1.Health Concept Fran COPY

7/28/2019 1.Health Concept Fran COPY

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PHARMACOECONOMICS

ECONOMICS

HEALTH

HEALTH ECONOMICS

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HEALTH

comes from the

English word

heal


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HEALTH (WHO)POSITIVE DEFINITION :

The state of completemental, physical, and social

well being, and does not

merely the absence ofillness or infirmity


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HEALTH (WHO)NEGATIVE DEFINITION :

Total absence of diseasesor illness in ones body


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ENVIRONMENT

SOCIETY

Physical Mental

Emotional

SpiritualSexual

Social

6 BIOLOGICAL

ASPECTS OF HEALTH

BIOLOGICAL


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Physical health


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Mental health


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Emotional Health


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Social Health


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Spiritual Health


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Sexual Health


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Health is

a general condition of the

body and mind;

the presence or absence ofillness, injuries or

impairments


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NOTE:

An individual who does not

experience any symptoms

of disease may not

necessarily be healthy.

Absence of symptoms does

not necessary connote

healthfulness


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Health care sector has a

task to insure healthservices to people


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OBJECTIVE OF HEALTHTo promote the health welfare as well as the

health services to everybody


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ENVIRONMENT

SOCIETY

Physical Mental

Emotional

SpiritualSexual

Social

OBJECTIVES

HEALTH

BIOLOGICAL


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Major Determinants of

Health

1. Genetic and biological factors

2. Lifestyle factors3. Environmental factors

4. The extent and nature of health

services

D t i t f


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Underlying Socio-

Economic,

Demographic, and

Cultural Factors

Underlying socio-

economic,

demographic, and

cultural factors

Individual Age, gender

Education

Occupation

Health benefits,

Attitudes

Household Income/wealth

Age-gender

composition

Social network

Community Ecological climate

Markets & prices

Transportation size,

structure, and

distribution

Social structure and

organization

Proximate

Factors

Health Care

Services

Environmental

Contamination

Nutrient

Dietary intakeFertility

Injury

Health

Outcomes

MortalityMorbidity

Nutritional

Status

Disability

Determinants of

Health: Major

Effects and

Intervention Points


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How ishealth objectively measured?

There are a number of ways of

measuring health

1.Health measures

Measures of the health status of people:

a. Vital statisticsheight and weight

b. Dental health statusdecayed, missing

and filled teeth, index

c. Average height of populationproxy fornutritional status

d. Percentage of low birth weight babies


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2.Health behavior indicators

a. Peoples behavior

Examples: number of people smoking,

drinking alcohol, using drugs, eating a

healthy diet, practicing safe sex or

planned fertility

b. Specific behavior

Examples: percentage of children

immunized against childhood illness,

percentage of women screened forcervical and breast cancer


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3. Environmental indicators

a. Measurement of physical environment

Example: air and water quality

b. Social environment

Example: housing type and density

4. Socio-economic indicators

a. Wealth (3 components)

Examples: life expectancy, educational

attainment, and income

b. GNPa measure of countrys wealth

c. Peoples health related beliefs and

attitudes


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Top 10 Leading

Diseasess (mortality) Disease of the

heart

Disease of thevascular system

Pneumonia

Malignant

neoplasm TB, all forms

Accident

Chronic obstructive

pulmonary & allied

conditions

Other diseases of

the respiratory

system

Diabetes Mellitus

Diarrheal disease


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Top 10 leading Diseases

(morbidity) Diarrhea

Pneumonia

Bronchitis Influenza

TB, respiratory

Hypertension

Malaria

Chicken pox Diseases of the

heart

Measles


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A. Social and Health

Social Class Classification1. Higher managerial and professional

e.g. company directors, bank managers, senior civil servants

2. Lower managerial and professional

e.g. Nurses, soldiers, pharmacist

3. Intermediate

e.g. Secretaries, clerks

4. Small employers and own account workers

e.g. publicans, play group leaders, farmers, taxi drivers

5. Lower supervisory, craft and related occupation

e.g. Printers, plumbers, butchers, train drivers

6. Semi-routine occupations

e.g. Waiters, road sweepers, cleaners, couriers

7. Never worked and long term unemployment


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B. Income and Health

Ways in which low income can affect health

1.Physiological

Examples: inadequate or unfit housing, lack

of food, lack of fuel

2. Psychological

Examples: stress and lack of social

support

3. Behavioral

Examples: smoking or drinking alcohol;

giving of children sweets


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C. Housing and Health

- housing quality and its lack of availability

can damage health

- unknown number of families share

unsuitable or inadequate

accommodations- problems of homelessness

respiratory illness

depressionhigh rates of infections

difficulties in gaining access to

health services


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D. Employment and Health

- work is important to consider as a social

determinant of health

- it determines income level

- it affects self-esteem

- the type of employment may itself affecthealth

Examples:

miningexposure to hazardoussubstance or stress

publicanshigh risk of developing

cirrhosis


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E. Gender and Health

- Genders refers to the social categorization

of people as men or women, and thesocial meaning and beliefs about sexual

differences

- men are encouraged to be aggressive and

risk-taking both at work in their leisuretimehigher rates of accidents and

alcoholism

- women are socialized to be passive,

dependent and sick

- women workingincreased stress and ill

health


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F.Health of Ethnic Minorities

- black and ethnic minority experience more

ill health, chronic and mental ill (sickle

cell anemia, thalassaemia and Tay-sachs

disease)

- little information of health, low income,

poor working conditions, unemployment

and poor housing shared by those in

lower social classes


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Health Outcomes

They can be

1. Distinct figures

Examples: life expectancy (length in

years, nutritional status

(weight for age orheight )

2. Ratios

Examples: mortality rates,

morbidity rates, incidence

and prevalence


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Examples of Health Outcomes

1.Fertility Rate measures the

reproductive capacity of groups

Crude Birth Rate = Total number of live births

(CRB) x 1000

midyear population


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2. Mortality Rate measures risk of dying

within a specific group or dying

from a cause

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

= number of deaths, all causes

x 1000

midyear population

Cause Specific Death Rate (CSDR)

= number of deaths from specific cause

x Fmidyear population


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2. Mortality Rate measures risk of dying

within a specific group or dying

from a cause

Infant Mortality Rate (IFR)

= infant mortality rate


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3. Morbidity Rate measures the

frequency of illnesses within

specific population

Prevalence Rate (PR)

= Number of new and old cases within a period

x 100midyear population

Incidence Rate (IR)

= Number of new cases

X F

Population at risk


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Health outcomebefore the health

program

Health outcomeafter the health

program

Compare

Health Program


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Proximate factors and health

programs developed

Proximate factors Health Programs Developed

Health Care Service

Utilization

OPLAN Bakuna with

Jollibee, OPLAN Alis Disease

EnvironmentalContamination

Anti-pollution Campaign,Worker Health and Safety

Program

Nutrient Dietary Intake Barangay Day Care Centers,

Vitamin A Campaign

Fertility Responsible ParenthoodInformation Drive

Injury Dont Drink and Drive


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Example

A: Individual Level

Occupation as a >>> Exposure to mining >>> increased

coal miner contaminants incidence of

workers lung

disease

(Occupation as (Environmental (Health Status/

underlying contamination outcome)

determinant) as proximate

determinant)


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Example

B. Household Level

Low household >>> Poor nutritional >>>> Poor nutritional

Income intake status (low

weight, height)

(Income/Wealth as (Nutritional intake as (Health status/

underlying proximate Outcome)

determinant) determinant)


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Example

C. Community Level

Poor transportation >>> Poor health care >>> More deaths in

transportation service utilization the areanetwork

(Transportation (Healthcare service (Health Status/

as underlying utilization as a Outcome)

determinant) proximate factor


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Improvement in Health status

Contributes to better economy

Improvement in

worker productivity

More resources

allocated for health

?

!

Relationship Of health and

Economic


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1.Health Concept Fran COPY