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Introduction to Computers
by
1
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What Is A Computer?
A computer is an electronic device,
operating under the control of instructions(software) stored in its own memory unit,that can accept data (input), manipulate
2
data (process), and produce information(output) from the processing.
Computer comes form the word compute
Commonly Operated Machine ParticularlyUsed for Training Education and Research
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Flow Diagram
InputDevice
OutputDevice
ControlUnit
Central Processing Unit
3
MemoryUnit
ALU
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Characteristics
Versatility
Accurac
Diligence
No Feelings
4
Power of remembering
Speed
No IQ
Common data used
Storage
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Evolution of Computers
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History of Computers - Long,Long Ago
beads on rods to count and calculate
still widel used in Asia!
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History of Computers - Way
Back When
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based on Napiers
rules for logarithms
used until 1970s
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History of Computers - 19thCentury
-
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metal cards
first computermanufacturing
still in use today!
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Charles Babbage - 1792-1871
Difference Engine c.1822
huge calculator, never
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Analytical Engine 1833
could store numbers
calculating mill used
punched metal cards forinstructions
powered by steam!
accurate to six decimal places
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In the mid-1940s, John Von Neumanninvented a machine in storing programsn l l i n .
Evolution of Microprocessor
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The last 20 years has seen a rapiddevelopment of the smallest computers,
which is so called
Microcomputers. This IC computer was designed by Hoff
and Stanley Mazor.
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The MOS design of a 4004 4-bit chipcalled- Microprocessor in 1971.
Evolution of Microprocessor
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system, commonly referred as CPU(Central processing unit).
The latest generation Intel pentiumprocessor have a speed up to 200 MHz.
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The First Microprocessor 1971
The 4004 had 2,250transistors
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-1s or 0s)
108Khz
Called Microchip
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Computer Generations
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First Generations
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1942-1955
ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
1946, JP Eckert and JW Mauchly
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ec ron c scre e ar a e u oma c ompu erDr.John Von Neumann
EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
1949, Professor Maurica Wilkes
VACUUMTUBES:
1942-1955
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Vacuum Tubes - 1942 - 1955
First Generation ElectronicComputers used VacuumTubes
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Vacuum tubes are glass tubeswith circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air
inside of them, which protectsthe circuitry.
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First Generations
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1942-1955
Manchester Mark I
Professor MHA Newmann
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n versa u oma c ompu er1951 . UNIVAC I in 1952 by IBM. UNIVAC II in 1954 by GEC
VACUUMTUBES:
1942-1955
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UNIVAC - 1951
first fully electronicdigital computer built in
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. .
Created at the Universityof Pennsylvania
ENIAC weighed 30 tons
contained 18,000 vacuumtubes
Cost a paltry $487,000
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Grace Hopper
Programmed UNIVAC Recipient of Computer
Sciences first Man of
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the Year Award
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First Computer Bug - 1945
Relay switchespart of computers
Grace Hopper
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stuck in a relayresponsible for amalfunction
Called itdebugging acomputer
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Second Generations
2. TRANSISTORS: 1955-1964
First Transistor Uses Silicon
developed in 1948
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VACUUM TUBES:
1942-1955
TRANSISTORS: 1955-
1964
on-off switch
Second GenerationComputers used Transistors,
starting in 1956
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Third Generations
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1975
IBM 360 1964
ALO
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VACUUM TUBES:
1942-1955
TRANSISTORS: 1955-
1964
IC
1964-1975
Mini computers ECIL- TDC 316 , 332
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Third Generation 1964-1971
1964-1971 Integrated Circuit
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Getting smaller, cheaper
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What is a Microchip?
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit(VLSIC)
Tr nsis rs r sis rs n i rs
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4004 had 2,250 transistors
Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors
Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6
meters)
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Fourth Generations
4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS:1975 onwards
Large Integration Portable
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Heat generated is negligible
No AC is required
Much faster
VACUUM TUBES:
1942-1955
TRANSISTORS: 1955-
1964
IC
1964-1975
VLSI
1975
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Birth of Personal Computers - 1975
256 byte memory(not Kilobytes or
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2 MHz Intel 8080chips
Just a box withflashing lights
cost $395 kit, $495
assembled.
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IBM PC - 1981
IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture First wide-selling personal
computer used in business
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8088 Microchip - 29,000transistors
4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random AccessMemory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives
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Apple Computers
Founded 1977 Apple II released 1977
widely used in schools
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Macintosh (left) released in 1984, Motorola
68000 Microchip processor
first commercial computer withgraphical user interface (GUI)and pointing device (mouse)
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Computers Progress
UNIVAC
(1951-1970)(1968 vers.)
Mits
Altair(1975)
IBM PC
(1981)
Macintosh
(1984)
Pentium
IV
Circuits IntegratedCircuits
2 Intel8080Microchip
Intel 8088Microchip- 29,000Transistors
Motorola68000
Intel P-IVMicrochip- 7.5 milliontransistors
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RAM
Memory
512 K 265 Bytes 256 KB 256 MB
Speed 1.3 MHz 2 KHz 4.77 MHz 3200 MHz= 3.2 GHz
Storage 100 MBHard Drive
8 FloppyDrive
FloppyDrive
FloppyDrives
HardDrive,Floppy,
CD-RomSize Whole
RoomBriefcase(no monitor)
Briefcase+ Monitor
Twoshoeboxes(integratedmonitor)
SmallTower
Cost $1.6 million $750 $1595 ~$4000 $1000 -$2000
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1990s: Pentiums and PowerMacs
Early 1990s began penetration of computers intoevery niche: every desk, most homes, etc.
Faster, less expensive computers paved way for
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this Windows 95 was first decent GUI for PCs
Macs became more PC compatible - easy file
transfers
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Fifth Generations5. Ultra LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (USLI) 1991
Microprocessor based PROLOG may be used
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Basic, Fortran, COBOL
KIPS, DIPS/LIPS
AI
VACUUM TUBES:
1942-1955
TRANSISTORS: 1955-
1964
IC
1964-1975VLSI
1975
USLI
1991
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Basic Components
Hardware Software
Peripherals
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Basic Operations Inputting
Storing Processing
Outputting
Controlling
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What Are The PrimaryComponents Of A Computer ?
Input devices. Central Processing
Unit (containing the
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arithmetic/logicunit).
Memory.
Output devices. Storage devices.
Power Supply Unit
Motherboard
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Devices that comprise a computer system
Printer(output)
Monitor(output)
Speaker(output) System unit
(processor, memory)
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Scanner(input)
Mouse(input)
Keyboard(input)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,Hard disk, zip,)
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Input Devices
Keyboard. Punch Card
Paper tape
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Mouse.
Light pen
Touch screen
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)
Bar Code Reader
OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
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The KeyboardThe most commonly used input device is the
keyboard on which data is entered by manuallykeying in or typing certain keys. A keyboardtypically has 101 or 105 keys.
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The Mouse
Is a pointing device which is used to control the
movement of a mouse pointer on the screen tomake selections from the screen. A mouse has oneto five buttons. The bottom of the mouse is flat
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and contains a mechanism that detects movementof the mouse.
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The Central processing UnitThe central processing unit (CPU) contains
electronic circuits that cause processing to occur.The CPU interprets instructions to the computer,performs the logical and arithmetic processing
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operations to occur. It is considered the brainof the computer.
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MemoryMemory also called Random Access Memory or
RAM (temporary memory) is the main memory ofthe computer. It consists of electroniccomponents that store data including numbers,
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e ers o e a p a e , grap cs an soun . nyinformation stored in RAM is lost when thecomputer is turned off.
Read Only Memory or ROM ismemory that is etched on a chipthat has start-up directions foryour computer. It is permanent
memory.
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Amount Of RAM In Computers
The amount of memory incomputers is typically measured
in kilobytes or megabytes. Onekilobyte (K or KB) equalsapproximately 1,000 memorylocations and one me ab te M
SIMM
DIMM
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or MB) equals approximately onemillion locations A memorylocation, or byte, usually storesone character.
Therefore, a computer with 8 MBof memory can storeapproximately 8 millioncharacters. One megabyte can
hold approximately 500 pages oftext information.
SODIMM
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What Does A Computer Do?
Computers can perform fourgeneral operations, whichcom rise the information
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processing cycle.
Input
Process
Output
Storage
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Storage Devices
Auxiliary storage devices are used tostore data when they are not beingused in memory. The most common
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personal computers are floppy disks,hard disks and CD-ROM drives.
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Floppy DisksA floppy disk is a
portable, inexpensivestorage medium thatconsists of a thin
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circular, flexible plasticdisk with a magneticcoating enclosed in a
square-shaped plasticshell.
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Structure Of Floppy Disks
A folly disk is a magnetic disk, which meansthat it used magnetic patterns to store data.
Data in floppy disks can be read from and
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.
Formatting is the process of preparing adisk for reading and writing.
A track is a narrow recording band that forms
a full circle on the surface of the disk.
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The disks storage locations are divided into pie-shaped sections called sectors.
A sectors is capable of holding 512 bytes of data.
Structure Of Floppy Disks
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A typ ca oppy stores ata on ot s es an astracks on each side with 18 sectors per track.
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Hard Disks
A hard disk consists of one or more rigidmetal plates coated with a metal oxidematerial that allows data to be magnetically
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recorded on the surface of the platters. The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of
speed, typically 5400 to 7200 revolutions per
minute (RPM). Storage capacites of hard disks for personal
computers range from 10 GB to 120 GB (one
billion bytes are called a gigabyte).
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Compact Discs
A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is aflat round, portable storage medium that is usually4.75 inch in diameter.
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- ,
that used the same laser technology as audio CDs forrecording music. In addition it can contain othertypes of data such as text, graphics, and video.
The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data.
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Output DevicesOutput devices make the information
resulting from the processing available foruse. The two output devices more commonlyused are the printer and the computer
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screen.The printer produces ahard copy of your
output, and thecomputer screenproduces a soft copy of
your output.
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Output devices
Convert from electronic form to some other form May display the processed results
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Monitor or screen Text
Numbers
Symbols Art
Photographs
Video
Printer
Black and white
Color
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Motherboard
Contains built-in electronic
components
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All components likekeyboard, mouse, printers
and disk drives are
attached.
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Motherboard
Intel
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Power Supply Unit
The power supply is one of the
most important parts that needs to
be understood. The power supply
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every component inside thesystem unit.
The power supply plays the
critical role of convertingcommercial electrical power (AC),
into DC required by the
components of the computer.
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Power Supply Unit
There are two basic types of
power supplies:
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AT power supplies
Designed to support AT-
compatible motherboards.
ATX power supplies
Designed according to
newer ATX design
specifications to support the
ATX motherboard.
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Printers
Impact Printer.- DOT matrix, DaisyWheel, Line
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,
COM (Computer output to microfilm)
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Data and Information
All computer processing requires data, which is acollection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such asnumbers, words, images, video and sound, given to
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.
Computers manipulate data to create information.Information is data that is organized, meaningful,and useful.
During the output Phase, the information that hasbeen created is put into some form, such as a printedreport.
The information can also be put in computer storage
for future use.
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Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
The ability to perform the informationprocessing cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate).
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Accuracy. Ability to store huge amounts of data
and information.
Ability to communicate with othercomputers.
H D C t
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How Does a ComputerKnow what to do?
It must be given a detailed list of instructions,called a compute program or software,that tells it exactly what to do.
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Before processing a specific job, thecomputer program corresponding to that jobmust be stored in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory thecompute can start the operation by executingthe program instructions one after the other.
*
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Computer Applications
Computer Assisted Instructions (CAI). Computer Assisted Learning (CAL).
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Medical