190703637 Physics Investigatory Project for Class 12th

7/25/2019 190703637 Physics Investigatory Project for Class 12th

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HYSICS

INVESTIGATORY

ROJECT

RAFT OWERED BY SURFACE TENSION

Submitted by: Taya Ga!"

C#a$$: %II B

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INDEX

Serial

No.

Topic Page No.

1. Acknowledgement 32. Objective 43. Introduction 44. Material and Equipment !. E"perimental procedure #

$. Ob%ervation table 1&. 'e%ult% 1. (ibliograp)* 11

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to e"pre%% m* %incere gratitude toward% m* +)*%ic% teac)er,

M%. Anu Mi%)ra -or )er con%i%tent advice and %upport t)roug)out t)e

project. I would al%o like to t)ank m* parent% -or providing me wit) t)e

nece%%ar* material required -or t)e accompli%)ment o- t)e project.

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OBJECTIVEo inve%tigate )ow a %mall ra-t made -rom a clear

pla%tic %)eet can be propelled b* water %ur-ace ten%ion.

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INTRODCTION/ur-ace ten%ion i% broadl* de0ned a% t)e energ* required to

increa%e t)e %ur-ace area b* a unit amount.

SR!ACE TENSION IN LI"IDS#

iquid% al%o e"perience %ur-ace ten%ion. /o, )ere, $%r&ace

'e($io(i% al%o de0ned a% a contractive tendenc* o- t)e%ur-ace o- a liquid t)at allow% it to re%i%t an e"ternal -orce. It

ma* al%o be de0ned a% a propert* o- liquid b* virtue o- w)ic)

t)e %ur-ace o- a liquid at re%t tend% to )ave minimum area and

be)ave% like it i% covered b* a $'re'c)e* +e+,ra(e.

)e molecule% o- t)e liquid e"perience i('er+olec%lar

a''rac'io($, or co)e$i-e-orce%, w)ic) mean% t)e molecule%

are pulling and pu%)ing awa* -rom eac) ot)er, ju%t like

magnet% bot) attract and repel eac) ot)er. In t)e ca%e o- a

water molecule %urrounded on all %ide% b* ot)er water

molecule%, ever* pulling -orce i% balanced b* a pu%)ing -orce.

)e net -orce i% ero. )oug) at t)e %ur-ace, w)ere air and

water meet, t)at i% not true. )e water molecule% at t)e %ur-ace

e"perience a net downward pull. )i% i% t)e %ur-ace ten%ion o-

t)e water.

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ater molecule% like to interact wit) eac) ot)er becau%e t)e*

are polar molecule%, meaning t)e* )ave po%itivel* and

negativel* c)arged %ide%. /imilar to a group o- magnet%, t)e

water molecule% arrange t)em%elve% %o t)at t)e po%itive %ide%

are awa* -rom eac) ot)er, but can interact wit) t)e negative

%ide%. Ot)er polar molecule% al%o interact wit) water molecule%.

Molecule% t)at interact wit), and are di%%olved b* water are

called )*rop)ilic molecule%. )ere are al%o molecule% t)at

do notlike to interact wit) water. )e* are )*rop)o,ic. I- a

molecule t)at )a% bot) )*drop)ilic and )*drop)obic part% i%

added to water, t)e )*drop)ilic end will tr* to get clo%e to t)e

water molecule% w)ile t)e )*drop)ilic end will pu%) awa* -rom

t)e water. )i% pulling and pu%)ing %eparate% t)e water

molecule% -rom eac) ot)er and decrea%e% t)e %ur-ace ten%ion

becau%e o- t)i%. ompound% t)at lower t)e %ur-ace ten%ion o-

water are known a% %ur-actant%.

Co++o( e/ec'$ o& $%r&ace 'e($io(

/ur-ace ten%ion )a% man* e5ect% ob%erved in dail* li-e. )e%e

ma* include 6

ater beading on a lea-.

ater %trider%%ta* atop t)e liquid becau%e o- %ur-aceten%ion.

ater dripping -rom a tap.

$
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_striderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_strider


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7lotation o- object% den%er t)an water occur% w)en t)e

object i% non8wettable and it% weig)t i% %mall enoug) to be

borne b* t)e -orce% ari%ing -rom %ur-ace ten%ion.

ear% o- wine -ormed on a wine gla%%.

Mara(go(i E/ec'

)e Mara(go(i e/ec'i% t)e ma%% tran%-er along

an inter-acebetween two 9uid% due to %ur-ace ten%iongradient.

/ince a liquid wit) a )ig) %ur-ace ten%ionpull% more %trongl* ont)e %urrounding liquid t)an one wit) a low %ur-ace ten%ion, t)epre%ence o- a gradientin %ur-ace ten%ion will naturall* cau%et)e liquid to 9ow awa* -rom region% o- low %ur-ace ten%ion.

)e %ur-ace ten%iongradient can be cau%ed b* concentrationgradient or b* a temperature gradient :%ur-ace ten%ion i% a-unction o- temperature;.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension


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A region wit) a lower concentration o- a liquid


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Ma'erial$ a(* E0%ip+e('

?itc)en %ponge% :2;

/ci%%or%

'uler, metric

ran%parencie% :clear pla%tic %)eet o- t)ick qualit*;

Marker

oot)pick%

ape

arge ba%in or %ink

o It %)ould be large enoug) t)at t)e ra-t can travel a

%)ort di%tance wit)in it.

o Make %ure it can be ea%il* emptied, a% *ou will be0lling and re80lling it wit) -re%) water o-ten.

ater

E*e dropper

iquid laundr* detergent

Ot)er %ub%tance% to te%t t)eir a5ect on water %ur-aceten%ion

o iquid )and %oap

o oot)pa%te :made %lig)tl* porou% b* mi"ing in water;

o @egetable oil

o able %alt


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ab notebook

E"perimental +rocedure

1. ut t)e %ponge into at lea%t 1& %mall, identicall* %iedpiece% :cube% o- %ide 1.!cm;. )e %ponge will 0t into a%pace cut in t)e back o- t)e ra-t.

2. Make a roug) %)ape o- t)e ra-t on t)e tran%parencie%.

a. )e ra-t %)ould be %*mmetric.

b. )e ra-t %)ould be %mall enoug) t)at it can travel a

%)ort di%tance in t)e ba%in or %ink, but %till be largeenoug) to )old t)e %ponge piece.

1. An initial %ie o- 813 cm long, and a widt) t)ati% appro"imatel* )al- o- t)e lengt) wa% taken.

2. )e %ie o- t)e ra-t wa% noted in a notebook.

c. A %pace in t)e back o- t)e ra-t wa% cut. )e %ponge

will 0t )ere. It %)ould be %lig)tl* larger t)an one o-t)e %ponge piece%.

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3. )e ra-t wa% cut out.

4. 'un a toot)pick )oriontall* t)roug) one o- t)e %mall%ponge piece% %o enoug) o- t)e two end% o- t)e toot)pickcan re%t on t)e tran%parenc*, t)en attac) t)e toot)pickend% wit) tape %o t)at t)e %ponge i% attac)ed to t)e %mall

%pace at t)e back o- t)e ra-t.

!. 7ill a large ba%in or %ink wit) tap water.

$. +ut t)e ra-t onto t)e water %ur-ace and let it 9oat.

. B%ing an e*e dropper, put a drop o- liquid laundr*detergent onto t)e %ponge at t)e end o- t)e ra-t. I- onedrop i% not enoug), put one or two more. )e ra-t doe% notrequire muc) detergent to %tart moving.

#. Ob%erve t)e motion. 'ecord all ob%ervation% in t)enotebook.

. Empt* t)e ba%in or %ink. Al%o rin%e t)e ra-t, e%peciall* t)e%ponge piece, to get all o- t)e detergent o5 o- it.

1&. 'epeat %tep% !8 wit) t)e %ame ra-t and %ponge atlea%t two more time%.

11. 'eplace t)e %ponge on t)e ra-t wit) a -re%) %ponge.

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12. 7ill up t)e ba%in or %ink wit) -re%) water.

13. +ut t)e ra-t onto t)e water %ur-ace and let it 9oat.

14. +ut a drop o- liquid )and %oap onto t)e %ponge at t)eend o- t)e ra-t.

1!. Ob%erve t)e motion and compare it to t)e 0r%t ra-t,w)ic) u%ed detergent.

1$. 'epeat t)e above %tep% wit) re%t o- t)e material% tobe te%ted.

OBSERVATION TABLE

S%,$'a(ce $e*

Li0%i* la%(*r *e'erge

Li0%i* )a(* $oap

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Alco)ol

Vege'a,le oil

Ta,le $al'

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BIBLIOGRAP12

i; www.%ciencebuddie%.orgii; www.wikipedia.orgiii; www.%cribd.comiv; CE' +)*%ic% te"tbook :la%% DI;

1!
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.scribd.com/http://www.sciencebuddies.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.scribd.com/

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190703637 Physics Investigatory Project for Class 12th