19th century america

8/7/2019 19th century america

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Presented by:

Binny Talati(FT2k9-11)

Namrata Dwivedi(FT2k9-)

Sneha Morab(FT2k9-53)


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The Industrial Revolution:where major changes in

agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation,Era of progression

New trade and commerce emerging


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The rapid economic development following the CivilWar laid the groundwork for the modern U.S.

industrial economy.

By 1890, the USA leaped ahead of Britain for firstplace in manufacturing output.

Second Industrial Revolution


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Because of improved transportation, the Homestead Actand other federal land policies, total farm output rosedramatically.

Competition from Western farmers and increasedurbanization forced Northeastern farmers to abandontheir farms .

Agricultural prices tended downward throughout the last

decades of the nineteenth century. Land and machinerycosts, however, rose; so farmers were caught in a binddespite the fact that prices in general were also falling.


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y Railroads made a decisive impact on the U.S. economyespecially in the 1850-1873 era.

y It became the first large-scale business enterprise andthe model for most large corporations.

y The majority of the construction was financed byborrowed money.

y Government help subsidies and land grants.


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1863 National Banking Act provided the nation with its first uniformcurrency.

The fiat money called greenbacks issued to finance the War circulated at adiscount.

Driving of silver from circulation: forced the government to print fractionalpaper money so people could make change.Then came the discovery of big silver deposits and the resulting decline inthe price of silver

The basic defect in nineteenth-century America banking structure was aninability to adjust the money supply and credit conditions to conform tosudden changes in economic conditions.


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An explosion of new discoveries and inventions tookplace.

Railroads greatly expanded the mileage and built

stronger tracks and bridges.The telephone, phonograph and typewriter and electriclight were invented.

Development of the nation's industrial infrastructure.

Coal was found in abundance in the AppalachianMountains from Pennsylvania.

Large copper and silver mines opened, followed by leadmines and cement factories.


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From 1869 to 1879, the US economy grew at a rate of6.8% for real GDP.

The economy repeated this period of growth in the1880s, in which the wealth of the nation grew at anannual rate of 3.8%, while the GDP was also doubled.


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Between 1845 and 1855, some 300,000 European immigrantsarrived annually.

By 1860, 16% of the people lived in cities with 2500 or morepeople; a third of the nation's income came frommanufacturing.

Cotton cloth production was the leading industry, with themanufacture of shoes, woolen clothing and machinery alsoexpanding.


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Rockefeller

Ford

Jay Gould

J. Pierpont Morgan

Andrew Carnegie


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Rise of big business huge wave of mergers during the last years of19th century:

1892 merger ofEdison General Electric and Thomson-HoustonElectric Company to form General Electric.

1901 merger of Carnegie Steel Company and several other steel andiron businesses to form the United States Steel Corporation.

Rise of Standard Oil one of the first multinational enterprises


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BUISNESS REFORMSAmerica had entered the age of progress.

In 1817, ERIE CANALwas constructed.

y The transportation revolution broke down barriers of distance andisolation

y uprooting established communities and existing markets.

y

A definite pattern of migration was created as cities developed intoindustrial areas as a result of establishment of factories.

y 19th-century American industrial workers life was hard.

y Wages were low, long hours, and working conditions hazardous.

yWomen and children made up a high percentage of the work force insome industries.

1830s: ARRISAL OF ABOLITIONISM : Movement to end the slavery


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In 1881: FEDERATION OF TRADES AND LABOUR UNIONSwas founded, because only 2 per cent of the total labour forceand less than 10 per cent of all industrial workers, were membersof unions.

In 1883, the federal government passed the PENDLETON ACT toregulate federal civil service hiring

Prior to the passage, federal positions were assigned to the

political party in power. Friends and relatives also expected new,well-paying jobs.

The Pendleton Act required potential federal employees toprovide proof of qualifications related to the job


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In 1886: AME

RICAN FE

DE

RATION OF LABOUR (AFL) formed undercigar union official Samuel Gompers,

y Was a group of unions focused on skilled workers. Its objectives were"pure and simple : increasing wages, reducing hours, and improving

working conditions.

In 1887: INTERSTATECOMMERCEACT designed to regulate therailroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices.

y Shipping rates were publicized and charge no more for short haulingthan for long hauling.

y

Prevented from practicing price fixing and price discrimination againstsmaller markets.

y The Act created a federal regulatory agency, the Interstate CommerceCommission (ICC), which it charged with monitoring railroads toensure that they complied with the new market standards.


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In 1890-1920 : PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT : was an effort to

cure many of the ills of American society .

y The desire to remove corruption and undue inf luence fromgovernment through the taming of bosses and politicalmachines

y

The effort to include more people more directly in the politicalprocess

y The conviction that government must play a role to solve socialproblems and establish fairness in economic matters.

In 1890 : THE SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT: witnessed thedevelopment of business conglomerates or trusts. ,new form ofbusiness organization led to manipulation of prices. Stategovernments, mostly in the West and South, passed laws toregulate corporate behaviour,


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Society and culturey 18 free states, 15 slave states

April 11 1861, 4.30 am civil war began

April 15 1865 lincoln assassinated.yWomen were participating in more sports than ever

before

y Excluding blacks from jury duty was held

unconstitutionaly Fencing of public lands was prohibited by an act of

Congress


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y Tennis introduced to Americans

y Football uniforms introduced.

y First transcontinental telegraph sent

y Andrew Carnegie opened his first public library

y Congress passed the International Copyright Act

y The first graduated income tax law was passed

y First womens baseball team


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Education

y More public schools

y Increase in higher education and first teachers collage

y First women astronomer and first women collage

y Public education improved

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19th century america