, iron, paper etc.)Federalists (Hamilton = urban mercantile interests of seaports central government, industrial development, businessmen: pro-British) Antifederalists (Jefferson = rural & southern interests decentralized agrarian republic; pro-French) = REPUBLICANS1797 John Adams (Federalist president)- undeclared naval war with France (sea battles, crisis)Alien and Sedition Acts (passed by the Congress, 1798) repression against Republicans + their supporters[Naturalization Act requirement for citizenship: 14 years (up from 5) directed against Irish & French immigrants, pro-Republican individualsAlien Act President: granted power to expel/imprison dangerous aliens in times of warSedition Act proscribed writing, speaking, publishing anything of a false, scandalous or malicious nature against the President or the Congress)opposition by Jefferson + J. Madison 1801: Thomas Jefferson - president (ends Acts)1803: bought huge Louisiana territory from France for $15 million (during the French-British wars, Napoleon sold the territory to put Louisiana beyond British reach)Thus doubled the countrys territory (West: Rocky Mountains; one of worlds greatest granaries + plains, mountains, forests, rivers)1805: 2nd Jefferson mandate declared neutrality during the Britain vs. France wars harassment of American merchant ships embargo on American exports to Europe (repealed in 1809)1809: James Madison = president Report: instances in which British (in Canada) had hurt Americans, instigated Indians against them American desire to conquer Canada (to eliminate the British influence, and open new lands for colonization)country: internally divided South + West favored warNew York + New England opposed it (it interfered w/ their commerce)THE WAR OF 1812about 7000 trained soldiers in scattered posts + undisciplined state militias American warships: scored some impressive victories BUT the vastly superior British Navy blockaded American ports the attempts to invade British Canada miscarried British occupation of Detroit1813: campaign on Lake Erie General Harrison occupied Detroit + pushed into Canada (British + Indian defeat) American control1814 (August 24) British forces captured + burned Washington (president Madison fled to Virginia) Britain & the U.S. agreed on a compromise peace: The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)cessation of hostilities, restoration of conquests, commission to settle boundary disputesmeanwhile, general Andrew Jackson scored the greatest land victory in New Orleans, Louisiana The Era of Good Feelings period of rapid economic expansionnational network of roads and canals, steamboats on riversfirst steam railroad Baltimore, Maryland, 1830The Industrial Revolution: growth of manufacturers, technological developments (textile mills, iron foundries, factories rubber goods, sewing machines, shoes, clothing, farm implements, guns, clocks)The Westward Movementsettlers begin to cross the Mississippi;Native Americans are pushed farther West, theirs lands occupieddivision of old territories, drawing of new boundaries (1816-1821: Indiana, Illinois, Maine free states; Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri slave states)1828: Andrew Jackson = first president born into a poor family in the Westheir to Jeffersons Republicans: creed of popular democracy, appeal to the humble members of the society (farmers, mechanics, laborers)Post-war prosperity: critically described by Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in AmericaThe Panic of 1819: first major financial crisis in the U.S. until 1824 (gradual recovery)Latin American revolutions (first decades of 19th century) new countries by 1822 1823: president James Monroe The Monroe Doctrinerefusal to tolerate any further expansion of European domination in the Americas, solidarity with the new republicsIdeas:The Western Hemisphere = no longer open for colonization; The political system of Americas = different from Europe; The U.S. would regard any interference in Western hemispheric affairs as threat to its own security; The U.S. would refrain from participation in European wars + would not disturb existing colonies in the Western Hemisphereno immediate attempts at recreating Spanish empirethe doctrine kept Spain, France, and others out of the region: Britain remained, however, the dominant trade power in Latin AmericaLatin American countries resented the U.S. Big Brother attitudeTHE MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848)thousands of Americans had been settling in Texas (the part of Mexico)Texas found General Santa Anna rule oppressive rebellion the creation of the independent Republic of Texas (1835)1845: the U.S. annexed Texas and Mexico suspended diplomatic relations1847: the American army captured Mexico City for $15 million, Mexico surrendered an enormous territory (most of todays California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado)1846: by the settlement of border dispute with British Canada, the U.S. acquired todays Oregon, Washington, Idaho America = continental power (from the Atlantic to the Pacific)Standing issue: SLAVERYall men are created equal (Declaration of Independence) = meaningless to 1.5 million black slavesmany northern states moved towards the abolition of slavery Southern states based on plantations, use slave workers (cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar)constant debate upon the legal status of slavery in the new western territories1850 (compromise): California = free state; Utah + New Mexico = allowed to decideThe Fugitive Slave Act (the Southerners could recapture the slaves who had escaped to free states)The abolitionists did not enforce the law and continued assisting fleeing blacksHarriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Toms Cabin (anti-slavery novel)violent fights between pro- and anti-slavery settlers1857: Supreme Court issued the Dred Scott decision: blacks had no rights as American citizensCongress had no authority to bar slavery in western territories1858: Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party (new anti-slavery party, related to Jeffersons Republicans) election for the US Senatehistoric debates, demands to halt the spread of slaveryLincolns famous speech after chosen to run for Senator The House Divided[A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe that the government cannot last as long as America is half slave and half free. Either the people against slavery will stop it forever, or it will become lawful in all the states, old and new, north and south alike. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved I do not expect the house to fall but I do expect it will cease to be divided]slavery = presented as moral wrong: violated the Declaration of independencesupported national legislation (aim: to restrict, abolish slavery)a concern of U.S. as a whole, not only of local inhabitantsLincoln lost the senatorial racePresidential election 1860: Lincoln = Republicans candidate(The Democrats: not united split, separate candidates Southern/Northern/Border states)The majority in Southern + Border states voted against Lincoln but the North supported him Lincoln wonThe Confederate States of America (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina 11) voted to leave the Union - SecessionCIVIL WAR (1861 1865)The Confederates war for independencefight on their home territoryexcellent morale, troops, preparation (many people who had served the U.S. military prior to the war), great commanders BUT greatly outnumbered by the Union (Northern) forcesThe South lacked sufficient railroads, factories, industries to support the warThe Union navy = dominant, army = better trained + supplied The Union navy imposed blockade shortages of war material = consumer goods in ConfederacyLincolns priorities: to keep the United States one country + to rid the nation of slavery January 1, 1863: issued the Emancipation Proclamation freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by ConfederacyThe Southern army won some victories (early part of the war)Summer of 1863: general Robert E. Lee marched north into Pennsylvania Gettysburg = largest battle ever fought on American soil (Confederates = defeated) November 19, 1863: The Gettysburg Address (maybe most famous in American history) upon inauguration of the new national cemetery 3000 Union soldiers, 4000 Confederates dead Vicksburg (on the Mississippi) general Ulysses S. Grant captured after q six-week siege the Union controlled the entire Mississippi, splitting the Confederacy in two- The Election of 1864: Lincoln wins a second mandate (after the capture of Atlanta and other victories) - in late 1863: his formal plan for reconstruction had been opposed by the Congress- April 5, 1865: general Robert E. Lee is forced to abandon Richmond (Confederate capital) + surrenders to general Ulysses S. Grant (followed by all Confederate forces) April 14, 1865: president Lincoln is assassinated by the Virginia actor John Wilkes Booth (while at the theater, because the murderer was embittered by the Souths defeat) Andrew Johnson (Lincolns vice-president; a Southerner loyal to the Union) PresidentThe Civil War = the most traumatic episode in American history (all others fought abroad)635,000 soldiers dead on both sidesTWO fundamental issues resolved:it put an end to slavery, completely abolished by 13th amendment to Constitution (1865)it was decided that America was not a collection of semi-independent states, but a single indivisible nation[ - pardons were granted to those taking a loyalty oath; - no pardons were available to high Confederate officials + persons owning property in excess of $20,000; - states needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted; - states required to repeal secession ordinance before being readmitted] + The Civil Rights Act (1866), The Reconstruction Acts (1867-1868) etc.