19th Century Industry

• Backwards - Lacked capital- Poor infrastructure- Growing population – not enough land/jobs- Unskilled labour force- No domestic market for manufactured goods

Trans-Siberian Railway

Textile Industry

Development of mining coal and

iron ore

Expansion of oilfields

Growth of banking,

finance and education

DOUBLED INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT BY

END OF 19th C!

Grievances of Workers

• Low wages/high taxes• Grain exports – continued during famines

Today you will..

• Find out how industrialisation led to a rise in new social classes.

• You will be able to identify and describe these social classes.

• You will be able to explain the beliefs of Karl Marx.

• 1/5 of Russian population living in towns and cities.

THE PROLETARIAT:• Urban working class – peasants who’d moved

to towns and cities.• Women – 28% of industrial workers.

THE BOUREOISIE:- Middle Classes e.g. Factory owners,

professional people.

- Interested in profit – Capitalists.

- Critics say they exploited the workers in order to make money,

POLITICAL OPPONENTS OF THETSAR

Karl Marx• According to Karl Marx,at all times and places in history,society has

been made up of two classes of people - the rulers and the ruled.• All societies in the past have gone through a series of revolutions,in

which the ruling class has been overthrown and replaced by a new ruling class. Thus,medieval societies were transformed into modern industrial societies,with aristocratic landowners replaced by factory owners and business-men as the new ruling class.

• According to Marx,industrial society is the final stage of this process of change.In industrial society the ruling class is the bourgeoisie - factory owners who own the factories and business-men with the capital to invest in industry.The class who are ruled are the proletariat - the factory workers who are employed by the bourgeoisie in return for a weekly wage.

• Inevitably,the exploitation of the proletariat would increase as industrial society develops - the bourgeoisie would get richer and the proletariat would get poorer.When conditions were at their worst,the inevitable revolution would result and the bourgeoisie would be overthrown.

• For a while,there would have to be a dictatorship of the proletariat - a period during which all aspects of bourgeois society would be dismantled and new ideas would be spread.

• The means of production - factories - would be taken from private ownership and be run by the socialist government for the benefit of everyone.

• Gradually the need for government itself would wither away and a pure classless society would emerge.In this ideal communist society,all private property would be abolished.There would be harmony,co-operation and equality.Everyone would contribute to society according to their abilities and receive from society according to their needs.

KARL MARX• His ideas became theIdeas for modern Communism.• Predicted violent Revolutions throughout EuropeWhich would overthrow the capitalists.• In their place the working classWould rule and wealth wouldBe shared equally. He called thisSOCIALISM.

COMMUNISMIn theory, communism is a classless society in which all property is shared by the community and where everyone enjoys social and economic equality

CAPITALISMA society in which all means of production (industry, business and agriculture) are owned by private individuals or firms who run them for their own profit.

MARX AND RUSSIA

• Marx was writing in the 19th century.It was advanced industrial societies like Britain which he believed were ripe for revolution.

• Russia was to a considerable extent still a pre-industrial society, with a ruling class of aristocratic landowners.In Marx’s terms,feudal society had not yet been fully transformed into industrial society. The middle class bourgeoisie had not yet taken over from the upper class landowners.In Marx’s terms,Russia was not yet advanced enough for the final proletarian revolution.

• Before 1917 people who disagreed with the Tsar could be imprisoned

• No freedom of speech• No Trade Unions

• MANY RUSSIANS WANTED CHANGE

3 Types of Revolutionary Groups

1. The Liberals – Supported by many middle class professionals – wanted to be a strong democratic country.

2. The Socialist Revolutionaries – believed that the peasants should revolt and they would share out the land.

3. The Social Democrats – Believed in revolution by the working class – followers of Karl Marx.

Social Democrats

• Mensheviks – men of the minority – willing to co-operate with Middle class. Thought membership of the party should be open to anyone.

• Bolsheviks – men of the majority – should be full-time revolutionaries. They would lead the working class and make the important decisions. The party should be kept small and secret.