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    Introduction to Computers

    by

    1

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    What Is A Computer?

    A computer is an electronic device,

    operating under the control of instructions(software) stored in its own memory unit,that can accept data (input), manipulate

    2

    data (process), and produce information(output) from the processing.

    Computer comes form the word compute

    Commonly Operated Machine ParticularlyUsed for Training Education and Research

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    Flow Diagram

    InputDevice

    OutputDevice

    ControlUnit

    Central Processing Unit

    3

    MemoryUnit

    ALU

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    Characteristics

    Versatility

    Accurac

    Diligence

    No Feelings

    4

    Power of remembering

    Speed

    No IQ

    Common data used

    Storage

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    5

    Evolution of Computers

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    History of Computers - Long,Long Ago

    beads on rods to count and calculate

    still widel used in Asia!

    6

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    History of Computers - Way

    Back When

    7

    based on Napiers

    rules for logarithms

    used until 1970s

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    History of Computers - 19thCentury

    -

    8

    metal cards

    first computermanufacturing

    still in use today!

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    Charles Babbage - 1792-1871

    Difference Engine c.1822

    huge calculator, never

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    Analytical Engine 1833

    could store numbers

    calculating mill used

    punched metal cards forinstructions

    powered by steam!

    accurate to six decimal places

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    In the mid-1940s, John Von Neumanninvented a machine in storing programsn l l i n .

    Evolution of Microprocessor

    10

    The last 20 years has seen a rapiddevelopment of the smallest computers,

    which is so called

    Microcomputers. This IC computer was designed by Hoff

    and Stanley Mazor.

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    The MOS design of a 4004 4-bit chipcalled- Microprocessor in 1971.

    Evolution of Microprocessor

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    system, commonly referred as CPU(Central processing unit).

    The latest generation Intel pentiumprocessor have a speed up to 200 MHz.

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    The First Microprocessor 1971

    The 4004 had 2,250transistors

    12

    -1s or 0s)

    108Khz

    Called Microchip

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    13

    Computer Generations

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    First Generations

    1. VACUUM TUBES: 1942-1955

    ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

    1946, JP Eckert and JW Mauchly

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    ec ron c scre e ar a e u oma c ompu erDr.John Von Neumann

    EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

    1949, Professor Maurica Wilkes

    VACUUMTUBES:

    1942-1955

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    Vacuum Tubes - 1942 - 1955

    First Generation ElectronicComputers used VacuumTubes

    15

    Vacuum tubes are glass tubeswith circuits inside.

    Vacuum tubes have no air

    inside of them, which protectsthe circuitry.

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    First Generations

    1. VACUUM TUBES: 1942-1955

    Manchester Mark I

    Professor MHA Newmann

    16

    n versa u oma c ompu er1951 . UNIVAC I in 1952 by IBM. UNIVAC II in 1954 by GEC

    VACUUMTUBES:

    1942-1955

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    UNIVAC - 1951

    first fully electronicdigital computer built in

    17

    . .

    Created at the Universityof Pennsylvania

    ENIAC weighed 30 tons

    contained 18,000 vacuumtubes

    Cost a paltry $487,000

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    Grace Hopper

    Programmed UNIVAC Recipient of Computer

    Sciences first Man of

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    the Year Award

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    First Computer Bug - 1945

    Relay switchespart of computers

    Grace Hopper

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    stuck in a relayresponsible for amalfunction

    Called itdebugging acomputer

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    Second Generations

    2. TRANSISTORS: 1955-1964

    First Transistor Uses Silicon

    developed in 1948

    20

    VACUUM TUBES:

    1942-1955

    TRANSISTORS: 1955-

    1964

    on-off switch

    Second GenerationComputers used Transistors,

    starting in 1956

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    Third Generations

    3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1975

    IBM 360 1964

    ALO

    21

    VACUUM TUBES:

    1942-1955

    TRANSISTORS: 1955-

    1964

    IC

    1964-1975

    Mini computers ECIL- TDC 316 , 332

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    Third Generation 1964-1971

    1964-1971 Integrated Circuit

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    Getting smaller, cheaper

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    What is a Microchip?

    Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit(VLSIC)

    Tr nsis rs r sis rs n i rs

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    4004 had 2,250 transistors

    Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors

    Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6

    meters)

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    Fourth Generations

    4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS:1975 onwards

    Large Integration Portable

    24

    Heat generated is negligible

    No AC is required

    Much faster

    VACUUM TUBES:

    1942-1955

    TRANSISTORS: 1955-

    1964

    IC

    1964-1975

    VLSI

    1975

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    Birth of Personal Computers - 1975

    256 byte memory(not Kilobytes or

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    2 MHz Intel 8080chips

    Just a box withflashing lights

    cost $395 kit, $495

    assembled.

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    IBM PC - 1981

    IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture First wide-selling personal

    computer used in business

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    8088 Microchip - 29,000transistors

    4.77 Mhz processing speed

    256 K RAM (Random AccessMemory) standard

    One or two floppy disk drives

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    Apple Computers

    Founded 1977 Apple II released 1977

    widely used in schools

    27

    Macintosh (left) released in 1984, Motorola

    68000 Microchip processor

    first commercial computer withgraphical user interface (GUI)and pointing device (mouse)

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    Computers Progress

    UNIVAC

    (1951-1970)(1968 vers.)

    Mits

    Altair(1975)

    IBM PC

    (1981)

    Macintosh

    (1984)

    Pentium

    IV

    Circuits IntegratedCircuits

    2 Intel8080Microchip

    Intel 8088Microchip- 29,000Transistors

    Motorola68000

    Intel P-IVMicrochip- 7.5 milliontransistors

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    RAM

    Memory

    512 K 265 Bytes 256 KB 256 MB

    Speed 1.3 MHz 2 KHz 4.77 MHz 3200 MHz= 3.2 GHz

    Storage 100 MBHard Drive

    8 FloppyDrive

    FloppyDrive

    FloppyDrives

    HardDrive,Floppy,

    CD-RomSize Whole

    RoomBriefcase(no monitor)

    Briefcase+ Monitor

    Twoshoeboxes(integratedmonitor)

    SmallTower

    Cost $1.6 million $750 $1595 ~$4000 $1000 -$2000

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    1990s: Pentiums and PowerMacs

    Early 1990s began penetration of computers intoevery niche: every desk, most homes, etc.

    Faster, less expensive computers paved way for

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    this Windows 95 was first decent GUI for PCs

    Macs became more PC compatible - easy file

    transfers

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    Fifth Generations5. Ultra LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (USLI) 1991

    Microprocessor based PROLOG may be used

    30

    Basic, Fortran, COBOL

    KIPS, DIPS/LIPS

    AI

    VACUUM TUBES:

    1942-1955

    TRANSISTORS: 1955-

    1964

    IC

    1964-1975VLSI

    1975

    USLI

    1991

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    Basic Components

    Hardware Software

    Peripherals

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    Basic Operations Inputting

    Storing Processing

    Outputting

    Controlling

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    What Are The PrimaryComponents Of A Computer ?

    Input devices. Central Processing

    Unit (containing the

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    arithmetic/logicunit).

    Memory.

    Output devices. Storage devices.

    Power Supply Unit

    Motherboard

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    Devices that comprise a computer system

    Printer(output)

    Monitor(output)

    Speaker(output) System unit

    (processor, memory)

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    Scanner(input)

    Mouse(input)

    Keyboard(input)

    Storage devices

    (CD-RW, Floppy,Hard disk, zip,)

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    Input Devices

    Keyboard. Punch Card

    Paper tape

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    Mouse.

    Light pen

    Touch screen

    MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)

    Bar Code Reader

    OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

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    The KeyboardThe most commonly used input device is the

    keyboard on which data is entered by manuallykeying in or typing certain keys. A keyboardtypically has 101 or 105 keys.

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    The Mouse

    Is a pointing device which is used to control the

    movement of a mouse pointer on the screen tomake selections from the screen. A mouse has oneto five buttons. The bottom of the mouse is flat

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    and contains a mechanism that detects movementof the mouse.

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    The Central processing UnitThe central processing unit (CPU) contains

    electronic circuits that cause processing to occur.The CPU interprets instructions to the computer,performs the logical and arithmetic processing

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    operations to occur. It is considered the brainof the computer.

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    MemoryMemory also called Random Access Memory or

    RAM (temporary memory) is the main memory ofthe computer. It consists of electroniccomponents that store data including numbers,

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    e ers o e a p a e , grap cs an soun . nyinformation stored in RAM is lost when thecomputer is turned off.

    Read Only Memory or ROM ismemory that is etched on a chipthat has start-up directions foryour computer. It is permanent

    memory.

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    Amount Of RAM In Computers

    The amount of memory incomputers is typically measured

    in kilobytes or megabytes. Onekilobyte (K or KB) equalsapproximately 1,000 memorylocations and one me ab te M

    SIMM

    DIMM

    39

    or MB) equals approximately onemillion locations A memorylocation, or byte, usually storesone character.

    Therefore, a computer with 8 MBof memory can storeapproximately 8 millioncharacters. One megabyte can

    hold approximately 500 pages oftext information.

    SODIMM

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    What Does A Computer Do?

    Computers can perform fourgeneral operations, whichcom rise the information

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    processing cycle.

    Input

    Process

    Output

    Storage

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    Storage Devices

    Auxiliary storage devices are used tostore data when they are not beingused in memory. The most common

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    personal computers are floppy disks,hard disks and CD-ROM drives.

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    Floppy DisksA floppy disk is a

    portable, inexpensivestorage medium thatconsists of a thin

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    circular, flexible plasticdisk with a magneticcoating enclosed in a

    square-shaped plasticshell.

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    Structure Of Floppy Disks

    A folly disk is a magnetic disk, which meansthat it used magnetic patterns to store data.

    Data in floppy disks can be read from and

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    .

    Formatting is the process of preparing adisk for reading and writing.

    A track is a narrow recording band that forms

    a full circle on the surface of the disk.

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    The disks storage locations are divided into pie-shaped sections called sectors.

    A sectors is capable of holding 512 bytes of data.

    Structure Of Floppy Disks

    44

    A typ ca oppy stores ata on ot s es an astracks on each side with 18 sectors per track.

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    Hard Disks

    A hard disk consists of one or more rigidmetal plates coated with a metal oxidematerial that allows data to be magnetically

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    recorded on the surface of the platters. The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of

    speed, typically 5400 to 7200 revolutions per

    minute (RPM). Storage capacites of hard disks for personal

    computers range from 10 GB to 120 GB (one

    billion bytes are called a gigabyte).

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    Compact Discs

    A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is aflat round, portable storage medium that is usually4.75 inch in diameter.

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    - ,

    that used the same laser technology as audio CDs forrecording music. In addition it can contain othertypes of data such as text, graphics, and video.

    The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data.

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    Output DevicesOutput devices make the information

    resulting from the processing available foruse. The two output devices more commonlyused are the printer and the computer

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    screen.The printer produces ahard copy of your

    output, and thecomputer screenproduces a soft copy of

    your output.

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    Output devices

    Convert from electronic form to some other form May display the processed results

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    Monitor or screen Text

    Numbers

    Symbols Art

    Photographs

    Video

    Printer

    Black and white

    Color

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    Motherboard

    Contains built-in electronic

    components

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    All components likekeyboard, mouse, printers

    and disk drives are

    attached.

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    Motherboard

    Intel

    50

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    Power Supply Unit

    The power supply is one of the

    most important parts that needs to

    be understood. The power supply

    51

    every component inside thesystem unit.

    The power supply plays the

    critical role of convertingcommercial electrical power (AC),

    into DC required by the

    components of the computer.

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    Power Supply Unit

    There are two basic types of

    power supplies:

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    AT power supplies

    Designed to support AT-

    compatible motherboards.

    ATX power supplies

    Designed according to

    newer ATX design

    specifications to support the

    ATX motherboard.

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    Printers

    Impact Printer.- DOT matrix, DaisyWheel, Line

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    ,

    COM (Computer output to microfilm)

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    Data and Information

    All computer processing requires data, which is acollection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such asnumbers, words, images, video and sound, given to

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    .

    Computers manipulate data to create information.Information is data that is organized, meaningful,and useful.

    During the output Phase, the information that hasbeen created is put into some form, such as a printedreport.

    The information can also be put in computer storage

    for future use.

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    Why Is A Computer So Powerful?

    The ability to perform the informationprocessing cycle with amazing speed.

    Reliability (low failure rate).

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    Accuracy. Ability to store huge amounts of data

    and information.

    Ability to communicate with othercomputers.

    H D C t

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    How Does a ComputerKnow what to do?

    It must be given a detailed list of instructions,called a compute program or software,that tells it exactly what to do.

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    Before processing a specific job, thecomputer program corresponding to that jobmust be stored in memory.

    Once the program is stored in memory thecompute can start the operation by executingthe program instructions one after the other.

    *

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    Computer Applications

    Computer Assisted Instructions (CAI). Computer Assisted Learning (CAL).

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    Medical