147585850 Metrology Lab Manual Covai

080120044 METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT LAB

THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGEMecheri, Salem-636453

Department of Mechanical Engineering

080120044- METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT LAB

Name : ………………………………………

Reg No : ………………………………………

Branch : ………………………………………

Year & Semester : ………………………………………

THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 1


INDEX

Ex.No Name of the Experiment Page No.Marks

AwardedCYCLE - I

CYCLE - II



VERNIER CALIPER

Examples



CALIBRATION AND MEASUREMENT OF COMPONENTS USING

VERNIER CALIPERExp No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the dimensions of the given component using vernier caliper.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Vernier caliper Sample component

FORMULA USED:

MD=MSR+ (VSCXLC)

MD-Measured Dimension

MSR-Main Scale Reading

VSC-Vernier Scale Coincide

LC-Least Count

PROCEDURE:

• Vernier caliper is cleaned with a cloth.

• The clamping screws are loosened. • With the help of slip gauges as standard, calibrate the gauges

• The given component is fixed in both the two jaws.

• The component should be perfectly held.

• The outside diameter of component is noted.

• Then the inside diameter of the component is measured with the help of knife face.

• The thickness is measured with the external jaws.



• The length of the component is measured by adjusting the movable jaws.

• The procedure is repeated for all the components.

• At least three readings should be taken and then average will give the accurate measurement

OBSERVATION:

CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALLIPER Least count = 0.02 mm

MEASUREMENT


S.NO Slip gauge inserted (mm)

Vernier scale reading Actual value in

(mm)

Error in

(mm)

MSR

(mm)

VSR

(mm)

MSR+(VSR x LC)

(mm)

1

2

3

4

5

Component-I Main scalereading(mm)

Vernier scalecoincide

MeasuredDimension

(mm)

Average(mm)

Inner diameter

Outer diameter

Thickness

Depth

Total length


MODEL GRAPH:

Graph to be drawn for Actual reading vs Indicated reading for Vernier caliper.

Indicated Reading

Actual Reading

RESULT:

The measured dimensions are given as below

Component-IInner diameter (mm)

Outer diameter (mm) Thickness(mm) Length(mm)


MODEL CALCULATION:

Main scale reading = mm

Vernier scale coincides =

Measured dimension =MSR+(VSCXLC)


MICROMETER



CALIBRATION AND MEASUREMENT OF COMPONENT USING MICROMETER

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To determine the diameter of a cylindrical component to an accuracy of 0.01mm

using micrometer to and check the result with digital micrometer.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

• Outside micrometer.

• Cylindrical component.

PROCEDURE:

1. The micrometer is checked for zero error.

2. With the help of slip gauges as standard, calibrate the gauges

3. The given component is held between the faces of the anvil and spindle.

4. The spindle is moved by rotating the thimble until the anvil and spindle

touches the cylindrical surface of the component.

5. Fine adjustment is made by ratchet .the main scale reading and thimble

scale reading are noted.

6. Two are more reading are taken at different places of the component.

7. The readings are tabulated and calculated.



OBSERVATION:

CALIBRATION OF MICROMETER Least count = 0.02 mm

MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENT:

MODEL GRAPH:


S.NOSlip gauge

inserted (mm)

Micrometer reading Actual value in

(mm)

Error in (mm)MSR

(mm)

Thimble Scale Reading

(mm)

MSR+(TSR x LC)

(mm)

1

2

3

4

5

S.NOPosition of component

MSR in mm

VSD in DIV

VSR in mm

Output value in

mm

Actual vlaue in mm

1

2

3

4

5


Graph to be drawn for Actual reading vs Indicated reading for Micrometer.

Indicated Reading

Actual Reading

RESULT:

The diameter of the given cylindrical component is

____________ mm.



DIAL GAUGE

CALIBRATION AND CHECKING DIMENSION OF THE COMPONENT USING



DIAL GAUGE

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To check the height of the machined component with standard dimensioned

component using dial gauge.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

• Slip gauge set

• Dial gauge with stand

• Surface plate

• Vernier caliper

PROCEDURE:

1. The slip gauges are built up to the given weight of the component.

2. Dial gauge with stand is placed on the surface plate.

3. The built up gauge is placed under the plunger.

4. The indicator is set to zero.

5. The built up gauge is removed.

6. The given machined component is placed under the plunger.

7. The variation in the height of the component is noted from the reading of the

dial.



TABULATION: component height =____ mm.

Calibration and Measurement

Sl. NoStandard

Dimension (mm)

Dial reading on build up slip gauge (Div)

Dial reading on component

(Div)

Variation in height ( Div)

1

2

3

4

5

RESULT:

• The height of the machined component is

checked with standard dimensioned component

(slip gauges) using dial gauge.

• The variation in height is ________________ mm.



SINE BAR

MEASUREMENT OF TAPER ANGLE USING SINE BAR



Exp no:

Date:

AIM:

To determine the taper of the given part using Sine bar.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

• Sine bar

• Slip gauge

• Work piece

FORMULA USED:

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the surface plate, Sine bar and Slip gauges using fine cotton

Cloth.

2. Place the Job in the smooth flat surface.

3. Place the sine bar in such a manner that the Lower surface of the Sine bar was uniformly touches the surface whose angle to be measured.

4. Calculate the angle using the Formula.

Where,

h = Vertical height of the slip gauge

L = Length of the sine bar (200 mm )

OBSERVATION:

USING VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE:



USING SLIP GAUGE:

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the angle in the work pieces were Determined using Sine bar

Angle measured in work piece = --------- º


Test specimen

Vernier Height Gauge Reading (mm)

Difference

H2-H1

sinθ θ°

H1 (mm) H2 (mm)

1

2

Test specimen

Length of Sine Bar (L) in mm

Height of Slip Gauges

inserted, mm

Taper

Angle (θ)

1

2


VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE USING VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR

Exp no:



Date:

AIM:

To measure the angles of given specimen using bevel protractor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Surface Plate, Dial Gauge, Slip Gauge, Bevel protractor, specimen

PROCEDURE:

1. Initially bevel protractor is adjusted as per

requirements.

2. Specimen is placed between the blades.

3. Reading noted directly from main scale and

Vernier scale

4. For measuring, taper angle of sine bar,

protractor is fixed to height gauge.

5. The protractor is corresponding adjusted.

6. Noted reading is tabulated.

RESULT:

Thus angle of given specimens was determined.



GEAR TOOTH VERNIER

MEASUREMENTS OF GEAR TOOTH



DIMENSIONS

Date:

Exp No:

AIM:

To measure the thickness of gear tooth by using Gear Tooth Vernier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

• Gear tooth vernier • Vernier caliper • Gear

FORMULA USED:

Depth= (Zm/2)(1+2/Z-COS(90/Z)

Width=Zm x sin (90/Z)

Outer diameter of gear =(Z+2)mWhere,

Z-no of gear tooth , m-module

PROCEDURE:

1. Find the zero error in the horizontal scale and

vertical scale of the given gear tooth vernier.

2. Find outer diameter of the given gear by using vernier

caliper.

3. Count the no of tooth on the given gear.

4. Calculate the depth of pitch circle from the top circle.

5. Calculate the module (m) of the gear.

6. Similarly calculate the theoretical width by

substituting and no of gear tooth in the formula.

7. The vertical gear tooth vernier is made of point the

calculate the depth value.

8. Now the gear tooth, i.e. kept in between in the two jaws of

the gear tooth Vernier.



9. Observe the main scale reading and Vernier scale

coincidence of the horizontal scale.

10.Repeat the observation of different position of the same

tooth and calculate the average.

OBSERVATION:

Least count: Horizontal scale=0.02mm Vertical scale =0.02mm

MODEL CALCULATION:

Module = outer dia/(Z+2)

Depth = (Zm/2)(1+2/Z-COS(90/Z))

Width = Zm x sin (90/Z)

Deviation =theoretical value-actual value

RESULT:

Thus the thickness of the gear tooth of the given spur gear

is calculated using gear tooth Vernier.

Depth of the gear tooth = mm

Width of the gear tooth = mm



Theoretical value = mm

Actual value = mm

TOOL MAKER’S MIXCROMETER



MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS TOOL MAKER’S MICROSCOPE

Date:

Exp No:

AIM:

To determine the major, minor diameter and flank angle for

the particular screw.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

• Tool maker’s microscope

• Work piece

PROCEDURE:

1. Determination of the relative position of two or more

points on a piece of work. This is measured by

measuring the travel of the work table necessary to

transfer a second point to the position previously

occupied by the first and so on.

2. Measurement of angles: Angles pre measured by

successively setting fiducially line simply in the focal

plane of the eyepiece along with arm of the image of

the angle, or through indicating the angle and noting

from a protractor scale the angle through which the line

has been turned.

3. Comparison of thread forms with respect to outlines on

a glass template situated at the focal plane of the

microscope eyepiece and measurement of

discrepancies there from.

4. Comparison of the enlarged projected image with a

tracing drawn on exact number if times full size and



affixed to the projection screen.

OBSERVATION:

Observations Initial Reading Final Reading Actual Reading

Major Diameter

Minor Diameter

Pitch

Angle

MODEL CALCULATION:

ACTUAL READING = FINAL READING – INITIAL READING



RESULT:

Thus the all dimensions of the given particular screw were measured by using tool maker’s microscope.

MEASUREMENT SET UP



MEASUREMENT OF STRAIGHTNESS AND FLATNESS USING AUTO COLLIMATOR

Date:

Exp No:

AIM:

To measure the straightness and Flatness given specimen using two axis auto collimator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Collimator unit, Base, plain reflector, optical Scanner

PROCEDURE:

1. Testing square with auto collimator.

2. Level auto collimator unit on a stand a table.

3. Straighten the light.

4. Observe measuring graphical through the eye

below.

5. The smallest discussion of linear scale is

measured.

6. Bring plain reflector in front of the auto collimator

to get reflector.

7. Depending upon the verification in surface.

8. Using micrometer provided for eye piece we can

measure the frequency up in lose.

FORMULAE:

Deviation = Sin θ (A-B)

Where angle θ in rad & Distance A-B in mm



TABULATION

S.NoDistance from

Ref (A-B)MSR(Min)

Micrometer

sec

Result – θ

Degree

Deviations

(mm)

MODEL CALCULATION

Deviation = Sin θ (A-B)

Graph:

Deviation Vs Distance from reference



RESULT:

Thus the straightness and Flatness are determined using autocollimator.

PROFILE PROJECTOR



MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS PROFILE PROJECTOR

Date:

Exp no

AIM:

To calibrate the profile projector using given samples which

dimensions is measured by micrometer as standard.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the main. The induction glows, then the

instrument is ON.

2. Switch ON the toggle switch. For cooling fan below the

light house.

3. Toggle switch 2 for light source ON.

4. Select the capacity of the length for precision operation

measured and fix that flow the projection head.

5. Place the object (balls) on the glass table. To get the clear

image rotate the arm wheel provided at the right side.



6. After getting the clear image locate the cross wire of the

initial point on the image which to be measured, and then

the cross wire moved to the final point. Note down the

micrometer reading. This is done by using micrometer.

7. Now find the difference between initial and final readings

that gives the actual reading.

TABULATION:

Observations Initial Reading Final Reading Actual Reading

Major Diameter

Minor Diameter

Pitch

Angle

MODEL CALCULATION:

ACTUAL READING = FINAL READING – INITIAL READING



RESULT:

Thus the dimension of given samples are measured by using profile projector.



FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER

MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER

(BENCH MICROMETER)

Date:

Exp no:



AIM:

To measure the major diameter of screw thread using

floating carriage micrometer.

PROCEDURE:

1. Clear all the parts with tissue paper or soft cloth. Put the

base (A) on the form elevation table on surface plate level

the machine with the help of screw (E) in such a way that

the floating top remains steady at any position without

gravitational motion.

2. Put floating top (O) on the carriage with two balls between

the two stopper fins on one side V groove of carriage (B)

and floating top (C). Put one ball on other V groove on

other side of floating top between the stopper pins.

3. Insert the micrometer(F) provided with machine in one side

of the floating top nearer to observer and tight lever(Y) and

screw provided on floating top (C). Insert the ‘O’ indicator

(C) on the other side of the V groove on floating and tight

the lever and screw.

4. Now the machine is ready to take the readings.

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION:

Major diameter measurement

The dia of the setting master on a cylinder should be nearly

same as the dia of the thread gauge. The advantage of using

setting master is it gives similarly of contact of anvils and radius

error in measurement the setting is held between the centers. The

master cylinder is then replaced by the threaded work piece on

threaded gauge and then second reading is taken.

D-Diameter of setting master.

R1 - Micrometer reading over setting master.



R2 - Micrometer reading of threaded work

piece or gauge.

Then, Major diameter D+ different between R1 and R2

The +or –is determined by relative size of master and work piece.

TABULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the major diameter of the screw thread is measured by using floating carriage Micrometer.



MECHANICAL COMPARATOR

CHECKING DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES OF THE COMPONENTS USING MECHANICAL COMPARATOR

Date:



Exp no:

AIM:

To check the height of the machined component with

standard dimensioned component using dial gauge.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

• Slip gauge set

• Dial gauge with stand

• Surface plate

• Vernier caliper

PROCEDURE:

1. The slip gauges are built up to the given Height of

the component.

2. Dial gauge with stand is placed on the surface

plate.

3. The built up gauge is placed under the plunger.

4. The indicator is set to zero.

5. The built up gauge is removed.

6. The given machined component is placed under

the plunger.

7. The variation in the height of the component is

noted from the reading of the dial.

TABULATION: component height =____ mm.



Sl. Dial reading on built up slip Dial reading on Variation of height

No gauges in div. component in div. In mm

RESULT:

• The height of the machined component is

checked with standard dimensioned component

(slip gauges) using dial gauge.

• The variation in height is ________________ mm. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT



Date:

Exp no:

AIM:

To measure the temperature using copper constantan thermo couple.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Thermo couple

2. Temperature measuring setup.

3. Ice cubes.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the thermocouple supplied at the impute terminal

if copper constantan Thermocouple is used. Copper wire

must be connected to the terminal and constantan wire to –

ve terminal.

2. Immerse the junction of thermocouple in ice and adjust the

meter reading at 0° C using potentiometer.

3. Immerse the junction of thermocouple in boiling at 98° C by

using potentiometer marked max.

4. Repeat the procedure for 2 to 3 times.



TABULATION:

SL.NO ACTUAL TEMPERATURE C°

INDICATED TEMPERATURE C°

1

2

3

4

5

GRAPH:

Indicated Temperature Vs Actual Temperature



RESULT:

Thus the temperature is measured using thermocouple.

MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT USING LVDT

Date:

Exp no:

AIM:

To measure the displacement using LVDT.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. LVDT

2. Micrometer

PROCEDURE:

1. Plug the power chard to AC main 230v/50Hx &

Switch on the instrument.

2. Plate RED/CAL switch at read position.

3. Balance the amplifier with the help of zero knobs.

Without connecting LVDT to instruments.

4. Replace the RED/CAL switch at CAL position.



5. Adjust the calibration point by rotating CAL knob so

display should read 10.00 (i.e.) maximum ranges.

6. Again keep the RED/CAL switch at read position and

connect the LVDT cable to instruments.

7. Mechanical zero by rotating the micrometer. Display

will read zero this is full balancing.

8. Give displacement with micrometer and observe the

digital reading.

9. Plot the graph of micrometer reading.

TABULATION

Sl.no

Push side Pull Side

Micrometer

Reading

(mm)

Indicated

Reading

(mm)

ErrorMicrometer

Reading

(mm)

Indicated

Reading

(mm)

Error

1

2

3

4

5



MODEL GRAPH:

Output Error

Standard Input

Standard Input

Result:

Thus displacement has been measured using LVDT.

FORCE MEASUREMENT BY USING LOAD CELL

Date:

Exp no:

AIM:

To measure the force using load cell.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:



1. Proving Ring

2. Load cell

3. Force indicator

4. screw jack

5. Dial gauge.

PROCEDURE:

1. Ensure that proving ring along with load all is perfectly

in vertical position.

2. Check and ensure that the axis of screw jacks

perfectly aligned with load cell.

3. Ensure that load cell with socket is connected to the

rear side of the load indicator.

4. Apply a small load without any slip in the system.

5. Note down the reading of dial gauge of force indicator.



SL.NOACTUAL LOAD APPLIED (KG)

DEFLECTION (DIV) ERROR % OF ERROR

1

2

3

4

5



RESULT:

Thus the force measurement has been measured using

load cell.

Graph: Deflection Vs Applied load

TORQUE MEASUREMENT

Date:

Exp no:

AIM:

To measure the torque using shear type load cell.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Torque measurement equipment

2. Stand

3. lever

4. stain gauge

5. Weight.



FORMULA USED:

Calculated Torque = Load x Distance (kg-m)

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the main frame of transducers rigidity.

2. Connect the cantilever beam with weight pan.

3. Connect transducer wire socket to rear side of

indicator.

4. Connect digital indicator at 230V, AC supply.

5. Set zero on indicator, by zero adjust pan provides

indicator.

6. Now apply the load gradually and note down reading

in upward & downward trend.

DISTANCE: 0.5 METER



1

2

3

4



5

DISTANCE: 1 METER



1

2

3

4

5



MODEL CALCULATION:

Calculated Torque =Load x Distance (kg-m)

GRAPH:

Observed torque Vs Calculated torque



RESULT:

Thus measurement of torque using shear type load cell has been carried out.

MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATION PARAMETERS USING VIBRATION SET UP

Date:

Exp no:

AIM:

To study the various parameters involved in the vibrations of a given system.

To plot the characteristic curves of the given specimen



APPARATUS REQUIRED:

o Vibration exciter

o Vibration pick-up

o Vibration analyzer

o Power amplifier

o Oscillator

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect power amplifier output to vibration exciter.

2. Place the vibration pick up on vibration exciter spindle.

3. Connect vibration pick up cable to vibration analyzer

sensor socket.

4. select the range 0-100 by two way switch.

5. Note down the displacement, velocity and acceleration

from vibration analyzer.

6. Similarly noted above parameters in frequency range of

0-1000 Hz.

TABULATION

S.No

Frequency (Hz)

Indicator reading Actual reading

Acceleration

(m/sec2)

Velocity

(cm/sec)

Displacement (mm)

Velocity (cm/sec)

Displacement (mm)

1 100

2 200

3 300



4 400

5 500

6 600

RESULT:

Various parameters of vibration such as displacement,

velocity and acceleration are studied and the following

characteristic curves were plotted.

1. Displacement Vs Frequency

2. Velocity Vs Frequency

3. Acceleration Vs Frequency


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147585850 Metrology Lab Manual Covai