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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria

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Page 1: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea • Bacteria Diagram flagellummembrance pili plasmid cell wall chromosome plasma This diagram

18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria

Page 2: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea • Bacteria Diagram flagellummembrance pili plasmid cell wall chromosome plasma This diagram

18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Description

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes.

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Where do they live?

Prokaryotes are widespread on Earth.

( Est. over 1 billion types of bacteria, and over 1030 individual prokaryote

cells on earth.)

Found in all land and ocean environments, even inside other organisms!

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Common Examples

• E. Coli

• Tetanus bacteria

• Salmonella bacteria

• Tuberculosis bacteria

• Staphylococcus

• Streptococcus

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Modes Of Nutrition

• Bacteria may be heterotrophs or autotrophs

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Bacteria Reproduce How?

• by binary fission.

• exchange genes

during conjugation=

increases diversity.

conjugation bridge

TEM; magnification 6000x

• May survive by

forming

endospores =

specialized cell

with thick

protective cell wall.

• Can survive for

centuries until environment improves. Have been found in mummies!

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

• Bacteria Diagram

flagellum

pili

plasmid

cell wall

chromosome

plasma

membrance

This diagram shows the typical structure

of a prokaryote. Archaea and bacteria

look very similar, although they have

important molecular differences.

– plasmid = small piece of genetic material, can replicate

independently of the chromosome

– flagellum = different than in eukaryotes, but for movement

– pili = used to stick the bacteria to each other or surfaces

Page 8: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea • Bacteria Diagram flagellummembrance pili plasmid cell wall chromosome plasma This diagram

18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

• Classified by: their need for oxygen, how they gram

stain, and their shapes

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Main Groups by Shapes

– rod-shaped, called bacilli

Lactobacilli: rod-shaped Enterococci: spherical Spirochaeta: spiral

– spiral, called spirilla or spirochetes

– spherical, called cocci

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

• Main Groups by their need for oxygen.

• obligate anaerobes

are poisoned by

oxygen - Ex. Clostridium botulinum

- Ex. Clostridium tetani

– obligate aerobes

need oxygen - Ex. Mycobacterium

tuberculosis

– facultative aerobes

can live with or without

oxygen

- Ex. E. Coli

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

• Main Groups by Gram staining

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of

peptidoglycan and stain red. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker

peptidoglycan layer and stain purple.

– stains polymer peptidoglycan

– gram-positive stains purple, more peptidoglycan

– gram-negative stains pink, less peptidoglycan

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE

– The amount of peptidoglycan within the cell wall can

differ between members of kingdom (eu)bacteria.

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

So, Why is Gram Staining Important?

• Different types of infectious bacterial diseases

respond differently to antibiotics when they are

gram- positive or gram-negative!

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

KEY CONCEPT

How Bacteria help man.

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

• Bacteria help ferment many foods.

– yogurt, cheese

– pickles, sauerkraut

– soy sauce, vinegar

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Bacteria provide nutrients to humans and other animals.

• Live in digestive systems of animals – LIKE US!!!.

– make vitamins (Ex. E. coli in our lg. intestine make B

vitamins for us!)

– break down food (Ex. Bacteria in cow stomach digest

cellulose in grass, hay, etc.

– fill niches

Human intestinal bacteria

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

• Bioremediation uses bacteria to break down pollutants.

– oil spills

– biodegradable materials

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

How Bacteria Hurt Man!

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Some bacteria cause disease.

• Bacteria cause disease by invading tissues or making

toxins.

• A toxin is a poison released by an organism.

Clostridium botulinum bacteria cause botulism food poisoning.

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

• Example: Flesh Eating Bacteria

– may colonize new tissues

Flesh eating Streptococcus bacteria, normally do not harm us.

Only become dangerous when come in contact with other tissues like fat or muscle.

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease.

• Antibiotics may stop bacterial cell wall formation.

• Antibiotics do not work on viruses.

• Prevention is best method to fight bacterial disease.

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics.

A bacterium carries

genes for antibiotic

resistance on a plasmid.

A copy of the plasmid is

transferred through

conjugation.

Resistance is quickly

spread through many

bacteria.

• Bacteria are gaining resistance to antibiotics, due to:.

– overuse

(Handsanitizers?)

– underuse (Take your RX as directed)

– misuse (For livestock raising?)

– Read p. 565!

• Antibiotics must be

used properly.

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Bacteria play important roles in ecosystems.

• Prokaryotes have many functions in ecosystems.

– photosynthesize

– recycle carbon, nitrogen,

hydrogen, sulfur

– fix nitrogen = Nitrogen

fixation

Root nodules of white clover contain

Nitrogen fixing bacteria, which convert

atmospheric nitrogen into a form the

clover can use. The bacteria get

sugars from the clovers’ photosynthesis.

This is an example of mutualistic

symbiosis.

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Turn your pink sheet over, to put the Archaea on the

other side!!!!

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Kingdom Archaeabacteria, Domain Archaea

Page 27: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea • Bacteria Diagram flagellummembrance pili plasmid cell wall chromosome plasma This diagram

18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Description

Archaeabacteria are single-celled prokaryotes that

live in extreme environments. They do NOT have

peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Where do they live?

• Hot springs

• Deep sea vents

• Bottoms of Swamps

• Mouths of volcanoes

• Extra Salty lakes and seas

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Common Examples

• Methanogens = methane gas lovers

• Thermophiles = heat lovers

• Halophiles = salt lovers

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Modes of nutrition

• Heterotrophs and Chemoautotrophs

• Chemoautotrophs use chemicals in their environment to

create their own food

(Unlike photosynthesizers, that rely on energy from the

sun.)

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Reproduce how?

• Same as Eubacteria

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Diagrams (omit)

flagellum

pili

plasmid

cell wall

chromosome

plasma

membrance

This diagram shows the typical structure

of a prokaryote. Archaea and bacteria

look very similar, although they have

important molecular differences.

Page 33: 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Bacteria · 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea • Bacteria Diagram flagellummembrance pili plasmid cell wall chromosome plasma This diagram

18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Classified by:

• Shapes (See Eubacteria notes)- cocci, spirilli, bacilli

• Where they live

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Main Groups – see common examples

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18.4 Bacteria and Archaea

Special roles in ecosystems – fill niches in extreme

environments • Fill niches in extreme environments

• Many of them are chemosynthesizers