1.Coordinating 2.Subordinating 3.The sequence of tenses 4.The tenses of infinitives 5.Exercises with answer key Grammar Review 4: Conjunctions and clauses

1. Coordinating

2. Subordinating

3. The sequence of tenses

4. The tenses of infinitives

5. Exercises with answer key

Grammar Review 4:Conjunctions and clauses

1. Coordinating conjunctions

• sed

ADVERSATIVE

“but”

• ac/atque

• et• et … et• -que

NEUTRAL“and”

• aut• aut …

aut• vel

DISJUNCTIVE“or”

• (no explicit marker, but often “and” or “but” implicit)

“ASYNDETON”

Riding the rollercoaster: indicativesubjunctive infinitive

A SIGHT PASSAGE (ch. IX):

Rōmulō mortuō, incertum erat quis regnum adipiscerētur.

Prīmō ā centum patribus cīvitās administrābātur.

Plebs tamen coepit fremere et dīcere, centum dominōs prō ūnō factōs esse.

Tum interrex, cīvibus convocātīs, ‘Quīritēs’, inquit, ‘rēgem creāte: ita patribus vīsum est. patrēs plēbem deinde laudent, sī rēgem dignum creētis.’

Tum plebs clāmāre et rogāre ut senātus dēcerneret quis Rōmam regeret.

Numa Pompilius, vir magnā iustitiā, Sabīnus, ā patribus rex creātus est.

Ut tamen deōs consuleret, augurem vocāvit … (cont. in Exercises)

Answer key: next

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Riding the rollercoaster: indicativesubjunctive infinitive

Rōmulō mortuō, incertum erat quis regnum adipiscerētur.After Romulus died, it was uncertain who would obtain the kingship.

Prīmō ā centum patribus cīvitās administrābātur.First the city was governed by 100 senators.

Plebs tamen coepit fremere et dīcere, centum dominōs prō ūnō factōs esse. But the common people began to grumble and to say that 100 masters had been made (for them) instead of one.

Tum interrex, cīvibus convocātīs, ‘Quīritēs’, inquit, ‘rēgem creāte: ita patribus vīsum est. patrēs deinde plēbem laudent, sī rēgem dignum creētis.’ Then the temporary king, gathering the citizens, said: “Citizens, appoint a king: thus has it seemed to [been decided by] the senators. The senators would then praise the people, if you should appoint a worthy king.

Tum plebs clāmāre et rogāre ut senātus dēcerneret quis Rōmam regeret.Then the people were shouting and asking [historic infinitives] that the senate decide who would rule Rome.

Numa Pompilius, vir magnā iustitiā, Sabīnus, ā patribus rex creātus est.Numa Pompilius, a man of great justice, a Sabine, was appointed king by the senators.

Ut tamen deōs consuleret, augurem vocāvit … But to consult the gods, he called an augur …

2. Subordinating conjunctions

with subjunctive

with indicative

3. Subordinating Utword with indicative with subjunctive

ut

asut aiunt (as they

say)

whenut agricola lupam

vīdit, maximē timuit (when the farmer

saw the she-wolf, he greatly feared)

in order that, so that (purpose/final clause)censum instituit ut onera nōbīs impōneret (he instituted the census so that he might impose burdens on us) [neg. = nē]

with the result that (result/consecutive clause)urbem adeo firmāvit ut pācem diū habēret (he strengthened

the city to such an extent that it enjoyed peace for a long time) [neg. = ut nōn]

to (indirect command)marītō persuādēbat ut iuvenēs dōnīs alliceret (she persuaded her husband to seduce the young men with gifts) [neg. = nē]

that (substantive clause)faciam ut templum fiat (I shall bring it about that a temple is

built) [neg. = ut nōn/nē]

fore ut constructionspērō fore (= futūrum esse) ut templum fiat (I hope that it

will come about that a temple is built) [neg. = ut nōn]

[NB—ut replaced by quō when clause contains a comparative]

3. Subordinating Cumword with indicative with subjunctive

cum

whencum signum datum erit, aggrediēmur (when the signal has been given, we

will attack)

whenever (esp. with pluperf. or perf.)

cum Rōmulus mūrum vīderat, dē frātris morte putābat (whenever Romulus saw the wall, he thought

about his brother’s death)

when suddenly (esp. when cum-clause comes later in sentence)omnēs fugitūrī erant cum dux loquī coepit. (everyone was about to flee,

when (suddenly) the general began to speak

whencum Delphōs vēnissent, rogāvērunt

(when they had come/came to Delphi, they asked ...)

since; becausecum pācem habēret, populus Rōmānus

gaudēbat (because it had peace, the Roman people rejoiced)

althoughcum pācem habēret, tamen populus Rōmānus verēbātur (although it had peace, nevertheless the Roman people

were afraid)

3. Subordinating TEMPORALword with indicative with subjunctive

antequam,priusquam

beforedomum redieramus antēquam Rōmulus

mortuus est (we had returned home before Romulus died)

before (implying intention or expectation)

Rōmulum vidēre volēbāmus antēquam morīrētur (we wanted to see Romulus before

he died)

dōnec, dum

while, so long asdum/dōnec Rōmulus rēx erat, pācem

habēbāmus (as long as Romulus was king, we had peace)

untilibi manēbant dum/dōnec Rōmulus locūtus est (they waited there until Romulus spoke)

while, so long as, until (implying intention or expectation)

ibi manēbant dum/dōnec Rōmulus loquerētur (they waited there until (such time as)

Romulus spoke)

dum while (often with historic pres.)dum haec agit, tempestās coorta est (while he

was doing these things, a storm arose)

postquam, ubi

after, whenpostquam/ubi lupa vīsa est, omnēs timēbant (after/when the wolf was spotted, all feared)

—

3. Subordinating CAUSAL

word with indicative with subjunctive

quia, quod because, (at) the fact thatquia/quod pācem habēbat, populus Rōmānus gaudēbat

(because it had peace, the Roman people rejoiced)

(occasionally for alleged cause)

quia/quod nullōs hostēs habēret, populus Rōmānus gaudēbat

(because it (supposedly) had no enemies, the Roman people rejoiced)

3. Subordinating CONCESSIVE


etsī,quamquam

even if, althoughetsī/quamquam pācem habēbat, tamen populus Rōmānus verēbātur

(although it had peace, nevertheless the Roman people were afraid)

—

licet, quamvīs

— although, however muchlicet pācem habeat, tamen populus

Rōmānus verērī dēbet (although it has peace, nevertheless the Roman people

should be afraid)

3. Subordinating PROVISO


dum, modo,

dummodo

— provided thatōderint, dum timeant (let them hate

(me), so long as they fear (me))

3. Subordinating FEAR


nē

— that, lest …maximē vereor nē rex populō

noceat(I am greatly afraid that the king

may harm the people)

[neg. = ut]maximē vereor ut rex populō iuvet

(I am greatly afraid that the king will not help the people [i.e. I’m

afraid and it’s my hope that the king will help the people])

3. Subordinating Quīn, quōminusword with

indicative

with subjunctive

quōminus, nē

— “hinder from” (prevention clause)frāter mē inhibet quōminus/nē pācem faciam (my brother prevents

me from making peace)

[if main clause neg. or interrog., quīn is used]frāter mē nōn inhibet quīn bellum geram (my brother does not

prevent me from waging war)

quīn — “not doubt that” (neg. doubt clause)nōn dubitō quīn Rōmulus deus factus sit (I have no doubt [but] that

Romulus has become a god)

quīn — “not so … that not” (neg. result clause following neg. or interrog. main clause)

senātōrēs nōn tam senēs sunt quīn resistant (the senators aren’t so old that they won’t resist)

“not of the sort … who does not” (neg. rel. clause of characteristic) [= quī nōn]

quis est quīn pācem optet? (who is there [of the sort] who does not want peace?)

3. Subordinating RELATIVESword with indicative with subjunctive

quī, quae, quod

(simple)lēgātum mīsit quī rēgem rogāvit

(he sent an ambassador who asked the king)

(of purpose)lēgātum mīsit quī rēgem rogāret (he sent an ambassador to ask the king

[i.e. who might ask the king]

(of characteristic or result)quis est quī rēgem interficiat? (who is there who would kill [of the sort

to kill] a king?)

(of cause) [often quippe quī]Rōmulus frātrem ōderat quippe quī

mūrum transiluisset (Romulus hated his brother because he had

jumped over the wall]

3. Subordinating INDIRECT QUESTIONS

question type

direct indirect

yes/no

–ne(attached to first word;

equivalent to question mark)Delphōsne ītis? (are you going to

Delphi?)

nōnnesurely? (expects yes)

nōnne Delphōs ībitis? (surely you are going to Delphi?)

numsurely not? (expects no)

num Delphōs ībitis? (surely you aren’t going to Delphi?)

num“whether”

rogāmus num Delphōs eānt (we are asking whether they are going to

Delphi)

rogābāmus num Delphōs īrent (we were easking whether they were

going to Delphi)


question type

direct indirect

x or y (disjunctiv

e) questions

utrum ... anutrum Delphōs an Athēnās ītis?

(are you going to Delphi or Athens?)

utrum ... an nōnutrum Delphōs ītis an nōn? (are

you going to Delphi or not?)

— ... an- ne ... an‐

utrum ... anrogāmus (utrum) Delphōs(ne) an

Athēnās eant (we are asking whether they are going to Delphi or Athens)

utrum ... necne rogāmus (utrum) Delphōs(ne) eant necne (we are asking whether they

are going to Delphi or not)


question type

direct(usually indicative)

indirect(always subjunctive)

WH questio

ns

cur Delphōs ītis? (why are you going to Delphi?)

quis Delphōs venit? (who is going to Delphi?)

quid pater voluit et quomodo adeptus est? (what did the father

want and how did he get it?)

rogāmus cur/quārē Delphōs eant (we are asking why they are going

to Delphi)

rogāmus quis Delphōs veniat (we are asking who is going to Delphi)

narrābat quid pater voluisset et quomodo/quemadmodum

adeptus esset.

3. Subordinating CONDITIONALS


sī

if (simple past)sī pācem habēbāmus, gaudēbāmus

(if we had peace, we rejoiced)

if (simple present)sī pācem habēmus, gaudēmus (if we

have peace, we rejoice)

if (future-more-vivid)sī pācem habeāmus, gaudeāmus (if we should/were to have peace, we

would rejoice)

if (past contrafactual)sī pācem habuissēmus, gāvīsī

essēmus (if we had had peace, we would have rejoiced)

if (present contrafactual)sī pācem habērēmus, gaudērēmus (if we had peace [now], we would

rejoice/would be rejoicing)

if (future-less-vivid)sī pācem habēbimus/habuerimus,

gaudēbimus (if we [shall] have peace, we will rejoice)

[neg. nisiif not, unless, except]

[sive/seu “or if”]

4. The sequence of tenses PRIMARY tense in main clause

(i.e. any pres. or fut. tense, incl. “have” perf.)

subjunctive is present, perfect, or future pple + sīm

SECONDARY tense in main clause(i.e. any past tense, incl. hist.

present and “did” perf.)

subjunctive is imperfect, pluperfect, or future pple + ēssem

rogāmus cur Delphōs eant (we are asking why they are going to Delphi)

rogāmus cur Delphōs itūrī sint (we are asking why they are preparing to go to

Delphi)

censum instituit [ “have” perf.] ut onera nōbīs impōnat (he has instituted the

census so that he may impose burdens on us)

rogābāmus cur Delphōs īrent (we were asking why they were going to Delphi)

rogāmus cur Delphōs itūrī essent (we were asking why they were preparing to

go to Delphi)

censum instituerat ut onera nōbīs impōneret (he had instituted the census so that he might impose burdens on us)

This rule applies principally to

purpose clauses and indirect questions

5. The tenses of infinitivesoriginal

statementtense of infinitive corresponds to whether original statement

referred to contemporary, prior, or subsequent time

STATEMENT REPORTED SIMULTANEOUSLY

STATEMENT REPORTED

AFTERWARD

STATEMENT DESCRIBED

BEFOREHAND

Rōmulus deus est(Romulus is a god)

dīcunt Rōmulum deum esse (they say that Romulus

is a god)

dīxērunt Rōmulum deum esse (they said that Romulus was a

god)

dīcent Rōmulum deum esse (they will say that

Romulus is a god)

Rōmulus deus fuit(Romulus was a

god)

dīcunt Rōmulum deum fuisse (they say that Romulus was a god)

dīxērunt Rōmulum deum fuisse (they said that Romulus had been

a god)

dīcent Rōmulum deum fuisse (they will say that Romulus was a

god)

Rōmulus deus erit(Romulus will be a

god)

dīcunt Rōmulum deum futūrum esse/fore (they

say that Romulus will be a god)

dīxērunt Rōmulum deum futūrum

esse/fore (they said that Romulus would be

a god)

dīcent Rōmulum deum futūrum esse/fore (they will say that

Romulus will be a god)

This rule applies principally to

indirect statements

6. Exercise: Fill in the blanks

(Ch. IX continues …)

omnēs exspectābant dum augurst-___________.

ubi augur st________, sīc precātus est:

‘Iuppiter, sī est fās hunc Numam Pompilium rēgem Rōmae esse, tū signa certa dā.’

Tanta signa deus dedit ut Numa rexcre-________.

Regnum ita adeptus, Numa scīvit quid dī semper opt-_________.

Everyone waited for the augur to stand.

After he stood, he prayed in this way:

“Juppiter, if it is right that this Numa Pompilius is king at Rome, you give certain signs!”

The god gave such great signs that Numa was made king.

Having acquired the kingship, Numa knew what the gods had always wanted.

Answer key: next

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(Ch. IX continues …)

omnēs exspectābant dum augurstaret.

ubi augur stetit, sīc precātus est:

‘Iuppiter, sī est fās hunc Numam Pompilium rēgem Rōmae esse, tū signa certa dā.’

Tanta signa deus dedit ut Numa rexcreātus sit.

Regnum ita adeptus, Numa scīvit quid dī semper optāvissent.

Everyone waited for the augur to stand.

After he stood, he prayed in this way:

“Juppiter, if it is right that this Numa Pompilius is king at Rome, you give certain signs!”

The god gave such great signs that Numa was made king.

Having acquired the kingship, Numa knew what the gods had always wanted.


urbī iūs, lēgēs, mōrēs dare constituit, quod Rōmulus haec nōn f-_________.

Ut Rōmānīs persuād-_____, rex simulāvit sē cum deā Ēgeriā noctū colloquī, et deam dē hīs rēbus sē doc-________.

Sacra instituit: sacerdōtēs creāvit: annum in duodecim mensēs ad cursūs lūnae dīvīsit adeo, ut aliī diēs bonī ________ , aliī malī.

He decided to give the city justice, laws, customs, because Romulus had not done these things.

In order to persuade the Romans, the king pretended that he was speaking with the goddess Egeria at night, and that the goddess was teaching him about these things.

He instituted religious rites: he created priests, he divided the year into twelve months according to the motions of the moon, in such a way that some days were good, others bad.

Answer key: next

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urbī iūs, lēgēs, mōrēs dare constituit, quod Rōmulus haec nōn fēcerat.

Ut Rōmānīs persuādēret, rex simulāvit sē cum deā Ēgeriā noctū colloquī, et deam dē hīs rēbus sē docēre.

Sacra instituit: sacerdōtēs creāvit: annum in duodecim mensēs ad cursūs lūnae dīvīsit adeo, ut aliī diēs bonī essent/fuerint, aliī malī.

He decided to give the city justice, laws, customs, because Romulus had not done these things.

In order to persuade the Romans, the king pretended that he was speaking with the goddess Egeria at night, and that the goddess was teaching him about these things.

He instituted religious rites: he created priests, he divided the year into twelve months according to the motions of the moon, in such a way that some days were good, others bad.

Documents

1.Coordinating 2.Subordinating 3.The sequence of tenses 4.The tenses of infinitives 5.Exercises with answer key Grammar Review 4: Conjunctions and clauses