16.1

Dr. Honghui DengDr. Honghui Deng

Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor

MIS DepartmentMIS Department

UNLVUNLV

MIS 370 System Analysis Theory

16.2

Chapter 16Chapter 16

INPUT DESIGN AND INPUT DESIGN AND PROTOTYPINGPROTOTYPING

MIS 370 System Analysis Theory

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Define the appropriate format and media for a Define the appropriate format and media for a computer input.computer input.

• Explain the difference between data capture, data Explain the difference between data capture, data entry, and data input.entry, and data input.

• Identify and describe several automatic data collection Identify and describe several automatic data collection technologies.technologies.

• Apply human factors to the design of computer inputs.Apply human factors to the design of computer inputs.• Design internal controls for computer inputs.Design internal controls for computer inputs.• Select proper screen-based controls for input Select proper screen-based controls for input

attributes that are to appear on a GUI input screen.attributes that are to appear on a GUI input screen.• Design a web-based input interface.Design a web-based input interface.

16.4

Data Capture and Data EntryData Capture and Data Entry

• Data capture Data capture – the identification and – the identification and acquisition of new data (at its source).acquisition of new data (at its source).– Source documents – forms used to record

business transactions in terms of data that describe those transactions.

• Data entry Data entry – the process of translating – the process of translating the source data or document (above) the source data or document (above) into a computer readable format.into a computer readable format.

16.5

Data ProcessingData Processing

• Data processing is all processing that occurs Data processing is all processing that occurs on the data after it is input from a machine on the data after it is input from a machine readable form. readable form. – In batch processing, the entered data is collected

into files called batches and processed as a complete batch.

– In on-line processing, the captured data is processed immediately

– In remote batch processing, data is entered and edited on-line, but collected into batches for subsequent processing.

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Input Implementation MethodsInput Implementation Methods

• KeyboardKeyboard• MouseMouse• Touch ScreenTouch Screen• Point-of-sale terminalsPoint-of-sale terminals• Sound and speechSound and speech• Automatic data captureAutomatic data capture

– Optical mark recognition (OMR)

• Bar codesBar codes

– Optical character recognition (OCR)

– Magnetic Ink

– Electromagnetic transmission

– Smart cards

– Biometric

16.7

Computer InputsComputer Inputs

Process MethodProcess Method Data CaptureData Capture Data EntryData Entry Data ProcessingData Processing

KeyboardKeyboard Data is usually captured on a Data is usually captured on a business form that becomes business form that becomes the source document for the source document for input. Data can be collected input. Data can be collected real-time.real-time.

Data is entered via keyboard. Data is entered via keyboard. This is the most common input This is the most common input method but also the most prone method but also the most prone to errors.to errors.

OLD: Data can be collected into OLD: Data can be collected into batch files (disk) for processing batch files (disk) for processing as a batch.as a batch.

NEW: Data is processed as NEW: Data is processed as soon as it has been keyed.soon as it has been keyed.

MouseMouse Same as above.Same as above. Used in conjunction with Used in conjunction with keyboard to simplify data keyboard to simplify data entry. Mouse serves as a entry. Mouse serves as a pointing device for a pointing device for a screen. screen.

Same as above, but the use Same as above, but the use of a mouse is most of a mouse is most commonly associated with commonly associated with online and real-time online and real-time processing.processing.

Touch ScreenTouch Screen Same as above.Same as above. Data is entered o a touch screen Data is entered o a touch screen display or handheld device. display or handheld device. Data entry users either touch Data entry users either touch commands and data choices or commands and data choices or enter data using handwriting enter data using handwriting recognition.recognition.

On PCs, touch screen choices On PCs, touch screen choices are processed same as above. are processed same as above. On handheld computers, data is On handheld computers, data is sorted on the handheld for later sorted on the handheld for later processing as a remote batch.processing as a remote batch.

Point of SalePoint of Sale Data is captured as close Data is captured as close to the point of sale as to the point of sale as humanly possible. No humanly possible. No source documents.source documents.

Data is often entered directly by Data is often entered directly by the customer or by an employee the customer or by an employee directly interacting with the directly interacting with the customer.customer.

Data is almost always Data is almost always processed immediately as a processed immediately as a transaction or inquiry.transaction or inquiry.

16.8

Computer InputsComputer Inputs

Process MethodProcess Method Data CaptureData Capture Data EntryData Entry Data ProcessingData Processing

SoundSound Data is captured as close Data is captured as close to the source as possible, to the source as possible, even when the customer even when the customer is remotely located.is remotely located.

Data is entered using touch-Data is entered using touch-tones (typically from a tones (typically from a telephone). Usually requires telephone). Usually requires fairly rigid command menu fairly rigid command menu structure and limited input structure and limited input options.options.

Data is almost always Data is almost always processed immediately processed immediately as a transaction or as a transaction or inquiry.inquiry.

SpeechSpeech Same as sound.Same as sound. Data (and commands) is spoken. Data (and commands) is spoken. This technology is not as mature This technology is not as mature and is much less reliable and and is much less reliable and common than other techniques.common than other techniques.

Data is almost always Data is almost always processed immediately processed immediately as a transaction or as a transaction or inquiry.inquiry.

Optical MarkOptical Mark Data is recorded on optical Data is recorded on optical scan sheets as marks or scan sheets as marks or precisely formed letter, precisely formed letter, numbers, and punctuation. numbers, and punctuation.

Eliminates the need for data Eliminates the need for data entry.entry.

Data is almost always Data is almost always processed as a batch.processed as a batch.

Magnetic InkMagnetic Ink Data is usually prerecorded Data is usually prerecorded on forms that are on forms that are subsequently completed by subsequently completed by the customer. The customer the customer. The customer records additional records additional information on the form.information on the form.

A magnetic ink reader reads the A magnetic ink reader reads the magnetized data. The customer-magnetized data. The customer-added data must be entered using added data must be entered using another input method.another input method.

Data is almost always Data is almost always processed as a batch.processed as a batch.

16.9

Computer InputsComputer Inputs

Process MethodProcess Method Data CaptureData Capture Data EntryData Entry Data ProcessingData Processing

ElectromagneticElectromagnetic Data is recorded Data is recorded directly on the object to directly on the object to be described by data.be described by data.

Data is transmitted by radio Data is transmitted by radio frequency.frequency.

Data is almost always Data is almost always processed processed immediately.immediately.

Smart CardSmart Card Data is recorded Data is recorded directly on a device to directly on a device to be carried by the be carried by the customer, employee, or customer, employee, or other individual that is other individual that is described by that data.described by that data.

Data is read by smart card Data is read by smart card readers.readers.

Data is almost always Data is almost always processed processed immediately.immediately.

BiometricBiometric Unique human Unique human characteristics become characteristics become datadata

Data is read by biometric Data is read by biometric sensors. Primary sensors. Primary applications are security applications are security and medical monitoringand medical monitoring

Data is processed Data is processed immediately.immediately.

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Automatic Identification: Bar CodesAutomatic Identification: Bar Codes

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Input Design GuidelinesInput Design Guidelines

• Capture only variable data.Capture only variable data.– Not data that can be looked up.

• Do not capture data that can be Do not capture data that can be calculated or stored in computer calculated or stored in computer programs as constants.programs as constants.– Extended Price, Federal Withholding, etc.

• Use codes for appropriate attributes.Use codes for appropriate attributes.

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Source Document / Form Design GuidelinesSource Document / Form Design Guidelines

• Include instructions for completing the Include instructions for completing the form.form.

• Minimize the amount of handwriting.Minimize the amount of handwriting.

• Data to be entered (keyed) should be Data to be entered (keyed) should be sequenced top-to-bottom and left-to-sequenced top-to-bottom and left-to-right.right.

• When possible use designs based on When possible use designs based on known metaphors.known metaphors.

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Bad Flow in a FormBad Flow in a Form

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Good Flow in a FormGood Flow in a Form

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Metaphoric Screen DesignMetaphoric Screen Design

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Internal Controls for InputsInternal Controls for Inputs

• The number of inputs should be (to minimize risk of lost The number of inputs should be (to minimize risk of lost transactions).transactions).– For batch processing

• Use batch control slipsUse batch control slips

• Use one-for-one checks against post-processing detail reports Use one-for-one checks against post-processing detail reports

– For on-line systems• Log each transaction as it occurs to a separate audit fileLog each transaction as it occurs to a separate audit file

• Validate all dataValidate all data– Existence checks– Data-type checks– Domain checks– Combination checks– Self-checking digits– Format checks

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Common GUI ControlsCommon GUI Controls

• Text boxesText boxes• Radio buttonsRadio buttons• Check boxesCheck boxes• List boxesList boxes• Drop down Drop down

listslists• Combination Combination

boxesboxes• Spin boxesSpin boxes• ButtonsButtons

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Common GUI Controls UsesCommon GUI Controls Uses

• Text boxesText boxes– When the input data values are unlimited in scope

• Radio buttonsRadio buttons– When data has limited predefined set of mutually exclusive values

• Check boxesCheck boxes– When value set consists of a simple yes or no value

• List boxesList boxes– When data has a large number of possible values

• Drop down listsDrop down lists– When data has large number of possible values and screen space is

too limited for a list box

• Combination boxesCombination boxes– When need to provide the user with option of selecting a value from a

list or typing a value that may or may not appear in the list

• Spin boxesSpin boxes– When need to navigate through a small set of choices or directly

typing a data value

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Advanced ControlsAdvanced Controls

• Drop down Drop down calendarscalendars

• Slider edit Slider edit controlscontrols

• Masked edit Masked edit controlscontrols

• Ellipsis controlsEllipsis controls• Alternate Alternate

numerical numerical spinnersspinners

• Check list boxesCheck list boxes• Check tree boxesCheck tree boxes

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Advanced ControlsAdvanced Controls

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Automated Tools for Input Design and PrototypingAutomated Tools for Input Design and Prototyping

• Old ToolsOld Tools– Record Layout Charts

– Display Layout Charts

• Newer Prototyping ToolsNewer Prototyping Tools– Microsoft Access

– CASE Tools

– Visual Basic

– Excel

– Visio

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Input Design ProcessInput Design Process

1.1. Identify system inputs and review logical Identify system inputs and review logical requirements.requirements.

2.2. Select appropriate GUI controls.Select appropriate GUI controls.

3.3. Design, validate and test inputs using Design, validate and test inputs using some combination of:some combination of:a) Layout tools (e.g., hand sketches, spacing

charts, or CASE tools.

b) Prototyping tools (e.g., spreadsheet, PC DBMS, 4GL)

4.4. As necessary design source documents.As necessary design source documents.

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Logical Data Structure for Input RequirementsLogical Data Structure for Input Requirements

ORDER ORDER == ORDER NUMBERORDER NUMBER

++ ORDER DATEORDER DATE

++ CUSTOMER NUMBERCUSTOMER NUMBER

++ CUSTOMER NAMECUSTOMER NAME

++ CUSTOMER SHIPPING ADDRESS = ADDRESSCUSTOMER SHIPPING ADDRESS = ADDRESS

++ ( ( CUSTOMER BILLING ADDRESS = ADDRESS CUSTOMER BILLING ADDRESS = ADDRESS ))

++ 1 {1 { PRODUCT NUMBER +PRODUCT NUMBER +

QUANTITY ORDERED QUANTITY ORDERED } n} n

++ ( ( DEFAULT CREDIT CARD NUMBER DEFAULT CREDIT CARD NUMBER ))

ADDRESSADDRESS == (( POST OFFICE BOX NUMBER POST OFFICE BOX NUMBER ))

++ STREET ADDRESSSTREET ADDRESS

++ CITYCITY

++ STATESTATE

++ POSTAL ZONEPOSTAL ZONE

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Input Prototype for Video Title MaintenanceInput Prototype for Video Title Maintenance

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Input Prototype for Member OrderInput Prototype for Member Order

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Input Prototype for Member ShoppingInput Prototype for Member Shopping

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Input Prototype for Web Shopping CartInput Prototype for Web Shopping Cart

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Input Prototype for Web InterfaceInput Prototype for Web Interface